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307:, but the two remained in contact until Lvov's sudden death in 1803. Meanwhile, Menelaws remained a Russian state servant of a small rank since his arrival. After Lvov's death he attempted to retire immediately, but, faced with refusal in pension benefits, preferred to remain in service until 1806. According to Anthony Cross, "the late burgeoning of Menelaws talent" probably occurred only after Lvov' death, during his work for the
30:
454:
315:
244:. Historians divide over his role in Menelaws career: tradition held it that Lvov promoted Menelaws, introducing him to the Crown projects, while later researchers assert that, on the contrary, Lvov's influence slowed down Menelaws career. Instead of architecture, in May 1785 Lvov engaged Menelaws and
169:
and de facto the leading architect of the Empire. Except for this final, properly evidenced, stage, life story of Adam
Menelaws remains scarcely documented and has been reconstructed by biographers based on sketchy archive data and circumstantial evidence; Menelaws still "belongs to the category of
194:
suggest that Adam
Menelaws belonged to the same family, but this opinion has not been reliably confirmed by archive research. Historians split over the year of his birth: a 1784 immigration record suggests that he arrived in Russia at the age of 35, i.e. born in or around 1748, while the funeral
268:; by 1790 the coal research team increased to 10 professionals. It is quite likely, however, that Lvov used the state-sponsored quest for coal as a cover to extract a talented architect for his own use: in 1785–1794 Menelaws was regularly involved in Lvov's construction projects. Another Scot,
228:
master". Menelaws signed for a three-year contract to build the Cold Baths near Saint
Petersburg, agreeing also to train a class of Russian craftsmen. Apparently the number of Scottish professionals was too big for Cameron, and one year later Menelaws left him and joined the service of
484:, commissioned to Menelaws, became the last, and best preserved of the architect's projects. The work started with landscaping the territory and digging two large artificial pools; after Alexander's death, Nicholas commissioned Menelaws to build his summer residence, the asymmetrical
370:'s Maryino, was laid down near Saint Peterburg in 1813. All these landscaping projects perished by the end of 19th century. Menelaws park designs always employed a Gothic ruin as a visual anchor. Menelaws was instrumental in operations of the Maryino school established by the
378:
construction. Introduction of cob technology in Russia is usually credited to Lvov, but may also be linked directly to
Menelaws's Scottish experience. Dmitry Shvidkovsky suggested that Menelaws, not Cameron, was the designer of the Razumovsky palace in
705:
Razumovskys sold
Gorenki in 1818; new owners converted the estate to a textile mill and by 1860 Menelaws' gardens were completely destroyed. The neoclassical palace was restored in 1910s, converted to a sanatorium in 1920s and survives in badly ruined
468:
Nicholas became
Menelaws' "most appreciative patron who provided him with the opportunity at a very advanced stage of life". Indeed, his most important commission, the Alexandria Park, was started when the architect was at least around 70 years old.
394:. The new plan proposed by Menelaws created an illusion of a completely novel design, yet carefully preserved the structure of a regular park shaped in the previous century; according to Lvov, Menelaws "merged the art of
966:
195:
records of the
English church in Saint Petersburg state the year of his birth as 1756. In 1803 Menelaws asserted that he hails from a noble English family, but Russian authorities refused to honour his claim.
488:. Externally, it was more English than Gothic; Gothic influence was more obvious in the interiors designed by Menelaws. The park, laid down in English style, featured winding walkways around ponds, and had a
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182:
in 1828. There is no other reliable evidence of his early years, education and experience prior to arriving in Russia in 1784. Members of
Menelaws family were construction contractors in
1306:
303:) and numerous members of the English and Scottish diaspora. In 1795 Menelaws began gradually separating from Lvov's service after the construction of the Saint Joseph cathedral in
224:. All were sufficiently qualified to become professional architects or at least architect's trainees in Russia; Cameron ranked Menelaws as the one of two best stonemasons – the "
1063:
952:
903:(in Russian). The Philosophical Age. Almanac 6. Russia at the Time of Nicholas I: Science, Politics, Enlightenment. Ed. by T. Khartanovich, M. Mikeshin. St. Petersburg, 1998.
350:. Historians split on the issue whether Gorenki was designed primarily by Menelaws or by Lvov. In 1801–1802 Menelaws designed and built the Razumovsky Palace in
178:
The
Scottish origin of Menelaws was confirmed by the architect himself to A. B. Granville, an English traveler who published a report of his journey in
1301:
149:
from 1784 to 1831. Menelaws achieved success in the first two decades of the 19th century as the designer of town and country residences and parks of
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1311:
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898:"Adam Menelas na rossiyskoy zemle (Адам Менелас на российской земле. Возможные пути интерпретации творчества архитектора императора Николая I)"
220:
project. 73 craftsmen, including Adam
Menelaws, agreed to move to Russia (many took their families with them), causing a futile protest of the
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Attribution to Menelaws alone is a recent trend (e.g. Kuznetsov, p. 219); earlier, the palace was attributed to Lvov or
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three years after Menelaws' death). It was suggested that Nicholas actually planned to relocate the remains of
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402:". Menelaws designed and built 12 structures, including the Egyptian Gates and three park pavilions: the large
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Shortly before his death in 1824, Alexander I granted a 285-acre (1.15 km) lot of land on the coast of
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By the Banks of the Neva: Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-century Russia
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35:
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or imports from England and Wales). In 1786 Menelaws found commercial-grade ("not inferior to that of
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The Empress & the Architect: British Architecture and Gardens at the Court of Catherine the Great
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architecture. From 1825 to 1831 Menelaws, then in his seventies, became the first house architect of
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pavilions. Elephants lived in Alexandria until 1911 and were allowed to roam free in the summer.
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191:
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Cross, Anthony Glenn (1991). "In Cameron's Shadow: Adam Menelaws, Stonemason turned architect".
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606:'s immigration and death records contradict in the same fashion, with a span of 10 years.
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29:
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908:
Shvidkovsky, Dmitry (1992). "Architect to three emperors. Adam Menelas in Russia".
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providing living quarter to the palace chaplain. Use of an eclectic, pan-European
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In the 1810s Alexander I invited Menelaws to redesign the Alexander's Park in
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Menelaws married Elizabeth Cave in 1792; the ceremony was attended by Lvov,
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motive, common to Menelaws later works, was most likely inspired by Lvov.
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into the chapel. The park also had facilities of the lesser rank: an
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and medieval legacy, as would be evidenced later by his reign.
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of Britain, was later recreated in Menelaws' own designs. The
833:
A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600-1840
434:
was justified as a symbol of the New Europe shaped at the
322:
provided living quarters to the chaplain of Nicholas I
442:. Alexander's Park was occupied by Nicholas I, then
216:, inviting skilled construction workers to join his
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326:In the 19th century Menelaws created a string of
272:, was employed by Lvov to construct his idealist
512:for old horses retired from the palace service,
1307:19th-century architects from the Russian Empire
960:
531:Menelaws died in Saint Petersburg during the
438:, but was also a sign of Alexander's turn to
240:architect was at that time aide to statesman
8:
383:, but other historians reject this opinion.
374:in 1819, teaching the peasants the craft of
117:(born between 1748 and 1756, presumably in
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500:) as its focal point (it was completed by
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330:for the Razumovskys; the best known, in
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206:since 1779, published a job offer in
7:
236:Lvov, an amateur composer, poet and
418:(1821–1827), a house for the young
390:, starting with an old dilapidated
358:; the palace was destroyed by the
346:for its landscaping and a private
14:
406:(1819–1834) built on the site of
1302:18th-century Scottish architects
1062:
1297:Russian neoclassical architects
1312:Landscape and garden designers
1287:Scottish expatriates in Russia
1038:Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
859:. Cambridge University Press.
412:Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
252:fossils (at that time Russian
1:
855:Cross, Anthony Glenn (1997).
921:Shvidkovsky, Dmitry (1996).
344:An Encyclopedia of Gardening
776:Kuznetsov, pp. 221–222
749:Kuznetsov, pp. 218–219
362:and later reconstructed by
202:, an architect employed by
1343:
1292:Gothic Revival architects
1060:
984:
925:. Yale University Press.
876:Russian Parks and Gardens
835:. Yale University Press.
480:, to Nicholas I. The new
130:
121:– died 31 August 1831 in
104:
89:
27:
848:Scottish Slavonic Review
533:cholera epidemic of 1831
301:Imperial Academy of Arts
256:was dependent on either
498:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
492:(private church of the
874:Hayden, Peter (2006).
465:
366:. Another large park,
323:
276:, a country estate in
209:Edinburgh Evening News
145:origin, active in the
456:
446:, who also leaned to
317:
131:Адам Адамович Менелас
36:Vladimir Borovikovsky
460:in Alexandria Park,
340:John Claudius Loudon
242:Alexander Bezborodko
1327:Deaths from cholera
1317:18th-century births
878:. Frances Lincoln.
338:), was included in
214:Catherine of Russia
1257:Znamenskaya Church
788:Cross, 1997 p. 305
767:Cross, 1997 p. 303
696:Cross, 1997 p. 300
664:Cross, 1997 p. 298
576:Cross, 1997 p. 297
502:Ludwig Charlemagne
466:
436:Congress of Vienna
324:
299:(president of the
192:Dmitry Shvidkovsky
161:, specializing in
139:landscape designer
1274:
1273:
1014:Giacomo Quarenghi
815:Kuznetsov, p. 224
758:Kuznetsov, p. 220
715:Kuznetsov, p. 217
682:Kuznetsov, p. 219
673:Kuznetsov, p. 216
638:Kuznetsov, p. 215
624:Kuznetsov, p. 213
615:Kuznetsov, p. 227
567:Kuznetsov, p. 212
551:Kuznetsov, p. 226
364:Afanasy Grigoriev
352:Basmanny District
284:, resembling the
170:almost unknown".
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107:
97:Alexandria Park,
1334:
1066:
1031:Catherine Palace
1021:Babolovky Palace
1007:Alexander Palace
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510:animal sanctuary
506:Alexander Nevsky
494:House of Romanov
444:heir presumptive
348:botanical garden
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123:Saint Petersburg
65:Saint Petersburg
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1243:Dutch Admiralty
1236:Antonio Rinaldi
1229:Chinese Theatre
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1139:(unknown), 1???
1129:(unknown), 1???
1119:(unknown), 1783
1109:(unknown), 1???
1099:(unknown), 1783
1094:Babolovsky Park
1067:
1058:
1045:Zapasnoy Palace
1026:(unknown), 1796
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991:), year of open
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482:Alexandria Park
474:Gulf of Finland
426:(1825–1828), a
328:English gardens
280:; its circular
200:Charles Cameron
198:In early 1780s
176:
113:, also spelled
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975:Showplaces in
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937:(biography of
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829:Colvin, Howard
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738:Matvey Kazakov
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496:, designed by
414:in 1750s, the
388:Tsarskoye Selo
320:Tsarskoye Selo
318:The Chapel in
248:in search for
222:Foreign Office
218:Tsarskoye Selo
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163:Gothic Revival
147:Russian Empire
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61:31 August 1831
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264:") coal near
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22:Adam Menelaws
19:
16:
1261:
1247:
1233:
1221:
1219:
1210:), 1825-1828
1207:
1205:
1191:
1182:), 1819-1834
1179:
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1168:), 1821-1827
1165:
1163:
1151:architecture
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360:Fire of 1812
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231:Nikolay Lvov
213:
207:
204:Catherine II
197:
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114:
110:
109:
46:1748 to 1756
34:Portrait by
15:
1322:1831 deaths
1194:Yury Felten
1159:White Tower
585:Colvin 1995
458:The Cottage
448:eclecticism
432:romanticism
420:Grand Dukes
416:White Tower
278:Tver Oblast
159:Alexander I
72:Nationality
49:presumably
1281:Categories
1264:Ivan Blank
1187:Ruin Tower
823:References
476:, east of
336:Balashikha
309:Razumovsky
274:Sun Temple
254:metallurgy
167:Nicholas I
151:Razumovsky
82:Occupation
1149:landscape
1087:N. Zhirar
989:architect
518:menagerie
440:mysticism
410:built by
408:Mon Bijou
392:menagerie
372:Golitsyns
368:Stroganov
266:Borovichi
262:Newcastle
238:Palladian
212:, signed
174:Biography
155:Stroganov
135:architect
133:) was an
119:Edinburgh
85:Architect
51:Edinburgh
916:: 36–41.
896:(1998).
526:elephant
478:Petergof
462:Petergof
422:and the
400:Le Nôtre
311:family.
305:Mahilyow
258:charcoal
226:vaulting
143:Scottish
99:Petergof
94:Projects
76:Scottish
1266:), 1736
1252:), 1773
1238:), 1779
1224:), 182?
1201:Schapel
1196:), 1773
1173:Arsenal
1054:), 1824
1040:), 1756
1016:), 1796
999:Palaces
850:: 7–21.
831:(1995)
486:Cottage
404:Arsenal
381:Baturin
332:Gorenki
290:rotunda
127:Russian
115:Menelas
1089:, 1740
929:
910:Apollo
882:
863:
839:
706:shape.
516:and a
514:a farm
424:Chapel
356:Moscow
286:henges
282:arcade
184:Argyll
180:London
1073:Parks
901:(PDF)
539:Notes
522:llama
520:with
428:folly
1215:Farm
927:ISBN
880:ISBN
861:ISBN
837:ISBN
524:and
398:and
396:Kent
250:coal
190:and
153:and
137:and
58:Died
43:Born
914:135
376:cob
354:of
342:'s
141:of
1283::
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781:^
720:^
687:^
655:^
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629:^
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535:.
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186:;
129::
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888:.
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464:.
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