Acute radiation syndrome - Knowledge (XXG)

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possible radiation-induced cancers from low doses. The detailed accounting is difficult because of confounding factors. ARS may be accompanied by conventional injuries such as steam burns, or may occur in someone with a pre-existing condition undergoing radiotherapy. There may be multiple causes for death, and the contribution from radiation may be unclear. Some documents may incorrectly refer to radiation-induced cancers as radiation poisoning, or may count all overexposed individuals as survivors without mentioning if they had any symptoms of ARS.

2869:, in which radiation is exposed to a given subject over a long duration. The table also necessarily excludes cases where the individual was exposed to so much radiation that death occurred before medical assistance or dose estimations could be made, such as an attempted cobalt-60 thief who reportedly died 30 minutes after exposure. The result column represents the time of exposure to the time of death attributed to the short and long term effects attributed to initial exposure. As ARS is measured by a whole-body 2447:. Clustered damage, defined as at least two lesions within a helical turn, is especially harmful. While DNA damage happens frequently and naturally in the cell from endogenous sources, clustered damage is a unique effect of radiation exposure. Clustered damage takes longer to repair than isolated breakages, and is less likely to be repaired at all. Larger radiation doses are more prone to cause tighter clustering of damage, and closely localized damage is increasingly less likely to be repaired. 362:. The speed of symptom onset is related to radiation exposure, with greater doses resulting in a shorter delay in symptom onset. These presentations presume whole-body exposure, and many of them are markers that are invalid if the entire body has not been exposed. Each syndrome requires that the tissue showing the syndrome itself be exposed (e.g., gastrointestinal syndrome is not seen if the stomach and intestines are not exposed to radiation). Some areas affected are: 2223: 2603:(KI) tablets can reduce the risk of cancer in some situations due to slower uptake of ambient radioiodine. Although this does not protect any organ other than the thyroid gland, their effectiveness is still highly dependent on the time of ingestion, which would protect the gland for the duration of a twenty-four-hour period. They do not prevent ARS as they provide no shielding from other environmental radionuclides. 6672: 6720: 336: 6708: 6696: 2563:

equipment, which protects against external contamination, provides shielding to prevent radioactive material from being deposited on external structures. While these protective measures do provide a barrier from radioactive material deposition, they do not shield from externally penetrating gamma radiation. This leaves anyone exposed to penetrating gamma rays at high risk of ARS.

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radiation are also susceptible to irradiation damage in other tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and central nervous system. These patients may require therapeutic interventions not needed in other types of neutropenic patients. The response of irradiated animals to antimicrobial therapy can be unpredictable, as was evident in experimental studies where

1018: 6684: 2579:, it is only necessary to protect enough bone marrow to repopulate the exposed areas of the body with the shielded supply. This concept allows for the development of lightweight mobile radiation protection equipment, which provides adequate protection, deferring the onset of ARS to much higher exposure doses. One example of such equipment is the 58: 2574:

Research has been done exploring the feasibility of partial body shielding, a radiation protection strategy that provides adequate attenuation to only the most radio-sensitive organs and tissues inside the body. Irreversible stem cell damage in the bone marrow is the first life-threatening effect of

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Scientific testing on humans within the United States occurred extensively throughout the atomic age. Experiments took place on a range of subjects including, but not limited to; the disabled, children, soldiers, and incarcerated persons, with the level of understanding and consent given by subjects

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ARS is caused by exposure to a large dose of ionizing radiation (> ~0.1 Gy) over a short period of time (> ~0.1 Gy/h). Alpha and beta radiation have low penetrating power and are unlikely to affect vital internal organs from outside the body. Any type of ionizing radiation

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played a major part in radiotherapy accidents. The latter of the two is caused by the failure of equipment software used to monitor the radiational dose given. Human error has played a large part in accidental exposure incidents, including some of the criticality accidents, and larger scale events

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in a short period of time. Symptoms can start within an hour of exposure, and can last for several months. Early symptoms are usually nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite. In the following hours or weeks, initial symptoms may appear to improve, before the development of additional symptoms, after

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in the affected area and medical center and the degree of neutropenia. Broad-spectrum empirical therapy (see below for choices) with high doses of one or more antibiotics should be initiated at the onset of fever. These antimicrobials should be directed at the eradication of Gram-negative aerobic

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of established or suspected infection following exposure to radiation (characterized by neutropenia and fever) is similar to the one used for other febrile neutropenic patients. However, important differences between the two conditions exist. Individuals that develop neutropenia after exposure to

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per hour, enough to give a potentially fatal dose in about an hour to a person exposed in the open. If a person needs to be exposed for only 10 seconds to dump a bucket, in this 1/360 of an hour he will receive a dose of only about 1 R. Under war conditions, an additional 1-R dose is of

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Matter attenuates radiation in most cases, so placing any mass (e.g., lead, dirt, sandbags, vehicles, water, even air) between humans and the source will reduce the radiation dose. This is not always the case, however; care should be taken when constructing shielding for a specific purpose. For

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led intensive research into the syndrome in the weeks and months following the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. Sasaki and his team were able to monitor the effects of radiation in patients of varying proximities to the blast itself, leading to the establishment of three recorded stages of the

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from lower-level exposures usually manifest after 2 months, while reactions from the burns occur months to years after radiation treatment. Complications from ARS include an increased risk of developing radiation-induced cancer later in life. According to the controversial but commonly applied

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ACCIRAD. REAC/TS shows 417 accidents occurring between 1944 and 2000, causing about 3000 cases of ARS, of which 127 were fatal. ACCIRAD lists 580 accidents with 180 ARS fatalities for an almost identical period. The two deliberate bombings are not included in either database, nor are any

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There are many types of shielding strategies that can be used to reduce the effects of radiation exposure. Internal contamination protective equipment such as respirators are used to prevent internal deposition as a result of inhalation and ingestion of radioactive material. Dermal protective

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Gamma and neutron radiation can travel much greater distances and penetrate the body easily, so whole-body irradiation generally causes ARS before skin effects are evident. Local gamma irradiation can cause skin effects without any sickness. In the early twentieth century, radiographers would

1102:(peeling of skin) and similar early effects can heal, only to be followed by the collapse of the dermal vascular system after two months, resulting in the loss of the full thickness of the exposed skin. Another example of skin loss caused by high-level exposure of radiation is during the 2407:, allowing them to tolerate a higher dose than would otherwise be expected. The dose to the targeted tissue mass must be averaged over the entire body mass, most of which receives negligible radiation, to arrive at a whole-body absorbed dose that can be compared to the table above. 417:. Vomiting in this time-frame is a marker for whole body exposures that are in the fatal range above 4 grays (400 rad). Without exotic treatment such as bone marrow transplant, death with this dose is common, due generally more to infection than gastrointestinal dysfunction. 1106:, where technician Hisashi Ouchi had lost a majority of his skin due to the high amounts of radiation he absorbed during the irradiation. This effect had been demonstrated previously with pig skin using high energy beta sources at the Churchill Hospital Research Institute, in 2388:

In most of the acute exposure scenarios that lead to radiation sickness, the bulk of the radiation is external whole-body gamma, in which case the absorbed, equivalent, and effective doses are all equal. There are exceptions, such as the Therac-25 accidents and the 1958

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into any given victim's exposed skin, causing radiation burns. Death is highly likely, and radiation poisoning is almost certain if one is caught in the open with no terrain or building masking-effects within a radius of 0–3 km from a 1 megaton airburst. The

2845:, who was present during the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, was the first incident of radiation poisoning to be extensively studied. Her death on 24 August 1945 was the first death ever to be officially certified as a result of ARS (or "Atomic bomb disease"). 1241:(LEO). Evidence indicates past SPE radiation levels that would have been lethal for unprotected astronauts. GCR levels that might lead to acute radiation poisoning are less well understood. The latter cause is rarer, with an event possibly occurring during the 2566:

Naturally, shielding the entire body from high energy gamma radiation is optimal, but the required mass to provide adequate attenuation makes functional movement nearly impossible. In the event of a radiation catastrophe, medical and security personnel need

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and a human can be killed by the loss of a single type of cells in a vital organ. For many short term radiation deaths (3–30 days), the loss of two important types of cells that are constantly being regenerated causes death. The loss of cells forming

398:), though they might never be felt by the patient if the dose is below 1 gray (100 rad). Conventional trauma and burns resulting from a bomb blast are complicated by the poor wound healing caused by hematopoietic syndrome, increasing mortality. 2700: 5961: 5946: 2801:, any exposure to ionizing radiation, even at doses too low to produce any symptoms of radiation sickness, can induce cancer due to cellular and genetic damage. The probability of developing cancer is a linear function with respect to the 3201: 2525:

little concern." In peacetime, radiation workers are taught to work as quickly as possible when performing a task that exposes them to radiation. For instance, the recovery of a radioactive source should be done as quickly as possible.

259:. It is generally divided into three types: bone marrow, gastrointestinal, and neurovascular syndrome, with bone marrow syndrome occurring at 0.7 to 10 Gy, and neurovascular syndrome occurring at doses that exceed 50 Gy. The 6189: 3064:

Thousands of scientific experiments have been performed to study ARS in animals. There is a simple guide for predicting survival and death in mammals, including humans, following the acute effects of inhaling radioactive particles.

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that emerges after exposure to radiation and the increased risk of developing infection. Since there are no controlled studies of therapeutic intervention in humans, most of the current recommendations are based on animal research.

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In chapter 12, he states that "uickly putting or dumping wastes outside is not hazardous once fallout is no longer being deposited. For example, assume the shelter is in an area of heavy fallout and the dose rate outside is

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produced in air by X-rays from the ozone was the cause, but other free radicals produced within the body are now understood to be more important. David Walsh first established the symptoms of radiation sickness in 1897.

2583:, a radiation protection belt that applies selective shielding to protect the bone marrow stored in the pelvic area as well as other radio sensitive organs in the abdominal region without hindering functional mobility. 7669: 2466:. If the irradiation occurs after replication, only one arm will bear the damage; this damage will be apparent in only one daughter cell. A damaged chromosome may cyclize, binding to another chromosome, or to itself. 2353:, are used to gauge long-term stochastic biological effects such as cancer incidence, but they are not designed to evaluate ARS. To help avoid confusion between these quantities, absorbed dose is measured in units of 420:

Neurovascular. This syndrome typically occurs at absorbed doses greater than 30 grays (3,000 rad), though it may occur at doses as low as 10 grays (1,000 rad). It presents with neurological symptoms such as

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syndrome. Within 25–30 days of the explosion, Sasaki noticed a sharp drop in white blood cell count and established this drop, along with symptoms of fever, as prognostic standards for ARS. Actress

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at Hiroshima, Japan, was found to have absorbed about 9.46 grays (Gy) of ionizing radiation. The doses at the hypocenters of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings were 240 and 290 Gy, respectively.

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Cullings, Harry M.; Fujita, Shoichiro; Funamoto, Sachiyo; Grant, Eric J.; Kerr, George D.; Preston, Dale L. (2006). "Dose Estimation for Atomic Bomb Survivor Studies: Its Evolution and Present Status".

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Waterman, Gideon; Kase, Kenneth; Orion, Itzhak; Broisman, Andrey; Milstein, Oren (September 2017). "Selective Shielding of Bone Marrow: An Approach to Protecting Humans from External Gamma Radiation".

2286:, or is given to a victim in an act of murder. The intentional atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulted in tens of thousands of casualties; the survivors of these bombings are known today as 263:

that are most affected are generally those that are rapidly dividing. At high doses, this causes DNA damage that may be irreparable. Diagnosis is based on a history of exposure and symptoms. Repeated

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intentionally subjected his fingers to X-rays in 1895. He published his observations concerning the burns that developed that eventually healed, and misattributed them to ozone. Röntgen believed the

7649: 2686: 2427:, and does directly damage cells by causing localized ionization events. The former is very damaging to DNA, while the latter events create clusters of DNA damage. This damage includes loss of 3191: 5680: 445:. These symptoms may occur at radiation doses as low as 0.35 grays (35 rad). These symptoms are common to many illnesses, and may not, by themselves, indicate acute radiation sickness. 6050: 3930:

Patient numbers in this document have been identified as: 1 – Daghlian, 2 – Hemmerly, 3 – Slotin, 4 – Graves, 5 – Kline, 6 – Young, 7 – Cleary, 8 – Cieleski, 9 – Schreiber, 10 – Perlman

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varying from complete to none. Since 1997 there have been requirements for patients to give informed consent, and to be notified if experiments were classified. Across the world, the

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A standardized management plan for people with neutropenia and fever should be devised. Empirical regimens contain antibiotics broadly active against Gram-negative aerobic bacteria (

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Somatic mutations cannot be passed down from parent to offspring, but these mutations can propagate in cell lines within an organism. Radiation damage can also cause chromosome and

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Lawrence, James N. P. (6 October 1978). Internal Memorandum on Los Alamos Criticality Accidents, 1945–1946, Personnel Exposures (Report). Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. H-l-78.

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can give a rough estimate of radiation exposure. Time from exposure to vomiting can also give estimates of exposure levels if they are less than 10 Gy (1000 rad).

239:), that generally occurs from a source outside the body, delivered within a few minutes. Sources of such radiation can occur accidentally or intentionally. They may involve 3600: 5636: 3101: 2836:

resulted in high acute doses of radiation to a large number of Japanese people, allowing for greater insight into its symptoms and dangers. Red Cross Hospital Surgeon

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treatments are typically prescribed in terms of the local absorbed dose, which might be 60 Gy or higher. The dose is fractionated to about 2 Gy per day for

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Wagner, L. K.; McNeese, M. D.; Marx, M. V.; Siegel, E. L. (1999). "Severe skin reactions from interventional fluoroscopy: case report and review of the literature".

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Gastrointestinal. This syndrome often follows absorbed doses of 6–30 grays (600–3,000 rad). The signs and symptoms of this form of radiation injury include

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as visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light, to which the atmosphere is largely transparent. This event is also known as "flash", where radiant heat and light

2621:. Even without interruptions, a reduction in dose rate below 0.1 Gy/h also tends to reduce cell death. This technique is routinely used in radiotherapy. 1063:

of the irradiated site is visible. In most cases, healing occurs by regenerative means; however, very large skin doses can cause permanent hair loss, damaged

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If an intentional dose is broken up into a number of smaller doses, with time allowed for recovery between irradiations, the same total dose causes less

2833: 1254: 972: 310: 6036: 4941:"Effect of antimicrobial therapy on the gastrointestinal bacterial flora, infection and mortality in mice exposed to different doses of irradiation" 3650: 1258: 1215: 5802: 4385: 7099: 7700: 6209: 5723: 5542: 5388: 4945: 4812: 4486: 4297: 4278:

National Research Council (U.S.). Ad Hoc Committee on the Solar System Radiation Environment and NASA's Vision for Space Exploration (2006).

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The following table includes only those known for their attempted survival with ARS. These cases exclude chronic radiation syndrome such as

2321:. Criminal activity has involved murder and attempted murder carried out through abrupt victim contact with a radioactive substance such as 7125: 7094: 7039: 4103: 2739:) that account for more than three quarters of the isolates causing sepsis. Because aerobic and facultative Gram-positive bacteria (mostly 2559:

to shield neutrons will result in the shielding material itself becoming radioactive and hence more dangerous than if it were not present.

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Zeitlin, C.; et al. (31 May 2013). "Measurements of Energetic Particle Radiation in Transit to Mars on the Mars Science Laboratory".

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Waterman, Gideon; Kase, Kenneth; Orion, Itzhak; Broisman, Andrey; Milstein, Oren (September 2017). "Selective Shielding of Bone Marrow".

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component of the gut flora (i.e., metronidazole) generally should not be given because they may enhance systemic infection by aerobic or

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aberrations, and their effects depend on in which stage of the mitotic cycle the cell is when the irradiation occurs. If the cell is in

1573: 1493: 984: 433:, occurring within minutes to a few hours, with an absence of vomiting, and is almost always fatal, even with aggressive intensive care. 5814: 3853:

McLaughlin, Thomas P.; Monahan, Shean P.; Pruvost, Norman L.; Frolov, Vladimir V.; Ryazanov, Boris G.; Sviridov, Victor I. (May 2000),

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The prognosis for ARS is dependent on the exposure dose, with anything above 8 Gy being almost always lethal, even with medical care.

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The medical handling of skin lesions following high-level accidental irradiation, IAEA Advisory Group Meeting, September 1987 Paris.

3871: 2989: 2970: 2962: 2393:, where the absorbed doses in Gy or rad are the only useful quantities, because of the targeted nature of the exposure to the body. 2390: 2023: 1928: 1134: 5747:

Wells, J. (1976). "A guide to the prognosis for survival in mammals following the acute effects of inhaled radioactive particles".

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McLaughlin, Thomas P.; Monahan, Shean P.; Pruvost, Norman L.; Frolov, Vladimir V.; Ryazanov, Boris G.; Sviridov, Victor I. (2000).

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intense radiation exposure and therefore one of the most important bodily elements to protect. Due to the regenerative property of

4416: 2490:(ALARA). This means try to avoid exposure as much as possible and includes the three components of time, distance, and shielding. 7140: 6312: 3910: 430: 4631:

Lavelle, C.; Foray, N. (2014). "Chromatin structure and radiation-induced DNA damage: From structural biology to radiobiology".

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Treatment usually involves supportive care with possible symptomatic measures employed. The former involves the possible use of

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is an example, where a forgotten radioactive source was taken from a hospital, resulting in the deaths of 4 people from ARS.

5567: 4776: 4303: 1047:(CRS) refers to the skin symptoms of radiation exposure. Within a few hours after irradiation, a transient and inconsistent 7810: 7750: 7695: 7690: 7362: 7343: 7312: 7206: 6339: 5204: 2297: 2203: 1653: 1139: 7790: 7224: 6536: 6345: 4832: 4264: 2740: 1741: 1593: 1568: 1363: 1044: 3489: 7276: 6962: 6184: 5159: 3029: 2504: 2283: 1852: 1603: 1103: 5498: 2474:

Diagnosis is typically made based on a history of significant radiation exposure and suitable clinical findings. An

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in circulation. These changes can be detected by blood tests after receiving a whole-body acute dose as low as 0.25

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was that if one needed to leave the shelter then this should be done as rapidly as possible to minimize exposure.

1055:) can occur. Then, a latent phase may occur and last from a few days up to several weeks, when intense reddening, 7424: 7079: 6932: 6421: 6329: 6234: 6224: 6127: 3082: 3048: 2798: 2431:

and breakage of the sugar-phosphate backbone that binds to the nucleobases. The DNA organization at the level of

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Goodhead, D. (1994). "Initial events in the cellular effects of ionizing radiations: Clustered damage in DNA".

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Wells J; et al. (1982), "Non-Uniform Irradiation of Skin: Criteria for limiting non-stochastic effects",

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An empirical regimen of antimicrobials should be chosen based on the pattern of bacterial susceptibility and

7512: 6957: 6751: 6531: 6122: 5806: 2576: 2556: 2424: 2008: 1963: 1583: 1143: 964: 855: 104: 5654: 2458:, while it is still a single strand of chromatin, the damage will be replicated during the S1 phase of the 7742: 7639: 7572: 7198: 7109: 6783: 6618: 6598: 6307: 6164: 4104:"Mars trip would deliver big radiation dose; Curiosity instrument confirms expectation of major exposures" 3863: 2592: 2420: 2313:

involved human experiments on a large scale, which is still kept secret by the Russian government and the

2310: 2146: 1633: 714: 79: 5706: 5406:"Radiation Accidents: Occurrence, Types, Consequences, Medical Management, and the Lessons to be Learned" 3642: 2571:

in order to safely assist in containment, evacuation, and many other necessary public safety objectives.

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Xiao M, Whitnall MH (January 2009). "Pharmacological countermeasures for the acute radiation syndrome".

3136: 2727: 2116: 1958: 1824: 1736: 1433: 876: 4818: 4530:"Occurrence, biological consequences and human health relevance of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage" 5799:"Emergency preparedness and subject matter expertise on the medical management of radiation incidents" 1218:

of radioactive material by clueless thieves has also led to lethal exposure in at least one incident.

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Christensen DM, Iddins CJ, Sugarman SL (February 2014). "Ionizing radiation injuries and illnesses".

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commonly calibrate their machines by irradiating their own hands and measuring the time to onset of

7582: 7492: 7247: 7176: 7135: 7054: 6967: 6712: 6655: 6563: 6516: 6390: 6229: 5965: 3763:"Japanese Legacy Cohorts: The Life Span Study Atomic Bomb Survivor Cohort and Survivors' Offspring" 2716: 1993: 1938: 1903: 1829: 1756: 1706: 1701: 1686: 1343: 1242: 1230: 1211: 1138:

Comparison of Radiation Doses – includes the amount detected on the trip from Earth to Mars by the

1060: 880: 6719: 4913: 4470: 4227: 7775: 7429: 7419: 7414: 7328: 7171: 6992: 6972: 6952: 6836: 6744: 6625: 6578: 6487: 5905: 5630: 5118: 4895: 4053: 3743: 3601:"Radiation Exposure and Contamination - Injuries; Poisoning - Merck Manuals Professional Edition" 3328: 3299:

Donnelly, EH; Nemhauser, JB; Smith, JM; Kazzi, ZN; Farfán, EB; Chang, AS; Naeem, SF (June 2010).

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The longer that humans are subjected to radiation the larger the dose will be. The advice in the

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Brook I, Ledney D (1992). "Quinolone therapy in the management of infection after irradiation".

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in the 1930s, but no one was exposed to high enough doses at high enough rates to bring on ARS.

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x-rays, and hence low atomic number materials are recommended. Also, using material with a high

5058:"Effect of antimicrobial therapy on the bowel flora and bacterial infection in irradiated mice" 4184: 1122:

Both dose and dose rate contribute to the severity of acute radiation syndrome. The effects of

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among those who survive are managed as usual. Short-term outcomes depend on the dose exposure.

7472: 7064: 6942: 6879: 6844: 6676: 6608: 6588: 6482: 6324: 6255: 6005: 5897: 5756: 5729: 5719: 5660: 5548: 5538: 5384: 5361: 5310: 5275: 5238: 5186: 5178: 5135: 5087: 5079: 5038: 5020: 4970: 4962: 4887: 4879: 4808: 4732: 4683: 4648: 4613: 4559: 4482: 4293: 4193: 4045: 4020: 4000: 3975: 3954: 3835: 3825: 3800: 3782: 3735: 3727: 3582: 3545: 3518: 3481: 3458: 3437:"Accidental or intentional exposure to ionizing radiation: biodosimetry and treatment options" 3417: 3320: 3126: 2638: 2599:, or good hygiene practices may offer protection, depending on the nature of the contaminant. 2462:, and there will be a break on both chromosome arms; the damage then will be apparent in both 2293: 1876: 1799: 1792: 1746: 1613: 1403: 1398: 1308: 1194: 1021: 791: 375: 309:

ARS is generally rare. A single event can affect a large number of people, as happened in the

148: 74: 5874: 5822: 3539: 3370: 7613: 7608: 7069: 6583: 6437: 6154: 5889: 5455: 5351: 5343: 5302: 5267: 5168: 5127: 5071: 5028: 5012: 4954: 4871: 4722: 4714: 4703:"Processing of bistranded abasic DNA clusters in gamma-irradiated human hematopoietic cells" 4675: 4640: 4603: 4595: 4549: 4541: 4285: 4117: 4037: 3992: 3819: 3790: 3774: 3719: 3574: 3448: 3409: 3312: 3091: 3002: 2600: 2444: 2222: 2136: 2033: 1973: 1859: 1812: 1761: 1721: 1696: 1681: 1663: 1638: 1578: 1463: 1413: 976: 348: 295: 240: 5417: 3951:

Proceedings of the Third International Symposium of the Society for Radiological Protection

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thermonuclear bomb, animal studies and lab experiment accidents, have been compiled by the

7507: 7482: 7333: 7181: 7166: 6982: 6894: 6884: 6724: 6551: 6457: 6406: 6264: 5923: 5001:"Adverse effects of pefloxacin in irradiated C3H/HeN mice: correction with glucan therapy" 3973:

Kerr, Richard (31 May 2013). "Radiation will make astronauts' trip to Mars even riskier".

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agency. The human experiments that fall under intentional ARS exclude those that involved

1921: 1881: 1751: 1716: 1648: 1588: 1516: 1453: 1353: 1238: 1156: 1064: 387: 371: 271: 252: 161: 6016: 3854: 4148: 4033: 3988: 3901: 3715: 3511: 7598: 7545: 7462: 7409: 7297: 7029: 6987: 6977: 6899: 6889: 6859: 6380: 6199: 6194: 6060: 5650: 5356: 5329: 5271: 4798: 4608: 4583: 4554: 4529: 4408: 3795: 3762: 3673:"A single jawbone has revealed just how much radiation Hiroshima bomb victims absorbed" 3141: 2915: 2907: 2866: 2666: 2625: 2549: 2509: 2463: 2374: 2350: 2279: 2239: 2043: 1943: 1898: 1891: 1886: 1643: 1338: 1095: 1012: 847: 752: 414: 344: 260: 248: 5033: 5000: 4727: 4702: 7764: 7452: 7104: 6864: 6849: 6635: 6290: 5441:"Les accidents d'irradiation: Mise en place d'une base de données "ACCIRAD" à I'IPSN" 4471:"The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection" 4347: 3900:

Hempelman, Louis Henry; Lushbaugh, Clarence C.; Voelz, George L. (October 19, 1979).

3643:"Human Bone Reveals How Much Radiation Hiroshima Bomb Released – And It's Staggering" 2870: 2755: 2705: 2545: 2513: 2338: 2058: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1296: 1207: 463: 290:. Radioactive material remaining on the skin or in the stomach should be removed. If 220: 136: 5970: 3747: 3332: 2747:

in about a quarter of the victims, coverage for these organisms may also be needed.

17: 7577: 7497: 7434: 7084: 7044: 6909: 6385: 6300: 6159: 6149: 6091: 6086: 5909: 5681:"World's most radioactive man 'cried blood' as his skin melted in 83-day nightmare" 4899: 4545: 4108: 2936: 2928: 2818: 2759: 2396: 2091: 2053: 2038: 1869: 1834: 1779: 1498: 1358: 1186: 1099: 980: 352: 321:, which occurs following prolonged exposures to relatively low doses of radiation. 6028: 5602: 4325: 4057: 3996: 1197:

during World War II, while computer-controlled radiation therapy machines such as

335: 6736: 5981: 5576: 5532: 4768: 4644: 4599: 4279: 3625: 3453: 3436: 3316: 2305:

from the blast extends out to ~8 km from a 1 megaton atmospheric explosion.

7618: 7550: 7487: 6826: 6442: 6416: 6411: 6117: 6107: 6000: 5893: 5850:– A well documented account of the biological effects of a criticality accident. 5575:. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 33–34. Archived from 4875: 3413: 2886: 2842: 2767: 2736: 2692: 2662: 2634: 2630: 2436: 2428: 2354: 2013: 1711: 1691: 1328: 1226: 1222: 1068: 1037: 851: 821: 500: 494: 488: 482: 476: 467: 391: 367: 279: 232: 169: 5460: 5208: 2762:, a third- or fourth-generation cephalosporin with pseudomonal coverage: e.g., 2540:

example, although high atomic number materials are very effective in shielding

7502: 6874: 6821: 6640: 6593: 6521: 6447: 6364: 6334: 6280: 6139: 5131: 5075: 4679: 4256: 3630:. U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. pp. 588–597. 3578: 3072: 2771: 2751: 2709: 2642: 2618: 2459: 2455: 2404: 2382: 2366: 2063: 1819: 1323: 1029: 1028:

fission reaction during an accident with what later obtained the nickname the

999: 992: 827: 813: 809: 801: 787: 437:

Early symptoms of ARS typically include nausea, vomiting, headaches, fatigue,

395: 291: 244: 236: 6190:

Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy

5760: 5733: 5552: 5182: 5173: 5155:"Management of postirradiation infection: lessons learned from animal models" 5154: 5083: 5024: 4966: 4883: 4840: 3903:

What Has Happened to the Survivors of the Early Los Alamos Nuclear Accidents?

3839: 3786: 3731: 219:, is a collection of health effects that are caused by being exposed to high 7540: 7457: 7404: 7161: 7034: 6869: 6816: 6806: 6767: 6645: 6613: 6144: 6011: 5955: 5306: 4121: 4041: 3477: 2596: 2451: 2440: 2326: 2288: 2131: 2086: 2048: 1998: 1933: 1839: 1303: 1283: 1275: 1198: 843: 817: 422: 379: 185: 66: 57: 5901: 5365: 5347: 5314: 5279: 5190: 4891: 4736: 4652: 4617: 4563: 4049: 4004: 3804: 3778: 3739: 3586: 3485: 3462: 3421: 3324: 2848:

There are two major databases that track radiation accidents: The American

1017: 5139: 5091: 5042: 5016: 4974: 4958: 4687: 3224:"Beir VII: Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation" 1210:, in which radioactive material is unknowingly kept, sold, or stolen. The 7603: 6811: 6796: 6494: 6259: 4718: 2775: 2763: 2432: 2322: 1503: 1164: 1084: 1076: 1048: 868: 864: 839: 835: 795: 744: 732: 626: 582: 516: 442: 426: 406: 359: 355: 299: 1237:(SPE) radiation. The exposure particularly occurs during flights beyond 7634: 7517: 7354: 7089: 6452: 6239: 5334: 3106: 2890: 2580: 1080: 1072: 1056: 1033: 968: 805: 778: 303: 127:

Bone marrow syndrome, gastrointestinal syndrome, neurovascular syndrome

7216: 5938: 5950: 3723: 3200:. CDC Radiation Emergencies Acute Radiation Syndrome. 22 April 2019. 3111: 2744: 2541: 2141: 2121: 2028: 2018: 1726: 1107: 990:

A person who was less than 1 mile (1.6 km) from the atomic bomb

860: 740: 736: 512: 402: 383: 5057: 4940: 4147:

Inkret, William C.; Meinhold, Charles B.; Taschner, John C. (1995).

3300: 5410:

Central European Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

4289: 2385:(in CGS). 1 rad = 0.01 Gy and 1 rem = 0.01 Sv. 6914: 6801: 5604:

UNC Recovery Sytems [sic]: Compliance Investigation Report

3953:, Advances in Theory and Practice, vol. 2, pp. 537–542, 2849: 2151: 2096: 1488: 1133: 1117: 1016: 872: 831: 670: 438: 366:

Hematopoietic. This syndrome is marked by a drop in the number of

334: 5924:"Occupational Radiation Protection in Severe Accident Management" 5798: 5537:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 4701:

Georgakilas, A.; Bennett, P.; Wilson, D.; Sutherland, B. (2004).

971:), derived from data from the effects on humans subjected to the 6081: 5915: 4584:"Delayed repair of radiation induced DNA damage: Friend or foe?" 4517:(Revised ed.). US Department of Defense. 1962. p. 579. 2853: 2302: 2278:

Intentional exposure is controversial as it involves the use of

2126: 1373: 1368: 1333: 1151:

can cause burns, but alpha and beta radiation can only do so if

1127: 1052: 7358: 7220: 6740: 6032: 5205:"Time Phases of Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) – Dose >8 Gy" 5153:

Brook I, Elliot TB, Ledney GD, Shomaker MO, Knudson GB (2004).

1083:), decreased or increased skin pigmentation, and ulceration or 5872:

More information on bone marrow shielding can be found in the

4833:"Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in a Radiation Emergency" 2416: 2370: 5916:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

5858: 3909:. Conference for Radiation Accident Preparedness. Oak Ridge: 3761:

Ozasa, Kotaro; Grant, Eric J; Kodama, Kazunori (2018-04-05).

2813:

Acute effects of ionizing radiation were first observed when

2548:

may cause higher radiation exposure due to the production of

4281:

Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Space Exploration

2687:

Treatment of infections after exposure to ionizing radiation

2358: 343:

Classically, ARS is divided into three main presentations:

51:

Radiation poisoning, radiation sickness, radiation toxicity

27:

Health problems caused by high levels of ionizing radiation

5803:

Radiation Emergency Assistance Center Training Site REACts

2337:

The most commonly used predictor of ARS is the whole-body

30:"Radiation poisoning" redirects here. For other uses, see 5601:, Division of Compliance, Region I (September 16, 1964). 3538:

Gusev, Igor; Guskova, Angelina; Mettler, Fred A. (2001).

2691:

There is a direct relationship between the degree of the

1225:

that result in radiation effects on earth in the form of

5207:. Radiation Emergency Medical Management. Archived from 4839:. Radiation Emergency Medical Management. Archived from 4802: 4633:

International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology

2873:, the exposure column only includes units of gray (Gy). 1126:

or rest periods before repeated exposure also shift the

374:. This may result in infections, due to a low number of 5293:

Gawkrodger, D. J. (2004). "Occupational skin cancers".

963:

A similar table and description of symptoms (given in

5383:. New York: Harkavy Publishing Service. p. 376. 3821:

Hiroshima and Nagasaki : retrospect and prospect

3301:"Acute radiation syndrome: assessment and management" 1229:. During spaceflight, astronauts are exposed to both 5928: 4999:

Patchen ML, Brook I, Elliott TB, Jackson WE (1993).

4528:

Yu, Y.; Cui, Y.; Niedernhofer, L.; Wang, Y. (2016).

4192:. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 1988. 4073:"Data Point to Radiation Risk for Travelers to Mars" 3517:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1. 2715:

Antimicrobials that reduce the number of the strict

1221:

Exposure may also come from routine spaceflight and

1159:is deposited on the individual's skin or clothing. 7709: 7678: 7627: 7591: 7526: 7443: 7392: 7321: 7290: 7254: 7154: 7118: 7005: 6835: 6782: 6775: 6503: 6475: 6430: 6399: 6373: 6357: 6273: 6248: 6177: 6100: 6074: 6067: 5991: 5932: 5610:. Vol. 3 - Supplemental Report with Exhibits. 5330:"Deep Tissue Traumatism from Roentgen Ray Exposure" 5235:

Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology

4149:"A Brief History of Radiation Protection Standards" 2423:if left unrepaired. Ionizing radiation can produce 194: 184: 157: 147: 131: 123: 115: 103: 85: 73: 47: 42: 4754:(6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 4438:"Slow Death In Kazakhstan's Land Of Nuclear Tests" 2657:Effect of medical care on acute radiation syndrome 2403:treatment, which allows normal tissues to undergo 4577: 4575: 4573: 3773:(4). Japan Epidemiological Association: 162–169. 2723:, thus facilitating mortality after irradiation. 94:: Nausea, vomiting, skin burns, loss of appetite 5569:A Review of Criticality Accidents: 2000 Revision 3102:Biological effects of radiation on the epigenome 5656:Chernobyl: the history of a nuclear catastrophe 5439:Chambrette, V.; Hardy, S.; Nenot, J.C. (2001). 4257:"Superflares could kill unprotected astronauts" 3824:. London; Portland, OR: Frank Cass. p. 4. 2825:Ingestion of radioactive materials caused many 2591:Where radioactive contamination is present, an 2419:damage, later creating serious and even lethal 1024:'s hand 9 days after he had manually stopped a 5855:"Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute" 4763: 4761: 267:(CBCs) can indicate the severity of exposure. 231:ARS involves a total dose of greater than 0.7 99:: Infections, bleeding, dehydration, confusion 7370: 7232: 6752: 6044: 5749:Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Engineers 5491:"Criminal Dies Stealing Radioactive Material" 2259: 1177:Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents 1040:. He died 16 days after this photo was taken. 331:Effects of nuclear explosions on human health 8: 5780:Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute 5635:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4807:. Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine. 3895: 3893: 3891: 3512:"chronic%20radiation%20syndrome"&pg=PA1 7536:Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring 4582:Eccles, L.; O'Neill, P.; Lomax, M. (2011). 2486:A guiding principle of radiation safety is 2415:Exposure to high doses of radiation causes 1181:Accidental exposure may be the result of a 1094:, when skin is irradiated with high energy 7377: 7363: 7355: 7239: 7225: 7217: 6779: 6759: 6745: 6737: 6695: 6071: 6051: 6037: 6029: 5929: 5819:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5784:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5381:Medicine: A Treasury of Art and Literature 5233:James, W.; Berger, T.; Elston, D. (2005). 5228: 5226: 5063:International Journal of Radiation Biology 4773:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4668:International Journal of Radiation Biology 4464: 4462: 3710:(1). Radiation Research Society: 219–254. 3476:Acosta, R; Warrington, SJ (January 2019). 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 2875: 2341:. Several related quantities, such as the 2266: 2252: 2156: 1282: 1262: 56: 39: 5708:The radiological accident in Lia, Georgia 5459: 5355: 5172: 5056:Brook I, Walker RI, MacVittie TJ (1988). 5032: 4726: 4607: 4553: 3794: 3541:Medical Management of Radiation Accidents 3452: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 2834:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2637:) and the cells in the digestive system ( 1255:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 973:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 311:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 153:Based on history of exposure and symptoms 65:Radiation causes cellular degradation by 5815:"Fact sheet on Acute Radiation Syndrome" 3375:National Organization for Rare Disorders 3097:Biological effects of ionizing radiation 2652: 2292:. Nuclear weapons emit large amounts of 954: 452: 5875:Health Physics Radiation Safety Journal 5778:from websites or documents of the U.S. 5404:Turai, István; Veress, Katalin (2001). 3920:from the original on September 12, 2014 3877:from the original on September 27, 2007 3154: 2195: 2159: 1274: 1259:Crimes involving radioactive substances 358:. These syndromes may be preceded by a 228:which either recovery or death follow. 7100:Wireless electronic devices and health 5628: 4388:from the original on December 30, 2019 2624:The human body contains many types of 1190: 315:Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster 298:is recommended. Complications such as 7701:Radiation Protection Convention, 1960 6210:Radiation-induced erythema multiforme 5005:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 4946:Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 4821:from the original on 17 October 2017. 4495:from the original on 16 November 2012 4358:from the original on 12 November 2020 2641:, which form part of the wall of the 1193:criticality accidents dating back to 7: 7126:List of civilian radiation accidents 7095:Wireless device radiation and health 7090:Biological dose units and quantities 7040:Electromagnetic radiation and health 6683: 4920:from the original on 14 October 2013 4186:The Radiological accident in Goiânia 4165:from the original on 29 October 2012 2373:), while the others are measured in 726:Cognitive impairment > 24 h 32:Radiation poisoning (disambiguation) 7308:Radiation-induced cognitive decline 6527:Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules 6215:Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar 5839:"The criticality accident in Sarov" 4752:Radiobiology for the Radiobiologist 4267:from the original on 27 March 2015. 3480:. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls. 3381:from the original on 12 August 2019 2990:Robert Peabody criticality accident 2916:Harry Daghlian criticality accident 2443:also affects its susceptibility to 1494:Radium and radon in the environment 577:— (patients die in < 48 h) 7075:Radioactivity in the life sciences 5846:International Atomic Energy Agency 5716:International Atomic Energy Agency 5272:10.1148/radiology.213.3.r99dc16773 4914:"Radiation and its Health Effects" 4128:from the original on July 15, 2013 3605:Merck Manuals Professional Edition 3122:List of military nuclear accidents 3117:List of civilian nuclear accidents 25: 5471:from the original on 4 March 2016 4916:. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 4324:. solcomhouse.com. Archived from 4102:Gelling, Cristy (June 29, 2013). 3856:A Review of Criticality Accidents 3671:Phillips, Kristine (2018-05-02). 2971:Cecil Kelley criticality accident 2793: 2391:Cecil Kelley criticality accident 723:Cognitive impairment 6–20 h 6718: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6671: 6670: 6313:Inner ear decompression sickness 5809:from the original on 2023-05-05. 4939:Brook, I.; Ledney, G.D. (1994). 4306:from the original on 2010-03-28. 4083:from the original on 31 May 2013 3911:Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 3204:from the original on 18 May 2019 3075: 2233: 2221: 975:, the indigenous peoples of the 431:decreased level of consciousness 6707: 5617:from the original on 2022-01-07 5531:Harold, Catherine, ed. (2009). 5098:from the original on 2020-09-23 4981:from the original on 2020-09-25 4779:from the original on 7 May 2020 4534:Chemical Research in Toxicology 4448:from the original on 2016-09-20 4419:from the original on 2015-09-01 4238:from the original on 2022-05-16 4209:from the original on 2016-03-12 3683:from the original on 2019-12-27 3653:from the original on 2019-12-27 3492:from the original on 2022-09-22 3339:from the original on 2019-06-26 3132:Orders of magnitude (radiation) 2488:as low as reasonably achievable 1314:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 1206:. Other events have to do with 1104:1999 Tokaimura nuclear accident 7468:Computed tomography dose index 5534:Professional guide to diseases 4750:Hall, E.; Giaccia, A. (2006). 4546:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00265 4515:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons 4228:"Grozny orphaned source, 1999" 4071:Chang, Kenneth (30 May 2013). 3868:Los Alamos National Laboratory 3627:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons 3510:Akleyev, Alexander V. (2014). 2183:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 270:Treatment of ARS is generally 1: 7344:Radiation dose reconstruction 7313:Radiation-induced lung injury 6547:environmental skin conditions 6340:High-altitude pulmonary edema 4378:"Human Radiation Experiments" 3997:10.1126/science.340.6136.1031 3192:"A Fact Sheet for Physicians" 2770:, or an aminoglycoside: i.e. 1654:Electrical resistance heating 885:— (patients die in < 48h) 378:, bleeding, due to a lack of 6537:Tropical anhidrotic asthenia 6346:High-altitude cerebral edema 4645:10.1016/j.biocel.2014.01.012 4600:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.11.003 4442:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 4284:. National Academies Press. 3870:, pp. 74–75, LA-13638, 3641:Geggel, Laura (2018-05-01). 3454:10.1016/j.exphem.2007.01.008 3317:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181ddd571 3044: 3025: 3006: 2985: 2966: 2950: 2932: 2911: 2741:alpha-hemolytic streptococci 2712:therapies were detrimental. 1364:Persistent organic pollutant 1288:Air pollution from a factory 1045:Cutaneous radiation syndrome 1032:. He received a dose of 5.1 590:None to mild (< 10%) 190:Depends on the exposure dose 6963:Cosmic background radiation 6559:frictional/traumatic/sports 6185:Chronic radiation keratosis 5920:Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) 5894:10.1097/HP.0000000000000688 5379:Carmichael, Ann G. (1991). 5237:(10th ed.). Saunders. 4876:10.1097/hp.0000000000000688 4804:Nuclear War Survival Skills 4409:"Живущие в стеклянном доме" 3818:Holdstock, Douglas (1995). 3414:10.2174/1874467210902010122 2937:Slotin criticality accident 2569:mobile protection equipment 2505:Nuclear War Survival Skills 678:Moderate increase (10–100%) 143:over a short period of time 7827: 7801:Effects of external causes 7732: 7192: 7050:Lasers and aviation safety 6651:Pseudoacanthosis nigricans 5774:This article incorporates 3624:Glasstone, Samuel (1962). 3514:Chronic Radiation Syndrome 3030:Tokaimura nuclear accident 2785: 2684: 2671:colony stimulating factors 2610: 2587:Reduction of incorporation 2532: 1252: 1189:accident. There have been 1174: 1010: 985:U.S. Department of Defense 947:2 days – 2 weeks 506: 328: 319:chronic radiation syndrome 284:colony-stimulating factors 247:, certain devices used in 174:colony stimulating factors 29: 7806:Syndromes affecting blood 7771:Radioactive contamination 7730: 7425:Radioactive contamination 7190: 7080:Radioactive contamination 6933:Electromagnetic radiation 6923: 6666: 6422:Space adaptation syndrome 6330:Chronic mountain sickness 6235:Radiation recall reaction 6225:Radiation-induced morphea 6128:Warm water immersion foot 5495:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5416:(1): 3–14. Archived from 5328:Walsh, D (31 July 1897). 5132:10.3109/10408419209113516 5076:10.1080/09553008814551081 4680:10.1080/09553009414550021 4348:"Range of weapon effects" 3579:10.1016/j.emc.2013.10.002 3544:. CRC Press. p. 18. 3083:Nuclear technology portal 3049:Lia radiological accident 2935: 2924: 2852:REAC/TS and the European 2827:radiation-induced cancers 2799:linear no-threshold model 2476:absolute lymphocyte count 1909:War and environmental law 1529:Health effects from noise 1379:Volatile organic compound 1231:galactic cosmic radiation 1216:Theft and attempted theft 1153:radioactive contamination 889: 681:Moderate to severe (100%) 461: 458: 455: 294:was inhaled or ingested, 64: 55: 7786:Radiation health effects 7733:See also the categories 7722:Radiation-induced cancer 7717:Acute radiation syndrome 7303:Radiation-induced cancer 7193:See also the categories 7131:1996 Costa Rica accident 6792:Acoustic radiation force 6604:Weathering nodule of ear 6220:Radiation-induced keloid 6205:Radiation-induced cancer 6135:Non-freezing cold injury 6113:Immersion foot syndromes 5461:10.1051/radiopro:2001105 5174:10.7205/MILMED.169.3.194 4477:. ICRP publication 103. 4232:www.johnstonsarchive.net 3305:Southern Medical Journal 2803:effective radiation dose 2788:Radiation-induced cancer 2577:hematopoietic stem cells 1534:Marine mammals and sonar 1087:of the exposed tissue. 441:, and a short period of 205:Acute radiation syndrome 43:Acute radiation syndrome 7105:Radiation heat-transfer 6958:Gravitational radiation 6532:Sclerosing lymphangitis 6123:Tropical immersion foot 5335:British Medical Journal 4122:10.1002/scin.5591831304 4042:10.1126/science.1235989 3767:Journal of Epidemiology 3567:Emerg Med Clin North Am 3441:Experimental Hematology 3435:Chao, NJ (April 2007). 2544:, using them to shield 2425:reactive oxygen species 2421:chromosomal aberrations 2009:Freshwater salinization 1929:Agricultural wastewater 877:Electrolyte disturbance 856:Electrolyte disturbance 7573:Semiconductor detector 7529:measurement techniques 7146:1990 Zaragoza accident 7141:1984 Moroccan accident 7110:Linear energy transfer 6784:Non-ionizing radiation 6619:Painful fat herniation 6599:Vibration white finger 6308:Decompression sickness 6165:Erythrocyanosis crurum 5776:public domain material 5348:10.1136/bmj.2.1909.272 4707:Nucleic Acids Research 4382:www.atomicheritage.org 4318:"Nuclear Bomb Effects" 3864:Los Alamos, New Mexico 3779:10.2188/jea.je20170321 2658: 2593:elastomeric respirator 2311:Soviet nuclear program 2228:Environment portal 1147: 1131: 1041: 634:Mild to moderate (50%) 340: 80:Critical care medicine 7592:Protection techniques 7556:Scintillation counter 7136:1987 Goiânia accident 6938:Synchrotron radiation 6928:Earth's energy budget 6910:Radioactive materials 6905:Particle accelerators 6574:Fissure of the nipple 6542:UV-sensitive syndrome 6467:Adverse drug reaction 6296:Middle ear barotrauma 6286:Arterial gas embolism 5307:10.1093/occmed/kqh098 5301:(7). London: 458–63. 5295:Occupational Medicine 5017:10.1128/AAC.37.9.1882 3137:Prehydrated electrons 2728:nosocomial infections 2656: 2607:Fractionation of dose 1969:Industrial wastewater 1737:Municipal solid waste 1659:Soil guideline values 1137: 1121: 1020: 729:Rapid incapacitation 596:Heavy (> 95%) 593:Heavy (> 10%) 338: 265:complete blood counts 7811:Occupational hazards 7751:Radiation protection 7568:Radiation monitoring 7561:Proportional counter 7446:quantities and units 7400:Background radiation 7386:Radiation protection 7339:Radiation protection 7207:Radiation protection 7060:Radiation protection 6948:Black-body radiation 6855:Background radiation 6770:(physics and health) 6569:Equestrian perniosis 3478:"Radiation Syndrome" 3371:"Radiation Sickness" 3231:The National Academy 2721:facultative bacteria 2675:stem cell transplant 2535:Radiation protection 2377:(in SI, unit symbol 2178:Most polluted cities 1830:Overhead power lines 1235:solar particle event 967:, where 100 rem = 1 288:stem cell transplant 257:radiological weapons 178:stem cell transplant 18:Acute radiation dose 7791:Medical emergencies 7583:Whole-body counting 7493:Mean glandular dose 7430:Radioactive sources 7282:Biological timeline 7248:Radiation poisoning 7177:Radiation hardening 7119:Radiation incidents 7055:Medical radiography 7014:Radiation syndrome 6968:Cherenkov radiation 6656:Narcotic dermopathy 6564:Black heel and palm 6517:Dermatosis neglecta 6391:Psychological abuse 6230:Radiation poisoning 4959:10.1093/jac/33.1.63 4775:. 7 December 2015. 4352:johnstonarchive.net 4034:2013Sci...340.1080Z 4028:(6136): 1080–1084. 3989:2013Sci...340.1031K 3716:2006RadR..166..219C 3447:(4 Suppl 1): 24–7. 3020:September 30, 1999 2303:50% chance of death 1994:Ocean acidification 1904:Unexploded ordnance 1825:Advertising clutter 1757:Post-consumer waste 1702:Foam food container 1687:Biodegradable waste 1344:Global distillation 1243:solar storm of 1859 800:Moderate to severe 317:. ARS differs from 274:. This may include 217:radiation poisoning 7420:Internal dosimetry 7415:Ionizing radiation 7329:Dose fractionation 7172:Radioactive source 6993:Radiation exposure 6973:Askaryan radiation 6953:Particle radiation 6837:Ionizing radiation 6626:Uranium dermatosis 6579:Pulling boat hands 6488:Lightning injuries 5992:External resources 5126:(4): 18235–18246. 5119:Crit Rev Microbiol 4799:Kearny, Cresson H. 4769:"Radiation Safety" 4719:10.1093/nar/gkh871 4475:Annals of the ICRP 4322:The Atomic Archive 4156:Los Alamos Science 3704:Radiation Research 3402:Curr Mol Pharmacol 3053:Death in 893 days 3011:Chernobyl disaster 2994:Death in 49 hours 2975:Death in 38 hours 2959:December 30, 1958 2954:Death in 19 years 2896:Incident/accident 2733:Enterobacteriaceae 2659: 2613:Dose fractionation 2554:neutron activation 2319:long term exposure 2240:Ecology portal 1865:Herbicidal warfare 1409:Introduced species 1349:Indoor air quality 1319:Chlorofluorocarbon 1204:Chernobyl disaster 1148: 1132: 1124:dose fractionation 1042: 341: 339:Radiation sickness 325:Signs and symptoms 276:blood transfusions 225:ionizing radiation 213:radiation sickness 166:blood transfusions 141:ionizing radiation 7758: 7757: 7739:Radiation effects 7710:Radiation effects 7473:Counts per minute 7352: 7351: 7214: 7213: 7195:Radiation effects 7065:Radiation therapy 7001: 7000: 6943:Thermal radiation 6880:Neutron radiation 6845:Radioactive decay 6734: 6733: 6483:Electrical injury 6325:Altitude sickness 6173: 6172: 6026: 6025: 5787: 5725:978-92-0-103614-8 5544:978-0-7817-7899-2 5390:978-0-88363-991-7 5160:Military Medicine 4814:978-0-942487-01-5 4713:(18): 5609–5620. 4588:Mutation Research 4540:(12): 2008–2039. 4488:978-0-7020-3048-2 4384:. July 11, 2017. 4299:978-0-309-10264-3 4263:. 21 March 2005. 3960:978-0-9508123-0-4 3913:. LA-UR-79-2802. 3831:978-1-135-20993-3 3127:Nuclear terrorism 3057: 3056: 3039:December 2, 2001 3034:Death in 83 days 3015:Death in 14 days 2920:Death in 25 days 2294:thermal radiation 2284:human experiments 2276: 2275: 2211: 2210: 1877:Nuclear holocaust 1800:Urban heat island 1614:Radioactive waste 1399:Biological hazard 1309:Air quality index 1051:(associated with 1022:Harry K. Daghlian 979:subjected to the 961: 960: 786:Mild to moderate 386:, due to too few 376:white blood cells 211:), also known as 202: 201: 149:Diagnostic method 37:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 7818: 7614:Radon mitigation 7609:Potassium iodide 7527:Instruments and 7379: 7372: 7365: 7356: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7218: 7155:Related articles 7070:Radiation damage 6895:Nuclear reactors 6780: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6738: 6722: 6710: 6709: 6698: 6697: 6686: 6685: 6674: 6673: 6510:physical factors 6506:skin conditions 6438:Hypersensitivity 6155:Cold intolerance 6072: 6059:Consequences of 6053: 6046: 6039: 6030: 5930: 5922:'s 2015 report: 5913: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5857:. Archived from 5849: 5843: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5821:. Archived from 5810: 5772: 5765: 5764: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5713: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5634: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5616: 5609: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5581: 5574: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5497:. Archived from 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5470: 5463: 5445: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5359: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5230: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5211:on June 28, 2019 5201: 5195: 5194: 5176: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5036: 5011:(9): 1882–1889. 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4837:www.remm.nlm.gov 4829: 4823: 4822: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4730: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4611: 4594:(1–2): 134–141. 4579: 4568: 4567: 4557: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4208: 4191: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4164: 4153: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3919: 3908: 3897: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3876: 3861: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3798: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3724:10.1667/rr3546.1 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3456: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3367: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3296: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3239: 3233:. Archived from 3228: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3188: 3092:5-Androstenediol 3085: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3003:Aleksandr Akimov 2941:Death in 9 days 2904:August 21, 1945 2876: 2601:Potassium iodide 2502:manual entitled 2445:radiation damage 2268: 2261: 2254: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2226: 2225: 2157: 1860:Chemical warfare 1762:Waste management 1722:Industrial waste 1697:Electronic waste 1682:Advertising mail 1664:Phytoremediation 1639:Land degradation 1579:Depleted uranium 1464:Overillumination 1414:Invasive species 1286: 1263: 1212:Goiânia accident 998: 977:Marshall Islands 766:< 7 days 552:< 10 min 453: 411:loss of appetite 349:gastrointestinal 296:potassium iodide 241:nuclear reactors 60: 40: 21: 7826: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7796:Causes of death 7761: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7753: 7735:Medical physics 7726: 7705: 7674: 7623: 7587: 7528: 7522: 7483:Equivalent dose 7445: 7439: 7388: 7383: 7353: 7348: 7334:Radioresistance 7317: 7286: 7250: 7245: 7215: 7210: 7209: 7186: 7182:Havana syndrome 7167:Nuclear physics 7150: 7114: 7007: 6997: 6983:Unruh radiation 6919: 6900:Nuclear weapons 6885:Nuclear fission 6831: 6771: 6765: 6735: 6730: 6662: 6552:Electrical burn 6509: 6508:resulting from 6507: 6505: 6499: 6471: 6458:Arthus reaction 6426: 6407:Motion sickness 6395: 6369: 6353: 6269: 6265:Oxygen toxicity 6244: 6169: 6096: 6063: 6061:external causes 6057: 6027: 6022: 6021: 5987: 5986: 5941: 5879: 5864: 5862: 5853: 5841: 5837: 5828: 5826: 5825:on 16 July 2006 5813: 5797: 5794: 5769: 5768: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5726: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5687:. 29 March 2023 5679: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5659:. Basic Books. 5649: 5648: 5644: 5627: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5545: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5448:Radioprotection 5443: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5342:(1909): 272–3. 5327: 5326: 5322: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5232: 5231: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5101: 5099: 5055: 5054: 5050: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4984: 4982: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4843:on 21 June 2018 4831: 4830: 4826: 4815: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4767: 4766: 4759: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4581: 4580: 4571: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4489: 4468: 4467: 4460: 4451: 4449: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4422: 4420: 4407:Федоров, Юрий. 4406: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4328:on 5 April 2014 4316: 4315: 4311: 4300: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4158:(23): 116–123. 4151: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4017: 4016: 4012: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3906: 3899: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3859: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3832: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3686: 3684: 3677:Washington Post 3670: 3669: 3665: 3656: 3654: 3647:livescience.com 3640: 3639: 3635: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3609: 3607: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3495: 3493: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3369: 3368: 3351: 3342: 3340: 3298: 3297: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3190: 3189: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3062: 3042:Patient "1-DN" 2999:April 26, 1986 2983:Robert Peabody 2947:Alvin C. Graves 2863: 2838:Terufumi Sasaki 2815:Wilhelm Röntgen 2811: 2794:Radiation burns 2790: 2784: 2731:bacilli (i.e., 2689: 2683: 2651: 2615: 2609: 2589: 2537: 2531: 2496: 2484: 2472: 2413: 2343:equivalent dose 2335: 2333:Pathophysiology 2280:nuclear weapons 2272: 2234: 2232: 2220: 2213: 2212: 2112: 2104: 2103: 2077: 2069: 2068: 2004:Pharmaceuticals 1984:Nonpoint source 1924: 1914: 1913: 1882:Nuclear fallout 1855: 1845: 1844: 1815: 1805: 1804: 1795: 1785: 1784: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1752:Packaging waste 1717:Hazardous waste 1677: 1669: 1668: 1629: 1619: 1618: 1589:Nuclear fallout 1584:Nuclear fission 1564: 1554: 1553: 1519: 1509: 1508: 1484: 1476: 1475: 1449: 1447:Electromagnetic 1439: 1438: 1429: 1421: 1420: 1394: 1384: 1383: 1354:Ozone depletion 1299: 1289: 1261: 1253:Main articles: 1251: 1239:low Earth orbit 1179: 1173: 1157:nuclear fallout 1116: 1026:prompt critical 1015: 1009: 996: 879: 875: 871: 869:Severe diarrhea 867: 863: 854: 850: 842: 838: 834: 830: 816: 812: 808: 804: 794: 790: 760:28–31 days 640:Severe (80–90%) 451: 388:red blood cells 372:aplastic anemia 333: 327: 272:supportive care 253:nuclear weapons 162:Supportive care 95: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7824: 7822: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7763: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7599:Lead shielding 7595: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7546:Geiger counter 7543: 7538: 7532: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7478:Effective dose 7475: 7470: 7465: 7463:Committed dose 7460: 7455: 7449: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7410:Health physics 7407: 7402: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7359: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7298:Radiation burn 7294: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7212: 7211: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7030:Health physics 7027: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7011: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6988:Dark radiation 6985: 6980: 6978:Bremsstrahlung 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6890:Nuclear fusion 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6860:Alpha particle 6857: 6852: 6847: 6841: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6788: 6786: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6741: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6716: 6704: 6692: 6680: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6628: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6609:Wrestler's ear 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6589:Surfer's knots 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6434: 6432: 6431:Adverse effect 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6381:Physical abuse 6377: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6200:Radiation burn 6197: 6195:Radiation acne 6192: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017:article/834015 6008: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5973: 5958: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933:Classification 5927: 5926: 5888:(3): 195–208. 5882:Health Physics 5870: 5851: 5835: 5811: 5793: 5792:External links 5790: 5789: 5788: 5767: 5766: 5755:(5): 126–131. 5739: 5724: 5698: 5672: 5666:978-1541617087 5665: 5651:Serhii Plokhii 5642: 5593: 5558: 5543: 5523: 5512: 5482: 5454:(4): 477–510. 5431: 5420:on 15 May 2013 5396: 5389: 5371: 5320: 5285: 5266:(3): 773–776. 5250: 5243: 5222: 5196: 5167:(3): 194–197. 5145: 5108: 5070:(5): 709–718. 5048: 4991: 4931: 4905: 4870:(3): 195–208. 4864:Health Physics 4854: 4824: 4813: 4790: 4757: 4742: 4693: 4658: 4623: 4569: 4520: 4506: 4487: 4458: 4444:. 2011-08-29. 4429: 4415:(in Russian). 4399: 4369: 4339: 4309: 4298: 4290:10.17226/11760 4270: 4248: 4219: 4198: 4176: 4139: 4094: 4077:New York Times 4063: 4010: 3983:(6136): 1031. 3965: 3959: 3941: 3932: 3887: 3845: 3830: 3810: 3753: 3693: 3663: 3633: 3616: 3592: 3573:(1): 245–265. 3557: 3551:978-1420037197 3550: 3530: 3524:978-3642451171 3523: 3502: 3468: 3427: 3408:(1): 122–133. 3392: 3349: 3311:(6): 541–546. 3250: 3215: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3142:Rongelap Atoll 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3023:Hisashi Ouchi 3021: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2980:July 24, 1964 2977: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2908:Harry Daghlian 2905: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2883: 2880: 2867:Albert Stevens 2862: 2859: 2810: 2807: 2783: 2780: 2685:Main article: 2682: 2681:Antimicrobials 2679: 2667:blood products 2650: 2647: 2611:Main article: 2608: 2605: 2588: 2585: 2550:bremsstrahlung 2546:beta particles 2530: 2527: 2510:Cresson Kearny 2495: 2492: 2483: 2480: 2471: 2468: 2464:daughter cells 2412: 2409: 2361:, unit symbol 2351:committed dose 2347:effective dose 2334: 2331: 2291: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2263: 2256: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2230: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2173:Law by country 2170: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2044:Surface runoff 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1944:Eutrophication 1941: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1899:Scorched earth 1896: 1895: 1894: 1892:Nuclear winter 1889: 1887:Nuclear famine 1884: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1862: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1644:Bioremediation 1641: 1636: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1574:Bioremediation 1571: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1524:Transportation 1520: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1471:Radio spectrum 1468: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1406: 1401: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1339:Global dimming 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1250: 1247: 1208:orphan sources 1195:atomic testing 1175:Main article: 1172: 1169: 1115: 1112: 1096:beta particles 1013:Radiation burn 1011:Main article: 1008: 1005: 959: 958: 952: 951: 950:1–2 days 948: 945: 944:2–4 weeks 942: 941:4–6 weeks 939: 938:6–8 weeks 936: 932: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 912: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 887: 886: 883: 858: 848:disorientation 824: 798: 784: 782: 774: 773: 770: 767: 764: 763:7–28 days 761: 758: 756: 748: 747: 730: 727: 724: 721: 720:No impairment 718: 711: 710: 709:< 1 h 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 689: 688: 687:Severe (100%) 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 667: 666: 665:< 1 h 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 645: 644: 643:Severe (100%) 641: 638: 637:Moderate (80%) 635: 632: 629: 623: 622: 621:< 1 h 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 601: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 579: 578: 575: 574:< 48 h 572: 571:< 48 h 569: 566: 565:< 24 h 563: 557: 556: 553: 550: 549:10–60 min 547: 544: 541: 535: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 510: 504: 503: 497: 491: 485: 479: 472: 471: 460: 457: 450: 447: 443:skin reddening 435: 434: 418: 415:abdominal pain 399: 326: 323: 249:cancer therapy 200: 199: 196: 192: 191: 188: 182: 181: 159: 155: 154: 151: 145: 144: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 107: 101: 100: 89: 83: 82: 77: 71: 70: 62: 61: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7823: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7743:Radioactivity 7740: 7736: 7729: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628:Organisations 7626: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7453:Absorbed dose 7451: 7450: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393:Main articles 7391: 7387: 7380: 7375: 7373: 7368: 7366: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7235: 7230: 7228: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7199:Radioactivity 7196: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7004: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6865:Beta particle 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6850:Cluster decay 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6776:Main articles 6774: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6755: 6750: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6636:Skin pop scar 6634: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6584:Runner's rump 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6502: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6320:High altitude 6318: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6291:Aerosinusitis 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6049: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6007: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5861:on 2015-03-03 5860: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5836: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5782:and the U.S. 5781: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5709: 5702: 5699: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5613: 5606: 5605: 5597: 5594: 5582:on 2009-09-11 5578: 5571: 5570: 5562: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5527: 5524: 5516: 5513: 5501:on 2021-10-06 5500: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5432: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5324: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5251: 5246: 5244:0-7216-2921-0 5240: 5236: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5149: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5112: 5109: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4992: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4932: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4855: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4746: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4469:Icrp (2007). 4465: 4463: 4459: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4418: 4414: 4413:Радио Свобода 4410: 4403: 4400: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4274: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4261:New Scientist 4258: 4252: 4249: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4205: 4201: 4199:92-0-129088-8 4195: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4177: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4140: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4095: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4014: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3904: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3857: 3849: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3694: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3664: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3634: 3629: 3628: 3620: 3617: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3506: 3503: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3393: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3240:on 2020-03-07 3236: 3232: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3060:Other animals 3059: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2930: 2927: 2925:May 21, 1946 2923: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2871:absorbed dose 2868: 2861:Notable cases 2860: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2789: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756:ciprofloxacin 2753: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2706:metronidazole 2702: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2655: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2614: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2564: 2560: 2558: 2557:cross section 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2508:published by 2507: 2506: 2501: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339:absorbed dose 2332: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2299: 2298:are bombarded 2295: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2059:Water quality 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1835:Traffic signs 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1742:Nanomaterials 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1604:Radioactivity 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1550: 1549:Soundproofing 1547: 1545: 1544:Noise control 1542: 1540: 1539:Noise barrier 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1130:dose upwards. 1129: 1125: 1120: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1006: 1004: 1001: 995: 994: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 957: 953: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 933: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 913: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 892: 888: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 823: 820:after 3 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 783: 781: 780: 776: 775: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 757: 755: 754: 753:Latent period 750: 749: 746: 742: 738: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 712: 708: 706:< 1 h 705: 703:< 1 h 702: 699: 696: 694: 693:Time of onset 691: 690: 686: 684:Severe (100%) 683: 680: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 650: 649:Time of onset 647: 646: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 620: 618:< 1 h 617: 614: 611: 608: 606: 605:Time of onset 603: 602: 599:Heavy (100%) 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 584: 581: 580: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 562: 559: 558: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 540: 539:Time of onset 537: 536: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 518: 514: 511: 509: 505: 502: 499:> 30 498: 496: 492: 490: 486: 484: 480: 478: 474: 473: 469: 465: 464:absorbed dose 454: 448: 446: 444: 440: 432: 428: 424: 419: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 364: 363: 361: 357: 354: 350: 346: 345:hematopoietic 337: 332: 324: 322: 320: 316: 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 229: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 197: 193: 189: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 160: 156: 152: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 111: 108: 106: 105:Complications 102: 98: 93: 90: 88: 84: 81: 78: 76: 72: 68: 63: 59: 54: 50: 46: 41: 33: 19: 7781:Radiobiology 7747:Radiobiology 7716: 7578:Survey meter 7498:Monitor unit 7444:Measurement 7435:Radiobiology 7261: 7203:Radiobiology 7085:Radiobiology 7045:Laser safety 7017: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6630: 6558: 6546: 6386:Sexual abuse 6374:Maltreatment 6301:Pneumothorax 6160:Acrocyanosis 6150:Aerosol burn 6092:Heat syncope 6087:Hyperthermia 6010: 5999: 5975: 5960: 5945: 5914:, or in the 5885: 5881: 5873: 5863:. 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