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Generally a two-step approach is followed. First, a screening test involving IgM and IgG ELISA. If the ELISA screening has a positive or equivocal result, then the second step is to perform a
Western Blot as a confirmatory test.
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Evidence review for management of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans: Lyme disease: diagnosis and management
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Other methods include microscopy and culture (in modified Kelly's medium) of skin biopsy or blood samples.
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556:| Infectious Disease Clinics of North America | Volume 22 | Issue 2 | June 2008, Pages 327-339|
455:
Kullberg, Bart Jan; Vrijmoeth, Hedwig D.; van de Schoor, Freek; Hovius, Joppe W. (2020-05-26).
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This progressive skin process is due to the effect of continuing active infection with the
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condition that takes a chronically progressive course and finally leads to a widespread
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The rash caused by ACA is most evident on the extremities. It begins with an
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249:, and concludes several months or years later with an atrophic phase.
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skin plaques may also develop. As ACA progresses the skin begins to
327:
is often used. Resolution may take several months. Skin damage and
398:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
883:
1415:
660:
268:
15:
1411:
423:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
355:
and
Hartmann described it in 1902 as a "tissue paper like"
284:
687:
Cutaneous keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis
567:
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1801:
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Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis
933:
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630:
571:
425:
162:
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128:
123:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2251:Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue
1161:Lupus erythematosus–lichen planus overlap syndrome
245:stage with bluish red discoloration and cutaneous
186:indicative of the third or late stage of European
518:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
1209:Morphea–lichen sclerosus et atrophicus overlap
1427:
672:
8:
516:. NICE Evidence Reviews Collection. London:
457:"Lyme borreliosis: diagnosis and management"
339:The first record of ACA was made in 1883 in
221:, which is the predominant pathophysiology.
1716:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
1461:
1434:
1420:
1412:
1116:
930:
679:
665:
657:
568:
153:
120:
2057:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
773:Seborrheic keratosis with squamous atypia
450:
448:
446:
444:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1014:Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction
985:Annular elastolytic giant-cell granuloma
807:Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis
790:Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases
859:Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis
844:Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola
510:National Guideline Centre (UK) (2018).
390:
2266:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions
716:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
1306:Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis
1010:Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis
55:"Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans"
7:
2195:
1956:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
834:Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans
323:is recommended in treatment of ACA.
44:adding citations to reliable sources
2205:
1286:Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
176:Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
124:Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
2092:Medical Scientist Training Program
1388:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans
1281:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
1219:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
14:
1329:Reactive perforating collagenosis
963:Granuloma annulare in HIV disease
554:Lyme Disease—European Perspective
2224:
2214:
2204:
2194:
2185:
2184:
778:Reticulated seborrheic keratosis
272:
205:is often observed, specifically
201:of the skin. Involvement of the
20:
2225:
1344:Acquired perforating dermatosis
1334:Elastosis perforans serpiginosa
1274:Jadassohn–Pellizzari anetoderma
552:Stanek G & Strle F (2008)
31:needs additional citations for
2082:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1516:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
768:Irritated seborrheic keratosis
1:
1301:Linear atrophoderma of Moulin
973:Patch-type granuloma annulare
849:Inverted follicular keratosis
331:may persist after treatment.
2062:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
1829:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
1269:Schweninger–Buzzi anetoderma
968:Localized granuloma annulare
374:List of cutaneous conditions
995:Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma
894:Waxy keratosis of childhood
763:Common seborrheic keratosis
758:Clonal seborrheic keratosis
740:Keratoderma blennorrhagicum
461:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
2282:
711:Paraneoplastic keratoderma
347:, where a physician named
2180:
783:Dermatosis papulosa nigra
706:Keratoderma climactericum
400:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
225:may not be the exclusive
203:peripheral nervous system
166:untreated infection with
2016:Transplantation medicine
1907:Clinical neurophysiology
1824:Obstetric anesthesiology
1744:Interventional radiology
1504:Digestive system surgery
1339:Perforating folliculitis
1291:Semicircular lipoatrophy
728:Drug-induced keratoderma
233:has also been detected.
1887:Intensive care medicine
1861:Mass gathering medicine
1706:Maternal–fetal medicine
1296:Follicular atrophoderma
1084:eosinophilic dermatosis
137:Primary diffuse atrophy
1479:Cardiothoracic surgery
1024:Foreign body granuloma
935:Necrobiotic/palisading
829:Chronic scar keratosis
281:This section is empty.
2130:Personalized medicine
1989:Reproductive medicine
1914:Occupational medicine
1868:Evolutionary medicine
1199:Localized scleroderma
980:Necrobiosis lipoidica
912:Cutis verticis gyrata
839:Hydrocarbon keratosis
723:Aquagenic keratoderma
427:. Saunders Elsevier.
2150:Traditional medicine
2110:Alternative medicine
1977:Addiction psychiatry
1791:Transfusion medicine
1786:Medical microbiology
1701:Gynecologic oncology
1553:Reproductive surgery
1362:Pyoderma gangrenosum
1224:Pansclerotic morphea
1005:Rheumatoid nodulosis
990:Granuloma multiforme
869:Reactional keratosis
819:Ichthyosis acquisita
802:Acanthosis nigricans
753:Seborrheic keratosis
694:Epidermal thickening
402:. St. Louis: Mosby.
351:first delineated it.
40:improve this article
2172:History of medicine
2155:Veterinary medicine
1962:Preventive medicine
1814:Adolescent medicine
1656:Infectious diseases
1214:Generalized morphea
1052:Zirconium granuloma
1032:Beryllium granuloma
900:other hypertrophy:
854:Lichenoid keratosis
824:Arsenical keratosis
2120:Molecular oncology
2077:Doctor of Medicine
2067:Master of Medicine
1984:Radiation oncology
1856:Emergency medicine
1809:Addiction medicine
1776:Clinical chemistry
1771:Clinical pathology
1563:Transplant surgery
1521:Orthopedic surgery
1499:Colorectal surgery
1234:Linear scleroderma
1047:Silicone granuloma
943:Granuloma annulare
631:External resources
133:Herxheimer disease
2238:
2237:
2072:Master of Surgery
2036:
2035:
2021:Tropical medicine
1967:Prison healthcare
1882:Hospital medicine
1846:Disaster medicine
1836:Aviation medicine
1651:Hospital medicine
1558:Surgical oncology
1543:Pediatric surgery
1537:
1484:Endocrine surgery
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1204:Localized morphea
1176:Rowell's syndrome
1100:
1099:
1090:Granuloma faciale
1037:Mercury granuloma
907:Hypertrophic scar
889:Warty dyskeratoma
879:Thermal keratosis
654:
653:
527:978-1-4731-2919-1
473:10.1136/bmj.m1041
434:978-0-7216-2921-6
409:978-1-4160-2999-1
301:
300:
173:
172:
118:Medical condition
116:
115:
108:
90:
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1892:Medical genetics
1877:General practice
1754:Nuclear medicine
1629:Gastroenterology
1585:Vascular surgery
1535:
1462:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1378:Calcinosis cutis
1259:Lichen sclerosus
1229:Morphea profunda
1117:
1042:Silica granuloma
931:
874:Stucco keratosis
681:
674:
667:
658:
569:
540:
539:
507:
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452:
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420:
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395:
369:Erythema migrans
296:
293:
283:You can help by
276:
269:
231:Borrelia garinii
218:Borrelia afzelii
188:Lyme borreliosis
168:Borrelia afzelii
158:
157:
121:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
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2240:
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2176:
2165:Chief physician
2098:
2043:
2032:
2026:Travel medicine
2011:Sports medicine
1994:Sexual medicine
1934:Palliative care
1929:Pain management
1873:Family medicine
1851:Diving medicine
1797:
1725:
1687:
1680:
1596:
1589:
1548:Plastic surgery
1494:General surgery
1474:Cardiac surgery
1455:
1453:
1445:
1440:
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1401:
1366:
1348:
1310:
1249:
1240:
1189:
1180:
1122:
1121:Cutaneous lupus
1109:
1096:
1076:Other/ungrouped
1071:
1018:
916:
884:Viral keratosis
688:
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349:Alfred Buchwald
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2103:Related topics
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1568:Trauma surgery
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917:
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909:
904:
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896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
864:PUVA keratosis
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
810:
809:
798:hyperkeratosis
793:
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572:Classification
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564:External links
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229:agent of ACA;
207:polyneuropathy
195:dermatological
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2135:Public health
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1781:Cytopathology
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1123:erythematosus
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57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2261:Spirochaetes
2256:Lyme disease
2140:Rural health
2125:Nanomedicine
1676:Rheumatology
1607: /
1526:Hand surgery
1511:Neurosurgery
1285:
1251:atrophoderma
1137:Panniculitis
1082:
1067:Carbon stain
958:Subcutaneous
732:
638:
614:
599:
584:
553:
547:Bibliography
512:
505:
464:
460:
424:
418:
399:
393:
379:Lyme disease
338:
329:nerve damage
319:
311:
307:
289:
285:adding to it
280:
243:inflammatory
240:
237:Presentation
230:
222:
216:
211:
192:
179:
175:
174:
167:
136:
132:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2210:Wikiproject
1999:Venereology
1944:Neonatology
1841:Dermatology
1696:Gynaecology
1688:gynaecology
1671:Pulmonology
1489:Eye surgery
1451:Specialties
1316:Perforating
1186:Scleroderma
1154:ungrouped:
1057:Soot tattoo
953:Generalized
948:Perforating
922:Necrobiosis
702:keratoderma
325:Doxycycline
321:Antibiotics
149:Dermatology
129:Other names
96:August 2020
2245:Categories
1972:Psychiatry
1958:(PM&R)
1951:Phlebology
1939:Pediatrics
1766:Anatomical
1731:Diagnostic
1711:Obstetrics
1661:Nephrology
1646:Hematology
1641:Geriatrics
1634:Hepatology
1619:Cardiology
1609:Immunology
1354:Skin ulcer
1264:Anetoderma
1130:chronic:
1110:localized
616:DiseasesDB
385:References
353:Herxheimer
292:March 2017
223:B. afzelii
214:spirochete
66:newspapers
2160:Physician
2044:education
1902:Neurology
1897:Narcology
1761:Pathology
1739:Radiology
1614:Angiology
1578:Andrology
1171:Verrucous
1156:Chilblain
926:granuloma
749:keratosis
734:psoriasis
640:eMedicine
497:218911807
481:1756-1833
467:: m1041.
359:atrophy.
357:cutaneous
316:Treatment
304:Diagnosis
251:Sclerotic
227:etiologic
193:ACA is a
184:skin rash
144:Specialty
2190:Category
1666:Oncology
1597:medicine
1595:Internal
1443:Medicine
1246:Atrophic
1148:Neonatal
1144:subacute
558:Abstract
536:35201695
520:(NICE).
489:32457042
363:See also
247:swelling
182:) is a
2230:Outline
2200:Commons
2145:Therapy
2042:Medical
1605:Allergy
1573:Urology
1466:Surgery
1191:Morphea
1132:Discoid
345:Germany
341:Breslau
335:History
259:atrophy
255:wrinkle
199:atrophy
80:scholar
2220:Portal
2087:MD–PhD
1393:Ainhum
1106:Dermis
1062:Tattoo
902:Keloid
814:Callus
796:other
645:derm/4
534:
524:
495:
487:
479:
431:
406:
163:Causes
151:
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1802:Other
1371:Other
1166:Tumid
621:32940
610:701.8
595:L90.4
493:S2CID
265:Cause
87:JSTOR
73:books
605:9-CM
532:PMID
522:ISBN
485:PMID
477:ISSN
429:ISBN
404:ISBN
135:and
59:news
1536:ENT
1454:and
1112:CTD
601:ICD
586:ICD
469:doi
465:369
287:.
261:).
180:ACA
42:by
2247::
1875:/
1146::
800::
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643::
619::
608::
593::
590:10
530:.
491:.
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463:.
459:.
443:^
343:,
209:.
190:.
1435:e
1428:t
1421:v
1395:/
1248:/
1188:/
1108:/
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924:/
680:e
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666:v
603:-
588:-
578:D
538:.
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471::
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412:.
294:)
290:(
257:(
178:(
109:)
103:(
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94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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