Actor–network theory

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case study of the development of a specific set of resource management information systems in the UK National Health Service, and they evaluate their findings using concepts from actor-network theory. The actor-network approach does not prioritize social or technological aspects, which mirrors the situation in the case study, where arguments about social structures and technology are intertwined within actors' discourse as they try to persuade others to align with their own goals. The research emphasizes the interpretative flexibility of information technology and systems, in the sense that seemingly similar systems produce drastically different outcomes in different locales as a result of the specific translation and network-building processes that occurred. They show how the boundary between the technological and the social, as well as the link between them, is the topic of constant battles and trials of strength in the creation of facts, rather than taking technology for granted.

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They argue that ANT's ontological realism makes it "less well equipped for pursuing a critical account of organizations—that is, one which recognises the unfolding nature of reality, considers the limits of knowledge and seeks to challenge structures of domination." This implies that ANT does not account for pre-existing structures, such as power, but rather sees these structures as emerging from the actions of actors within the network and their ability to align in pursuit of their interests. Accordingly, ANT can be seen as an attempt to re-introduce

1444:. In the past, researchers or scholars from design field mainly view the world as a human interactive situation. No matter what design we applied, it is for human's action. However, the idea of ANT now applies into design principle, where design starts to be viewed as a connector. As the view of design itself has changed, the design starts to be considered more important in daily lives. Scholars analyze how design shapes, connects, reflects, interacts our daily activities. 1263:", ANT does not usually explain "why" a network takes the form that it does. Rather, ANT is a way of thoroughly exploring the relational ties within a network (which can be a multitude of different things). As Latour notes, "explanation does not follow from description; it is description taken that much further." It is not, in other words, a theory "of" anything, but rather a method, or a "how-to book" as Latour puts it. 1100:. Latour, however, still contends that network is a fitting term to use, because "it has no a priori order relation; it is not tied to the axiological myth of a top and of a bottom of society; it makes absolutely no assumption whether a specific locus is macro- or micro- and does not modify the tools to study the element 'a' or the element 'b'." This use of the term "network" is very similar to Deleuze and Guattari's 4339: 4314: 1108:

that they form an apparently coherent whole. These networks are potentially transient, existing in a constant making and re-making. This means that relations need to be repeatedly "performed" or the network will dissolve. They also assume that networks of relations are not intrinsically coherent, and may indeed contain conflicts. Social relations, in other words, are only ever in process, and must be

939:; London: Macmillan Press Ltd.) is a good example of early explorations of how the growth and structure of knowledge could be analyzed and interpreted through the interactions of actors and networks. Initially created in an attempt to understand processes of innovation and knowledge-creation in science and technology, the approach drew on existing work in 1307:

also, and do also, transport this class distinction. But taken as mediators these fabrics would have to be engaged with by the analyst in their specificity: the internal real-world complexities of silk and nylon suddenly appear relevant, and are seen as actively constructing the ideological class distinction which they once merely reflected.

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has responded to this criticism by stating that the amorality of ANT is not a necessity. Moral and political positions are possible, but one must first describe the network before taking up such positions. This position has been further explored by Stuart Shapiro who contrasts ANT with the history of

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Nonhuman actors can be considered as mediators. On the one hand, nonhumans could constantly modify relations between actors. On the other hand, nonhumans share the same features with other actors not solely as means for human actors. In this circumstance, nonhuman actors impact human interactions. It

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For the committed ANT analyst, social things—like class distinctions in taste in the silk and nylon example, but also groups and power—must constantly be constructed or performed anew through complex engagements with complex mediators. There is no stand-alone social repertoire lying in the background

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For instance, a sociologist might take silk and nylon as intermediaries, holding that the former "means", "reflects", or "symbolises" the upper classes and the latter the lower classes. In such a view the real world silk–nylon difference is irrelevant– presumably many other material differences could

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As the term implies, the actor-network is the central concept in ANT. The term "network" is somewhat problematic in that it, as Latour notes, has a number of unwanted connotations. Firstly, it implies that what is described takes the shape of a network, which is not necessarily the case. Secondly, it

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As of 2008, ANT is a widespread, if controversial, range of material-semiotic approaches for the analysis of heterogeneous relations. In part because of its popularity, it is interpreted and used in a wide range of alternative and sometimes incompatible ways. There is no orthodoxy in current ANT, and

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The theory demonstrates that everything in the social and natural worlds, human and nonhuman, interacts in shifting networks of relationships without any other elements out of the networks. ANT challenges many traditional approaches by defining nonhumans as actors equal to humans. This claim provides

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It was John Law who, from an inside-outside position, did an important job of synthesizing all the work developed at the CSI at the time taking up the term ANT (Law, 1992), a term whose origin is difficult to trace but which stems from the 'actor-network' used by Michel Callon in his analysis of the

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Some critics have argued that research based on ANT perspectives remains entirely descriptive and fails to provide explanations for social processes. ANT—like comparable social scientific methods—requires judgement calls from the researcher as to which actors are important within a network and which

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Recently, there has been a movement to introduce actor network theory as an analytical tool to a range of applied disciplines outside of sociology, including nursing, public health, urban studies (Farias and Bender, 2010), and community, urban, and regional planning (Beauregard, 2012; Beauregard and

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The distinction between intermediaries and mediators is key to ANT sociology. Intermediaries are entities which make no difference (to some interesting state of affairs which we are studying) and so can be ignored. They transport the force of some other entity more or less without transformation and

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An actor (actant) is something that acts or to which activity is granted by others. It implies no motivation of human individual actors nor of humans in general. An actant can literally be anything provided it is granted to be the source of action. In another word, an actor, in this circumstance, is

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was reflected in an intense commitment to the development of theory through qualitative empirical case-studies. Its links with largely US-originated work on large technical systems were reflected in its willingness to analyse large scale technological developments in an even-handed manner to include

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ANT holds that social forces do not exist in themselves, and therefore cannot be used to explain social phenomena. Instead, strictly empirical analysis should be undertaken to "describe" rather than "explain" social activity. Only after this can one introduce the concept of social forces, and only

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where everything in the social and natural worlds exists in constantly shifting networks of relationships. It posits that nothing exists outside those relationships. All the factors involved in a social situation are on the same level, and thus there are no external social forces beyond what and how

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note that "ANT has also sought to move beyond deterministic models that trace organizational phenomena back to powerful individuals, social structures, hegemonic discourses or technological effects. Rather, ANT prefers to seek out complex patterns of causality rooted in connections between actors."

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Although ANT is mostly associated with studies of science and technology and with the sociology of science, it has been making steady progress in other fields of sociology as well. ANT is adamantly empirical, and as such yields useful insights and tools for sociological inquiry in general. ANT has

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actors, it might be hard for people to imagine their roles in the network. For example, say two people, Jacob and Mike, are speaking through texts. Within the current technology, they are able to communicate with each other without seeing each other in person. Therefore, when typing or writing, the

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Nonhuman actors can be considered as members of moral and political associations. For example, noise is a nonhuman actor if the topic is applied to actor-network theory. Noise is the criteria for humans to regulate themselves to morality, and subject to the limitations inherent in some legal rules

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The actor–network theory can also be applied to design, using a perspective that is not simply limited to an analysis of an object's structure. From the ANT viewpoint, design is seen as a series of features that account for a social, psychological, and economical world. ANT argues that objects are

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Also important to the notion is the role of network objects in helping to smooth out the translation process by creating equivalencies between what would otherwise be very challenging people, organizations or conditions to mesh together. Bruno Latour spoke about this particular task of objects in

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academics are using it explicitly in their research. Despite the fact that these applications vary greatly, all of the scholars cited below agree that the theory provides new notions and ideas for understanding the socio-technical character of information systems. Bloomfield present an intriguing

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in its tendency to presume that God is not a social actor. The ANT is used to problematize the role of God, as a nonhuman actor, and speak of how They affect religious practice. Others have used the ANT to speak of the structures and placements of religious buildings, especially in cross-cultural

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Theoretically, scholars within IR have employed ANT in order to disrupt traditional world political binaries (civilised/barbarian, democratic/autocratic, etc.), consider the implications of a posthuman understanding of IR, explore the infrastructures of world politics, and consider the effects of

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When an actor network breaks down, the punctualisation effect tends to cease as well. In the automobile example above, a non-working engine would cause the driver to become aware of the car as a collection of parts rather than just a vehicle capable of transporting him or her from place to place.

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Actor–network theory tries to explain how material–semiotic networks come together to act as a whole; the clusters of actors involved in creating meaning are both material and semiotic. As a part of this it may look at explicit strategies for relating different elements together into a network so

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entities are creatures including plants, animals, geology, and natural forces, as well as a collective human making of arts, languages. In ANT, nonhuman covers multiple entities including things, objects, animals, natural phenomena, material structures, transportation devices, texts, and economic

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explanations of events or innovations (i.e. ANT explains a successful theory by understanding the combinations and interactions of elements that make it successful, rather than saying it is true and the others are false). Likewise, it is not a cohesive theory in itself. Rather, ANT functions as a

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ANT has also been widely applied in museums. ANT proposes that it is difficult to discern the 'hard' from the 'soft' components of the apparatus in curatorial practice; that the object 'in progress' of being curated is slick and difficult to separate from the setting of the experiment or the

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Nonhuman actors can be considered as a condition in human social activities. Through the human's formation of nonhuman actors such as durable materials, they provide a stable foundation for interactions in society. Reciprocally, nonhumans' actions and capacities serve as a condition for the

1615:, ANT can be seen as an attempt to explain successful innovators by saying only that they were successful. Likewise, for organization studies, Whittle and Spicer assert that ANT is, "ill suited to the task of developing political alternatives to the imaginaries of market managerialism." 1513:

or means as a stable presence in the corpus of ANT, while mediators function more powers to influence actors and networks. Technical mediation exerts itself on four dimensions: interference, composition, the folding of time and space, and crossing the boundary between signs and

966:, and in particular a concern with non-foundational and multiple material-semiotic relations. At the same time, it was much more firmly embedded in English-language academic traditions than most post-structuralist-influenced approaches. Its grounding in (predominantly English) 1332:

The belief that neither a human nor a nonhuman is pure, in the sense that neither is human or nonhuman in an absolute sense, but rather beings created via interactions between the two. Humans are thus regarded as quasi-subjects, while nonhumans are regarded as quasi-objects.

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Nonhuman actors can be considered as gatherings. Alike nonhumans' impacts on morality and politics, they could gather actors from other times and spaces. Interacted with variable ontologies, times, spaces, and durability, nonhumans exert subtle influences within a

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so are fairly uninteresting. Mediators are entities which multiply difference and so should be the object of study. Their outputs cannot be predicted by their inputs. From an ANT point of view sociology has tended to treat too much of the world as intermediaries.

1190:: The researchers attempted to make themselves important to the other players in the drama by identifying their nature and issues, then claiming that they could be remedied if the actors negotiated the 'obligatory passage point' of the researchers' study program. 2307:". In: J. Law and J. Hassard (eds.) Actor Network Theory and After. Oxford: Blackwell, 220–247; Valderrama Pineda, Andres, and Jorgensen, Ulrik (2008) "Urban Transport Systems in Bogota and Copenhagen: An Approach from STS." Built Environment 34(2),200–217. 978:

tool for mapping innovations in science and technology ("co-word analysis") were initially developed during the 1980s, predominantly in and around the CSI. The "state of the art" of ANT in the late 1980s is well-described in Latour's 1987 text,

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vital new modes of interpreting and engaging with literary texts. She claims that Latour's model has the capacity to allow "us to wiggle out of the straitjacket of suspicion," and to offer meaningful solutions to the problems associated with

1119:'. The basic idea of patterned network is that human is not the only factor or contributor in the society, or in any social activities and networks. Thus, the network composes machines, animals, things, and any other objects. For those 2316:

See e.g. Carroll, Patrick (2012) "Water and Technoscientific State Formation in California." Social Studies of Science 42(2), 313–321; Shamir, Ronen (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University

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Latour, B. (1992) 'Where are the missing masses? The sociology of a few mundane artifacts', in Bijker, W. E. and Law, J. (eds) Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, pp.

1918: 981: 867:(between concepts). It assumes that many relations are both material and semiotic. The term actor-network theory was coined by John Law in 1992 to describe the work being done across case studies in different areas at the 1686:

the hyphen." He further remarked how he had been helpfully reminded that the ANT acronym "was perfectly fit for a blind, myopic, workaholic, trail-sniffing, and collective traveler"—qualitative hallmarks of actor-network

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together as hybrids. Although the interlocks between human actors and nonhumans effects the modernized society, this parliamentary setting based on nonhuman actors would eliminate such fake modernization, and changes the

1403:. Felski suggests that the purpose of applying ANT to literary studies "is no longer to diminish or subtract from the reality of the texts we study but to amplify their reality, as energetic coactors and vital partners." 1570:

Key early criticism came from other members of the STS community, in particular the "Epistemological Chicken" debate between Collins and Yearley with responses from Latour and Callon as well as Woolgar. In an article in

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In relativist theory, reflexivity is considered as a problem. It requires not only the observer requests a status it denies to others, but also as silent as others to which any privileged status is denied. There is no

1208:: The researchers utilized a series of approaches to ensure that ostensible spokespeople for various key collectivities were appropriately able to represent those collectivities and were not deceived by the latter. 1057:

requires all entities must be described in the same terms before a network is considered. Any differences between entities are generated in the network of relations, and do not exist before any network is applied.

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are not. Critics argue that the importance of particular actors cannot be determined in the absence of "out-of-network" criteria, such as is a logically proven fact about deceptively coherent systems given

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In the above examples, "social order" and "functioning car" come into being through the successful interactions of their respective actor-networks, and actor-network theory refers to these creations as

1104:; Latour even remarks tongue-in-cheek that he would have no objection to renaming ANT "actant-rhizome ontology" if it only had sounded better, which hints at Latour's uneasiness with the word "theory". 1682:

stated that there are four things wrong with actor-network theory: "actor", "network", "theory" and the hyphen. In a later book, however, Latour reversed himself, accepting the wide use of the term, "

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different authors use the approach in substantially different ways. Some authors talk of "after-ANT" to refer to "successor projects" blending together different problem-focuses with those of ANT.

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Empirically, IR scholars have drawn on insights from ANT in order to study phenomena including political violences like the use of torture and drones, piracy and maritime governance, and garbage.

1428:. In fact, ANT is a useful method that can be applied in different studies. Moreover, with the development of the digital communication, ANT now is popular in being applied in science field like 1411:

In the study of Christianity by anthropologists, the ANT has been employed in a variety of ways of understanding how humans interact with nonhuman actors. Some have been critical of the field of

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for its political effects. After nonhumans are visible actors through their associations with morality and politics, these collectives become inherently regulative principles in social networks.

1050:– if they did not take action (at least according to Pasteur's intentions) – then Pasteur's story may be a bit different. It is in this sense that Latour can refer to microorganisms as actors. 1374:

designed to shape human action and mold or influence decisions. In this way, the objects' design serves to mediate human relationships and can even impact our morality, ethics, and politics.

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If taken to its logical conclusion, then, nearly any actor can be considered merely a sum of other, smaller actors. A car is an example of a complex system. It contains many electronic and

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are not inert, they cause unsterilized materials to ferment while leaving behind sterilized materials not affected. If they took other actions, that is, if they did not cooperate with

1153:, Latour likens depunctualization to the opening of a black box. When closed, the box is perceived simply as a box, although when it is opened all elements inside it become visible. 1294:

been deployed in studies of identity and subjectivity, urban transportation systems, and passion and addiction. It also makes steady progress in political and historical sociology.

1175:, a central network in which all the actors agree that the network is worth building and defending. In his widely debated 1986 study of how marine biologists tried to restock the 3305:

Collins, H. M., & Yearley, S. (1992). Epistemological Chicken. In A. Pickering (Ed.), Science as Practice and Culture (pp. 301–326). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

1612: 4347: 2607: 1246:. When the token is decreasingly transmitted, or when an actor fails to transmit the token (e.g., the oil pump breaks), punctualization and reification are decreased as well. 1227:

The quasi-object is an entity characterized by the way it is connective and weaves networks, social collectives, and associations (such as a basketball, language, or bread).

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From about 1990 onwards, ANT started to become popular as a tool for analysis in a range of fields beyond STS. It was picked up and developed by authors in parts of

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the network participants interact at present. Thus, objects, ideas, processes, and any other relevant factors are seen as just as important in creating

3674: 2364:"Using Actor-Network Theory to understand planning practice: Exploring relationships between actants in regulating low-carbon commercial development" 3475: 3446: 3465:

Isaac Marrero-Guillamón. 2013. "Actor-Network Theory, Gabriel Tarde and the Study of an Urban Social Movement: The Case of Can Ricart, Barcelona."

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John Law (1987). "Technology and Heterogeneous Engineering: The Case of Portuguese Expansion." In W.E. Bijker, T.P. Hughes, and T.J. Pinch (eds.),

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components, all of which are essentially hidden from view to the driver, who simply deals with the car as a single object. This effect is known as

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Many of the characteristic ANT tools (including the notions of translation, generalized symmetry and the "heterogeneous network"), together with a

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strategy that assists people in being sensitive to terms and the often unexplored assumptions underlying them. It is distinguished from many other

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Seio Nakajima. 2013. "Re-imagining Civil Society in Contemporary Urban China: Actor-Network-Theory and Chinese Independent Film Consumption."

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positions held by early theory of science. Collins and Yearley accused ANTs approach of collapsing into an endless relativist regress.

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or limits on knowledge. If actors, or actants are able to account for others, then they do so. If they cannot, they would still try.

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communication is basically not mediated by either of them, but instead by a network of objects, like their computers or cell phones.

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ANThology. Ein einführendes Handbuch zur Akteur–Netzwerk-Theorie, von Andréa Belliger und David Krieger, transcript Verlag (German)

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As the token is increasingly transmitted or passed through the network, it becomes increasingly punctualized and also increasingly

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Shapiro, S. (1997). Caught in a web: The implications of ecology for radical symmetry in STS. Social Epistemology, 11(1), 97-110.

3971: 1753: 3382:. Chapter 7, p. 115-144. In Ed Tatnall (ed). Technological Advancements and the Impact of Actor-Network Theory, IGI Global. 1282:

and its detailed descriptions of how common activities, habits and procedures sustain themselves. Similarities between ANT and

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ecology, and argues that research decisions are moral rather than methodological, but this moral dimension has been sidelined.

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The Pasteur story that was mentioned above introduced the patterned network of diverse materials, which is called the idea of '

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implies "transportation without deformation," which, in ANT, is not possible since any actor-network involves a vast number of

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Fernback, J., 2007. "Beyond the Diluted Community Concept: A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Online Social Relations."

4552: 4537: 3550: 1715: 1608: 967: 940: 888: 840: 720: 503: 3375:. International Journal of Actor-Network Theory and Technological Innovation (IJANTTI), Volume 4, Number 3, pp. 52–70. 4567: 4557: 3410: 753: 743: 2178: 4424: 4267: 4097: 4025: 3725: 3654: 2304: 1555: 1547: 748: 341: 1202:: A collection of tactics used by the researchers to define and connect the numerous roles they had assigned to others. 1054: 1140: 603: 518: 431: 294: 3263:

Amsterdamska, O. (1990). 'Surely You're Joking, Mr Latour!'. Science, Technology, Human Values. Vol.15(4) pp.495-504.

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Leander, Anna (2013). "Technological Agency in the Co-Constitution of Legal Expertise and the US Drone Program".

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Tate, Laura (2013). "Growth management implementation in Metro Vancouver: Lessons from actor network theory".

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to be reflected off, expressed through, or substantiated in, interactions (as in an intermediary conception).

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The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology

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Acuto, Michele (2014). "Everyday International Relations: Garbage, Grand Designs, and Mundane Matters".

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either creates an atmosphere for humans to agree with each other, or lead to conflict as the mediators.

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This can also occur when elements of a network act contrarily to the network as a whole. In his book

1101: 1084: 680: 361: 331: 299: 274: 173: 163: 138: 128: 3432: 2690:"Does God Exist in Methodological Atheism? On Tanya Lurhmann's When God Talks Back and Bruno Latour" 1538:. Similarly, others argue that actor-networks risk degenerating into endless chains of association ( 4532: 4197: 4187: 4045: 4015: 3939: 3924: 3884: 3879: 3804: 3689: 1733: 695: 528: 411: 386: 289: 279: 259: 103: 4313: 1266:

The approach is related to other versions of material-semiotics (notably the work of philosophers

863:" method. This means that it maps relations that are simultaneously material (between things) and 4562: 4463: 4242: 4112: 3914: 3814: 3809: 3594: 3236: 3189: 3100: 3053: 2891: 2803: 2747:

Chambon, Michel (August 2017). "The Action of Christian Buildings on their Chinese Environment".

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do not cover entities such as humans, supernatural beings, and other symbolic objects in nature.

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Walsham, G. (1997). Actor-network theory and IS research: current status and future prospects

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In recent years, actor-network theory has gained a lot of traction, and a growing number of

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to be actors or participants in networks and systems. Critics including figures such as

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as an abstract theoretical concept, not something which genuinely exists in the world.

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There are at least four contributions of nonhumans as actors in their ANT positions.

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research. In addition, it widen the horizon of researchers from arts field as well.

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considered as any entity that does things. For example, in the "Pasteur Network",

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Actor-Network Theory and the ethnographic imagination: An exercise in translation

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They locate agency neither in human "subjects" nor in nonhuman "objects", but in

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Latour, Bruno; Latour, Centre de Sociologie de L'Innovation Bruno (1999-06-30).

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Actor–network theory has become increasingly prominent within the discipline of

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like situational analysis, exist, although Latour objects to such a comparison.

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Notes on the Theory of the Actor Network: Ordering, Strategy, and Heterogeneity

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contexts, which can see architecture as agents making God's presence tangible.

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Central to ANT is the concept of translation which is sometimes referred to as

4060: 4055: 4000: 3664: 3634: 3616: 3421: 3401:"Dolwick, JS. 2009. The 'Social' and Beyond: Introducing Actor–Network Theory" 3010: 2524: 1834: 1584: 827:

Although it is best known for its controversial insistence on the capacity of

598: 3232: 3224: 3185: 3143: 3119: 3096: 3049: 2972: 2948: 2768: 2480: 2380: 2340: 2079: 2071: 2007: 1842: 947:, and on a range of French intellectual resources including the semiotics of 4237: 3704: 3679: 3558: 1644: 1624: 1497: 1492: 1120: 1079: 1021: 1001: 997: 860: 835:

or both, ANT is also associated with forceful critiques of conventional and

828: 571: 566: 498: 3025: 2990: 2859:"Actor-Network Theory and IS Research: Current Status and Future Prospects" 2839: 2087: 1850: 1542:—we are all networked to one another). Other research perspectives such as 3041: 2760: 2548:"Practice, Pirates and Coast Guards: the grand narrative of Somali piracy" 3445:

Gianpaolo Baiocchi, Diana Graizbord, and Michael Rodríguez-Muñiz. 2013. "

3314:

Andrea Whittle and André Spicer, 2008. Is actor network theory critique?

1919:

Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society

1396: 864: 2156: 1955:"Toward an analytical and methodological understanding of actor-network" 3581: 2708: 2197: 1491:

his conceptual "parliament of things" consists of social, natural, and

1128: 608: 588: 556: 346: 3502: 3380:

Actor-Network Theory: A Bureaucratic View of Public Service Innovation

2917:

Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A.; Oetzel, John G. (2021-05-07).

2592: 2363: 1509:

It is noticeable that the status of mediation is more affiliated with

4214: 1441: 1278:). It can also be seen as a way of being faithful to the insights of 817: 583: 2253:

Quasi-Object | Quasi-Subject: Technology, Drugs, Language, Ethnicity

1635:

fundamentally distinguish humans from animals or from "things" (see

971:

political, organizational, legal, technical and scientific factors.

2784:"Making the social hold: Towards an actor-network theory of design" 2608:"Making the Social Hold: Towards an Actor-Network Theory of Design" 2416: 1900:

Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. Sonderheft

859:, and others, it can more technically be described as a "material- 3120:"Pursuing the Discussion of Interobjectivity With a Few Friends" 1793:

Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory

1562:

theory are held to be important alternatives to ANT approaches.

593: 50: 4374: 4370: 3523: 2462:"Of Parts and Wholes: International Relations beyond the Human" 1643:

They do not attribute intentionality and similar properties to

3497: 1896:"Actor-Network Theory: sensitive terms and enduring tensions" 1639:). ANT scholars respond with the following arguments: 1342:

Lieto, 2015; Rydin, 2012; Rydin and Tate, 2016, Tate, 2013).

3515:

Reassembling Ethnography: Actor-Network Theory and Sociology

1583:

argue that the ANT approach is a step backwards towards the

1424:

ANT has been considered more than just a theory, but also a

962:

ANT appears to reflect many of the preoccupations of French

3411:"N00bz & the Actor-Network: Transhumanist Traductions" 3285:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 301–327, 1936:(Oxford and Keele: Blackwell and the Sociological Review). 2227:

Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies

875:

a new perspective when applying the theory in practice.

3403:, which includes an analysis of other social theories 2652:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 175. 2305:

A Sociology of Attachment: Music Amateurs, Drug Users

2303:

See e.g. Gomart, Emilie, and Hennion, Antoin (1999) "

3371:

Carroll, N., Whelan, E., and Richardson, I. (2012).

1399:. The theory has been crucial to her formulation of 1239:

which are passed between actors within the network.

4474: 4408: 4213: 3999: 3768: 3703: 3615: 3580: 3557: 2327:Beauregard, Robert (2012). "Planning with Things". 3373:Service Science – an Actor Network Theory Approach 2436: 2434: 811:) is a theoretical and methodological approach to 2718:20.500.11820/97e26446-0176-4a22-9348-e15014ed325a 1819:"Actor Network Theory, Bruno Latour, and the CSI" 1510: 2920:Theories of Human Communication: Twelfth Edition 1678:In a workshop called "On Recalling ANT", Latour 1623:Actor–network theory insists on the capacity of 1066:Human normally refers to human beings and their 3387:"On Actor Network Theory: A Few Clarifications" 2284:Bruno Latour: Hybrid thoughts in a hybrid world 2138:"On actor-network theory: A few clarifications" 3162:"Techno-economic Networks and Irreversibility" 1440:ANT is a big influencer in the development of 4386: 3535: 3476:ANT and Politics: Working in and on the World 2942: 2940: 2109: 2107: 2105: 1500:between modern society and premodern society. 1337:Actor–network theory and specific disciplines 909:École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris 895:for its distinct material-semiotic approach. 785: 8: 3071:Latour, Bruno; Venn, Couze (December 2002). 2469:Millennium: Journal of International Studies 2445:European Journal of International Relations 4393: 4379: 4371: 3542: 3528: 3520: 3389:, in which Latour responds to criticisms. 2329:Journal of Planning Education and Research 2281:Blok, A, & Elgaard Jensen, T. (2011). 1977: 1975: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1566:From STS itself and organizational studies 1171:, in which innovators attempt to create a 792: 778: 29: 2838: 2716: 2563: 2460:Cudworth, Erika; Hobden, Stephen (2013). 2379: 1479:possibility of the formation of society. 1386:has argued that ANT offers the fields of 3493:John Law's actor-network theory resource 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 1932:John Law and John Hassard (eds) (1999). 2995:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1765: 1179:Bay in order to produce more scallops, 41: 3409:Transhumanism as Actor-Network Theory 3277:(1992), "Epistemological chicken", in 2899: 2889: 1286:approaches such as the newer forms of 3474:John Law and Vicky Singleton. 2013. " 3155: 3153: 2984: 2982: 2852: 2850: 2501:Barry, A., 2013. "Material Politics." 2219: 2217: 2215: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2131: 2129: 2127: 1923:Milton Keynes: Open University Press. 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1661:associations of humans and nonhumans. 7: 3503:Normalization Process Theory toolkit 3026:"We Have Never Been Modern (review)" 2115:"Technology Is Society Made Durable" 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 905:Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation 869:Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation 831:to act or participate in systems or 4036:Digital media use and mental health 3750:Sociology of the history of science 3357:from the original on July 14, 2014. 2513:Leiden Journal of International Law 1796:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1665:ANT has been criticized as amoral. 1654:does not presuppose intentionality. 3341:"Keynote Speech: On Recalling ANT" 3178:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1990.tb03351.x 2251:Sonnenberg-Schrank, Björn (2020). 2000:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1984.tb00113.x 1745:nor social structure have primacy) 1183:defined 4 moments of translation: 25: 4449:Aramis, or the Love of Technology 3745:Sociology of scientific ignorance 3590:History and philosophy of science 3572:Economics of scientific knowledge 2581:International Political Sociology 2054:Sayes, Edwin (30 December 2013). 1728:Social construction of technology 1631:maintain that such properties as 1055:principle of generalized symmetry 4338: 4337: 4312: 3469:Volume 36, Issue 4, pp 403–421. 3460:Volume 36, Issue 4, pp 383–402. 2992:Nous N'Avons Jamais Ete Modernes 1754:Outline of organizational theory 1470:Contributions of nonhuman actors 1135:, and is similar to the idea of 1097: 1053:Under the framework of ANT, the 927:). The 1984 book co-authored by 49: 3482:Volume 36, Issue 4, pp 485–502. 3453:Volume 36, Issue 4, pp 323–341. 3283:Science as practice and culture 1573:Science as Practice and Culture 1536:Gödel's incompleteness theorems 903:ANT was first developed at the 3551:Science and technology studies 3385:Online version of the article 3207:Kochan, Jeff (14 April 2010). 2800:10.1080/17547075.2009.11643291 2627:10.1080/17547075.2009.11643291 2440:Austin, Jonathan Luke., 2015. 2034:. University of Chicago Press. 1962:Journal of Arts and Humanities 1934:Actor Network Theory and After 1716:Science and technology studies 1609:science and technology studies 968:science and technology studies 841:science and technology studies 739:Anthropologists by nationality 1: 3329:doi:10.1080/02691729708578832 3077:Theory, Culture & Society 2749:Studies in World Christianity 2697:Anthropology of Consciousness 951:, the writing of philosopher 937:Science for Social Scientists 911:in the early 1980s by staff ( 4425:The Pasteurization of France 4098:Normalization process theory 3655:Philosophy of social science 3118:Latour, Bruno (1996-10-01). 2947:Latour, Bruno (1996-10-01). 2874:10.1007/978-0-387-35309-8_23 2688:Bialecki, Jon (March 2014). 2565:10.1080/01436597.2013.851896 2449:doi:10.1177/1354066115616466 2271:doi:10.1177/1461444807072417 2230:. Harvard University Press. 1741:(according to which neither 1556:normalization process theory 1548:social shaping of technology 1298:Intermediaries and mediators 27:Theory within social science 3442:(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press). 3350:. Department of Sociology. 3160:Callon, Michel (May 1990). 3124:Mind, Culture, and Activity 2953:Mind, Culture, and Activity 1982:Callon, Michel (May 1984). 1141:object-oriented programming 945:large technological systems 882:approach in that it avoids 878:Broadly speaking, ANT is a 4599: 3721:construction of technology 3136:10.1207/s15327884mca0304_6 3089:10.1177/026327602761899246 3024:Pickering, Andrew (1994). 2965:10.1207/s15327884mca0304_2 2546:Bueger, Christian (2013). 2405:Environment and Planning B 1817:Akrich, Madeleine (2023). 1255:A material semiotic method 1160: 923:) and visitors (including 759:List of indigenous peoples 4441:We Have Never Been Modern 4308: 4253:Politicization of science 3213:Social Studies of Science 3073:"Morality and Technology" 2525:10.1017/S0922156513000423 2060:Social Studies of Science 2031:Beyond Nature and Culture 1835:10.1177/03063127231158102 1823:Social Studies of Science 1540:six degrees of separation 1485:We Have Never Been Modern 1448:experimenter's identity. 1259:Although it is called a " 504:Cross-cultural comparison 4583:Anthropology of religion 4543:Philosophy of technology 3660:Philosophy of technology 3225:10.1177/0306312709360263 2481:10.1177/0305829813485875 2381:10.1177/1473095212455494 2341:10.1177/0739456X11435415 2072:10.1177/0306312713511867 1953:Jackson, Sharon (2015). 1722:Obligatory passage point 1560:diffusion of innovations 1413:Anthropology of Religion 1407:Anthropology of religion 1169:sociology of translation 676:Historical particularism 4507:Translation (sociology) 3166:The Sociological Review 2857:Walsham, Geoff (1997). 2821:Waller, Laurie (2016). 2782:Yaneva, Albena (2015). 2606:Yaneva, Albena (2009). 2267:New Media & Society 1988:The Sociological Review 1739:Theory of structuration 1611:; like the myth of the 1352:international relations 1346:International relations 1284:symbolic interactionist 1274:, and feminist scholar 1216:Reassembling the Social 1163:Translation (sociology) 1018:technical communication 990:organizational analysis 949:Algirdas Julien Greimas 931:and fellow-sociologist 509:Participant observation 4573:Sociology of knowledge 3733:Sociology of knowledge 2989:Latour, Bruno (1993). 2840:10.29311/mas.v14i1.634 2675:The Limits of Critique 2650:The Limits of Critique 2362:Rydin, Yvonne (2012). 2136:Latour, Bruno (1996). 1544:social constructionism 1362:technological agency. 1250:Other central concepts 899:Background and context 820:situations as humans. 651:Cross-cultural studies 4553:Sociological theories 4538:Philosophy of science 4497:Mapping controversies 4300:Transition management 4290:Technology assessment 4258:Regulation of science 4233:Evidence-based policy 4118:Sociotechnical system 3967:Traditional knowledge 3847:Psychology of science 3820:Mapping controversies 3726:shaping of technology 3685:Social constructivism 3650:Philosophy of science 3607:History of technology 3480:Qualitative Sociology 3467:Qualitative Sociology 3458:Qualitative Sociology 3451:Qualitative Sociology 3399:Introductory article 3042:10.1353/mod.1994.0044 2949:"On Interobjectivity" 2761:10.3366/swc.2017.0179 2648:Felski, Rita (2015). 2552:Third World Quarterly 2294:. Suffolk: Routledge. 2289:May 24, 2015, at the 2119:Sociology of Monsters 1711:Mapping controversies 1552:social network theory 1117:heterogenous networks 4568:Technological change 4558:Actor-network theory 4482:Actor–network theory 4205:Women in engineering 4051:Financial technology 4031:Digital anthropology 3800:Criticism of science 3713:Actor–network theory 3675:Religion and science 3567:Economics of science 3378:Carroll, N. (2014). 3348:Lancester University 3316:Organization Studies 3209:"Latour's Heidegger" 3172:(1_suppl): 132–161. 2868:. pp. 466–480. 1994:(1_suppl): 196–233. 1882:Actor-Network Theory 1880:Muniesa, F., 2015. " 1650:Their conception of 1596:organization studies 1382:The literary critic 805:Actor–network theory 744:Anthropology by year 681:Boasian anthropology 656:Cultural materialism 641:Actor–network theory 239:Paleoanthropological 18:Actor-Network Theory 4046:Engineering studies 4016:Cyborg anthropology 3805:Demarcation problem 3690:Social epistemology 3498:Bruno Latour's Page 3273:Collins, Harry M.; 3030:Modernism/Modernity 2255:. pp. 137–186. 2117:. In Law, J., ed., 2113:Latour, B. (1999). 1916:Latour, B. (1987). 1790:Latour, B. (2005). 1734:Technology dynamics 696:Performance studies 589:Kinship and descent 529:Cultural relativism 179:Paleoethnobotanical 154:Ethnoarchaeological 4464:Politics of Nature 4326:History of science 4243:Funding of science 4113:Skunkworks project 3810:Double hermeneutic 3595:History of science 3508:2021-04-26 at the 3431:John Law (1992). " 3416:2010-10-08 at the 3393:2021-04-26 at the 2923:. Waveland Press. 2827:Museum and Society 2788:Design and Culture 2709:10.1111/anoc.12017 2615:Design and Culture 2269:, 9(1), pp.49-69. 2198:10.1007/BF01059830 2177:Law, John (1992). 1579:and his co-writer 1388:literary criticism 1378:Literary criticism 996:, health studies, 964:post-structuralism 855:, the sociologist 837:critical sociology 716:Post-structuralism 475:Research framework 4515: 4514: 4433:Science in Action 4368: 4367: 4295:Technology policy 4026:Dematerialization 3835:black swan events 3279:Pickering, Andrew 3002:978-0-674-07675-4 2930:978-1-4786-4710-2 2883:978-0-387-35309-8 2736:on 29 March 2022. 2593:10.1111/ips.12067 2558:(10): 1811–1827. 2237:978-0-674-65335-1 1864:electric vehicle. 1356:political science 982:Science in Action 891:and sociological 802: 801: 701:Political economy 524:Thick description 321:Political economy 184:Zooarchaeological 144:Bioarchaeological 16:(Redirected from 4590: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4372: 4341: 4340: 4316: 4268:Right to science 4248:Horizon scanning 4223:Academic freedom 4123:Technical change 3984:Women in science 3979:Unity of science 3760:Strong programme 3544: 3537: 3530: 3521: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3345: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3083:(5–6): 247–260. 3068: 3062: 3061: 3021: 3015: 3014: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2944: 2935: 2934: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2895: 2887: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2729:. 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(2010). 1891: 1885: 1878: 1867: 1866: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1787: 1392:cultural studies 1280:ethnomethodology 1188:Problematisation 1014:feminist studies 943:, on studies of 917:Madeleine Akrich 893:network theories 849:Madeleine Akrich 794: 787: 780: 322: 204:Anthrozoological 53: 30: 21: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4548:Science studies 4518: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4492:Graphism thesis 4470: 4417:Laboratory Life 4404: 4399: 4369: 4364: 4304: 4263:Research ethics 4209: 4108:Reverse salient 4002: 3995: 3771: 3764: 3755:Sociotechnology 3699: 3611: 3576: 3553: 3548: 3510:Wayback Machine 3489: 3418:Wayback Machine 3395:Wayback Machine 3368: 3366:Further reading 3363: 3362: 3354: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3275:Yearley, Steven 3272: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3003: 2988: 2987: 2980: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2898: 2888: 2884: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2439: 2432: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2368:Planning Theory 2361: 2360: 2356: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2302: 2298: 2291:Wayback Machine 2280: 2276: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2223: 2222: 2213: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2164: 2140: 2135: 2134: 2125: 2112: 2103: 2053: 2052: 2039: 2028: 2027: 2023: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1940: 1931: 1927: 1915: 1911: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1804: 1789: 1788: 1767: 1762: 1697: 1676: 1637:Activity Theory 1621: 1613:heroic inventor 1568: 1531: 1472: 1467: 1454: 1438: 1422: 1420:ANT in practice 1409: 1380: 1371: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1317: 1300: 1288:grounded theory 1272:Michel Foucault 1257: 1252: 1225: 1165: 1159: 1133:punctualisation 1093: 1085:nonhuman actors 1078:Traditionally, 1076: 1074:Nonhuman actors 1068:human behaviors 1064: 1039: 1034: 901: 843:(STS) scholars 839:. 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Winner 1620: 1617: 1581:Steven Yearley 1575:, sociologist 1567: 1564: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1511:intermediaries 1503: 1502: 1501: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1453: 1452:ANT in science 1450: 1437: 1434: 1421: 1418: 1408: 1405: 1379: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1316: 1313: 1299: 1296: 1268:Gilles Deleuze 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1224: 1221: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1161:Main article: 1158: 1155: 1150:Pandora's Hope 1112:continuously. 1092: 1089: 1075: 1072: 1063: 1060: 1044:microorganisms 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 957:Annales School 900: 897: 880:constructivist 800: 799: 797: 796: 789: 782: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 735: 732: 731: 728: 727: 724: 723: 721:Systems theory 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 661:Culture theory 658: 653: 648: 643: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 580: 579: 569: 564: 559: 553: 550: 549: 546: 545: 542: 541: 536: 531: 526: 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1671: 1668: 1660: 1659:heterogeneous 1656: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:Harry Collins 1574: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1528: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1465:Impact of ANT 1464: 1462: 1459: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1375: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1343: 1336: 1334: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:Donna Haraway 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1237:quasi-objects 1234: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1217: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1194:Interessement 1192: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1182: 1181:Michel Callon 1178: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1137:encapsulation 1134: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1091:Actor-Network 1090: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 984: 983: 977: 976:scientometric 972: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 953:Michel Serres 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:Michel Callon 910: 907:(CSI) of the 906: 898: 896: 894: 890: 885: 881: 876: 872: 871:at the time. 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 845:Michel Callon 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 821: 819: 814: 813:social theory 810: 806: 795: 790: 788: 783: 781: 776: 775: 773: 772: 765: 764:Organizations 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 736: 730: 729: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 711:Structuralism 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 686:Functionalism 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 638: 632: 631: 624: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 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149:Environmental 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 118: 113: 112: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 75: 74: 68: 65: 63: 60: 59: 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 36: 32: 31: 19: 4578:Bruno Latour 4528:Anthropology 4481: 4462: 4447: 4439: 4431: 4423: 4415: 4402:Bruno Latour 4348:Associations 4183:criticism of 4093:Leapfrogging 4076:linear model 3962:Team science 3952:Scientocracy 3875:Neo-colonial 3712: 3625:Anthropocene 3479: 3466: 3457: 3450: 3439: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3318:2008 29: 611 3315: 3310: 3301: 3282: 3268: 3259: 3249: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3169: 3165: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3033: 3029: 3019: 2991: 2956: 2952: 2919: 2912: 2865: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2731:the original 2703:(1): 32–52. 2700: 2696: 2683: 2674: 2668: 2649: 2643: 2618: 2614: 2601: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2497: 2472: 2468: 2455: 2444: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2374:(1): 23–45. 2371: 2367: 2357: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2312: 2299: 2282: 2277: 2266: 2261: 2252: 2246: 2226: 2189: 2185: 2148: 2145:Soziale Welt 2144: 2118: 2063: 2059: 2030: 2024: 1991: 1987: 1965: 1961: 1933: 1928: 1917: 1912: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1862: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1792: 1749:Thing theory 1706:Helen Verran 1689:epistemology 1683: 1679: 1677: 1667:Wiebe Bijker 1664: 1622: 1619:Human agency 1605:Whig history 1600:André Spicer 1594:Whittle and 1593: 1572: 1569: 1532: 1488: 1483: 1482:In Latour's 1473: 1455: 1446: 1439: 1423: 1410: 1401:postcritique 1381: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1349: 1340: 1331: 1318: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1292: 1265: 1258: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223:Quasi-object 1214: 1211: 1206:Mobilisation 1205: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1148: 1145: 1132: 1126: 1114: 1106: 1098:translations 1094: 1077: 1065: 1062:Human actors 1052: 1040: 1037:Actor/Actant 1032:Key concepts 1026: 1006:anthropology 987: 980: 973: 961: 959:of history. 936: 921:Bruno Latour 902: 884:essentialist 877: 873: 853:Bruno Latour 826: 822: 808: 804: 803: 749:Bibliography 691:Interpretive 666:Diffusionism 640: 635:Key theories 621: / 551:Key concepts 462:Sociological 442:Ethnological 229:Neurological 214:Evolutionary 159:Experiential 43:Anthropology 4502:Oligopticon 4487:Blackboxing 4193:theories of 4178:and society 4174:Technology 4168:transitions 4158:determinism 4153:convergence 4128:Technocracy 3910:controversy 3896:Scientific 3880:post-normal 3825:Metascience 3795:Consilience 3780:Antiscience 3645:Neo-Luddism 3640:Fuzzy logic 3426:Woody Evans 1968:(2): 29–44. 1436:ANT in arts 1426:methodology 1384:Rita Felski 1315:Reflexivity 1157:Translation 1083:goods. But 1010:archaeology 994:informatics 933:Peter Lodge 619:Colonialism 562:Development 519:Reflexivity 487:Ethnography 437:Descriptive 295:Development 234:Nutritional 209:Biocultural 134:Battlefield 4533:Innovation 4522:Categories 4331:Technology 4283:science of 4278:history of 4163:revolution 4071:disruptive 4061:Innovation 4056:Hype cycle 4001:Technology 3972:ecological 3945:skepticism 3935:misconduct 3920:enterprise 3738:scientific 3665:Positivism 3635:Empiricism 3617:Philosophy 3011:1260345015 1760:References 1598:professor 1585:positivist 1322:privileges 1200:Enrollment 1129:mechanical 955:, and the 599:Prehistory 452:Historical 425:Linguistic 337:Historical 305:Ecological 197:Biological 99:Linguistic 89:Biological 4563:Semiotics 4238:Factor 10 4066:diffusion 3905:consensus 3900:community 3865:education 3705:Sociology 3680:Scientism 3559:Economics 3422:Humanity+ 3241:145685585 3233:0306-3127 3194:109998444 3186:0038-0261 3144:1074-9039 3105:144144309 3097:0263-2764 3058:142859856 3050:1080-6601 2973:1074-9039 2902:ignored ( 2892:cite book 2808:143849758 2769:1354-9901 2727:145771771 2635:143849758 2425:145701530 2390:145707008 2349:145378820 2080:0306-3127 2008:0038-0261 1859:257183188 1843:0306-3127 1684:including 1674:Misnaming 1645:nonhumans 1625:nonhumans 1529:Criticism 1498:dichotomy 1493:discourse 1328:Hybridity 1213:his work 1177:St Brieuc 1110:performed 1022:economics 1002:sociology 998:geography 829:nonhumans 572:Evolution 567:Ethnicity 499:Ethnology 377:Political 285:Cognitive 224:Molecular 4475:Concepts 4459:" (1993) 4358:Scholars 4353:Journals 4343:Category 4317:Portals 4198:transfer 4188:dynamics 4138:feminist 3940:priority 3925:literacy 3885:rhetoric 3851:Science 3815:Logology 3506:Archived 3414:Archived 3391:Archived 3352:Archived 2673:Felski. 2533:32051642 2489:52209290 2287:Archived 2206:38931862 2157:40878163 2096:21514975 2088:28078973 2016:15055718 1851:36840444 1695:See also 1524:network. 1397:critique 1121:nonhuman 1102:rhizomes 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