466:“filling in the details” of a policy set forth in statutes. But the “details” are of the essence...The control of banking, insurance, public utilities, finance, industry, the professions, health and morals, in sum, the manifold response of government to the forces and needs of modern society, is building up a body of laws not written by legislatures, and of adjudications not made by courts and not subject to their revision. These powers are lodged in a vast congeries of agencies. We are in the midst of a process, largely unconscious and certainly unscientific, of adjusting the exercise of these powers to the traditional system of Anglo-American law.
582:
435:
nature." Pestritto also adds: "This is not to suggest that the
Framers denied discretionary power to the national government . . . Rather, they understood that such discretion had to be channeled through the forms and law of the Constitution in order to be safe for liberty." In 1887, the U.S. Congress established its first independent agency, the
99:
1267:
Article 17 (7). Taking into account the elections to the
European Parliament and after having held the appropriate consultations, the European Council, acting by a qualified majority, shall propose to the European Parliament a candidate for President of the Commission. This candidate shall be elected
422:
In the mid-1800s in the United
Kingdom, increased trade activity, rising population, and migration into larger and larger urban hubs caused the social structures that held together traditional administrative arrangements to disintegrate. Urban growth frequently posed the biggest challenges in regions
1359:
According to the 2009 Lisbon Treaty, the
Council, acting by qualified majority vote, proposes a candidate for European Commission President to the European Parliament. The candidate is either elected by the European Parliament, or, if they fail to obtain an absolute majority, rejected, in which case
1297:
The Treaty of Lisbon strengthened the role of
Parliament further. Whilst previously, the nomination of a presidential candidate was merely 'approved' by Parliament (Article 214(2) TEC), Parliament now elects the candidate (Article 17(7) TEU), which places particular emphasis on the political linkage
70:
The second power of the administrative state comes from judicial deference. In technical terminology, judicial deference is a standard of judicial review that that applies when a court defers to an agency's interpretation of a law. Sometimes the law is made by the legislature, and sometimes by the
612:
rescue animals in distress or protect them in wildlife; these guards are volunteer, private citizens of environmental and animal associations, authorized with the force of the functions and qualifications of the judicial police in animal-welfare matters by
Italian law. This power does not include
532:
has administrative agencies, often referred to as "bodies" or "agencies," which possess the authority to make specific types of regulations or decisions separate from the primary legislative institutions, the
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Since EU laws are made by the
434:
and argues that the administrative state runs counter to the U.S. Constitution: "The strong
Progressive belief in the enlightenment and disinterestedness of administrators stands as an instructive contrast to the permanent self-interestedness that the Framers of the U.S. Constitution saw in human
168:
The extent to which administrative due process and procedural rights should be protected within the administrative state remains a contentious issue among policy experts. This discourse largely revolves around differing views on constitutional and statutory obligations related to due process and
465:
The widening area of what in effect is law-making authority, exercised by officials whose actions are not subject to ordinary court review, constitutes perhaps the most striking contemporary tendency of the Anglo-American legal order...These administrative complements are euphemistically called
330:
Sometimes, administrative agencies can themselves create other administrative agencies with delegated lawmaking ability; for example, U.S. Congress authorizes the SEC to make 'regulations', and the SEC authorized the self-regulatory organization FINRA to make 'rules', through a process known as
74:
In other words, the agency exercises the same ability of a court to judge and interpret laws. These interpretations bind other courts to arrive at the same interpretation, as long as the interpretation is reasonable, even if an independent court would have arrived at a different interpretation.
1268:
by the
European Parliament by a majority of its component members. If he does not obtain the required majority, the European Council, acting by a qualified majority, shall within one month propose a new candidate who shall be elected by the European Parliament following the same procedure.
61:
is a legal principle that a branch of government cannot authorize another entity to exercise powers or functions assigned to itself. It is sometimes used to argue that the power of administrative agencies to write laws is unconstitutional, illegal, or otherwise invalid, or that it imposes
871:
Loughlin, Martin (2017) Evolution and
Gestalt of the state in the United Kingdom. In: Cassese, Sabino, von Bogdandy, Armin and Huber, Peter, (eds.) The Max Planck Handbooks in European Public Law: The Administrative State. OUP, Oxford, UK. ISBN 9780198726401, section: "The origins of the
164:
Procedural rights pertain to discussions surrounding individual due process and the position individuals hold in administrative agency adjudications and enforcement measures. These rights also extend to the public's ability to engage in agency rule formulation and decision-making events.
183:
Although most administrative bodies reside within the executive branch, some are set up as independent entities or fall under the legislative or judicial branches. Such organizational differences influence both the supervision of these agencies and their cross-branch interactions.
331:"registration". Unlike the SEC, which can make rules at will, FINRA must have their rules approved by the SEC. Laws, regulations, and rules, are all binding on members of the financial industry; however, FINRA rulebreaking is never criminal and thus can not result in jail time.
46:
The phenomenon was relatively unknown in representative democracies before the end of the 1800s. Its sudden rise has generated considerable scholarship, writing, and study to understand its causes and effects, and to square it with previous notions of law and governance.
516:, the Supreme Court determined that limitations on the president's authority to dismiss singular leaders of independent federal agencies, in contrast to groups, infringe upon the separation of powers doctrine by curtailing executive oversight of such institutions.
423:
where local administration was least effective. Reflecting on Manchester in 1835, Alexis de Tocqueville observed that "everything in the exterior appearance of the city attests the individual powers of man; nothing the directing powers of society".
524:
While common examples of the administrative state are national legislatures delegating lawmaking power to national agencies, there are notable examples of entities within countries and supra-national entities creating administrative states.
647:) and investigative work (in the Criminal Investigation Branch). They exercise the powers granted under the Customs Management Acts and the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, including arrest, search and detention of people and goods.
418:
The notion of the modern state was relatively unknown in elected democracies until the late 19th century. Its sudden rise has spawned considerable research, publishing, and scholarship to understand the origin of the phenomenon.
499:
310:. In the U.S., the legislature writes laws which can be vetoed by the executive, and the veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote of the legislature. In the E.U., it is reversed: the president writes laws that the
195:
In this case, leaders of administrative agencies can be removed and reappointed by the executive, but there may be laws that make it difficult or impossible for the executive to fire or restructure the entire agency.
139:
Many administrative agencies operate their own police forces, with the power to arrest, search, seize items, surveil citizens, and jail them for a period before trial. These police go by a variety of names, including
1015:
Dyzenhaus, D. (2006). Taking the administrative state seriously. In The Constitution of Law: Legality in a Time of Emergency (pp. 121-173). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511618246.004
108:
Many administrative agencies are authorized to enforce their own rules, as well as those of the legislature. This includes the power to issue commands to police, or maintain their own separate police forces.
30:
is a term used to describe the power that some government agencies have to write, judge, and enforce their own laws. Since it pertains to the structure and function of government, it is a frequent topic in
398:
Laws made by administrative agencies are typically distinguished from laws written by the legislature, and given a separate term like "regulations" or "rules", or referred to in codified form as "codes".
1171:
Wilson Wong, From A British-style Administrative State To A Chinese-style Political State: Civil Service Reforms In Hong Kong After The Transfer Of Sovereignty, The Brookings Institution, 2002-2003,
1467:
Spasova R. Powers of the European Commission – delegated and implementing acts in practical terms. ERA Forum. 2021;22(3):507–21. doi: 10.1007/s12027-021-00677-3. Epub 2021 Oct 18. PMCID: PMC8522543.
481:, the court characterized independent federal agencies as having both legislative and judicial aspects. The ruling also highlighted the protections these agencies have against presidential removal.
121:, a British agency with the power to allow or ban films, can issue an order to a "Trade Standards enforcement officer" to seize banned films, but they cannot arrest people. By contrast, the Chinese
1209:
952:
Wagstaff, Robert H., 'Judicial Deference', Terror Detentions and the Rule of Law: US and UK Perspectives, Terrorism and Global Justice Series (2013; online edn, Oxford Academic, 16 Apr. 2014),
780:
322:, and an absolute veto over the will of parliament. The European Commission further exercises lawmaking ability directly without parliamentary approval through implementing and delegated acts.
55:
The administrative state is created when legislative (law-making) bodies, like the U.S. Congress or the U.K. Parliament, delegate their lawmaking powers to administrative or private entities.
881:
Carolan, Eoin, 'Institutional Legitimacy and the Administrative State', The New Separation of Powers: A Theory for the Modern State (Oxford, 2009; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Feb. 2010),
692:
543:
have separate sovereignty with independent legislatures that can create agencies with the power to write law, decide cases, and enforce laws through their own police. Examples include the
474:, confirmed the legality of agency decision-making processes, emphasizing the role of agencies in relation to federal courts before the implementation of the Administrative Procedure Act.
916:
502:, the court ruled that judicial bodies cannot dictate extra procedural stipulations to agencies, nor can they nullify agency actions purely based on their disagreement with the outcome.
488:
was introduced by Congress, providing a standard set of guidelines for federal agency decision-making and regulatory actions. This Act detailed both official and unofficial procedures.
260:
894:
Trondal, J. (2023). An Introduction to the Administrative State. In: Governing the Contemporary Administrative State. European Administrative Governance. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
495:, determined that formal procedures are only necessary for agencies if a law mandates a specific type of hearing. This decision led to a rise in the use of less strict processes.
753:
Division of Enforcement,. Since financial crimes often includes corruption, in which lawmakers or the police can be involved, financial crime enforcement is sometimes separated.
632:
345:
192:
The most common power arrangement is control by the executive. This is the case in the United States, where almost all administrative agencies are controlled by the executive.
544:
363:
239:
Self-regulatory agencies are controlled by members of the private industries they are supposed to regulate. They are typically professional bodies. Examples include the U.S.
1832:
Stillman, Richard J. (1997). "American vs. European Public Administration: Does Public Administration Make the Modern State, or Does the State Make Public Administration?".
513:
153:
1501:
Bignami, Francesca. “Three Generations of Participation Rights before the European Commission.” Law and Contemporary Problems, vol. 68, no. 1, 2004, pp. 61–83. JSTOR,
78:
This ceding of judicial authority to unelected bodies is the source of considerable scholarship. The power of the administrative state is related to the concept of a
552:
492:
122:
103:
1608:
1024:
Ernst, Daniel R., Tocqueville’s Nightmare: The Administrative State Emerges in America, 1900-1940 (New York, 2014; online edn, Oxford Academic, 19 June 2014),
558:
The administrative state of countries-within-countries, like Scotland, Wales, or Northern Ireland, can be seen as national or subnational agencies, like the
509:, the court mandated the EPA to withdraw a guidance document that brought about a regulatory alteration without adhering to mandatory regulatory procedures.
461:
described the process by which government agencies were effectively writing laws, and characterized it as the most important development in law in his time:
95:
1237:
621:
Not all administrative agencies maintain their own police; however, there are notable categories of agency that tend to maintain separate security forces.
307:
82:, which also restricts a courts ability to interpret law. While continental civil law systems tend to constrain administrative power through the notion of
2051:
454:. "Like Wilson, Goodnow argued that government needed to adjust its very purpose and organization to accommodate modern necessities," writes Pestritto.
125:
can issue decrees to seize banned books, films, writing, or other media, as well as arrest and imprison criminal violations of publication regulations.
1262:
718:
450:
as highly influential advocates of administrative law; Wilson was the 26th President of the United States, and Goodnow was founding president of the
746:
658:
375:
369:
570:
240:
478:
390:, originally short for "quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization", but which are in fact partly controlled or financed by the government.
732:
670:
559:
451:
379:
1799:
1411:
835:
1892:
1281:
613:
hunting matters. Thus, environmental clubs function as quasi-governmental entities with law enforcement powers delegated by the government.
283:
118:
640:
1385:
252:
228:
1975:
1539:
Pacella, J. M. (2012). If the Shoe of the SEC Doesn't Fit: Self-Regulatory Organizations and Absolute Immunity. Wayne L. Rev., 58, 201.
654:
1824:
1372:
1655:
1477:
1147:
699:
Biodiversity Crime Unit. Common activities include stopping pollution criminal violations of environmental law. In Italy, special
410:(USC). Administrative regulations comprise 242 volumes and more than 185,000 pages, four times larger than the U.S. Code of Laws.
1443:
710:
403:
1604:
266:
In this case, leaders of the organization are appointed by professionals, corporations, or other authorized private entities.
1743:
436:
351:
739:, and Singapore's Ministry of Manpower. They typically enforce criminal violations of labor law, like the abuse of workers.
1310:
674:
256:
1339:
485:
383:
303:
248:
2087:
1922:
1717:
1122:
244:
1184:
263:. They are typically authorized by special laws that name them as representatives and regulators of their industry.
941:
628:
677:. These police typically enforce border checkpoints and deport unauthorized foreign nationals within the country.
148:
in the U.S., enforcement command or "officer with constabulary power" in the U.K., general terms like "officers",
1412:"Contribution from Mr Barnier and Mr Vitorino, members of the Convention on the Commission's right of initiative"
714:
594:
533:
authority vested in the EU from various treaties ("primary law"), the law that the EU makes can be understood as
169:
procedural rights, as well as the extent of these protections when citizens engage with administrative entities.
1347:
736:
722:
566:
20:
2062:
1573:
Susan E. Dudley; Milestones in the Evolution of the Administrative State. Daedalus 2021; 150 (3): 33–48. doi:
2168:
2138:
1585:
Strauss, P. L. (2021). How the Administrative State Got to This Challenging Place. Daedalus, 150(3), 17–32.
1326:"European Council proposes a candidate , European Parliament elects , a new Commission President is elected.
666:
602:
1947:
1630:
762:
1693:"Humphrey's Executor v. United States :: 295 U.S. 602 (1935) :: Justia US Supreme Court Center"
940:
Crosscurrents in Anglo-American Administrative Law, William and Mary Law Review, Volume 27 (1985-1986),
598:
534:
447:
299:
295:
286:
is chosen by the 27 heads of state or government of the European member countries, and confirmed by the
40:
2000:
1867:
291:
1605:"The Birth of the Administrative State: Where It Came From and What It Means for Limited Government"
1172:
1088:
117:
Many agencies have the power to issue commands to police, much like a court order. For example, the
1807:
Lindseth, Peter L. (2010). "The Challenge of Legitimizing Europeanized Administrative Governance".
1753:. Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs. European Parliament. PE 519-207
825:
Rubin, E. L. (1989). Law and legislation in the administrative state. Columbia Law Review, 89, 369.
427:
319:
311:
287:
275:
1816:
1418:
231:, career civil servants not elected but promoted from within the civil service's own bureaucracy.
2088:"MOM Arrests 27 Individuals for Employment-Related Offences in Island-Wide Enforcement Operation"
1849:
767:
725:, France helped set up special forest rangers and hunting guards for government land management.
688:
279:
36:
1112:
Metzger, G. E. (2017). 1930s Redux: The Administrative State Under Siege. Harv. L. Rev., 131, 1.
1765:
1656:
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/pnlr75&div=57&id=&page=
605:, which all maintain separate police forces to enforce laws and determine the use of the land.
2058:
1923:"Art. 57 codice di procedura penale - Ufficiali e agenti di polizia giudiziaria - Brocardi.it"
1820:
1795:
471:
458:
32:
1782:
Bauer, Michael W.; Trondal, Jarle (2015). "The Administrative System of the European Union".
1389:
354:, and the heads of the agencies can be removed and reappointed at the will of the president.
1841:
1812:
1787:
1025:
953:
79:
1549:
1063:
991:
882:
314:
can veto, but parliament cannot write its own laws, giving the president of the commission
703:, volunteers with police powers, rescue animals in distress and protect them in wildlife.
581:
431:
149:
1038:
2112:
2025:
1148:"Five pillars of the administrative state: Executive control of agencies - Ballotpedia"
636:
548:
529:
443:
145:
141:
86:, or a system or rules, common law jurisdictions tend to rely only judicial oversight.
2162:
1668:"Crowell v. Benson :: 285 U.S. 22 (1932) :: Justia US Supreme Court Center"
590:
212:
205:
966:
906:
Monaghan, H. P. (1983). Marbury and the administrative state. Colum. L. Rev., 83, 1.
350:
In the United States, almost all federal agencies are ultimately accountable to the
1515:
662:
1692:
1667:
942:
https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2126&context=wmlr
540:
315:
83:
801:
895:
696:
644:
1654:
Frankfurter, F. (1926). Task of Administrative Law. U. Pa. L. Rev., 75, 614.
1791:
1718:"Appalachian Power Company v. Environmental Protection Agency - Ballotpedia"
859:
Frankfurter, F. (1926). Task of Administrative Law. U. Pa. L. Rev., 75, 614.
407:
1123:"Five pillars of the administrative state: Procedural rights - Ballotpedia"
62:
restrictions on administrative agencies in their exercise of these powers.
1909:
781:
The Max Planck Handbooks in European Public Law: The Administrative State.
750:
684:
585:
A third of land in the United States is owned by administrative agencies.
1586:
1976:"Le guardie zoofile non possono fare accertamenti in materia di caccia"
1574:
1502:
1360:
the process is repeated until a candidate is elected by the Parliament.
500:
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1853:
1550:"Law, Rule, Regulation and Policy - Yakima Regional Clean Air Agency"
387:
224:
220:
178:
1631:"Federal Register :: Agencies - Interstate Commerce Commission"
204:
Leaders of administrative agencies can be directly appointed by the
2052:"The Central African Republic And Small Arms: A Regional Tinderbox"
1845:
580:
216:
1173:
https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/wong2003.pdf
643:
employs police to carry out uniformed (e.g. combatting misuse of
1786:. European Administrative Governance. Springer. pp. 1–28.
1516:"SEC Gives Regulatory Approval for NASD and NYSE Consolidation"
1478:"Delegated act or implementing act: clearly delineated? - Eipa"
1282:"Role and election of the President of the European Commission"
1912:, Congressional Research Service (updated February 21, 2020).
1908:
Carol Hardy Vincent, Carla N. Argueta, & Laura A. Hanson,
779:
Cassese, Sabino, von Bogdandy, Armin and Huber, Peter, (eds.)
374:
In the U.K., there is an abundance of terminology to describe
1809:
Power and Legitimacy: Reconciling Europe and the Nation-State
507:
Appalachian Power Company v. Environmental Protection Agency
1784:
The Palgrave Handbook of the European Administrative System
19:
This article is about the legal concept. For the book, see
589:
Nearly a third the total landmass of the United States is
215:, like the United Kingdom; for example, the leadership of
1026:
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199920860.001.0001
954:
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199301553.003.0010
573:, subnational entities with nation-like characteristics.
883:
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568673.003.003
406:(CFR), a complement to the compilation of all laws, the
745:
employ police with the power of arrest, like Nigeria's
402:
In the U.S., federal regulations are codified into the
261:
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales
1263:"CONSOLIDATED VERSION OF THE TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION"
836:"The Political Problem with the Administrative State"
134:
633:
Federal Tax Police Service of the Russian Federation
346:
Category:Regulatory authorities of the United States
709:employ police on government lands, like the French
545:
California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control
364:
Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom
1340:"EU institutions: how are the top jobs allocated?"
430:traces U.S. administrative state practices to the
1948:"PARERI DEL MINISTERO INTERNO SU GUARDIE ZOOFILE"
514:Seila Law v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
211:This is more common in countries with a powerful
1185:"Lord Grade is confirmed as the new Ofcom Chair"
992:"Deference (administrative state) - Ballotpedia"
653:also commonly employ their own police, like the
627:commonly employ their own police, like the U.S.
376:U.K. governmental and semi-governmental agencies
1311:"Election of the European Commission President"
553:Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
493:United States v. Florida East Coast Railway Co.
1089:"Agencies Responsible for Censorship in China"
683:employ police, like the Special Agents of the
290:. The president chooses commissioners to head
1811:. Oxford University Press. pp. 251–282.
8:
1598:
1596:
1594:
896:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28008-5_1
520:Supra and Subnational Administrative States
1603:Pestritto, Ronald J. (November 20, 2007).
867:
865:
278:is more complicated, and controlled via a
1910:Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data
1817:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390148.003.0007
1607:. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from
1386:"EUROPA - Glossary - Right of initiative"
1287:. European Parliamentary Research Service
719:Australian Fisheries Management Authority
104:Australian administrative law enforcement
1893:Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling
747:Economic and Financial Crimes Commission
370:List of regulators in the United Kingdom
251:(AMA), medical specialities such as the
793:
241:Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
135:§ Common examples of police powers
2050:Berman, Eric; Lombard, Louisa (2008).
2026:"Biodiversity Crime Unit – Capenature"
2001:"Criminal Enforcement: Special Agents"
671:Main Directorate for Migration Affairs
560:Scottish Environment Protection Agency
457:In 1926, future Supreme Court Justice
452:American Political Science Association
380:non-ministerial government departments
1587:https://www.jstor.org/stable/48616691
7:
2139:"Financial Action Task Force (FATF)"
1575:https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01858
1503:http://www.jstor.org/stable/27592077
802:"Administrative state - Ballotpedia"
491:In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court, in
479:Humphrey's Executor v. United States
470:In 1932, the U.S. Supreme Court, in
16:Legal concept of government function
1891:Lipton, Eric, and Clifford Krauss,
1766:"How Does the European Union Work?"
783:OUP, Oxford, UK. ISBN 9780198726401
394:Laws, Codes, Regulations, and Rules
253:American Board of Internal Medicine
1298:between Parliament and Commission.
551:have the power to arrest, and the
378:, including executive ministries,
14:
1373:Constitution of the United States
1344:www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk
173:Structure, Authority, and Control
1217:assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
840:www.journalofcommonwealthlaw.org
617:Common examples of police powers
404:U.S. Code of Federal Regulations
1764:James McBride (11 March 2022).
872:administrative state", page 25.
437:Interstate Commerce Commission
1:
1210:"Ofqual Governance Framework"
731:employ police, like the U.K.
569:administers the territory of
257:Nursing and Midwifery Council
235:Self-Regulatory Organizations
152:, and specialized terms like
1834:Public Administration Review
1770:Council on Foreign Relations
1371:Article I, Section 7 of the
571:semi-sovereign Indian tribes
486:Administrative Procedure Act
384:non-departmental public body
249:American Medical Association
1444:"Browser check - Consilium"
245:Financial Conduct Authority
2185:
629:IRS Criminal Investigation
477:In 1935, through the case
442:Pestritto also identifies
367:
361:
343:
326:Agency-controlled Agencies
176:
132:
129:Police and Security Forces
93:
18:
2113:"Division of Enforcement"
715:Bureau of Land Management
591:owned by federal agencies
439:, to regulate railroads.
227:are all appointed by the
1982:(in Italian). 2019-06-06
1742:Roberta Panizza (2015).
1505:. Accessed 18 Oct. 2023.
1348:Institute for Government
1028:, accessed 17 Oct. 2023.
956:, accessed 17 Oct. 2023.
917:"nondelegation doctrine"
885:, accessed 17 Oct. 2023.
737:U.S. Department of Labor
723:Central African Republic
707:Government land agencies
567:Bureau of Indian Affairs
505:In 2000, in the case of
21:The Administrative State
1792:10.1057/9781137339898_1
1744:"EU Administrative Law"
1635:www.federalregister.gov
1448:www.consilium.europa.eu
1315:www.consilium.europa.eu
1039:"administrative agency"
711:National Forests Office
667:Immigration Enforcement
498:In 1978, with the case
51:Delegation of Lawmaking
1751:www.europarl.europa.eu
1554:www.yakimacleanair.org
763:Administrative history
681:Environmental agencies
586:
695:, and South Africa's
675:Bureau of Immigration
584:
535:secondary legislation
448:Frank Johnson Goodnow
308:executive departments
200:Civil Service Control
113:Administrative Orders
41:public administration
2030:www.capenature.co.za
1872:commission.europa.eu
651:Immigration agencies
426:Political scientist
292:directorates-general
229:Secretaries of State
156:for French Customs.
28:administrative state
1611:on December 2, 2007
1280:Kotanidis, Silvia.
1043:www.law.cornell.edu
971:www.law.cornell.edu
967:"Chevron deference"
921:www.law.cornell.edu
428:Ronald J. Pestritto
320:right of initiative
312:European Parliament
304:cabinet secretaries
288:European Parliament
276:European Commission
270:Directorate Control
1899:, August 24, 2012.
1697:supreme.justia.com
1672:supreme.justia.com
1338:Klemperer, David.
768:Constitutional Law
743:Financial agencies
689:Environment Agency
608:In Italy, special
587:
280:directorial system
243:(FINRA), the U.K.
66:Judicial deference
37:constitutional law
2059:Small Arms Survey
1868:"Types of EU law"
1801:978-1-349-46456-2
1064:"Law enforcement"
673:, and the Indian
472:Crowell v. Benson
459:Felix Frankfurter
316:legislative power
255:(ABIM), the U.K.
188:Executive Control
160:Procedural rights
33:political science
2176:
2153:
2152:
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2149:
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2100:
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2075:
2073:
2068:on 24 March 2017
2067:
2061:. Archived from
2056:
2047:
2041:
2040:
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2036:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1997:
1991:
1990:
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1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1417:. Archived from
1416:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1388:. Archived from
1382:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1362:
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1307:
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857:
851:
850:
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832:
826:
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816:
814:
812:
798:
577:Notable examples
80:privative clause
2184:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2177:
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2173:
2159:
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2054:
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2044:
2034:
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2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1927:www.brocardi.it
1921:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1903:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1866:
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1831:
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1781:
1774:
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1736:
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1722:ballotpedia.org
1716:
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1384:
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1366:
1352:
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1332:
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1309:
1308:
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1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
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1236:
1235:
1231:
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1208:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1183:
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1178:
1170:
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1152:ballotpedia.org
1146:
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1127:ballotpedia.org
1121:
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1111:
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1097:
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996:ballotpedia.org
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989:
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876:
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844:
842:
834:
833:
829:
824:
820:
810:
808:
806:ballotpedia.org
800:
799:
795:
790:
776:
774:Further reading
759:
701:Guardie Zoofile
619:
610:Guardie Zoofile
579:
522:
432:Progressive Era
416:
396:
372:
366:
360:
348:
342:
337:
328:
298:at the head of
294:, analogous to
282:, that is, the
272:
259:(NMC), and the
237:
202:
190:
181:
175:
162:
150:civilian police
137:
131:
115:
106:
92:
90:Law Enforcement
71:agency itself.
68:
53:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2182:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2169:Legal concepts
2161:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2137:Kenton, Will.
2129:
2104:
2092:www.mom.gov.sg
2079:
2042:
2017:
1992:
1967:
1939:
1914:
1901:
1897:New York Times
1884:
1859:
1846:10.2307/977316
1840:(4): 332–338.
1825:
1800:
1734:
1709:
1684:
1659:
1647:
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1590:
1578:
1566:
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1055:
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827:
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792:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
775:
772:
771:
770:
765:
758:
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729:Labor agencies
691:, Australia's
669:, the Russian
618:
615:
578:
575:
549:peace officers
530:European Union
521:
518:
468:
467:
444:Woodrow Wilson
415:
412:
395:
392:
359:
358:United Kingdom
356:
341:
338:
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333:
327:
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271:
268:
236:
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189:
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174:
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146:peace officers
142:special agents
130:
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100:United Kingdom
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2083:
2080:
2064:
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2053:
2046:
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2027:
2021:
2018:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
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1873:
1869:
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1855:
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1461:
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1436:
1424:on 2007-10-25
1420:
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1392:on 2007-07-08
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482:
480:
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22:
2146:. Retrieved
2143:Investopedia
2142:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2091:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2063:the original
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1904:
1896:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1871:
1862:
1837:
1833:
1808:
1783:
1773:. Retrieved
1769:
1755:. Retrieved
1750:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:
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1700:. Retrieved
1696:
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1638:. Retrieved
1634:
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1609:the original
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1569:
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1553:
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1519:
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1481:
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1451:. Retrieved
1447:
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1419:the original
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1390:the original
1380:
1375: (1789)
1367:
1358:
1353:29 September
1351:. Retrieved
1343:
1333:
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1320:29 September
1318:. Retrieved
1314:
1305:
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1291:29 September
1289:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
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1245:. Retrieved
1241:
1238:"www.gov.uk"
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1216:
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1126:
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1093:www.cecc.gov
1092:
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1071:. Retrieved
1067:
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1980:Armi e Tiro
1520:www.sec.gov
1482:www.eipa.eu
713:, the U.S.
687:, the U.K.
661:, the U.K.
593:, like the
541:U.S. states
247:(FCA), the
84:Rechtsstaat
2148:2020-05-30
2122:19 October
2097:19 October
2057:. Geneva:
2035:19 October
2010:19 October
1986:2021-10-06
1960:9 November
1932:19 October
1877:19 October
1775:19 October
1757:19 October
1727:19 October
1702:19 October
1677:19 October
1640:19 October
1559:19 October
1525:19 October
1487:19 October
1453:19 October
1428:19 October
1396:19 October
1247:19 October
1242:www.gov.uk
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1189:www.gov.uk
1157:19 October
1132:19 October
1098:19 October
1073:19 October
1048:19 October
1001:19 October
976:19 October
926:19 October
845:19 October
811:19 October
788:References
697:CapeNature
645:red diesel
368:See also:
362:See also:
344:See also:
335:By country
300:ministries
177:See also:
133:See also:
94:See also:
721:. In the
635:. In the
565:The U.S.
408:U.S. Code
352:executive
296:ministers
284:president
2163:Category
2072:24 March
1955:Earmi.it
1615:March 9,
757:See also
751:U.S. SEC
685:U.S. EPA
655:U.S. CBP
631:and the
547:, whose
382:(NMGD),
302:or U.S.
414:History
1854:977316
1852:
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735:, the
717:, the
601:, and
388:quango
225:Ofsted
223:, and
221:Ofqual
179:Quango
102:, and
39:, and
2066:(PDF)
2055:(PDF)
1951:(PDF)
1850:JSTOR
1747:(PDF)
1422:(PDF)
1415:(PDF)
1285:(PDF)
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693:RPNSA
217:Ofcom
2124:2023
2099:2023
2074:2017
2037:2023
2012:2023
1962:2021
1934:2023
1879:2023
1821:ISBN
1796:ISBN
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1759:2023
1729:2023
1704:2023
1679:2023
1642:2023
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978:2023
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813:2023
733:GLAA
665:and
657:and
641:HMRC
637:U.K.
528:The
446:and
274:The
123:GAPP
119:BBFC
26:The
1842:doi
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659:ICE
603:NFS
599:NPS
595:BLM
306:of
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1978:.
1953:.
1925:.
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1226:.
1198:.
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23:.
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