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the city should be conceived as an extension of the home where families could be safe and children cared for. Clean streets, clean water, playgrounds, educational curricular reform, and juvenile courts, are examples of reforms associated with this movement. Industrial citizenship focused on the problems and risks of labor force participation in a laissez-faire, newly industrialized economy. Reforms that mitigated workplace problems such as child labor, unsanitary workplaces, excessive work schedules, risks of industrial accidents, and old age poverty were the focus of these efforts. Organized settlement women's reform efforts led to workplace safety laws and inspections. Settlement reformers went on to serve as local, state, and federal administrators. Jane Addams was a garbage inspector, Florence Kelley served as the chief factory inspector for the State of
Illinois, Julia Lathrop was the first director of the
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1718:) makes it different from the private sector. A positive and negative definition of public management have been proposed. The positive approach as: "praxeological and rightful process of public service for citizens for the sake of their and following generations good through strengthening mutual relationships, competitiveness of national economy and practical increase of social utility through effective allocation of public resources". Negative approach as: "Fiction, whose aim is the possibility of temporal or permanent appropriation of public goods for the implementation of the particular interests of a narrow social group". Studying and teaching about public management are widely practiced in
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voluntary associations that worked to mitigate the excesses of urbanization and industrialization in their towns. Eventually, these voluntary associations became networks that were able to spearhead changes to policy and administration. These women's civic clubs worked to make cities and workplaces safer (cleaner streets, water, sewage, and workplace. As well as workplace regulation) and more suited to the needs of their children (playgrounds, libraries, juvenile courts, child labor laws). These were administrative and policy spaces ignored by their fathers and husbands. The work of these clubs was amplified by newly organized non-profit organizations (
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1250:, and civil rights. Thus, the same public policy (and public administration) was to apply to all citizens, inclusive of disability. However, by the 1990s, categorical state systems were strengthened in the United States (Racino, in press, 2014), and efforts were made to introduce more disability content into the public policy curricula with disability public policy (and administration) distinct fields in their own right. Behaviorists have also dominated "intervention practice" (generally not the province of public administration) in recent years, believing that they are in opposition to generic public policy (termed
1095:, which stands for planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting. Fayol developed a systematic, 14-point treatment of private management. Second-generation theorists drew upon private management practices for administrative sciences. A single, generic management theory bleeding the borders between the private and the public sector was thought to be possible. With the general theory, the administrative theory could be focused on governmental organizations. The mid-1940s theorists challenged Wilson and Gulick. The politics-administration dichotomy remained the center of criticism.
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disagreement about whether the study of public administration can properly be called a discipline, largely because of the debate over whether public administration is a sub-field of political science or a sub-field of administrative science, the latter an outgrowth of its roots in policy analysis and evaluation research. Scholar Donald F. Kettl is among those who view public administration "as a sub-field within political science." According to Lalor, a society with a public authority that provides at least one public good can be said to have a public administration, whereas the absence of either (or
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they had received”. These new scholars demanded more policy-oriented public administrators that incorporated “four themes: relevance, values, equity, and change”. All of these themes would encourage more participation among women and minorities. Stimulated by the events of the '60s, the 1970s brought significant change to the
American Society for Public Administration. Racial and ethnic minorities and women members organized to seek greater participation. Eventually, the Conference on Minority Public Administrators and the Section for Women in Public Administration were established.
1147:, the entire concept of public administration expanded to include policymaking and analysis, thus the study of "administrative policy making and analysis" was introduced and enhanced into the government decision-making bodies. Later on, the human factor became a predominant concern and emphasis in the study of public administration. This period witnessed the development and inclusion of other social sciences knowledge, predominantly, psychology, anthropology, and sociology, into the study of public administration (Jeong, 2007). Henceforth, the emergence of scholars such as
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1235:, an Australian not-for-profit e-Democracy project that invites politicians, senior public servants, academics, business people, and other key stakeholders to engage in high-level policy debate. Another example is Brunei's Information Department in deploying Social Media technology to improve its Digital Governance process. The book chapter work concludes that digital dividends can be secured through the effective application of Social Media within the framework of Digital Era Governance.
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theoretical models that can be scientifically tested. Even though CPA is a weakly formed field as a whole, this sub-field of public administration is an attempt at cross-cultural analysis, a "quest for patterns and regularities of administrative action and behavior." CPA is an integral part to the analysis of public administration techniques. The process of comparison allows for more widely applicable policies to be tested in a variety of situations.
1710:"Public management" is an approach to government administration and nonprofit administration that resembles or draws on private-sector management and business techniques and approaches. These business approaches often aim to maximize efficiency and effectiveness and provide improved customer service. A contrast is drawn with the study of public administration, which emphasizes the social and cultural drivers of government that many contend (e.g.,
847:". Public administrators have long been the "eyes and ears" of rulers. In medieval times, the abilities to read and write, as well as, add and subtract were as dominated by the educated elite as public employment. Consequently, the need for expert civil servants whose ability to read and write formed the basis for developing expertise in such necessary activities as legal record-keeping, paying and feeding armies, and levying taxes. As the
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1289:, a key leader of the Settlement movement and a pioneer of public administration with “conceiving and spawning” the modern welfare state. The accomplishments of the Settlement movement and their conception of public administration were ignored in the early literature of public administration. The alternative model of Public Administration was invisible or buried for about 100 years until Camilla Stivers published
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states that "public administration, as a subfield within political science ... is struggling to define its role within the discipline". He notes two problems with public administration: it "has seemed methodologically to lag behind" and "the field's theoretical work too often seems not to define it"-indeed, "some of the most interesting recent ideas in public administration have come from outside the field".
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University has stated "Comparative studies are difficult because of the necessity to provide enough information on the socio-political context of national administrative structures and processes for readers to understand why there are differences and similarities." He also asserts, "Although there is sizable literature on comparative public administration it is scattered and dated."
968:, an 1855 German professor from Vienna, is considered the founder of the science of public administration in many parts of the world. In the time of Von Stein, public administration was considered a form of administrative law, but Von Stein believed this concept was too restrictive. Von Stein taught that public administration relies on many pre-established disciplines such as
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745:, defined public administration "as a public instrument whereby democratic society may be more completely realized." This implies that it must relate itself to concepts of justice, liberty, and fuller economic opportunity for human beings and is thus concerned with "people, with ideas, and with things". James D. Carroll and Alfred M. Zuck called
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rhetoric, providing for public goods, and the supply function is satisfied more or less efficiently by public management, whose primary tools are speech acts, producing public goods. The moral purpose of public administration, implicit in its acceptance of its role, is the maximization of the opportunities of the public to satisfy its wants.
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by the feminine experience of policy and administration. While they saw the relevance of the traditional public administration values (efficiency, effectiveness, etc.) and practices of their male reformist counterparts, they also emphasized social justice and social equity. Jane Addams, for example, was a founder of the
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opposed to merely the customers of a business (the patrons). In New Public
Management, people are viewed as economic units not as democratic participants which is the hazard of linking an MBA (business administration, economic and employer-based model) too closely with the public administration (governmental,
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There have been several issues that have hampered the development of comparative public administration, including the major differences between
Western countries and developing countries; the lack of curriculum on this sub-field in public administration programs; and the lack of success in developing
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were instrumental in crafting the alternative, feminine inspired, model of public administration. This settlement model of public administration, had two interrelated components – municipal housekeeping and industrial citizenship. Municipal housekeeping called for cities to be run like a caring home,
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Contemporary scholars are reclaiming a companion public administration origin story that includes the contributions of women. This has become known as the “alternative” or “settlement” model of public administration. During the 19th century upper-class women in the United States and Europe organized
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Another new public service model is what has been called New Public
Governance, an approach that includes a centralization of power; an increased number, role, and influence of partisan-political staff; personal-politicization of appointments to the senior public service; and, the assumption that the
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in public administration. The DPA is an applied-research doctoral degree in the field of public administration, focusing on the practice of public administration more than on its theoretical aspects. The Ph.D. is typically sought by individuals aiming to become professors of public administration or
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Comparative public administration or CPA is defined as the study of administrative systems in a comparative fashion or the study of public administration in other countries. Today, there is a section of the
American Society for Public Administration that specializes in comparative administration. It
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of 1854 recommended that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through competitive examination, candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, and promotion should be through achievement rather than "preferment, patronage, or purchase". This
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programs, in cases where the students from both the Master's in Public
Administration (MPA) and Master's in Business Administration (MBA) programs take many of the same courses. In some programs, the MPA (or MAPA) is more clearly distinct from the MBA, in that the MPA often emphasizes substantially
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Settlement workers explicitly fought for social justice as they campaigned for reform. They sought policy changes that would improve the lives of immigrants, women, children, sick, old, and impoverished people. Both municipal housekeeping and industrial citizenship applied an ethic of care informed
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Universities offer undergraduate level
Bachelor's degrees in Public Administration or Government, Political Science, and International Affairs with an academic concentration or specialization in Public Policy and Administration. At several universities undergraduate-level public administration and
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Some critics argue that the New Public
Management concept of treating people as "customers" rather than "citizens" is an inappropriate borrowing from the private sector model, because businesses see customers as a means to an end (profit), rather than as the proprietors of government (the owners),
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where studies of policy processes and the structures, functions, and behavior of public institutions and their relationships with broader society take place. The study and application of public administration is founded on the principle that the proper functioning of an organization or institution
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also gave public administrators new responsibilities. These events were manifest in the public administration profession through the new public administration movement. “Under the stimulating patronage of Dwight Waldo, some of the best of the younger generation of scholars challenged the doctrine
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Dating back to antiquity, states have required officials like pages, treasurers, and tax collectors to administer the practical business of government. Before the 19th century, the staffing of most public administrations was rife with nepotism, favoritism, and political patronage, which was often
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excavations is limited. However, the presence of complex civilization and public facilities such as granaries and bathhouses, along with the existence of large cities, indicates the likelihood of centralized governance. The uniformity in the artifacts and brick sizes suggests that there was some
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definition of the Public
Administration sector (NAICS 91) states that public administration "... comprises establishments primarily engaged in activities of a governmental nature, that is, the enactment and judicial interpretation of laws and their pursuant regulations, and the administration of
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More recently, scholars claim that "public administration has no generally accepted definition" because the "scope of the subject is so great and so debatable that it is easier to explain than define." Public administration is a field of study (i.e., a discipline) and an occupation. There is much
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both) a public authority or the provision of at least one public good implies the absence of a public administration. He argues that public administration is the public provision of public goods in which the demand function is satisfied more or less effectively by politics, whose primary tool is
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One public administration scholar, Donald Kettl, argues that "public administration sits in a disciplinary backwater", because "for the last generation, scholars have sought to save or replace it with fields of study like implementation, public management, and formal bureaucratic theory". Kettl
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defined public administration as the "public leadership of public affairs directly responsible for executive action." In democracies, it usually has to do with such leadership and executive action in terms that respect and contribute to the dignity, worth, and potential of the citizen. One year
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Administrators tend to work with both paper documents and computer files: "There has been a significant shift from paper to electronic records during the past two decades. Although government institutions continue to print and maintain paper documents as 'official records,' the vast majority of
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Comparative public administration lacks a curriculum, which has prevented it from becoming a major field of study. This lack of understanding of the basic concepts that build this field's foundation has ultimately led to its lack of use. For example, William Waugh, a professor at Georgia State
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During the 1950s, the United States experienced prolonged prosperity and solidified its place as a world leader. Public Administration experienced a kind of heyday due to the successful war effort and successful post-war reconstruction in Western Europe and Japan. Government was popular as was
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In the United States, the academic field of public administration draws heavily on political science and administrative law. Some MPA programs include economics courses to give students a background in micro-economic issues (markets, rationing mechanisms, etc.) and macroeconomic issues (e.g.,
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Some modern authors define NPM as a combination of splitting large bureaucracies into smaller, more fragmented agencies, encouraging competition between different public agencies, and encouraging competition between public agencies and private firms and using economic incentives lines (e.g.,
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adopted and reformed federal agencies using NPM approaches. In the 1990's, new public management became prevalent throughout the bureaucracies of the US, the UK, and to a lesser extent, in Canada. The original public management theories have roots attributed to policy analysis, according to
1006:". The future president wrote that "it is the object of administrative study to discover, first, what government can properly and successfully do, and, secondly, how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either of money or energy."
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Notable scholars of public administration have come from a wide range of fields. In the period before public administration existed as its own independent sub-discipline of political science, scholars contributing to the field came from economics, sociology, management, political science,
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programs based on them." This includes "legislative activities, taxation, national defense, public order and safety, immigration services, foreign affairs and international assistance, and the administration of government programs are activities that are purely governmental in nature."
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Stimulated by events during the 1960s such as an active civil rights movement, the Vietnam War and war protests, assassinations of a president and civil rights leaders, and an active women's movement, public administration changed course somewhat. Landmark legislation such as the
980:. He called public administration an integrating science and stated that public administrators should be concerned with both theory and practice. He argued that public administration is a science because knowledge is generated and evaluated according to the scientific method.
3477:. Burnier, D. (2022). The long road of administrative memory: Jane Addams, Frances Perkins and care-centered administration. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. (Eds.), Handbook on Gender and Public Administration. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA, Edward Elgar Publishing.
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In an academic context, public administration has been described as the study of government decision-making; the analysis of policies and the various inputs that have produced them; and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies. It is also a subfield of
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There are a number of international public administration organizations. The Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management (CAPAM) includes the 56 member states of the Commonwealth from India and the UK to Nauru. The oldest organization is the
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advocated an economic and political system modeled after that of the Chinese. French civil service examinations adopted in the late 19th century were also heavily based on general cultural studies. These features have been likened to the earlier Chinese model.
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There was a call by citizens for efficient administration to replace ineffective, wasteful bureaucracy. Public administration would have to distance itself from politics to answer this call and remain effective. Elected officials supported these reforms. The
1698:(EROPA) is a state-membership based organization, open to other organizations and individuals, headquartered in the Philippines with centers and membership organized around the Asia Pacific region. EROPA organizes annual conferences and publishes a journal
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is an in-house structure that ensures that public service staffing is done in an unbiased, ethical and values-based manner. The basic functions of the HR system are employee benefits, employee health care, compensation, and many more (e.g., human rights,
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Universities can offer undergraduate and graduate degrees in Public Administration or Government, Political Science, and International Affairs with a concentration or specialization in Public Policy and Administration. Graduate degrees include the
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The separation of politics and administration advocated by Wilson continues to play a significant role in public administration today. However, the dominance of this dichotomy was challenged by second-generation scholars, beginning in the 1940s.
1221:) sector. Nevertheless, the NPM model (one of four described by Elmore in 1986, including the "generic model") is still widely accepted at multiple levels of government (e.g., municipal, state/province, and federal) and in many OECD nations.
922:(400–337 BC), may have had the most influence, and could be considered its founders, if they are not valuable as rare pre-modern examples of the abstract theory of administration. Creel writes that, in Shen Buhai, there are the "seeds of the
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Shields, P. (2017). Jane Addams: pioneer in American sociology, social work and public administration. In Shields, P. (Ed.), Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration, pp. 43–67.
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Gulick developed a comprehensive, generic theory of organization that emphasized the scientific method, efficiency, professionalism, structural reform, and executive control. Gulick summarized the duties of administrators with an acronym;
926:", and that, if one wishes to exaggerate, it would "no doubt be possible to translate Shen Buhai's term Shu, or technique, as 'science'", and argue that he was the first political scientist, though Creel does "not care to go this far".
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Shields, Patricia (2023). 'Jane Addams and Public Administration: Clarifying Industrial Citizenship', in Patricia M. Shields, Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams pp. 305-326. Oxford Academic
1285:(e.g., income for the old, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent children and the disabled, child labor prohibitions and limits on hours worked, etc.) were supported by leaders of the Settlement movement. Richard Stillman credits
889:(1847) that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only." Influenced by the ancient Chinese imperial examination, the
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presents a detailed scheme to remove the enemies in the guise of friends. The Charvaka stalwart, Brihaspati, is more ancient than Kautilya and Somadeva. He appears to be contemporaneous with the Harappa and Mohenjo-daro cultures.
1140:, examines the reorganization of government. Brownlow subsequently founded the Public Administration Service (PAS) at the university, an organization that provided consulting services to all levels of government until the 1970s.
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Shields, P. M., & Elias, N. M. (2022). Introduction to the Handbook on Gender and Public Administration. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. (Eds.)Handbook on Gender and Public Administration. pp.1 – 19. Edward Elgar Publishing.
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form of centralized governance. Although speculation regarding social hierarchies and class structures is plausible, the absence of discernible elite burial sites also suggests that most citizens were almost equal in status.
1087:, Paul Appleby, Frank Goodnow, and Willam Willoughby. The new generation of organizational theories no longer relied upon logical assumptions and generalizations about human nature like classical and enlightened theorists.
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different ethical and sociological criteria that pertain to administering government programs for the public good that have not been key criteria for business managers, who typically aim to maximize profit or share price.
1228:, focusing on themes of reintegrating government responsibilities, needs-based holism (executing duties in cursive ways), and digitalization (exploiting the transformational capabilities of modern IT and digital storage).
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that scientific analysis would lead to the discovery of the " best way" to do things or carry out an operation. Taylor's technique was introduced to private industrialists, and later to various government organizations.
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NISPAcee is a network of experts, scholars and practitioners who work in the field of public administration in central Europe and Eastern Europe, including the Russian Federation and the Caucasus and Central Asia.
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Public administration encompasses the execution, oversight, and management of government policies and the management of public affairs. The field involves the organization, operation, and strategic coordination of
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Foye-Cox, N. (2006). Women in public administration: breaking new ground. In Felbinger, C. and Haynes, W. (Eds.), Profiles of Outstanding Women in Public Administration, pp. 7–42. American Society for Public
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in the public sector. Public administrators play a significant role in devising and executing policies, managing shared resources, and ensuring the efficient functioning of government agencies and programs.
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Schick, A. (1975). The trauma of politics: public administration in the sixties. In Mosher, F. (Ed.), American Public Administration: Past, Present, Future, pp. 142–80. University of Alabama Press. (p.
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Schick, A. (1975). The trauma of politics: public administration in the sixties. In Mosher, F. (Ed.), American Public Administration: Past, Present, Future, pp. 142–80. University of Alabama Press (p.
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To staff these institutions, they created the oldest meritocracy in the world, in which government appointments were based on civil service examinations that drew on the values of the Confucian Classics
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The Center for Latin American Administration for Development (CLAD), based in Caracas, Venezuela, is a regional network of schools of public administration set up by the governments in Latin America.
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Shields, P. (2022). The origins of the settlement model of public administration. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. (Eds.), Handbook on Gender and Public Administration. pp. 35-52. Edward Elgar Publishing
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Dubois, H.F.W. & Fattore, G. (2009), 'Definitions and typologies in public administration research: the case of decentralization', International Journal of Public Administration, 32(8): 704–27.
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Omar, A. M. (2020). Digital Era Governance and Social Media: The Case of Information Department Brunei. In Employing Recent Technologies for Improved Digital Governance (pp. 19–35). IGI Global.
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are two second-generation scholars. Gulick, Urwick, and the new generation of administrators built on the work of contemporary behavioral, administrative, and organizational scholars including
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Newman, M.A. (2004). Madam Secretary: Frances Perkins. In Felbinger, C. and Hanes, W. (Eds.), Outstanding Women in Public Administration: Leaders, Mentors, and Pioneers, pp. 83–102. Routledge.
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is the domain in which discussions of the meaning and purpose of government, the role of bureaucracy in supporting democratic governments, budgets, governance, and public affairs take place.
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In academia, the field of public administration consists of several sub-fields. Scholars have proposed several different sets of sub-fields. One of the proposed models uses five "pillars":
2047:
1695:
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legal—specifically administrative law—and other related fields. More recently, scholars from public administration and public policy have contributed important studies and theories.
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Schachter, H.L. (2011). The New York School of Philanthropy, the Bureau of Municipal Research, and the trail of the missing women: a public administration history detective story.
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By the 1920s, scholars of public administration had responded to Wilson's solicitation and textbooks in this field were introduced. Distinguished scholars of that period include
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McGuire, J.T. (2011). Continuing an alternative view of public administration: Mary van Kleeck and industrial citizenship, 1918–1927. Administration & Society, 43(1), 66–86.
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also describes the Charvaka method of defeating the nation's enemies, referring to thirteen disguised enemies in the kingdom with selfish interests who should not be spared.
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performance pay for senior executives or user-pay models). NPM treats individuals as "customers" or "clients" (in the private sector sense), rather than as citizens.
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1863:
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Burnier, D. (2022). The long road of administrative memory: Jane Addams, Frances Perkins and care-centered administration. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. (Eds.),
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1881:
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Jerome B. McKinney and Lawrence C. Howard. Public Administration: Balancing Power and Accountability. 2nd Ed. 1998: Praeger Publishing, Westport, CT. p. 62
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Burnier, D. (2008). Erased history: Frances Perkins and the emergence of care-centered public administration. Administration & Society, 40(4), 403–22.
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Stillman II, R. (1998). Creating the American State: The Moral Reformers and the Modern Administrative World They Made. University of Alabama Press p. 82.
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1685:(NASPAA), has developed several relationships around the world. They include sub regional and National forums like CLAD, INPAE and NISPAcee, APSA, ASPA.
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President Eisenhower. In the 1960s and 1970s, the government itself came under fire as ineffective, inefficient, and largely a wasted effort. The costly
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as a systematic, meritocratic civil service bureaucracy. Like the British, the development of French bureaucracy was influenced by the Chinese system.
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875:. In regards to public administration, China was considered to be "advanced" compared to the rest of the world up until the end of the 18th century.
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civilizations had organized bodies of public servants, suggesting the presence of some form of public administration. Numerous references exist to
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researchers. Individuals pursuing a Ph.D. in public administration often pursue more theoretical dissertation topics than their DPA counterparts.
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progressed and the military powers extended their hold over other continents and people, the need for a sophisticated public administration grew.
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non-profit management education is packaged together (along with international relations and security studies) in a degree in political science.
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In the late 1980s, yet another generation of public administration theorists began to displace the last. The new theory, which came to be called
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Aucoin, Peter (2008). "New Public Management and the Quality of Government: Coping with the New Political Governance in Canada", Conference on
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Fry, Brian R. 1989. Mastering Public Administration; from Max Weber to Dwight Waldo. Chatham, New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, Inc. p. 80
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refers to "the management of public programs", or the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day", and also to the
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In the late 1990s, Janet and Robert Denhardt proposed a new public services model in response to the dominance of NPM. A successor to NPM is
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Stivers, C. (2000). Bureau Men, Settlement Women: Constructing Public Administration in the Progressive Era. University Press of Kansas.
2256:"Electronic Records and Document Management Systems: A New Tool for Enhancing the Public's Right to Access Government-Held Information?"
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1159:(1952), Frank Marini 'Towards a New Public Administration' (1971), and others that have contributed positively in these endeavors.
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1398:). The executives managing the HR director and other key departmental personnel are also part of the public administration system.
1192:-style models, organizational ideas and values to improve the efficiency and service-orientation of the public sector. During the
867:, including, possibly, the first highly centralized bureaucratic state, and the earliest (by the second century BC) example of an
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In the mid-1980s, the goal of community programs in the United States was often represented by terms such as independent living,
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Denhardt, Robert B.; Vinzant Denhardt, Janet (November–December 2000). "The new public service: serving rather than steering".
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records are now created and stored in electronic format." Pictured here is Stephen C. Dunn, Deputy Comptroller for the US Navy.
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Shields, P. (2017). Jane Addams: pioneer in American sociology, social work and public administration. In Shields, P. (Ed.),
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Herrlee G. Creel, 1974 p.119. Shen Pu-Hai: A Secular Philosopher of Administration, Journal of Chinese Philosophy Volume 1.
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of the public authorities and the adjustment of one or the other to achieve desirable effects and avoid undesirable ones.
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Public administration is both an academic discipline and a field of practice; the latter is depicted in this picture of
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Shields, P. (2022). The origins of the settlement model of public administration. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. (Eds.),
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to explain policy outcomes such as the success or failure of reform efforts or the persistence of suboptimal outcomes.
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809:, mentions a symposium of philosophers from various faiths held in 1578 at Akbar's instance. It is believed that some
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3256:, Berkeley, CA: Research and Training Center on Public Policy And Independent Living, World Institute on Disability,
3214:; Watson, Sara; Pfeiffer, David (1992). "A case for including disability policy issues in public policy curricula".
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Rubin, M. (1990). Women in ASPA: the fifty-year climb toward equality. Public Administration Review, 50(2), 277–87.
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There are two types of doctoral degrees in public administration: the Doctor of Public Administration (DPA) and the
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4783:
2007:
1778:
1770:
1556:
742:
95:
66:
817:," Fazl refers to the Charvaka law-makers emphasizing "good work, judicious administration, and welfare schemes."
5541:
5526:
5459:
5226:
5178:
4438:
4166:
2952:
Kamensky, John M. (May–June 1996). "Role of the "Reinventing Government" movement in Federal management reform".
1917:
1891:
1782:
1774:
1762:
1553:
about Bachelor's degrees and undergraduate concentrations, but information on this within the article is missing.
1251:
923:
806:
707:
617:
222:
4807:
3328:
2921:
1072:. In place of Wilson's first generation split, Gulick advocated a "seamless web of discretion and interaction".
5474:
5464:
5325:
5221:
5030:
4977:
4827:
4802:
4771:
4619:
4609:
4406:
4132:
2584:
One of the oldest examples of a merit-based civil service system existed' in the imperial bureaucracy of China.
1168:
1040:(ASPA) the leading professional group for public administration was founded in 1939. ASPA sponsors the journal
1022:
337:
227:
3355:
Burnier, D. (2008). Erased history: Frances Perkins and the emergence of care-centered public administration.
1851:, and the Bachelor and Master of Public Policy & Management and the Executive Public Management Master of
814:
3439:
Burnier, D. (2021). Hiding in plain sight: recovering public administration’s lost Legacy of social justice,
5551:
5506:
5484:
5469:
4922:
4581:
4469:
4364:
3201:, SOG and the Quality of Government Institute, University of Gothenburg, Sweden, 13–15 November 2008, p. 14.
1766:
1612:
1590:
1458:
1218:
1084:
695:
267:
1377:
is the study of the role of the government in the economy. It is the branch of economics that assesses the
5653:
5578:
5536:
5521:
5479:
5357:
4957:
4691:
4411:
4239:
4012:
3119:
1523:
1382:
1247:
1232:
1225:
1193:
504:
446:
392:
1821:, Institute of Public Management and Territorial Governance in Aix-en-Provence, Aix-Marseille University.
5070:
5013:
4892:
4614:
4604:
4566:
4539:
4501:
4293:
4212:
4202:
1997:
1852:
1435:
1243:
1181:
1164:
943:
878:
157:
3514:
Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration
3425:
Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration
3776:
2348:
694:, bringing about a substantive interest in the theoretical aspects of public administration. The 1968
5491:
5053:
4561:
4401:
4374:
4369:
4266:
4110:
Lynn, L. E. Jr. (1996). "Public Management as Art, Science, and Profession." Chatham House, CQ Press.
3826:
2278:
1969:
1859:
1665:
1659:
1531:
1509:
1431:
1414:
1349:
872:
848:
434:
305:
295:
280:
207:
125:
35:
2255:
1371:
is the activity within a government that seeks to allocate scarce resources among unlimited demands.
1052:
5501:
5306:
5075:
5063:
5020:
4741:
4735:
4661:
4576:
4521:
4396:
4261:
4207:
3801:
2655:
1848:
1517:
1346:
is the study of the structure of governmental entities and the many particulars inculcated in them.
1343:
1255:
1148:
1124:
947:
903:
699:
664:
546:
456:
310:
212:
162:
100:
2490:
1702:(ARPA). It has several centers in the region, and assists in networking experts with its members.
1261:
Increasingly, public policy academics and practitioners have utilized the theoretical concepts of
5271:
4686:
4251:
4017:
4007:
3962:
3734:
3692:
3231:
3168:
3100:
2971:
2595:
China not only produced the world's first "bureaucracy", but also the world's first "meritocracy"
2453:
2002:
1937:
1874:
1378:
1359:
973:
584:
177:
2159:
2142:
2134:
2120:
2112:
2101:
2086:
2078:
1461:, a Master of Arts (MA), or a Master of Science (MS) in Public Policy (for the research tract)
1417:
is the managerial function charged with creating the framework within which communities reduce
5399:
5173:
5153:
5098:
4656:
4651:
4639:
4634:
4506:
4496:
4416:
4359:
4303:
4059:
4045:
3950:
3940:
3915:
3905:
3684:
3603:
3280:
3257:
2843:
2745:
2718:
2631:
Tucker, Mary Evelyn (2009). "Touching the Depths of Things: Cultivating Nature in East Asia".
2614:
2610:
2219:
2163:
2155:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2116:
2108:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2074:
1711:
1681:(IIAS), based in Brussels, Belgium. Another body, the International Committee of the US-based
1606:
1454:
1439:
1408:
1275:
1262:
1133:
1108:
along with domestic scandals including the bugging of Democratic Party headquarters (the 1974
988:
676:
579:
253:
115:
110:
71:
44:
31:
2741:
Servants of the State: Managing Diversity & Democracy in the Federal Workforce, 1933–1953
5233:
5080:
5048:
5025:
4861:
4671:
4516:
4491:
4298:
4288:
4278:
3726:
3676:
3383:
Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States
3223:
3160:
3131:
3092:
3043:
3025:
3003:
2963:
2800:
2767:
Creel, 1974 p.4, 119 Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C.
2552:
2383:
2333:
A Report of the Centennial Agendas project of the American Society for Public Administration
2231:
1719:
1715:
1513:
1368:
965:
954:
institutions emphasizing economic and social disciplines, with the goal of societal reform.
529:
285:
139:
3667:
Jreisat, Jamil E. (2005-03-01). "Comparative Public Administration Is Back In, Prudently".
1818:
1490:
Riggs Award for Lifetime Achievement in International and Comparative Public Administration
1115:
1112:
scandal) are two examples of self-destructive government behavior that alienated citizens.
5296:
5286:
5243:
5193:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5003:
4998:
4942:
4932:
4871:
4866:
4681:
4448:
4443:
4256:
2675:
1355:
1323:
1314:
753:," "the beginning of public administration as a specific and influential field of study."
737:
607:
589:
414:
399:
1734:
In the US, the American Society for Public Administration. Indiana University Bloomington
1411:
is research into and the practice of operating nonprofit organizations and their effects.
2668:
1469:
write of a long history behind the constitutional legitimacy of government bureaucracy.
5443:
5281:
5250:
5238:
5206:
5148:
5113:
5108:
5040:
4902:
4897:
4850:
4796:
4644:
4556:
4551:
4308:
4229:
4224:
4155:
3546:
3344:
Bureau Men, Settlement Women: Constructing Public Administration in the Progressive Era
3211:
3021:
2989:
2867:
2387:
2331:
Carroll, J.D. & Zuck, A.M. (1983). "The Study of Public Administration Revisited".
1992:
1602:
1527:
1450:
1374:
1202:
1189:
1137:
1076:
1014:
999:
992:
977:
746:
485:
404:
358:
300:
3135:
3065:, (2008) "Global Public Policy, Transnational Policy Communities and their Networks",
1730:
Many entities study public management in particular, in various countries, including:
602:
5637:
5438:
5423:
5394:
5380:
5291:
5216:
5168:
4993:
4952:
4947:
4927:
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4747:
4703:
4666:
4596:
4571:
4481:
4379:
4325:
4320:
3738:
3696:
3680:
3081:"Citizen, Customer, Partner: Rethinking the Place of the Public in Public Management"
2603:
2374:
Haveman, R. H. (1987). "Policy analysis and evaluation research after twenty years".
1932:
1418:
1310:
910:
Though Chinese administration cannot be traced to any one individual, figures of the
844:
668:
409:
387:
362:
192:
27:
2992:(1986). "Graduate education in public management: working the seams of government".
2409:
2322:
Vol. 8. no. 2 pp. 169–75. Clapp attributed part of this definition to Charles Beard.
5419:
5276:
5211:
5163:
5158:
5090:
4967:
4962:
4546:
4486:
4234:
4192:
2791:
Stivers, C; McDonald, B. D. (2023). "Teaching Public Administration Historically".
2778:
https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_
1466:
1144:
915:
830:
802:
794:
703:
172:
3486:
Schachter, H.L. (2002). Women, progressive-era reform, and scientific management.
2804:
1002:. He first formally recognized public administration in an 1887 article entitled "
4011:
3301:
2739:
2515:
1555:
Please expand the to include this information. Further details may exist on the
829:
Archaeological evidence regarding kings, priests, and palaces in the Harappa and
5414:
5404:
5128:
5103:
4937:
4887:
4698:
4586:
4511:
4428:
4347:
4340:
4197:
3444:
3394:
Hunt, K. (2006). Women as citizens: changing the polity. In Simonton, D. (Ed.),
3303:
Understanding Policy Change: How to Apply Political Economy Concepts in Practice
3277:
Public administration and disability community services administration in the US
3249:
3062:
1927:
1810:
1286:
1120:
1105:
1080:
1018:
868:
729:
691:
476:
441:
344:
332:
197:
3777:"Commonwealth | History, Members, Purpose, Countries, & Facts | Britannica"
5409:
5301:
5183:
5123:
4912:
4791:
4752:
4591:
4433:
4391:
4335:
3730:
2516:"Spoils system | Definition, Examples, Significance, & Facts | Britannica"
959:
939:
919:
860:
798:
566:
556:
551:
290:
152:
4056:
Public Administration – Power and Politics in the Fourth Branch of Government
3954:
3919:
3688:
3329:
https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781789904727/9781789904727.00008.xml
3300:
Corduneanu-Huci, Cristina; Hamilton, Alexander; Masses Ferrer, Issel (2012).
2922:
https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781789904727/9781789904727.00008.xml
4526:
4423:
4352:
4246:
4219:
3261:
3164:
3048:
3029:
2591:
India and China: twenty centuries of civilization interaction and vibrations
2235:
2124:
1942:
1922:
1829:
1109:
969:
942:
in order to train a new class of public administrators. The universities of
882:
687:
684:
451:
349:
232:
187:
167:
3852:
3007:
2556:
1541:
3934:
3899:
5428:
4116:
Raczkowski, K. (2016). "Public Management: Theory and Practice." Springer
2540:
1979:
1974:
1282:
1278:), usually situated in industrialized city slums filled with immigrants.
1092:
899:
822:
818:
810:
784:
574:
534:
217:
202:
182:
51:
3104:
3080:
1902:, examines the efficiency and effectiveness of two or more governments.
1239:
public service is promiscuously partisan for the government of the day.
5496:
5266:
4273:
3904:. Cham, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer. p. 15.
3235:
3096:
2776:
Paul R. Goldin, p.16 Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism.
1197:
951:
790:
489:
147:
4077:
The State of Public Administration: Issues, Challenges and Opportunity
3172:
2975:
4070:
Research in public administration: reflections on theory and practice
3713:
Waugh, William L Jr. (Spring 2004). "Comparative Politics: Review of
3216:
Journal of Policy Analysis and Management (Curriculum and Case Notes)
1825:
1503:
539:
481:
379:
4113:
Lynn, L. E. Jr. (2006). "Public Management: Old and New." Routledge.
3227:
2316:
Clapp, Gordon. 1948. "Public Administration in an Advancing South",
3753:"What is the difference between public and private administration?"
3414:. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA, Edward Elgar Publishing.
3372:. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA, Edward Elgar Publishing.
2967:
4819:
4124:
3030:"New public management is dead – long live digital-era governance"
2541:"THE PARADIGMS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RE-EXAMINED: A REFLECTION"
1743:
1631:
1298:
1114:
1068:'s fact-value dichotomy was a key contender for Wilson's proposed
1051:
998:
The father of public administration in the US is considered to be
987:
864:
717:
5349:
5008:
2915:
2913:
1683:
Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration
1504:
Bachelor's degrees, academic concentrations, and academic minors
5353:
4823:
4128:
3641:"Emergency Management Definition, Vision, Missions, Principles"
3319:
Shields, P. M., & Elias, N. M. (2022). Introduction to the
2715:
The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform
4315:
1894:
through the Regenesys School of Public Management and MANCOSA.
1535:
1326:
was Secretary of Labor during the F. Roosevelt Administration
1184:, was proposed by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler in their book
2633:
Ecology and the Environment: Perspectives from the Humanities
2335:. Washington, DC; American Society for Public Administration.
1845:
Politics, Administration & International Relations (PAIR)
1664:
For notable institutions, see the Knowledge (XXG) article on
1457:
in Public Administration (for the management tract), and the
1309:
The Settlement movement and its leaders such as Jane Addams,
3982:
3805:
3254:
An Independent Living Approach to Disability Policy Studies
2301:
Appleby, Paul 1947. "Toward Better Public Administration",
2093:
and Joint University Council of the Applied Social Sciences
1887:
In Ireland, the Institute of Public Administration, Dublin.
1123:
alienated U.S. citizens from their government. Pictured is
902:
claimed that the Chinese had "perfected moral science" and
19:
This article is about the discipline. For the journal, see
16:
Academic discipline; implementation or management of policy
4040:
Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. (2007).
3870:
3830:
2569:
Ewan Ferlie, Laurence E. Lynn, Christopher Pollitt (2005)
2343:
2341:
1299:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
3871:"Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration"
1844:
1795:
1611:
Some public administration programs have similarities to
801:'s contributions to laws and governance. An excerpt from
2349:"Public Administration | the Canadian Encyclopedia"
2220:"Minnowbrook: Tradition, Idea, Spirit, Event, Challenge"
3875:
Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration
2048:
Joint University Council of the Applied Social Sciences
1864:
Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration (IDHEAP)
1696:
Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration
1268:
4042:
Principles of Public Administration: An Introduction.
3893:
3891:
1817:, National Institute of Territorial Studies, and the
1738:
887:
Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China
813:
thinkers may have participated in the symposium. In "
3547:
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.3
3035:
Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory
2840:
Principles of Public Administration: An Introduction
2838:
Ibrahim, Jeong Chun Hai; Nawi, Nor Fadzlina (2007).
2744:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 8, 200–201.
2224:
Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory
5587:
5452:
5387:
5259:
5192:
5089:
5039:
4986:
4880:
4728:
4712:
4459:
4185:
4098:
The Change Masters: Corporate Entrepreneurs at Work
3406:
3404:
3396:
The Routledge History of Women in Europe Since 1700
3338:
3336:
3199:
New Public Management and the Quality of Government
2096:International Journal of Public Sector Management,
1837:
German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer
1362:
serves as an empirical approach to decision making.
1059:(1892–1993) was an expert on public administration.
3315:
3313:
3252:(1993), "Introduction", in Brown, Susan T. (ed.),
2602:
2026:International Institute of Administrative Sciences
1679:International Institute of Administrative Sciences
1352:serves as a normative approach to decision making.
710:, a pivotal movement within the discipline today.
683:The mid-twentieth century saw the rise of German
3079:Thomas, John Clayton (November–December 2013).
1269:Women's civic clubs and the Settlement movement
4054:Smith, Kevin B. and Licari, Michael J. (2006)
2186:. 6th Ed. 2009: Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont CA.
1753:Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada
1645:List of notable public administration scholars
1344:Organizational theory in public administration
5365:
4835:
4140:
3464:
3462:
3445:https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2021.1891796
2713:Mark W. Huddleston; William W. Boyer (1996).
2593:. University of Michigan Press. p. 128.
2450:"Definition Public Administration (NAICS 91)"
1305:The Settlement Model of Public Administration
1136:, chaired by University of Chicago professor
767:North American Industry Classification System
625:
8:
5621:Civil service reform in developing countries
3936:Public management : theory and practice
3901:Public management : theory and practice
3412:Handbook on Gender and Public Administration
3370:Handbook on Gender and Public Administration
3325:Handbook on Gender and Public Administration
3321:Handbook on Gender and Public Administration
3028:; Bastow, Simon; Tinkler, Jane (July 2006).
2833:
2831:
2717:. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 15.
2184:Public Administration: An Action Orientation
1882:Cyprus International Institute of Management
1802:
1796:Institute of Public Administration Australia
1739:Institute of Public Administration of Canada
4075:Donald Menzel and Harvey White (eds) 2011.
3602:. New York: Worth Publications. p. 2.
3120:"The new public management and its critics"
2669:Full text of the Northcote-Trevelyan Report
2038:Dutch Association for Public Administration
5372:
5358:
5350:
4842:
4828:
4820:
4147:
4133:
4125:
3967:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3435:
3433:
2197:The Politics of the Administrative Process
2029:American Society for Public Administration
1595:Master of Public Policy and Administration
1038:American Society for Public Administration
741:later, Gordon Clapp, then Chairman of the
632:
618:
39:
3047:
2995:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
2582:Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman (2010), 142.
2479:. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.
2436:A General Theory of Public Administration
2043:Indian Institute of Public Administration
1744:Observatoire de l'Administration publique
1207:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
3853:"Homepage – NISPAcee Information Portal"
2649:
2647:
2571:The Oxford Handbook of Public Management
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2058:Royal Institute of Public Administration
2053:Korea Institute of Public Administration
1231:One example of the deployment of DEG is
643:
4107:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2625:China is the world's oldest meritocracy
2195:Kettl, Donald and James Fessler. 2009.
2175:
1898:Comparative public management, through
1028:The Principles of Scientific Management
50:
3960:
3327:. pp.1 – 19. Edward Elgar Publishing.
2842:. Kuala Lumpur: Karisma Publications.
2605:Unsettled: an anthropology of the Jews
2129:Public Works Management & Policy,
1955:List of Public Administration Journals
1246:, inclusion, community participation,
1205:in his 1986 article published in the "
4026:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
3708:
3706:
3323:. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. (Eds.)
3184:
3182:
2559:– via Sabinet African Journals.
2410:"The Future of Public Administration"
2152:Public Administration and Development
2033:Chinese Public Administration Society
1960:List of public administration schools
1759:Institute of Local Government Studies
1749:Federation of Canadian Municipalities
1700:Asian Review of Public Administration
1447:Master of Public Administration (MPA)
1188:. The new model advocated the use of
1153:The Elements of Public Administration
785:Charvaka § Public_administration
7:
5332:
4778:
4100:. Hemel Hempstead: Unwin Paperbacks.
4044:Kuala Lumpur: Karisma Publications.
4020:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M. (eds.).
2065:Public management academic resources
1365:Public budgeting and public finance
3933:Raczkowski, Konrad (14 July 2015).
2793:Journal of Public Affairs Education
2589:Tan, Chung; Geng, Yinzheng (2005).
2355:from the original on March 28, 2017
1849:Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen
1421:to hazards and cope with disasters.
936:King Frederick William I of Prussia
5595:National civil service commissions
3829:. CLAD. 2007-08-29. Archived from
3441:Administrative Theory & Praxis
2388:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1987.tb00775.x
1873:, the graduate business school of
1440:Political science § Education
14:
3802:"NASPAA International Web Portal"
3719:Perspectives on Political Science
3715:Comparative Bureaucratic Systems,
3586:Classics of Public Administration
3584:Shafritz, J.M., A.C. Hyde. 2007.
3306:. Washington DC.: The World Bank.
3118:Mathiasen, David (31 July 2000).
1599:Master of Nonprofit Organizations
1483:Comparative public administration
1465:national debt). Scholars such as
1070:politics-administration dichotomy
500:Biology and political orientation
5331:
5320:
5319:
4801:
4790:
4777:
4766:
4765:
4068:White, Jay D. and Guy B. Adams.
3681:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00447.x
3600:Public Finance and Public Policy
2545:Journal of Public Administration
2279:"What Is Public Administration?"
2071:Public Policy and Administration
1871:SDA Bocconi School of Management
1805:École nationale d'administration
1540:
1106:American intervention in Vietnam
680:relies on effective management.
661:public policy and administration
601:
4720:List of social science journals
3804:. Globalmpa.net. Archived from
3626:The Economics of Public Finance
2491:"The lost city of Mohenjo Daro"
1965:Master of Public Administration
1950:Doctor of Public Administration
1900:government performance auditing
1626:Doctor of Public Administration
1587:Master of Public Administration
1396:Americans with Disabilities Act
1350:Ethics in public administration
1291:Bureau Men and Settlement Women
863:may have originated in ancient
21:Public Administration (journal)
5659:Subfields of political science
4677:Science and technology studies
4023:New International Encyclopedia
1813:School of Public Affairs, the
1747:, and various projects of the
1488:is responsible for the annual
1281:Reforms that emerged from the
958:was a well-known professor of
749:'s publication of his essay, "
706:, gave rise to the concept of
495:Theories of political behavior
121:Political history of the world
1:
5119:Needle and syringe programmes
4973:Universal access to education
3851:Studio, Floyd; Andruch, Ján.
3346:. University Press of Kansas.
3136:10.1016/S1096-7494(00)87433-4
2866:. Aspanet.org. Archived from
2817:Wilson, Woodrow. June 1887. "
2805:10.1080/15236803.2023.2205805
1843:, the Bachelor and Master of
1459:Master of Public Policy (MPP)
1044:, which was founded in 1940.
956:Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi
838:Antiquity to the 19th century
510:Critique of political economy
4013:"Civil Administration"
3669:Public Administration Review
3501:Administration & Society
3488:Administration & Society
3357:Administration & Society
3152:Public Administration Review
3085:Public Administration Review
2955:Public Administration Review
2687:Walker, David (2003-07-09).
2656:"China: A Teaching Workbook"
2539:Basheka, B.C. (March 2012).
2319:Public Administration Review
2304:Public Administration Review
1790:Erasmus University Rotterdam
1477:Public administration theory
1196:(1993–2001), Vice President
1042:Public Administration Review
779:India in the 6th century BCE
671:is created and implemented.
650:U.S. federal public servants
91:Outline of political science
5202:Publicly funded health care
3898:Raczkowski, Konrad (2016).
3385:. Harvard University Press.
3138:– via Science Direct.
2823:Political Science Quarterly
2819:The Study of Administration
2764:Creel, What Is Taoism?, 94
2199:. Washington D.C.: CQ Press
2182:Robert and Janet Denhardt,
2013:The Study of Administration
1985:Professional administration
1913:Administration (government)
1841:Hertie School of Governance
1826:Public Governance Institute
1672:International organizations
1127:, a U.S. bombing operation.
1004:The Study of Administration
896:Her Majesty's Civil Service
751:The Study of Administration
5675:
4093:. Cambridge: Polity Press.
3717:Tummala, Krishna K., ed".
3067:Journal of Policy Sciences
2738:Rung, Margaret C. (2002).
2609:. Viking Compass. p.
2477:The Jain Teachers of Akbar
2452:. Ic.gc.ca. Archived from
2218:O'Leary, Rosemary (2011).
2107:Public Management Review,
2104:, Emerald Group Publishing
2008:Theories of administration
1779:UK local democracy project
1771:London School of Economics
1657:
1642:
1623:
1584:
1521:
1507:
1429:
938:created professoriates in
930:Europe in the 18th century
891:Northcote–Trevelyan Report
782:
743:Tennessee Valley Authority
96:Index of politics articles
25:
18:
5613:
5315:
5227:National health insurance
5179:Supervised injection site
4857:
4761:
4162:
4079:. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
3731:10.1080/10457090409600740
3598:Gruber, Jonathan (2005).
3279:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
3275:Racino, Julie A. (2015).
2864:"Our Web Site Has Moved!"
1918:Administrative discretion
1892:Regenesys Business School
1803:
1783:London Health Observatory
1775:University College London
1763:Newcastle Business School
1391:Human resource management
1252:ecological systems theory
1157:Policy and Administration
924:civil service examination
894:led to implementation of
708:New Public Administration
5605:Civil service by country
5222:Single-payer health care
5031:Universal basic services
4978:Universal basic services
3725:(2). Philadelphia: 119.
3512:Shields, P. (ed.)(2017)
3398:, pp. 216–58. Routledge.
2674:22 December 2014 at the
2307:Vol. 7, No. 2 pp. 93–99.
1169:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1155:(1946), Paul H. Appleby
881:, the British consul in
849:European imperialist age
702:under the leadership of
4923:Public good (economics)
4365:international relations
4058:, LA: Roxbury Pub. Co.
3165:10.1111/0033-3352.00117
2601:Konner, Melvin (2003).
2475:Smith, Vincent (1917).
2434:Lalor, Stephen (2014).
1767:Warwick Business School
1613:business administration
1591:Master of Public Policy
1580:
1085:Fredrick Winslow Taylor
730:bureaucratic structures
505:Political organisations
268:International relations
106:Politics by subdivision
5600:Government occupations
4692:Quantum social science
4096:Kanter, R. M. (1985).
3427:, pp. 43–67. Springer.
3008:10.1002/pam.4050060107
2658:. Columbia University.
2376:Policy Studies Journal
1551:is missing information
1524:Academic concentration
1455:Master of Science (MS)
1383:government expenditure
1248:deinstitutionalization
1226:digital era governance
1194:Clinton Administration
1186:Reinventing Government
1128:
1060:
995:
855:Roots in ancient China
724:
696:Minnowbrook Conference
653:
5644:Public administration
5434:Public administration
5071:Public infrastructure
4908:Public administration
4893:Free-culture movement
4729:Other categorizations
4582:International studies
4567:History of technology
4502:Communication studies
4385:public administration
4105:The Market Experience
3049:10.1093/jopart/mui057
2236:10.1093/jopart/muq066
1998:Public policy schools
1853:University of Potsdam
1666:public policy schools
1658:Further information:
1436:Public policy degrees
1430:Further information:
1244:community integration
1182:New Public Management
1165:Equal Pay Act of 1963
1118:
1055:
991:
972:, political science,
944:Frankfurt an der Oder
934:In the 18th century,
879:Thomas Taylor Meadows
721:
657:Public administration
647:
585:Political campaigning
325:Public administration
158:Collective leadership
5649:Management education
5453:By country/territory
4562:Historical sociology
4103:Lane, R. E. (1991).
4089:Janicke, M. (1990).
3588:. Wadsworth: Boston.
3381:Skocpol, T. (1992).
3342:Stivers, C. (2000).
1970:Municipal government
1860:University of Geneva
1858:In Switzerland, the
1788:In the Netherlands,
1660:Public policy school
1654:Notable Institutions
1532:Student organization
1432:Public policy school
1415:Emergency management
1409:Nonprofit management
1143:Concurrently, after
984:In the United States
698:, which convened at
435:Separation of powers
306:Political psychology
281:Comparative politics
259:political scientists
246:Academic disciplines
126:Political philosophy
36:Nonprofit management
5307:Public viewing area
5076:Public water system
5064:Municipal broadband
5021:Public broadcasting
4742:Geisteswissenschaft
4736:Behavioral sciences
4662:Political sociology
4577:Information science
4522:Development studies
4008:Kirchwey, George W.
1518:Bachelor of Science
1451:Master of Arts (MA)
1256:Urie Bronfenbrenner
1149:Fritz Morstein Marx
1125:Operation Arc Light
1025:. Taylor argued in
948:University of Halle
873:civil service tests
700:Syracuse University
665:academic discipline
608:Politics portal
457:Election commission
428:Government branches
311:Political sociology
163:Confessional system
101:Politics by country
5272:Government auction
4958:Public procurement
4797:Society portal
4284:auxiliary sciences
3781:www.britannica.com
3623:Jain, P C (1974).
3212:Elmore, Richard F.
3107:– via JSTOR.
3097:10.1111/puar.12109
2990:Elmore, Richard F.
2520:www.britannica.com
2003:Teleadministration
1938:Community services
1875:Bocconi University
1794:In Australia, the
1379:government revenue
1360:program evaluation
1129:
1075:Luther Gulick and
1061:
996:
974:administrative law
843:referred to as a "
725:
667:which studies how
654:
291:Political analysis
223:Semi-parliamentary
5629:
5628:
5400:Government agency
5347:
5346:
5174:Public university
5154:Public open space
5099:Drinking fountain
5059:Telecommunication
4817:
4816:
4657:Political economy
4652:Political ecology
4507:Community studies
4497:Cognitive science
4460:Interdisciplinary
4360:Political science
4084:Public management
4050:978-983-195-253-5
3946:978-3-319-20312-6
3911:978-3-319-20312-6
3648:training.fema.gov
3026:Dunleavy, Patrick
2849:978-983-195-253-5
2770:Creel 1964: 155–6
2408:Kettl, Donald F.
2164:Wiley (publisher)
2147:SAGE Publications
2091:SAGE Publications
1890:In South Africa,
1720:developed nations
1712:Graham T. Allison
1706:Public management
1607:Master of Science
1574:
1573:
1510:Bachelor's degree
1276:Settlement Houses
1263:political economy
1134:Hoover Commission
677:political science
642:
641:
590:Political parties
530:Electoral systems
254:Political science
228:Semi-presidential
140:Political systems
116:Political history
111:Political economy
32:Political science
5666:
5567:Northern Ireland
5374:
5367:
5360:
5351:
5335:
5334:
5323:
5322:
5234:Social insurance
5081:Waste management
5049:Electric utility
5026:Public transport
4943:Public ownership
4862:Municipalization
4844:
4837:
4830:
4821:
4805:
4795:
4794:
4781:
4780:
4769:
4768:
4672:Regional science
4517:Cultural studies
4492:Business studies
4149:
4142:
4135:
4126:
4027:
4015:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3979:
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3555:
3549:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3491:
3490:, 34(5), 563–78.
3484:
3478:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3457:
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3437:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3392:
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3379:
3373:
3366:
3360:
3359:, 40(4), 403–22.
3353:
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2986:
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2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2180:
1835:In Germany, the
1824:In Belgium, the
1808:
1807:
1716:Charles Goodsell
1639:Notable scholars
1620:Doctoral degrees
1581:Master's degrees
1569:
1566:
1560:
1544:
1536:
1514:Bachelor of Arts
1369:Public budgeting
1233:openforum.com.au
1151:, with his book
1023:Frederick Taylor
966:Lorenz von Stein
904:François Quesnay
885:, argued in his
634:
627:
620:
606:
605:
396:
341:
296:Political theory
286:Election science
276:
262:
40:
5674:
5673:
5669:
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5634:
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5609:
5583:
5448:
5383:
5378:
5348:
5343:
5311:
5297:Public security
5287:Public offering
5255:
5244:Social security
5194:Social services
5188:
5144:Public hospital
5139:Public computer
5134:Public bookcase
5085:
5035:
5004:Law enforcement
4999:Fire department
4982:
4933:Public interest
4876:
4872:Progressive tax
4867:Nationalization
4853:
4851:Public services
4848:
4818:
4813:
4789:
4757:
4724:
4708:
4682:Science studies
4466:Administration
4455:
4181:
4158:
4156:Social sciences
4153:
4123:
4086:
4034:
4032:Further reading
4006:
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3294:
3287:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3250:Zola, Irving K.
3248:
3247:
3243:
3228:10.2307/3325146
3210:
3209:
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3180:
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3117:
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3112:
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3073:
3061:
3057:
3022:Margetts, Helen
3020:
3019:
3015:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2951:
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2946:
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2937:
2933:Administration.
2931:
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2681:
2676:Wayback Machine
2667:
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2557:10520/EJC121371
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2194:
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2181:
2177:
2172:
2081:, (electronic)
2067:
2062:
2022:
2017:
1908:
1880:In Cyprus, the
1801:In France, the
1737:In Canada, the
1728:
1708:
1674:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1641:
1628:
1622:
1609:
1583:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1554:
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1520:
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1485:
1442:
1428:
1405:
1356:Policy analysis
1337:
1332:
1324:Francis Perkins
1315:Florence Kelley
1307:
1271:
1178:
1101:
1050:
986:
932:
857:
840:
787:
781:
776:
738:Paul H. Appleby
716:
638:
600:
595:
594:
525:
524:
515:
514:
472:
471:
462:
461:
430:
429:
420:
419:
415:Public interest
400:Domestic policy
390:
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45:Politics series
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5:
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5589:
5585:
5584:
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5579:European Union
5576:
5571:
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5562:United Kingdom
5559:
5554:
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5282:Public holiday
5279:
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5257:
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5254:
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5251:Youth services
5248:
5247:
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5241:
5239:Social pension
5231:
5230:
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5209:
5207:Public housing
5204:
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5190:
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5187:
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5181:
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5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5149:Public library
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5114:Infrastructure
5111:
5109:Free education
5106:
5101:
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5084:
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5041:Public utility
5037:
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5018:
5017:
5016:
5014:Savings system
5009:Postal service
5006:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4987:Basic services
4984:
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4955:
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4903:Product sample
4900:
4898:Free newspaper
4895:
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4625:social science
4622:
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4612:
4607:
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4579:
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4557:Global studies
4554:
4552:Gender studies
4549:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4535:social science
4531:Environmental
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4230:macroeconomics
4227:
4225:microeconomics
4217:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4122:
4121:External links
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4052:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4029:
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4002:
3999:
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3995:
3974:
3945:
3925:
3910:
3887:
3862:
3843:
3818:
3793:
3768:
3744:
3702:
3659:
3632:
3615:
3608:
3590:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3537:
3527:
3518:
3505:
3503:, 43(1), 3–21.
3492:
3479:
3470:
3458:
3449:
3429:
3416:
3400:
3387:
3374:
3361:
3348:
3332:
3309:
3292:
3285:
3267:
3241:
3203:
3190:
3178:
3141:
3110:
3091:(6): 786–796.
3071:
3055:
3013:
2981:
2968:10.2307/976448
2944:
2935:
2925:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2880:
2855:
2848:
2827:
2810:
2799:(3): 275–279.
2783:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2757:
2750:
2730:
2723:
2705:
2679:
2661:
2654:Bodde, Derke.
2643:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2619:
2598:
2575:
2562:
2531:
2507:
2482:
2467:
2456:on May 6, 2013
2441:
2426:
2393:
2382:(1): 191–218.
2366:
2337:
2324:
2309:
2294:
2270:
2247:
2210:
2201:
2188:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
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2149:
2127:
2105:
2094:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:Policy Studies
1990:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1878:
1869:In Italy, the
1867:
1856:
1833:
1822:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1755:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1707:
1704:
1673:
1670:
1655:
1652:
1643:Main article:
1640:
1637:
1621:
1618:
1603:Master of Arts
1582:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1528:Academic minor
1505:
1502:
1484:
1481:
1427:
1426:Academic field
1424:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1404:
1403:Other branches
1401:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1375:Public finance
1372:
1363:
1353:
1347:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1320:Women's Bureau
1306:
1303:
1270:
1267:
1254:, of the late
1203:Richard Elmore
1190:private sector
1177:
1174:
1138:Louis Brownlow
1100:
1097:
1077:Lyndall Urwick
1049:
1046:
1015:Lyndall Urwick
1000:Woodrow Wilson
993:Woodrow Wilson
985:
982:
978:public finance
931:
928:
914:emphasizing a
856:
853:
839:
836:
783:Main article:
780:
777:
775:
772:
747:Woodrow Wilson
715:
712:
640:
639:
637:
636:
629:
622:
614:
611:
610:
597:
596:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
571:
570:
554:
549:
544:
543:
542:
532:
526:
522:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
479:
473:
470:Related topics
469:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
437:
431:
427:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
412:
407:
405:Foreign policy
402:
397:
384:
378:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
367:
366:
352:
347:
342:
329:
323:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
308:
303:
301:Policy studies
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
266:
264:
252:
249:
245:
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
230:
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220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
144:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
87:
84:Primary topics
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
75:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5671:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:Public policy
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5632:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5574:United States
5572:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5439:Public policy
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5424:Spoils system
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:Public sector
5393:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5381:Civil service
5375:
5370:
5368:
5363:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5340:
5339:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5292:Public sector
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:Job guarantee
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5169:Public toilet
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5159:Public school
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5054:Oil & gas
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4994:Civil service
4992:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:Public rights
4951:
4949:
4948:Public policy
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4928:Public health
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:Public domain
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Human science
4746:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4704:Vegan studies
4702:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:Public health
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:Philosophies
4600:
4598:
4597:Media studies
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:Human ecology
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:Anthrozoology
4480:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:developmental
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:public policy
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:legal systems
4329:
4327:
4326:legal history
4324:
4322:
4321:jurisprudence
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:State Failure
4088:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4064:1-933220-04-X
4061:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4018:Gilman, D. C.
4014:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3844:
3833:on 2017-07-18
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3808:on 2014-05-17
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3758:
3757:www.cmich.edu
3754:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3675:(2): 231–42.
3674:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3649:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3609:0-7167-8655-9
3605:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3531:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3286:9781466579828
3282:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3222:(1): 167–73.
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3159:(6): 549–59.
3158:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3130:(1): 90–111.
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3045:
3042:(3): 467–94.
3041:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:(3): 247–55.
2961:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2870:on 2011-12-03
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2620:9780670032440
2616:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:(electronic)
2136:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2115:(electronic)
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2056:
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2028:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:Public policy
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Civil society
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1924:
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1914:
1911:
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1732:
1731:
1726:Organizations
1725:
1723:
1721:
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1713:
1705:
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1701:
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1419:vulnerability
1416:
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1341:
1340:
1335:Core branches
1334:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1311:Julia Lathrop
1304:
1302:
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1176:1980s - 1990s
1175:
1173:
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1158:
1154:
1150:
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1126:
1122:
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1111:
1107:
1099:1950s - 1970s
1098:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:Luther Gulick
1058:
1057:Luther Gulick
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:Luther Gulick
1007:
1005:
1001:
994:
990:
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981:
979:
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971:
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901:
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884:
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870:
866:
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859:The field of
854:
852:
850:
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837:
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832:
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816:
812:
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805:, written by
804:
800:
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720:
713:
711:
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693:
690:'s theory of
689:
686:
681:
678:
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670:
669:public policy
666:
662:
658:
652:at a meeting.
651:
646:
635:
630:
628:
623:
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616:
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432:
424:
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416:
413:
411:
410:Civil society
408:
406:
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401:
398:
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389:
388:Public policy
386:
385:
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364:
360:
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334:
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216:
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209:
208:Parliamentary
206:
204:
201:
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193:Hybrid regime
191:
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5336:
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5277:Public float
5212:Job creation
5164:Public space
5091:Public works
4968:Public value
4963:Public trust
4907:
4806:
4782:
4770:
4740:
4547:Food studies
4487:Area studies
4474:
4384:
4240:mathematical
4235:econometrics
4193:Anthropology
4104:
4097:
4090:
4076:
4069:
4055:
4041:
4021:
3987:. Retrieved
3977:
3935:
3928:
3900:
3878:. Retrieved
3874:
3865:
3856:
3846:
3835:. Retrieved
3831:the original
3821:
3810:. Retrieved
3806:the original
3796:
3785:. Retrieved
3783:. 2024-08-15
3780:
3771:
3760:. Retrieved
3756:
3747:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3651:. Retrieved
3647:
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3058:
3039:
3033:
3016:
3002:(1): 69–83.
2999:
2993:
2984:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2938:
2928:
2902:
2892:
2883:
2872:. Retrieved
2868:the original
2858:
2839:
2822:
2813:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2760:
2740:
2733:
2714:
2708:
2697:. Retrieved
2695:. London, UK
2693:The Guardian
2692:
2682:
2664:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2604:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2565:
2551:(1): 25–67.
2548:
2544:
2534:
2523:. Retrieved
2519:
2510:
2499:. Retrieved
2497:. 2009-10-09
2494:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2454:the original
2444:
2435:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2379:
2375:
2369:
2357:. Retrieved
2332:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2302:
2297:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:
2273:
2262:. Retrieved
2250:
2239:. Retrieved
2230:(1): i1–i6.
2227:
2223:
2213:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2178:
1897:
1742:
1729:
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1699:
1694:
1690:
1687:
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1663:
1648:
1629:
1610:
1575:
1562:
1550:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1475:
1471:
1467:John A. Rohr
1463:
1443:
1338:
1308:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1272:
1260:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1185:
1179:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1145:World War II
1142:
1130:
1102:
1089:
1074:
1062:
1035:
1026:
1008:
997:
964:
933:
916:merit system
909:
886:
877:
858:
841:
831:Mohenjo-Daro
828:
803:Ain-i-Akbari
795:Mohenjo-daro
788:
764:
758:
755:
735:
726:
704:Dwight Waldo
682:
673:
660:
656:
655:
338:street-level
324:
213:Presidential
173:Dictatorship
43:Part of the
5532:New Zealand
5415:Technocracy
5405:Bureaucracy
5129:Public bank
5104:Free clinic
4938:Public land
4888:Common good
4808:Wikiversity
4699:Social work
4587:Linguistics
4512:Criminology
4429:criminology
4412:personality
4370:comparative
4348:Linguistics
4341:private law
4198:archaeology
3516:, Springer.
3063:Diane Stone
2689:"Fair game"
2460:October 25,
2419:October 25,
2415:. H-net.org
1928:Bureaucracy
1811:Sciences Po
1761:, INLOGOV,
1757:In the UK,
1287:Jane Addams
1219:public good
1121:Vietnam War
1119:The costly
1081:Henri Fayol
1019:Henri Fayol
869:meritocracy
714:Definitions
692:bureaucracy
685:sociologist
477:Sovereignty
442:Legislature
345:Technocracy
333:Bureaucracy
198:Meritocracy
178:Directorial
5638:Categories
5588:Categories
5465:Bangladesh
5410:Bureaucrat
5302:Public use
5184:Urban park
5124:Public art
4913:Public bad
4753:Humanities
4687:historical
4620:psychology
4592:Management
4434:demography
4392:Psychology
4375:philosophy
4336:public law
4267:integrated
4001:References
3989:2017-04-29
3837:2017-04-29
3812:2014-08-23
3787:2024-08-16
3762:2024-08-16
3653:2022-12-08
2874:2014-08-23
2751:0820323624
2724:0822974738
2699:2003-07-09
2525:2024-08-16
2501:2024-08-16
2288:2023-01-15
2264:2017-04-29
2241:2024-02-17
1624:See also:
1585:See also:
1522:See also:
1508:See also:
1449:degree, a
960:Cameralism
940:Cameralism
920:Shen Buhai
861:management
799:Brihaspati
759:a fortiori
567:Governance
557:Government
552:Federalism
153:City-state
26:See also:
5618:See also:
5557:Sri Lanka
5552:Singapore
5485:Hong Kong
5460:Australia
4631:Planning
4610:economics
4527:Education
4424:Sociology
4402:cognitive
4353:semiotics
4304:political
4262:technical
4247:Geography
4220:Economics
3985:. Mancosa
3963:cite book
3955:914254547
3920:914254547
3739:220344433
3697:154592957
3689:1540-6210
3535:Springer.
2359:March 13,
2160:1099-162X
2145:(paper),
2143:1087-724X
2135:1552-7549
2125:Routledge
2121:1471-9037
2113:1471-9045
2102:0951-3558
2089:(print),
2087:0952-0767
2079:1749-4192
2020:Societies
1943:Max Weber
1923:Budgeting
1877:in Milan.
1830:KU Leuven
1565:July 2022
1557:talk page
1301:(NAACP).
1293:in 2000.
1110:Watergate
970:sociology
883:Guangzhou
871:based on
807:Abul Fazl
736:In 1947,
688:Max Weber
547:Unitarism
535:Elections
523:Subseries
452:Judiciary
447:Executive
350:Adhocracy
233:Theocracy
188:Feudalism
168:Democracy
5542:Pakistan
5527:Malaysia
5429:Diplomat
5388:Concepts
5326:Category
5260:See also
4881:Concepts
4772:Category
4640:regional
4635:land use
4470:business
4439:internet
4397:abnormal
4299:military
4289:economic
4279:cultural
4252:physical
4213:physical
4203:cultural
4010:(1905).
3939:. Cham.
3880:17 April
3857:nispa.sk
3262:36404707
3124:Elsevier
3105:42003125
2672:Archived
2353:Archived
2123:(paper)
1980:Politics
1975:Official
1906:See also
1884:or CIIM.
1862:and the
1330:Branches
1283:New Deal
1167:and the
1093:POSDCORB
952:Prussian
946:and the
900:Voltaire
823:Kautilya
819:Somadeva
815:Naastika
811:Charvaka
575:Ideology
393:doctrine
354:Service
218:Republic
203:Monarchy
183:Federacy
72:Category
52:Politics
5537:Nigeria
5512:Ireland
5497:Germany
5338:Commons
5267:Commons
4784:Commons
4615:history
4605:science
4540:studies
4274:History
4186:Primary
4172:History
4167:Outline
4072:. 1994.
3236:3325146
2573:, p.30.
2495:History
2283:UNC-MPA
1847:at the
1198:Al Gore
918:, like
791:Harappa
774:History
580:Culture
490:Country
148:Anarchy
62:Outline
5547:Russia
5502:Greece
5492:France
5475:Canada
5470:Brazil
4475:public
4417:social
4309:social
4208:social
4062:
4048:
3983:"Home"
3953:
3943:
3918:
3908:
3827:"CLAD"
3737:
3695:
3687:
3606:
3283:
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3234:
3173:977437
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2976:976448
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2111:
2100:
2085:
2077:
1839:, the
1809:, the
1777:, the
1769:, the
1741:, the
1605:, and
1549:This
1530:, and
1516:, and
1438:, and
1313:, and
1021:, and
976:, and
912:Fa-Jia
540:voting
482:Polity
380:Policy
359:Public
273:theory
34:, and
5522:Japan
5517:Italy
5507:India
5480:China
4645:urban
4449:urban
4444:rural
4294:human
4257:human
4177:Index
4016:. In
3735:S2CID
3693:S2CID
3644:(PDF)
3232:JSTOR
3169:JSTOR
3101:JSTOR
2972:JSTOR
2907:162).
2897:161).
2413:(PDF)
2259:(PDF)
2170:Notes
1819:IMPGT
1632:Ph.D.
1048:1940s
950:were
865:China
659:, or
563:forms
486:State
363:Civil
67:Index
4713:List
4060:ISBN
4046:ISBN
3969:link
3951:OCLC
3941:ISBN
3916:OCLC
3906:ISBN
3882:2017
3685:ISSN
3604:ISBN
3281:ISBN
3258:OCLC
2844:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2615:ISBN
2462:2010
2421:2010
2361:2018
2156:ISSN
2139:ISSN
2131:ISSN
2117:ISSN
2109:ISSN
2098:ISSN
2083:ISSN
2075:ISSN
1815:INET
1781:and
1751:and
1714:and
1381:and
1358:and
1322:and
1036:The
793:and
789:The
765:The
4316:Law
3727:doi
3677:doi
3224:doi
3161:doi
3132:doi
3093:doi
3044:doi
3004:doi
2964:doi
2821:",
2801:doi
2611:217
2553:hdl
2384:doi
2232:doi
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