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Use of technologies (i.e. television, cell phone, computer/laptop) is associated with prolonged sleep duration (the amount of time it takes to fall asleep) and shorter sleep duration among teenagers. Television use was associated with the poorest sleep duration. Adolescent technology-use has also been linked with excessive daytime sleepiness and caffeine consumption, suggesting that technology-use may interfere with sleep and may lead to increased caffeine consumption. Longitudinal data demonstrates that time spent using technology is predictive of short sleep duration, however short sleep duration was also predictive of time spent using technology. More longitudinal research with larger sample sizes is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the association between technology-use and sleep during adolescence.
155:
indicative of optimal times of functioning. For instance, researchers tested adolescents on their executive functioning performance at two times: once at a time that is optimal for chronotype (i.e. evening for evening chronotypes vs. morning for morning chronotypes) and once at a time that is suboptimal for chronotype (i.e. morning for evening chronotypes vs. evening for morning chronotypes). They found that morning adolescents tested in the morning performed better than in the evening, and evening chronotype adolescents tested in the evening performed better than in the morning.
81:
and social maturation. For adolescents, this inclination is demonstrated by their tendency to stay up later and sleep longer, particularly on holidays or weekends. A burgeoning area of adolescent sleep research is focused on understanding the contribution of technology-use to poor teen sleep. Importantly, research shows that declines in adolescent sleep duration are characteristic of adolescents around the world. The consequences of poor extend far beyond mere fatigue, leading to various physical, cognitive, and mental health issues.
52:
sleep duration increased during this transition, suggesting that adolescent sleep duration becomes less stable with time. A variety of social, physical, biological, and psychological factors change during adolescence which contributes to declines in sleep. In particular, puberty has been explored as a contributor to changes in adolescent sleep. Luteinizing hormone (LH) is secreted during sleep at the onset of pubertal maturation, pointing to an important relationship between sleep and pubertal development.
117:
teens. A study published in 2016 found that sleep quality significantly mediated the relationship between age and depressive symptoms, suggesting that the rise in depressive symptoms during adolescence is partly explained by poor sleep quality. A long line of research has also demonstrated that poor sleep quality is associated with increased risk-taking behaviors among teens. Neuroscience research (
121:) has found that poor sleep quality is associated with greater risk-taking on a behavioral task. This risky behavior was further associated with decreased activity in cognitive control regions of the brain and increased activity in reward regions of the brain. Moreover, poor sleep quality has been found to be linked with dampened intra-network connectivity of regions in the
69:
sleep in order to experience optimum levels of positive mood the next day. Additionally, another study examining
Mexican-American youth found that roughly 7.5 hours of sleep was predictive of high GPA but 8.75 hours of sleep was predictive of lower internalizing symptoms. This finding suggests that optimal sleep duration differs depending on the outcome.
169:
The seven components consist of subjective sleep quality, sleep disturbances, sleep duration, sleep latency, habitual sleep efficiency, use of sleep medications, and daytime dysfunction. The PSQI has a high internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83). The PSQI has been used in many studies assessing adolescent sleep quality.
98:
Poor sleep duration and increased risk-taking has been a well-established association in the adolescent sleep literature. A recent meta-analysis reported that poor sleep duration results in a 1.43 times greater odds of engaging in risky behaviors. The direction of the relationship between risk-taking
107:
A plethora of research shows that low sleep duration is linked with poor mood. Furthermore, youth who report low sleep duration also demonstrate difficulties with emotion regulation. This is of particular concern because adolescents experience fluctuations in mood as a result of pubertal maturation,
89:
Poor sleep duration has been found to be related to altered brain development during adolescence. Telzer and colleagues (2015) found that teens with greater day-to-day variability in their sleep duration had lower white matter integrity one year later. This result remained when controlling for sleep
80:
Sleep duration has been declining since the early 90s according to research. Evidence also suggests that teen females, ethnic minorities, and those of low socioeconomic status experience the lowest durations. Puberty is thought to contribute to poor sleep during adolescence as teens undergo physical
68:
Adolescent sleep researchers have conducted studies to provide stronger empirical evidence for sleep recommendations. Fuligni and colleagues (2019) examined a sample of
American adolescents and found that younger adolescents, especially those with elevated levels of internalizing symptoms, need more
64:
recommends that teenagers (14–17 years) obtain 8 to 10 hours of sleep. Their recommendation further stipulates that less than 7 hours and more than 11 hours of sleep may be harmful. Additionally, it is recommended that young adults (18–25 years) obtain 7 to 9 hours of sleep and avoid sleep less than
51:
Adolescent sleep worsens with age. Specifically, longitudinal research demonstrates that sleep duration shortens during the transition from high school to college. Additionally, sleep efficiency (the amount of time spent asleep when in bed) decreased during this transition. Day-to-day variability in
133:
There has been an increased interest in understanding the relationship between sleep and technology use among adolescents. In the era of social media, there is a growing concern for blue-light emitted by technology may be interfering with adolescents' ability to obtain restful and sufficient sleep.
42:
functioning and development, poor mental and physical health, as well as higher rates of disease and mortality. The concerns surrounding poor sleep during adolescence has garnered significant public attention, especially concerning policies related to school start times. Many evidences suggest that
168:
The
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a well-validated and widely used self-report questionnaire that measures sleep quality. Nineteen items are combined to create seven component scores of sleep, and those component scores are then used to create an overall “global score” of sleep quality.
195:
The questionnaire consists of both Likert and timescale items, and items are scored to obtain a composite score. Since its creation, the MEQ has been validated in some adolescent and young adult samples. Early assessments of this questionnaire's psychometric properties revealed that the scale has
1115:
Taki, Yasuyuki; Hashizume, Hiroshi; Thyreau, Benjamin; Sassa, Yuko; Takeuchi, Hikaru; Wu, Kai; Kotozaki, Yuka; Nouchi, Rui; Asano, Michiko; Asano, Kohei; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Kawashima, Ryuta (1 March 2012). "Sleep duration during weekdays affects hippocampal gray matter volume in healthy children".
595:
Hirshkowitz, Max; Whiton, Kaitlyn; Albert, Steven M.; Alessi, Cathy; Bruni, Oliviero; DonCarlos, Lydia; Hazen, Nancy; Herman, John; Adams
Hillard, Paula J.; Katz, Eliot S.; Kheirandish-Gozal, Leila; Neubauer, David N.; O’Donnell, Anne E.; Ohayon, Maurice; Peever, John; Rawding, Robert; Sachdeva,
116:
Empirical evidence suggests that sleep quality is poor during adolescence. Poor sleep quality during adolescence has been linked with a variety of negative behaviors and outcomes. For instance, poor sleep quality has been shown to be positive associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms among
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which are characterized by a morning chronotype. Eveningness during adolescence is linked with increased substance use, worse overall mood, poor diet, increased depressive symptoms, increased anxiety symptoms, and poor emotion regulation. Beyond conveying bed and wake times, chronotype is also
90:
duration, which suggests that sleep variability may be more consequential for teen brain development than simply duration. Another study found that sleep duration was strongly associated with gray matter volume of the bilateral hippocampus among a sample of healthy children and adolescents.
177:
Actigraph watches are commonly used to gather objective measures of sleep. The watch is worn on the non-dominant wrist and measures sleep using body movement. Data gathered from the watch includes sleep duration, number of awakenings, total minutes of nighttime awakenings, and latency.
1400:
Raniti, Monika B.; Allen, Nicholas B.; Schwartz, Orli; Waloszek, Joanna M.; Byrne, Michelle L.; Woods, Michael J.; Bei, Bei; Nicholas, Christian L.; Trinder, John (2017-05-04). "Sleep
Duration and Sleep Quality: Associations With Depressive Symptoms Across Adolescence".
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Inomata, Yoshiyuki; Echizenya, Masaru; Takeshima, Masahiro; Shimizu, Kazumi; Shimizu, Tetsuo (2014-07-14). "Validity and reliability of the
Japanese version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire evaluated from actigraphy".
186:
The first valid and reliable measure of chronotype was created by Horne and Östberg (1976): Morningness-Eveningness
Questionnaire (MEQ) contains 19 items tapping sleep and wake time preferences. Sample items include
551:
Boyar, Robert; Finkelstein, Jordan; Roffwarg, Howard; Kapen, Sheldon; Weitzman, Elliot; Hellman, Leon (1972-09-21). "Synchronization of
Augmented Luteinizing Hormone Secretion with Sleep during Puberty".
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2068:
Alvaro, Pasquale K.; Roberts, Rachel M.; Harris, Jodie K. (2014-08-01). "The independent relationships between insomnia, depression, subtypes of anxiety, and chronotype during adolescence".
38:. Technology, social factors, and physical development are thought to contribute to poor sleep during this time. Poor sleep duration and quality in adolescents has been linked with altered
1652:
Arora, Teresa; Broglia, Emma; Thomas, G. Neil; Taheri, Shahrad (2014-02-01). "Associations between specific technologies and adolescent sleep quantity, sleep quality, and parasomnias".
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Gradisar, Michael; Gardner, Greg; Dohnt, Hayley (2011-02-01). "Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence: A review and meta-analysis of age, region, and sleep".
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Chelminski, Iwona; Ferraro, F. Richard; Petros, Thomas; Plaud, Joseph J. (1997-10-01). "Horne and
Ostberg questionnaire: A score distribution in a large sample of young adults".
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MECACCI, LUCIANO; ZANI, ALBERTO (1983-12-01). "Morningness-eveningness preferences and sleep-waking diary data of morning and evening types in student and worker samples".
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Mazzer, K.; Bauducco, S.; Linton, S. J.; Boersma, K. (2018-07-01). "Longitudinal associations between time spent using technology and sleep duration among adolescents".
596:
Ramesh C.; Setters, Belinda; Vitiello, Michael V.; Ware, J. Catesby (December 2015). "National Sleep Foundation's updated sleep duration recommendations: final report".
30:
increases during adolescence. Sleep recommendations suggest that adolescents should obtain 8–10 hours of sleep per night. Additionally, there is a shift in the body's
2376:
Urbán, Róbert; Magyaródi, Tímea; Rigó, Adrien (2015-02-09). Reduced Horne Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire--Hungarian Version (Report).
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2162:"Circadian rhythms in executive function during the transition to adolescence: the effect of synchrony between chronotype and time of day"
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Hahn, Constanze; Cowell, Jason M.; Wiprzycka, Ursula J.; Goldstein, David; Ralph, Martin; Hasher, Lynn; Zelazo, Philip David (2012).
262:
Roenneberg, Till; Kuehnle, Tim; Pramstaller, Peter P.; Ricken, Jan; Havel, Miriam; Guth, Angelika; Merrow, Martha (December 2004).
142:
Adolescence is characterized by an evening chronotype preference with adolescents engaging in late bed and wake times. An evening
437:
Park, Heejung; Chiang, Jessica J.; Irwin, Michael R.; Bower, Julienne E.; McCreath, Heather; Fuligni, Andrew J. (2019-08-01).
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Fleig, Daniel; Randler, Christoph (2009-04-01). "Association between chronotype and diet in adolescents based on food logs".
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Dagys, Natasha; McGlinchey, Eleanor L.; Talbot, Lisa S.; Kaplan, Katherine A.; Dahl, Ronald E.; Harvey, Allison G. (2012).
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193:
Considering your own ‘feeling best’ rhythm, at what time would you get up if you were entirely free to plan your day?”.
1697:"Adolescents Living the 24/7 Lifestyle: Effects of Caffeine and Technology on Sleep Duration and Daytime Functioning"
1214:"Adolescents Living the 24/7 Lifestyle: Effects of Caffeine and Technology on Sleep Duration and Daytime Functioning"
1308:
Baum, Katherine T.; Desai, Anjali; Field, Julie; Miller, Lauren E.; Rausch, Joseph; Beebe, Dean W. (February 2014).
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61:
1066:
Telzer, Eva H.; Goldenberg, Diane; Fuligni, Andrew J.; Lieberman, Matthew D.; Gálvan, Adriana (1 August 2015).
1357:
Dahl, Ronald E; Lewin, Daniel S (2002-12-01). "Pathways to adolescent health sleep regulation and behavior".
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however, poor sleep duration worsens mood and regulation abilities rendering these adolescents vulnerable.
2111:
Owens, Judith A.; Dearth-Wesley, Tracy; Lewin, Daniel; Gioia, Gerard; Whitaker, Robert C. (2016-12-01).
392:"Short sleep duration is associated with poor performance on IQ measures in healthy school-age children"
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391:
299:
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122:
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72:
More research is needed to understand individual differences in sleep duration during adolescence.
1452:
O'Brien, Erin M.; Mindell, Jodi A. (2005-08-01). "Sleep and Risk-Taking Behavior in Adolescents".
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935:"Adolescent sleep and technology-use rules: results from the California Health Interview Survey"
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sleep contributes positively to attention, behavior, and academic achievement for adolescents.
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Negriff, Sonya; Dorn, Lorah D.; Pabst, Stephanie R.; Susman, Elizabeth J. (28 February 2011).
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Assuming adequate environmental conditions, how easy do you find getting up in the mornings?
31:
2328:
1918:
Díaz-Morales, Juan Francisco; Escribano, Cristina; Jankowski, Konrad S. (2 January 2015).
682:"Adolescent Sleep Duration, Variability, and Peak Levels of Achievement and Mental Health"
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Fuligni, Andrew J.; Arruda, Erin H.; Krull, Jennifer L.; Gonzales, Nancy A. (March 2018).
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Fuligni, Andrew J.; Bai, Sunhye; Krull, Jennifer L.; Gonzales, Nancy A. (18 August 2017).
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Telzer, Eva H.; Fuligni, Andrew J.; Lieberman, Matthew D.; Galván, Adriana (2013-05-01).
213:
Crowley, Stephanie J.; Wolfson, Amy R.; Tarokh, Leila; Carskadon, Mary A. (August 2018).
1821:
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Keyes, Katherine M.; Maslowsky, Julie; Hamilton, Ava; Schulenberg, John (1 March 2015).
494:
Crowley, Stephanie J.; Wolfson, Amy R.; Tarokh, Leila; Carskadon, Mary A. (2018-08-01).
282:
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2012:
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Tashjian, Sarah M.; Goldenberg, Diane; Monti, Martin M.; Galván, Adriana (2018-03-01).
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2329:"Activity-Based Sleep-Wake Identification: An Empirical Test of Methodological Issues"
2013:"Double trouble? The effects of sleep deprivation and chronotype on adolescent affect"
1763:
1370:
788:"The Great Sleep Recession: Changes in Sleep Duration Among US Adolescents, 1991–2012"
729:
Fuligni, Andrew J.; Bai, Sunhye; Krull, Jennifer L.; Gonzales, Nancy A. (2017-08-18).
511:
230:
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27:
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duration and quality reduce to suboptimal levels, and sleep duration variability and
2247:
1954:
1855:
1787:
1736:
1505:"The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence"
1489:
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878:"Sleep Insufficiency, Sleep Health Problems and Performance in High School Students"
316:
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1414:
746:
648:
1981:
1938:
1871:"Morningness/eveningness, pubertal timing, and substance use in adolescent girls"
1695:
Calamaro, Christina J.; Mason, Thornton B. A.; Ratcliffe, Sarah J. (2009-06-01).
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Calamaro, Christina J.; Mason, Thornton B. A.; Ratcliffe, Sarah J. (2009-06-01).
439:"Developmental trends in sleep during adolescents' transition to young adulthood"
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997:
565:
454:
407:
35:
2530:
2113:"Self-Regulation and Sleep Duration, Sleepiness, and Chronotype in Adolescents"
1465:
1269:"Self-Regulation and Sleep Duration, Sleepiness, and Chronotype in Adolescents"
1172:
1068:"Sleep variability in adolescence is associated with altered brain development"
1044:
951:
609:
496:"An update on adolescent sleep: New evidence informing the perfect storm model"
332:"Short Duration of Sleep and Unintentional Injuries among Adolescents in China"
215:"An update on adolescent sleep: New evidence informing the perfect storm model"
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772:
731:"Individual Differences in Optimum Sleep for Daily Mood During Adolescence"
715:
666:
633:"Individual Differences in Optimum Sleep for Daily Mood During Adolescence"
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248:
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862:
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and sleep duration is still unknown, thus causal claims cannot be made.
2381:
1325:
697:
2487:
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1181:
835:
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1027:Seton, Christopher; Fitzgerald, Dominic A. (2021).
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8:
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182:Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ)
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909:
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238:
330:Lam, L. T.; Yang, L. (13 August 2007).
205:
2397:Personality and Individual Differences
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264:"A marker for the end of adolescence"
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1579:10.1093/scan/nsy009
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277:(24): R1038–R1039.
2382:10.1037/t36759-000
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686:Child Development
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2392:
2386:
2385:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2348:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2290:(6): 1514–1527.
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2132:
2123:(6): e20161406.
2108:
2102:
2101:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1970:Eating Behaviors
1965:
1959:
1958:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1841:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1581:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1279:(6): e20161406.
1264:
1258:
1257:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1184:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1024:
1018:
1017:
981:
975:
974:
964:
954:
930:
924:
923:
913:
873:
867:
866:
856:
832:
826:
825:
815:
783:
777:
776:
766:
726:
720:
719:
709:
677:
671:
670:
660:
628:
622:
621:
592:
586:
585:
548:
542:
541:
531:
491:
485:
484:
474:
434:
428:
427:
387:
381:
380:
368:
362:
361:
351:
342:(9): 1053–1058.
327:
321:
320:
302:
268:
259:
253:
252:
242:
210:
32:circadian rhythm
20:Adolescent sleep
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1810:Current Biology
1805:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1635:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1026:
1025:
1021:
983:
982:
978:
932:
931:
927:
875:
874:
870:
834:
833:
829:
785:
784:
780:
728:
727:
723:
679:
678:
674:
630:
629:
625:
594:
593:
589:
560:(12): 582–586.
550:
549:
545:
493:
492:
488:
436:
435:
431:
389:
388:
384:
370:
369:
365:
329:
328:
324:
271:Current Biology
266:
261:
260:
256:
212:
211:
207:
202:
184:
175:
166:
161:
140:
131:
114:
105:
96:
87:
78:
58:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2525:(5): 728–738.
2509:
2482:(4): 289–296.
2465:
2422:
2403:(4): 647–652.
2387:
2368:
2339:(3): 201–207.
2319:
2270:
2253:
2226:(2): 193–213.
2209:
2172:(3): 408–416.
2152:
2103:
2076:(8): 934–941.
2070:Sleep Medicine
2060:
2023:(6): 660–667.
2003:
1976:(2): 115–118.
1960:
1910:
1881:(3): 408–413.
1861:
1793:
1742:
1687:
1660:(2): 240–247.
1654:Sleep Medicine
1644:
1611:
1572:(3): 290–299.
1552:
1495:
1460:(3): 113–133.
1444:
1409:(3): 198–215.
1392:
1349:
1320:(2): 180–190.
1300:
1259:
1204:
1151:
1124:(1): 471–475.
1107:
1058:
1019:
992:(2): 110–118.
986:Sleep Medicine
976:
925:
868:
847:(3): 258–262.
827:
798:(3): 460–468.
778:
741:(3): 469–479.
721:
692:(2): e18–e28.
672:
643:(3): 469–479.
623:
604:(4): 233–243.
587:
543:
486:
443:Sleep Medicine
429:
402:(3): 289–294.
396:Sleep Medicine
382:
363:
322:
254:
204:
203:
201:
198:
183:
180:
174:
171:
165:
162:
160:
159:Sleep measures
157:
139:
136:
130:
127:
113:
110:
104:
101:
95:
92:
86:
83:
77:
76:Sleep duration
74:
57:
54:
48:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2579:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
977:
972:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
926:
921:
917:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
869:
864:
860:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
828:
823:
819:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
779:
774:
770:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
722:
717:
713:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
673:
668:
664:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
627:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
591:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
544:
539:
535:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
490:
487:
482:
478:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
433:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:
383:
378:
374:
367:
364:
359:
355:
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
326:
323:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
265:
258:
255:
250:
246:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
209:
206:
199:
197:
194:
190:
181:
179:
172:
170:
163:
158:
156:
153:
149:
145:
137:
135:
128:
126:
124:
120:
112:Sleep quality
111:
109:
102:
100:
93:
91:
84:
82:
75:
73:
70:
66:
63:
55:
53:
46:
44:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2371:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2256:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1933:(1): 37–42.
1930:
1926:
1913:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1813:
1809:
1796:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1636:. Retrieved
1625:The Atlantic
1624:
1614:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1036:
1032:
1022:
989:
985:
979:
945:(1): 19–22.
942:
939:Sleep Health
938:
928:
885:
881:
871:
844:
840:
830:
795:
791:
781:
738:
734:
724:
689:
685:
675:
640:
636:
626:
601:
598:Sleep Health
597:
590:
557:
553:
546:
503:
499:
489:
446:
442:
432:
399:
395:
385:
377:The Atlantic
376:
366:
339:
335:
325:
274:
270:
257:
222:
218:
208:
192:
188:
185:
176:
167:
141:
132:
115:
106:
97:
88:
79:
71:
67:
59:
50:
19:
18:
1758:: 112–119.
1515:: 275–283.
1167:: 185–196.
449:: 202–210.
94:Risk-taking
36:adolescence
2432:Ergonomics
2117:Pediatrics
1701:Pediatrics
1638:2019-12-09
1509:NeuroImage
1273:Pediatrics
1218:Pediatrics
1182:2328/38429
1118:NeuroImage
792:Pediatrics
200:References
173:Actigraphy
144:chronotype
138:Chronotype
129:Technology
2539:0021-9010
2504:146785567
2496:1446-9235
2452:0014-0139
2417:0191-8869
2355:0161-8105
2186:1467-7687
2139:0031-4005
2090:1389-9457
2037:1469-7610
1990:1471-0153
1772:0140-1971
1721:0031-4005
1674:1389-9457
1633:1072-7825
1588:1749-5016
1529:1053-8119
1474:1540-2002
1423:1540-2002
1379:1054-139X
1238:0031-4005
1078:: 16–22.
1053:1526-0542
1039:: 73–79.
1006:1389-9457
902:1179-5484
888:: 71–79.
755:1537-4416
574:0028-4793
520:0140-1971
506:: 55–65.
463:1389-9457
416:1389-9457
225:: 55–65.
152:adulthood
148:childhood
2561:Category
2314:21652563
2248:13035531
2204:22490180
2147:27940688
2098:24958244
2055:22188424
1998:19447353
1955:15020688
1947:25153134
1905:20674040
1856:30441985
1848:15620633
1788:44118163
1780:29842997
1737:30851634
1729:19482732
1682:24394730
1606:29432569
1547:23376698
1490:12919106
1482:15984914
1439:46808892
1431:26744783
1387:12470913
1344:24889207
1295:27940688
1254:30851634
1246:19482732
1199:49379148
1191:29934128
1146:17421225
1138:22197742
1102:26093368
1014:21257344
971:31732441
920:22084618
822:25687142
773:28820607
716:28129442
667:28820607
618:29073398
538:29908393
481:31186213
424:20156702
358:17698504
317:30441985
309:15620633
249:29908393
2547:2793773
2460:6686817
2363:7939118
2305:3109647
2240:2748771
2195:4103784
2046:3311740
1896:3032034
1818:Bibcode
1597:5836271
1538:3865864
1335:4047523
1093:4536158
962:7346706
911:3212860
863:8506460
813:4338325
764:5817027
707:5529284
658:5817027
582:4341276
529:6054480
472:6650269
279:Bibcode
240:6054480
191:” and “
103:Emotion
28:latency
2545:
2537:
2502:
2494:
2458:
2450:
2415:
2361:
2353:
2312:
2302:
2246:
2238:
2202:
2192:
2184:
2145:
2137:
2096:
2088:
2053:
2043:
2035:
1996:
1988:
1953:
1945:
1903:
1893:
1854:
1846:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1680:
1672:
1631:
1604:
1594:
1586:
1545:
1535:
1527:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1385:
1377:
1342:
1332:
1293:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1197:
1189:
1144:
1136:
1100:
1090:
1051:
1012:
1004:
969:
959:
918:
908:
900:
861:
820:
810:
771:
761:
753:
714:
704:
665:
655:
616:
580:
572:
536:
526:
518:
479:
469:
461:
422:
414:
356:
315:
307:
247:
237:
2500:S2CID
2333:Sleep
2284:Chest
2265:(PDF)
2244:S2CID
1951:S2CID
1923:(PDF)
1852:S2CID
1806:(PDF)
1784:S2CID
1733:S2CID
1486:S2CID
1435:S2CID
1250:S2CID
1195:S2CID
1142:S2CID
841:Sleep
313:S2CID
267:(PDF)
85:Brain
40:brain
24:Sleep
2543:PMID
2535:ISSN
2492:ISSN
2456:PMID
2448:ISSN
2413:ISSN
2359:PMID
2351:ISSN
2310:PMID
2236:PMID
2200:PMID
2182:ISSN
2143:PMID
2135:ISSN
2094:PMID
2086:ISSN
2051:PMID
2033:ISSN
1994:PMID
1986:ISSN
1943:PMID
1901:PMID
1844:PMID
1776:PMID
1768:ISSN
1725:PMID
1717:ISSN
1678:PMID
1670:ISSN
1629:ISSN
1602:PMID
1584:ISSN
1543:PMID
1525:ISSN
1478:PMID
1470:ISSN
1427:PMID
1419:ISSN
1383:PMID
1375:ISSN
1340:PMID
1291:PMID
1242:PMID
1234:ISSN
1187:PMID
1134:PMID
1098:PMID
1049:ISSN
1010:PMID
1002:ISSN
967:PMID
916:PMID
898:ISSN
859:PMID
818:PMID
769:PMID
751:ISSN
712:PMID
663:PMID
614:PMID
578:PMID
570:ISSN
534:PMID
516:ISSN
477:PMID
459:ISSN
420:PMID
412:ISSN
354:PMID
305:PMID
245:PMID
150:and
119:fMRI
60:The
2527:doi
2484:doi
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