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107:
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being severely impacted from the loss of a significant portion of its colonial empire and the disruption of trade from the
Caribbean. The Dutch decided to make peace with the British at the same time as the Americans, with all the Dutch colonies that were captured by the British being handed back to
648:
was the one warship to have never have seen action before this engagement. The combined force sighted the Dutch convoy on 4 February, not long after Rodney's capture of Sint-Eustatius. Reynolds-Moreton ordered his ships to concentrate their efforts on the Dutch ship, which quickly became surrounded.
532:
ineffective, and showed to the world their impotency and weakness in regards to global affairs. The war, occurring around the same time with the
American Revolutionary War, broke out over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war.
694:
of the ship and surrender to the
British. The British came aboard to capture the vessel, and then immediately weighed anchor in the direction of the escaping merchant ships. After a brief chase, all thirty of them were bloodlessly captured. Total casualties for the British amounted to just three
689:
refusing to surrender and bravely fighting on against the overwhelming
British force, trying to give his merchant ships the time to escape back to the Dutch Republic. After the battle had gone on for half an hour, Krull suffered a fatal injury and with his dying breath summoned his captain, and
573:
and other commodities had, just before his arrival, sailed from the island for the Dutch
Republic under the escort of a Dutch ship of the line of sixty guns. He immediately dispatched two ships of the line, along with a frigate, under the command of Captain
565:. The island was easily and bloodlessly captured by the expeditionary force along with all the merchant ships in the harbour, as the commanding Dutch forces surrendered in the face of the overwhelming British numbers. Rodney received intelligence that a
1230:
594:
The
British forces sailed for a while before sighting the Dutch convoy and manoeuvring their ships to engage the lone Dutch ship of the line, with the intention to force her to surrender from overwhelming firepower. This force consisted of the
1225:
444:
to the
British. The convoy, helpless without their escort, were all easily captured along with their cargo, and brought back to British territory. Reynolds-Moreton would go on to see action in several more naval battles, such as the
684:
The action began to grow in intensity, as at the same time the merchant ships realised what was developing and attempted to escape. The combined pounding went on for thirty minutes with furious fire coming from both sides, the
560:
that operated as a major trading centre despite its relatively small size. Rodney was already in the
Americas as part of his service against the American rebels, and was ordered to sail into the Caribbean, as the Dutch
436:, which proved no match for the superior British forces. After thirty minutes of being pounded with a furious cannonade from the British ships, the Dutch rear-admiral, Willem Krull was killed and the
421:. The capture proved controversial in Britain due to allegations that Rodney enriched himself at the expense of putting his expeditionary force to sea to capture other Dutch colonies. Rodney received
232:
425:
that a convoy of thirty Dutch merchant ships, laden with sugar and coffee had left the harbour a few days ago under the protection of a Dutch ship and made sail back towards the Dutch
Republic.
542:
695:
wounded and none killed, while the Dutch suffered seven wounded and eight killed, among them Willem Krull. With the action concluded, Reynolds-Moreton ordered his ships to sail back to
649:
Despite the obvious inferiority in the strength of the two forces, Krull ordered his men to run out the guns and respond to the sporadic cannon fire coming from the
British ships. The
760:
The war against the American rebels continued onwards, and after seven long years of conflict without being able to triumph over the Americans, the British decided to recognise the
768:
in 1783, bringing an end to the war. The Fourth Anglo-Dutch war, however, went far better for the British; the war continued until the British and Americans had made peace, the
1235:
225:
470:
793:. Ultimately, the war ended disastrously for the Dutch and exposed the weakness of the political and economic foundations of the republic, setting the stage for
549:) managed to establish diplomatic relations with the Dutch Republic, making it the second European country to diplomatically recognise the Continental Congress.
475:
734:
under Capt. George Pulteney, then Capt. James Macnamara. She sailed to Britain with prizes from St Eustatius, survived the battle with the French escadre of
432:
set sail immediately following their direction, and on 4 February, managed to catch up with the Dutch convoy and engage the lone Dutch ship of the line, the
218:
860:
575:
429:
345:
147:
719:
was distributed to the crews. The body of Willem Krull, preserved during the voyage back to Sint-Eustatius, was buried in a local cemetery with full
735:
754:
278:
516:
had ravaged the territory of the Dutch Republic thanks to the ceaseless fighting on Dutch soil, a problem which repeated itself during the
509:
586:
562:
266:
524:, and allowed their army and navy to deteriorate through lack of funding and experience. Their primary source of wealth, dominion of
1162:
1141:
969:
360:
159:
521:
529:
930:
546:
517:
513:
288:
417:. Rodney was put in command of an expeditionary force with the aim to capture the Dutch colony of Sint Eustatius in the
293:
461:
from 1784 until 1785, long after the conclusion of both the American Revolutionary War and the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War.
715:
of Sint-Eustatius with his prizes. The thirty merchant ships had their valuable cargo brought ashore, and appropriate
363:, and resulted in the capture of all Dutch vessels present by the British. The battle occurred soon after a British
1220:
746:
738:. Later she was fitted as a receiving ship and served in this capacity until sold at Chatham for £680 on 24.3.1802
450:
395:
741:
Reynolds-Moreton would go on to see action in several more naval battles such as the decisive British victory at
641:
630:
553:
375:
256:
533:
Although the Dutch Republic had not entered into a formal alliance with the United States and their allies, the
520:. The Dutch Republic engaged in no major wars since the conclusion of the War of the Austrian Succession at the
469:
497:
387:
330:
112:
413:
between the two countries. The war consisted mostly of a series of successful British expeditions against the
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618:
483:
271:
676:
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538:
493:
383:
303:
242:
32:
742:
458:
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371:
364:
283:
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On the outbreak of the war, British Admiral George Rodney was ordered to lead a British expedition to
750:
454:
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525:
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680:
Stout defence of warship Mars against three English warships on 4 February 1781, Unknown author
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50:
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with supplies and munitions, causing the British to declare war on them in 1780, after the
626:
1190:(4). Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association: 683–708.
1154:
British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates.
794:
785:. Thanks to the British victories over the Dutch, the Dutch agreed to give the British
696:
501:
379:
353:
349:
127:
1214:
782:
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78:
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357:
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safely in tow. The body of Krull was safely preserved during the return voyage.
700:
670:
46:
409:
had managed to secure Dutch recognition of them as a belligerent and allow for
786:
528:, was slowly taken over by the British, leaving their treasury weak and their
1231:
Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving the Dutch Republic
418:
557:
326:
210:
1226:
Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain
1203:
712:
368:
342:
338:
1071:
History of the War of the Independence of the United States of America
633:
566:
1195:
675:
585:
570:
468:
321:
was a minor naval engagement that occurred on 4 February 1781 off
214:
723:, in recognition of his valiant conduct during the action.
711:
After a short journey, Reynolds-Moreton arrived back in the
504:. While the Dutch and the British had been allies since the
508:, the Dutch had very much become the junior partner in the
1105:
Reize naar de Caribische Eilanden in de jaren 1780 en 1781
1182:(July 1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution".
661:
sailed and anchored alongside the starboard side. The
827:
812:
807:
804:
822:
817:
745:, again under the command of George Rodney, and the
653:sailed and anchored alongside the port side of the
390:and the Dutch Republic over Dutch support for the
569:of about thirty merchant ships richly laden with
386:, a conflict resulting from tensions between the
25:
773:the Dutch Republic with the exception of the
617:and its crew had already been engaged at the
226:
8:
16:1781 Fourth Anglo-Dutch War naval engagement
1236:Naval battles of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1089:
1087:
1085:
957:
401:The Dutch had been secretly supplying the
233:
219:
211:
22:
1029:
1027:
861:Francis Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Baron Ducie
642:captured a treasure-laden Spanish galleon
576:Francis Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Baron Ducie
554:capture the Dutch colony of St. Eustatius
346:Francis Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Baron Ducie
844:
839:
834:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1023:
736:Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte
1133:Rodney & The Breaking of the line.
7:
563:controlled several territories there
1037:The United Service Magazine, Part 1
730:was taken into British service as
621:along with other engagements. The
496:was a global conflict between the
352:ship of the line escorting thirty
14:
382:during the opening stages of the
983:
936:
900:
866:
590:A Dutch engraving of the battle.
153:
141:
120:
105:
39:
1184:The American Historical Review
931:Sir Thomas Pasley, 1st Baronet
518:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
514:War of the Spanish Succession
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981:
952:
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943:
934:
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907:
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879:
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864:
764:of the United States in the
453:, and ended his career as a
203:1 ship of the line captured
1103:Jong, Cornelius de (1807).
749:. He ended his career as a
665:sailed directly behind the
367:force under the command of
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961:
960:
956:
929:
921:
920:
895:
887:
886:
859:
851:
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833:
806:
747:Battle of the Mona Passage
451:Battle of the Mona Passage
205:30 merchant ships captured
607:, along with the frigate
522:treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
428:A British squadron under
319:action of 4 February 1781
252:
190:
173:
134:
97:
56:
38:
30:
26:Action of 4 February 1781
625:had participated in the
498:Kingdom of Great Britain
476:Francis Reynolds-Moreton
430:Francis Reynolds-Moreton
388:Kingdom of Great Britain
1117:Winfield (2007), p.349.
1107:. Haarlem. p. 179.
1093:Winfield (2007), p.222.
1076:New York Public Library
1068:Botta, Charles (1837).
1034:Colburn, Henry (1842).
962:Dutch ship of the line
1151:Winfield, Rif (2007).
1013:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
681:
591:
494:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
489:
384:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
279:Essequibo and Demerara
244:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
135:Commanders and leaders
33:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
743:Battle of the Saintes
679:
627:successful expedition
589:
472:
447:Battle of the Saintes
415:Dutch colonial empire
372:George Brydges Rodney
356:under the command of
341:under the command of
191:Casualties and losses
1180:Jameson, J. Franklin
1130:Trew, Peter (2006).
781:, which was kept by
775:colony of Negapatman
751:Member of Parliament
578:in pursuit of them.
455:Member of Parliament
378:the Dutch colony of
179:2 ships of the line
1136:. Pen & Sword.
779:Indian subcontinent
636:in 1762 during the
543:American ambassador
506:Glorious Revolution
692:strike the colours
682:
592:
490:
442:stroke her colours
403:Continental forces
184:1 ship of the line
1221:Conflicts in 1781
1004:
1003:
847:
842:
837:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
791:Dutch East Indies
787:free trade rights
699:, all thirty-one
673:her from behind.
487:
479:British commander
396:Revolutionary War
335:ships of the line
312:
311:
209:
208:
186:30 merchant ships
93:
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51:Charles Rochussen
1243:
1207:
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871:
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823:
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813:
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789:in parts of the
638:Seven Years' War
619:Battle of Ushant
481:
247:
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228:
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168:
158:
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1173:Further reading
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801:Order of battle
795:further turmoil
766:Treaty of Paris
721:military honors
709:
690:ordered him to
584:
488:
480:
478:
467:
392:American rebels
315:
314:
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308:
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164:
154:
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148:Francis Moreton
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121:
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89:British victory
81:
64:4 February 1781
44:
17:
12:
11:
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1078:. p. 332.
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697:Sint-Eustatius
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502:Dutch Republic
473:
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380:Sint Eustatius
354:merchant ships
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1164:9781844157006
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1040:. p. 59.
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770:Dutch economy
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732:Prince Edward
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531:
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511:
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484:George Romney
482:(Portrait by
477:
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460:
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448:
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431:
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407:United States
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365:expeditionary
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355:
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333:force of two
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284:Barbary Coast
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113:Great Britain
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79:Caribbean Sea
76:
71:
68:
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63:
60:
59:
55:
52:
48:
45:The death of
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
1187:
1183:
1157:. Seaforth.
1155:
1152:
1134:
1131:
1124:Bibliography
1113:
1104:
1098:
1070:
1036:
975:
970:Willem Krull
963:
924:
890:
854:
762:independence
759:
740:
731:
727:
725:
710:
686:
683:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
631:Spanish-held
622:
614:
609:
603:
597:
593:
551:
545:(and future
530:armed forces
491:
474:
437:
433:
427:
423:intelligence
400:
361:Willem Krull
358:Rear-Admiral
329:, between a
318:
316:
289:Saldanha Bay
261:
165:
160:Willem Krull
98:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
966:(captured)
783:the British
717:prize money
526:world trade
394:during the
304:Trincomalee
294:Dogger Bank
47:Willem Krul
1215:Categories
1019:References
829:Casualties
814:Commander
657:while the
640:, and had
465:Background
267:Gold Coast
199:7 wounded
923:HMS
889:HMS
853:HMS
755:Lancaster
707:Aftermath
547:president
459:Lancaster
419:Caribbean
299:Negapatam
201:8 killed
196:3 wounded
181:1 frigate
1007:See also
841:Wounded
629:against
558:entrepot
537:and the
510:alliance
500:and the
449:and the
376:captured
337:and one
327:Anguilla
323:Sombrero
262:Sombrero
174:Strength
75:Sombrero
69:Location
1204:1834346
976:†
891:Panther
855:Monarch
836:Killed
777:in the
713:harbour
663:Panther
651:Monarch
623:Panther
615:Monarch
604:Panther
598:Monarch
539:Spanish
369:Admiral
343:Captain
339:frigate
331:British
166:†
1202:
1161:
1140:
972:
701:prizes
644:. The
634:Havana
613:. The
582:Battle
567:convoy
535:French
512:. The
348:and a
272:Elmina
162:
125:
110:
86:Result
1200:JSTOR
925:Sibyl
846:Total
824:Guns
819:Navy
809:Ship
659:Sybil
646:Sybil
610:Sybil
571:sugar
556:, an
541:, an
411:trade
350:Dutch
49:, by
1159:ISBN
1138:ISBN
964:Mars
753:for
728:Mars
726:The
687:Mars
671:rake
667:Mars
655:Mars
601:and
492:The
457:for
438:Mars
434:Mars
374:had
317:The
73:Off
61:Date
1192:doi
1000:15
991:60
944:28
908:74
874:74
669:to
440:to
1217::
1198:.
1186:.
1084:^
1074:.
1046:^
1026:^
997:7
994:8
953:0
950:0
947:0
917:1
914:1
911:0
883:2
880:2
877:0
797:.
757:.
398:.
325:,
77:,
1206:.
1194::
1188:8
1167:.
1146:.
486:}
234:e
227:t
220:v
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