415:. This hypothesis extended the impact of mental set from the widely believed impact on one's conclusions about stimuli (the eyewitness phenomenon) to actual perception of the stimuli itself. If true, it calls seriously into question the value of eyewitness reports even by individuals with no prejudices about their observations. In 1941 Ames began to make notes in the morning on his transactional analysis of perception. In 1960 his collaborator
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289:(whose daughter he was also engaged to, but did not marry). After practicing law for a few years, Ames abandoned it to become a painter. For several years, while collaborating with his sister, Blanche Ames (who was also a painter), the two of them tried to determine if the quality of visual art could be improved by the scientific study of vision. Ames set about improving his knowledge of the
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408:, and chair. These were called "equivalent configurations" by Ittelson (1952), defined as "configurations identical 'incoming messages' can come from different external physical arrangements. In the absence of other information,... equivalent configurations will be perceived as identical, no matter how different they be physically" (p. 55).
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After the war, Ames went to
Dartmouth College in 1919 to work with Proctor. They decided to construct a large-scale model of the human eye using glass for its various layers, humors, and lens. In 1921, this work led to Ames' first published scientific paper, the award of an honorary Master of Arts
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in 1917, he served briefly as a captain in the aviation service, then as the overseer of a machine shop in which prototypes for instruments were developed. While in the army he continued his studies of optics, in part because one of the soldiers in that shop (with whom he became a friend and
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In 1940, Bielschowsky died unexpectedly. Hermann Burian, an ophthalmologist, worked briefly as acting director, and then was relieved by Walter
Lancaster. He was not able to exert the influence he wanted, resigning in 1942. On 10 May 1947 the institute was closed.
246:, a controversial military leader, politician, and unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. presidency. Apart from his military and administrative service, General Ames obtained several U.S. patents for pencil sharpeners and other mechanical devices. Ames' sister
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Ames also developed the concept of "transactional ambiguity" holding that "mental set" or expectation could materially affect one's perception of visual and other stimuli, as with the
380:(in which each eye has a differently sized retinal image of the same object). This latter defect could be corrected by lenses that restored the usual equality of image sizes.
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In the address given on the presentation of the
Tillyer Medal, the president of the society listed 38 books and scientific papers Ames wrote, and 21 patents awarded to Ames.
752:
Behrens, R. R. (1987). The Life and
Unusual Ideas of Adelbert Ames Jr. "Leonardo: Journal of the International Society of Arts, Sciences and Technology, 20," 273–279.
434:. Ames died on July 3, 1955, and was buried at the Dartmouth Cemetery. His name, and that of his siblings, is also inscribed on the gravestone of his parents at the
369:. The institute at various times employed between thirty and forty staff, including researchers, and clinicians who examined patients' eyes and made eyeglasses.
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of the eye, assuming that once he had mastered them, he would return to painting. As it was, his studies mastered him and Ames made vision his life's work.
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167:, serving as a research professor, then as director of research at the Dartmouth Eye Institute. He conducted important research into aspects of
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266:. In research papers, Adelbert Ames Jr. is commonly cited as Adelbert Ames II, to prevent his being confused with his father or his son.
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Bisno, D. C. (1994). "Eyes in the Storm: President Hopkin's
Dilemma: The Dartmouth Eye Institute." Norwich, VT: Norwich Press Books.
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Behrens, R. R. (1998). The
Artistic and Scientific Collaboration of Blanche Ames Ames and Adelbert Ames II. "Leonardo, 31," 47–54.
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in 1914 to study physiological optics, making enough of an impression to be made one of the eighteen founding members of the
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In 1935 the
Department of Physiological Optics became the Dartmouth Eye Institute under the overall directorship of
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262:. His son, Adelbert Ames III (1921–2018), was the Charles Anthony Pappas Professor of Neuroscience, Emeritus, at
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Wade, N. J., Ono, H., & Lillakas, L. (2001). Leonardo da Vinci's struggles with representations of reality.
259:
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Behrens, R. R. (1999). Adelbert Ames, Fritz Heider, and the Chair
Demonstration. "Gestalt Theory, 21," 184–190.
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he recruited lens designer Gordon H. Gliddon. More staff joined the department over the years, including
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published an edited selection from these notes, with a
Preface, and included Ames' correspondence with
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195:. He was a leading light in the Transactionalist School of psychology and also made contributions to
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Behrens, R. R. (1997). Eyed Awry: The
Ingenuity of Del Ames. "North American Review, 282:2," 26–33.
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239:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20050402231154/http://diglib.dartmouth.edu/library/ead/html/ms768.html
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1950: (with W. H. Ittelson) "Accommodation, Convergence and their relation to Apparent Distance",
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https://web.archive.org/web/20050402230617/http://diglib.dartmouth.edu/library/ead/html/da35.html
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1946: "Binocular vision as affected by uniocular stimulus patterns in commonplace environments",
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The Optical Society of America. (1955). Adelbert Ames Jr.: Edgar D. Tillyer Medalist for 1955.
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degree, and his election as professor of research in a new department of Physiological Optics.
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Guide to the Records of the Dartmouth Eye Institute 1917–1952 in the Dartmouth College Library
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In 1923, Ames began recruiting staff of what was to become the Dartmouth Eye Institute. From
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Behrens, R. R. (1994). Adelbert Ames and the Cockeyed Room. "Print magazine, 48:2," 92–97.
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Behrens, R. R. (2009b). "Ames Demonstrations in Perception" in E. Bruce Goldstein, ed.,
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143:(August 19, 1880 – July 3, 1955) was an American scientist who made contributions to
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An Interpretive Manual: The Nature of our Perceptions, Prehensions and Behavior
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281:, where he earned a law degree, and where his most influential teachers were
472:, A. H. Hastorf & W. H.Ittelson) "Psychology and Scientific Research",
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Blanche B. Marshall Mclane Bruner papers in the Dartmouth College Library
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Camoupedia: A Compendium of Research on Art, Architecture and Camouflage
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Research at the institute concentrated on binocular vision, including
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Project remember: a national index of gravesites of notable Americans
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1953: "Reconsideration of the Origin and Nature of Perception", in
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845:(1999). Fooling the eyes: Trompe l'oeil and reverse perspective.
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Gregory, R. L. (1987). Analogue transactions with Adelbert Ames.
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1949: "Architectural Form and Visual Sensations", pages 82–91 in
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1951: "Visual Perception and the Rotating Trapezoidal Window",
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by Dartmouth. In 1955 he won the Tillyer Medal, awarded by the
814:. Hanover NH: Dartmouth College. Retrieved May 20, 2005, from
804:. Hanover NH: Dartmouth College. Retrieved May 20, 2005, from
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Adelbert Ames, Fritz Heider and the Ames Chair Demonstration
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collaborator) was Charles Proctor, professor of physics at
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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Gliddon, G. H. (1955). Necrology: Adelbert Ames Jr.
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Behrens, R. R. (2009a). "Adelbert Ames II" entry in
163:. He pioneered the study of physiological optics at
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
207:Adelbert Ames Jr. was born on August 19, 1880, in
581:"The Life and Unusual Ideas of Adelbert Ames, Jr"
836:Journal of the Optical Society of America, 45,
822:Journal of the Optical Society of America, 45,
179:. Ames is perhaps best known for constructing
771:. Dysart IA: Bobolink Books, pp. 25–26.
400:Ames is perhaps best known for his eponymous
258:was a politician and Army officer during the
8:
479:1950: Sensations, their Nature and Origin,
684:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
679:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"
558:. Reference Publications. p. 382.
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426:In 1954, Ames was awarded an honorary
786:. Sage Publications, pp. 41–44.
712:The Ames Demonstrations in Perception
343:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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810:Digital Library at Dartmouth. (ND).
800:Digital Library at Dartmouth. (ND).
58:adding citations to reliable sources
902:20th-century American psychologists
341:. Ames was elected a Fellow of the
242:, was the daughter of U.S. general
733:The Morning Notes of Adelbert Ames
388:Scientific achievements and honors
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927:People from Lowell, Massachusetts
349:The Dartmouth Eye Institute (DEI)
691:from the original on 10 May 2011
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304:in 1916. When the U.S. entered
45:needs additional citations for
461:, edited by Thomas Creighton,
452:American Journal of Psychology
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629:"Harvard Catalyst Profiles"
333:, with whom Ames worked on
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784:Encyclopedia of Perception
716:Princeton University Press
476:110: 461–4, 491–7, 517–22.
463:Princeton University Press
445:Publications in psychology
432:Optical Society of America
302:Optical Society of America
937:Harvard Law School alumni
917:American ophthalmologists
912:Dartmouth College faculty
655:"Harvard Memorial Minute"
554:Arthur S. Koykka (1986).
488:The Journal of Psychology
737:Rutgers University Press
710:Ittleson, W. H. (1952).
579:Behrens, Roy R. (1987).
506:Rutgers University Press
495:Psychological Monographs
436:Hildreth family cemetery
367:American Optical Company
922:Phillips Academy alumni
907:Clark University alumni
534:Sophia Smith Collection
504:, edited by S. Ratner,
459:Building for Modern Man
359:John D. Rockefeller Jr.
215:, was a general in the
897:American physiologists
518:Additional information
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363:Rockefeller Foundation
275:Andover, Massachusetts
137:
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327:Eastman Kodak Company
250:was a woman's rights
209:Lowell, Massachusetts
135:
739:via Internet Archive
260:Spanish–American War
54:improve this article
841:Wade, N. J., &
635:on 11 December 2012
355:Alfred Bielschowsky
240:Blanche Butler Ames
187:, most notably the
69:"Adelbert Ames Jr."
892:Butler–Ames family
529:2019-06-07 at the
524:Ames family papers
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291:optical components
264:Harvard University
254:, and his brother
244:Benjamin F. Butler
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27:American scientist
18:Adelbert Ames, Jr.
942:Vision scientists
792:978-1-4129-4081-8
565:978-0-917256-22-6
502:Vision and Action
317:Dartmouth College
311:Dartmouth College
248:Blanche Ames Ames
197:social psychology
185:visual perception
165:Dartmouth College
141:Adelbert Ames Jr.
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52:Please help
47:verification
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887:1955 deaths
882:1880 births
639:12 November
497:65(7): #324
438:in Lowell.
396:Ames window
378:aniseikonia
374:cyclophoria
306:World War I
256:Butler Ames
236:Mississippi
219:during the
193:Ames window
177:aniseikonia
173:cyclophoria
876:Categories
849:1115–1119.
843:Hughes, P.
541:References
421:John Dewey
365:, and the
335:stereopsis
252:suffragist
217:Union Army
161:philosophy
157:psychology
149:physiology
80:newspapers
490:30:43–62.
454:59:333–57
345:in 1928.
221:Civil War
191:and the
189:Ames room
181:illusions
856:231–235.
838:333–337.
831:277–282.
686:Archived
586:Leonardo
527:Archived
228:Governor
110:May 2022
695:7 April
615:3524947
607:1578173
483:1: 11,2
474:Science
232:Senator
145:physics
94:scholar
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663:11 May
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510:1955:
406:window
361:, the
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689:(PDF)
682:(PDF)
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611:S2CID
603:JSTOR
234:from
101:JSTOR
87:books
788:ISBN
773:ISBN
697:2011
665:2024
641:2012
560:ISBN
402:room
337:and
285:and
230:and
223:and
175:and
73:news
595:doi
183:of
56:by
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