546:
were thrown back with heavy casualties. Hoping to exploit this reverse, Liu Yongfu attacked the French lines the same night, but the Black Flag attack also failed disastrously. After resting his troops on 15 December, Courbet again assaulted the defences of Sơn Tây on the afternoon of 16 December. This time the attack was thoroughly prepared by artillery, and delivered only after the defenders had been worn down. At 5 p.m. a
Foreign Legion battalion and a battalion of marine fusiliers captured the western gate of Sơn Tây and fought their way into the town. Liu Yongfu's garrison withdrew to the citadel, and evacuated Sơn Tây under cover of darkness several hours later. Courbet had achieved his objective, but at considerable cost. French casualties at Sơn Tây were 83 dead and 320 wounded. The fighting at Sơn Tây also took a terrible toll of the Black Flags, and in the opinion of some observers broke them once and for all as a serious fighting force.
44:
258:
917:
1064:
1169:
1114:
1577:
1034:
had been in the
Antilles. But his naval career had been extremely active. He had sailed all of the world's oceans, had exercised numerous commands, and had won the reputation of a first-class tactician. He had not wished to specialise in one particular branch of naval science, but had studied them all deeply, from astronomy and gunnery to engines and torpedoes. He was the model of a well-rounded officer, familiar with everything which concerned his profession.
1563:
1038:
chary in his praises, he was a fair man, and recognised good service in others. As a result he was able to get the best out of his subordinates, and they in turn had complete confidence in him. He was one of those rare men who were born to command others. It is certain that in any other career he would have displayed the same superiority and authority as in the navy. Circumstances would highlight his magnificent leadership qualities.
1131:
682:
1570:
558:, and had been overseen by the navy ministry. In December 1883, however, in view of the increasing commitment of troops from Algeria to Tonkin, the army ministry insisted on appointing a general from the regular army to command of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps, which would be henceforth be constituted as a two-brigade infantry division with the normal complement of artillery and other supporting arms.
130:
1148:
399:
474:
1054:
devastating, were always obtained with very small losses on our side. In battle he was stern and unbending, but when the fighting was over he became a different man, a very gentle man, who made his rounds of the hospitals with a fine, sad smile. He wanted to see the wounded, even the most humble of them, and to shake their hands; and they died the happier, comforted by his visit.
110:
690:
851:, which had taken refuge with four other Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay, near the port of Ningbo. Courbet considered forcing the Chinese defences, but finally decided to guard the entrance to the bay to keep the enemy vessels bottled up there for the duration of hostilities. A brief and inconclusive skirmish between the French cruiser
1053:
He set a very high price on the lives of the sailors and soldiers, which after two years seemed not to be rated at their true value in far-off France, and begrudged spilling a drop of French blood. His battles were concerted and worked out in advance with such minute precision that the results, often
1033:
Rear
Admiral Courbet, then aged 56, had enjoyed rapid promotion, although by a remarkable chance he had never taken part in any military operation. He had been in the Levant during the Crimean War, and had taken part neither in the Italian War nor the China and Mexico expeditions. In 1870 and 1871 he
1037:
He was as judicious as wise, as helpful as intelligent. He studied with minute care the problems to be resolved, weighed his decision carefully, and when he had made it carried it out with inflexible energy. His orders were short and lucid, and he never shrank from accepting responsibility. While
882:
A major French victory at
Keelung in early March 1885 enabled Courbet to detach a marine infantry battalion and a marine artillery section from the Keelung garrison to capture the Pescadores Islands in late March. Courbet directed operations in person, and this brief colonial campaign was fought in
741:
In late
September 1884, much to his distaste, Courbet was ordered to use the Far East Squadron to support the landing of a French expeditionary corps at Keelung and Tamsui in northern Formosa (Taiwan). Courbet argued vigorously against a campaign in Formosa and submitted alternative proposals to the
545:
was the fiercest campaign the French had yet fought in Tonkin. Although the
Chinese and Vietnamese contingents at Sơn Tây played little part in the defence, Liu Yongfu's Black Flags fought ferociously to hold the city. On 14 December the French assaulted the outer defences of Sơn Tây at Phu Sa, but
873:
In
February 1885, under diplomatic pressure from China, Britain invoked the provisions of the 1870 Foreign Enlistment Act and closed Hong Kong and other ports in the Far East to French warships. The French government retaliated by ordering Courbet to implement a 'rice blockade' of the Yangzi River,
778:
After several months of inactivity, Courbet won a series of victories in the spring of 1885. Courbet's squadron had been reinforced substantially since the start of the war, and he now had considerably more ships at his disposal than in
October 1884. In early February 1885 part of his squadron left
1025:
Courbet was a cautious, methodical commander, who calculated the odds carefully before committing his men to battle. Wherever possible he sought to minimise French casualties, and on several occasions he cancelled an attack which he had previously ordered. He was a deeply private individual, who
749:
On 1 October
Lieutenant-Colonel Bertaux-Levillain landed at Keelung with a force of 1,800 marine infantry, forcing the Chinese to withdraw to strong defensive positions which had been prepared in the surrounding hills. The French force was too small to advance beyond Keelung. Meanwhile, after an
874:
hoping to bring the Qing court to terms by provoking serious rice shortages in northern China. The rice blockade severely disrupted the transport of rice by sea from
Shanghai and forced the Chinese to carry it overland, but the war ended before the blockade seriously affected China's economy.
1026:
discouraged familiarity from his subordinates, both officers and men. At the same time, he was deeply respected and loved. One of the sailors of the Far East Squadron summed up the reason why he was so popular: 'Admiral Courbet is a great man. He doesn't get his men killed for nothing!'
570:—ironically, on the very day on which he captured Sơn Tây. He resumed command of the Tonkin Coasts naval division, and for the next six months played a most unwelcome subordinate role, hunting down bands of Vietnamese pirates in the Gulf of Tonkin while Millot was winning glory in the
1076:
in Algeria was renamed Courbet in 1886, and kept the name until 1962. An extravagant baroque statue of Courbet was erected in the middle of the square at the end of the nineteenth century. The statue was damaged in a devastating German bombing raid during the Second World War.
1016:
in Picardy, where a burial service was held on 1 September. Following a further oration by bishop Freppel, the final eulogy to Courbet was delivered in Abbeville's collegiate church of Saint Vulfran by the recently appointed navy minister, Admiral Charles-Eugène Galiber.
982:
left Makung, to a 19-gun salute from more than thirty French warships, to take Courbet's body back to France for a state funeral in Paris. After a two-month voyage back to France that included stops at Singapore, Mahé (in the Seychelles), Aden, Suez, Alexandria and Bône,
995:
August, and taken in state to Paris aboard a special train. At Avignon and other stations on the route to Paris patriotic crowds lined the route, eager to pay their last respects to France's most famous admiral. A state funeral for Courbet was held at Les Invalides on
962:
during the brief French occupation. He had already suffered a severe bout of dysentery in April 1885, and his health declined rapidly during the next two months. On 8 June he walked with his head bared under the hot sun of the Pescadores in the funeral procession of
525:, a landing force of sailors and marine infantry overran the Vietnamese defences and captured the forts. Courbet's victory, which enabled the French to occupy Huế whenever they wanted, compelled the Vietnamese court to submit to French authority and sign the
497:. The Black Flag Army was covertly armed and supplied by China, and the role of the new naval division was to cut the flow of weapons and ammunition to the Black Flags by blockading the Gulf of Tonkin. The Tonkin Coasts naval division included the ironclads
520:
and a consequent succession crisis, the French government approved an operation to coerce the Vietnamese court at Huế. On 18 August Courbet's naval division bombarded the Thuận An forts at the entrance to the River of Perfumes, and on 20 August, in the
349:
circumnavigated the globe during this period and cruised for several months along the China Coast, giving Courbet his first experience of the seas in which, thirty years later, he would win fame. After his return to France he was posted to the
947:
891:
was an important victory, which would have prevented the Chinese from further reinforcing their army in Formosa, but it came too late to affect the outcome of the war. A proposal to use the Far East squadron to make a landing in the
1071:
The old Haymarket Square (Place du Marché-au-Blé) in Courbet's home town of Abbeville was renamed Place de l'Amiral Courbet by the city authorities in July 1885, shortly after the news of Courbet's death reached France. The town of
2405:
390:
as chief of staff to Admiral de Dompierre d'Hornoy, commander of the North Sea and English Channel naval division. In March 1870 he was posted to the Antilles naval division as captain of the despatch vessel
908:, and Courbet was on the point of evacuating Keelung to reinforce the Tonkin expeditionary corps, leaving only a minimum garrison at Makung in the Pescadores, when hostilities came to an end in April 1885.
509:
from Algiers. Courbet was also given two torpedo boats, Nos. 45 and 46, and was ordered to take over the seagoing vessels of the Cochinchina naval division on his arrival in Tonkin. Courbet arrived at
1502:
2633:
1029:
Colonel Thomazi, commenting on the French government's choice of Courbet to command the Tonkin Seas naval division in 1883, gave a perceptive analysis of Courbet's approach to leadership:
1045:
Louis-Marie-Julien Viaud (1850–1923), who served under Courbet's command in Tonkin and described his experiences in a number of popular articles published under the pen name
287:
2653:
1229:
729:, the flagship of the Fujian fleet. Chinese losses may have amounted to 3,000 dead, while French losses were minimal. Courbet then successfully withdrew down the
725:
annihilated China's outclassed Fujian fleet and severely damaged the Foochow Navy Yard. Nine Chinese ships were sunk in less than an hour, including the corvette
2395:
2582:
395:. This posting, which gave him no opportunity for action during the Franco-Prussian War, was his first independent command. He returned to France in May 1872.
2410:
2179:
1606:
2270:
1830:
1488:
489:). The French government was attempting to impose a protectorate in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) at this period, in the face of bitter opposition from
975:
June 1885. Admiral Sébastien Lespès assumed command of the Far East Squadron, and presided at a memorial service for Courbet at Makung on 13 June.
1946:
610:
2291:
2658:
2628:
803:. The Chinese scattered at the French approach, and while the three cruisers successfully made their escape, the French succeeded in trapping
2390:
2350:
1883:
733:
to the open sea, destroying several Chinese shore batteries from behind as he took the French squadron through the Min'an and Jinpai passes.
2370:
622:
374:
991:
August and joined the French Mediterranean fleet in the harbour of Les Salins d'Hyères. Courbet's coffin was ceremoniously landed on 26
1596:
589:. The new squadron, which would remain in existence throughout the Sino-French War, was placed under Courbet's command, with Admiral
309:
665:
and Torpedo Boats Nos. 45 and 46. In July 1884 Courbet was ordered to concentrate part of the squadron at Fuzhou, to threaten the
967:
Dert, a marine infantry officer who had just died of cholera, and this duty critically weakened him. He died aboard his flagship
779:
Keelung to head off a threatened attempt by part of the Chinese Southern Seas fleet to break the French blockade of Formosa. On 11
2526:
2380:
1966:
1771:
1690:
1137:
1120:
1091:
1085:
2255:
1495:
926:
461:
404:
2613:
2562:
2172:
2217:
1113:
2618:
2301:
1823:
743:
2212:
1971:
1858:
1576:
1530:
905:
2623:
2516:
2245:
958:
The French occupied the Pescadores until July 1885. Courbet and several dozen other French soldiers and sailors died of
2032:
1695:
593:(the commander of the Far East naval division) second in command. Courbet's squadron initially included the ironclads
270:
2441:
2260:
2250:
1130:
236:; 26 June 1827 – 11 June 1885) was a French admiral who won a series of important land and naval victories during the
2536:
2296:
2222:
1863:
1535:
616:
443:. He returned to France in the autumn of 1882, where he was promised command of the Levant naval division by Admiral
280:
274:
266:
2572:
2360:
2340:
2306:
2136:
1981:
1792:
1711:
888:
567:
201:
43:
2202:
1611:
357:, attached to the Levant naval division. In December 1855, at Smyrna, he intervened to quell a mutiny aboard the
2496:
2471:
2355:
2165:
1986:
2466:
2461:
2451:
1956:
1941:
1651:
1641:
1621:
291:
2648:
2643:
2638:
1816:
742:
navy ministry for a campaign in northern Chinese waters to seize Port Arthur or Weihaiwei. He was supported by
537:
In October 1883 Courbet was placed in command of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps. In December 1883 he struck at
2506:
1562:
1147:
1001:
444:
1766:
562:'s cabinet approved this recommendation, and Courbet was replaced in command of the expeditionary corps on 16
2663:
2567:
2501:
2456:
2446:
2420:
2365:
2345:
1926:
916:
861:
March enabled the Chinese general Ouyang Lijian, charged with the defence of Ningbo, to claim the so-called
1616:
1569:
522:
177:
2476:
2333:
2207:
1853:
1706:
1656:
1591:
1550:
1525:
1168:
706:
628:
582:
432:, where he again served as chief of staff to Admiral de Dompierre d'Hornoy, now commander-in-chief of the
327:
2017:
1636:
1631:
590:
571:
542:
181:
2099:
1961:
1063:
852:
420:
in August 1873. Between December 1874 and January 1877 he commanded the School of Underwater Defences (
2007:
1212:
365:, and was subsequently commended for his conduct by the navy ministry. He was promoted to the rank of
326:
as the youngest of three children. His father died when he was nine years old. He was educated at the
216:
2608:
2603:
2425:
2375:
2316:
2083:
1931:
1745:
1012:'s policy of colonial conquest in Tonkin. Courbet's body was then taken by train to his home town of
526:
2511:
2415:
2022:
1680:
452:
795:, three of the most modern ships in the Chinese fleet, near Shipu Bay, accompanied by the frigate
2240:
1474:
730:
517:
1761:
554:
The 1883 campaigns in Tonkin had been conducted, like most French colonial enterprises, by the
2400:
2131:
1951:
1601:
897:
862:
722:
670:
586:
197:
163:
2577:
2311:
2275:
2188:
2146:
2012:
1916:
1906:
1901:
1868:
1540:
1177:
1005:
767:
755:
714:
212:
189:
185:
585:, the Tonkin Coasts naval division and the Far East naval division were amalgamated into a
2531:
2385:
2328:
2321:
2141:
2126:
2114:
1936:
1921:
1878:
1873:
1839:
1797:
1787:
1646:
1626:
1545:
1511:
1154:
1098:
816:
762:
October, and was decisively repulsed by forces under the command of the Fujianese general
494:
448:
241:
237:
232:
193:
173:
1911:
930:, August 1885. The coffin is covered in floral tributes from the French communities in
685:
French military and naval operations during the Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885)
2546:
681:
473:
88:
447:, the navy minister. Jauréguiberry was replaced as navy minister in January 1883 when
2597:
2541:
2119:
2104:
2058:
2053:
1976:
1735:
770:, and Courbet's squadron was tied down in a largely ineffective blockade of Formosa.
440:
538:
2265:
2109:
2078:
2068:
666:
2027:
1685:
1081:
1046:
1009:
946:
559:
412:
In early 1873 Courbet returned to the Antilles as second officer on the frigate
135:
92:
398:
372:
From 1864 to 1866 Courbet served on the two-deck broadside ironclad battleship
17:
2063:
2048:
1730:
935:
763:
490:
1467:
2073:
1740:
1013:
893:
510:
459:
in the Mediterranean. In April 1883 he hoisted his flag aboard the ironclad
323:
63:
425:
378:
as aide-de-camp and secretary to Admiral Bouët-Willaumez, commander of the
1441:
L'amiral Courbet et le « Bayard »: récits, souvenirs historiques
1073:
713:
August Courbet was ordered to attack the Chinese fleet at Fuzhou. In the
689:
959:
153:
67:
705:
Negotiations between France and China to resolve the crisis over the
115:
96:
84:
2157:
2406:
Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1808:
1480:
1167:
1062:
945:
915:
819:, both ships were crippled during a daring French torpedo attack,
688:
680:
397:
1321:
De Lonlay, 67–90; Duboc, 274–93; Loir, 245–64; Lung Chang, 327-8
931:
351:
2161:
1812:
1484:
1096:, in service from 1913 to 1944), and a modern stealth frigate,
831:
s fire. Both ships were subsequently scuttled by the Chinese.
1339:
De Lonlay, 55–6; Duboc, 295–303; Garnot, 179–95; Loir, 291–317
883:
the traditional style, by ships of the French navy and by the
251:
746:, the French minister to China, but both men were overruled.
516:
In August in response to the death of the Vietnamese emperor
911:
758:
with 600 sailors from his squadron's landing companies on 8
439:
In May 1880 Courbet succeeded Admiral Olry as governor of
950:
Courbet's body returns to France, Les Salins d'Hyères, 26
754:
October, Admiral Lespès attacked the Chinese defences at
485:
and given command of a new Tonkin Coasts naval division (
839:
Courbet followed up this success on 1 March by locating
717:(also known as the Battle of the Pagoda Anchorage) on 23
451:'s cabinet was replaced by the brief administration of
912:
Courbet's death and state funeral, June–September 1885
896:
was cancelled on the news of the French defeat in the
529:, which recognised the French protectorate in Tonkin.
505:
from Courbet's Mediterranean command and the cruiser
455:, and Courbet was instead appointed commander of the
1084:
have been named after Admiral Courbet: an ironclad (
766:(孫開華). The French were now committed to a prolonged
2555:
2485:
2434:
2284:
2231:
2195:
2092:
2041:
1995:
1892:
1846:
1780:
1754:
1723:
1665:
1584:
1518:
428:). From 1877 to 1879 he was posted to the ironclad
207:
169:
159:
149:
141:
121:
103:
74:
50:
34:
386:in August 1866 and posted to the ironclad frigate
333:From 1849 to 1853 Courbet served as a midshipman (
1357:De Lonlay, 25–27, 37–50, 91–7, 120–136 and 138–63
2634:French military personnel of the Sino-French War
1420:Trente cinq mois de campagne en Chine, au Tonkin
279:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1090:, in service from 1882 to 1909), a battleship (
783:February Courbet's task force met the cruisers
1348:De Lonlay, 18–27; Garnot, 214–23; Loir, 338–45
1000:August. The funeral oration was pronounced by
669:(one of China's four regional fleets) and the
481:In June 1883 Courbet was transferred from the
2173:
1824:
1496:
693:Admiral Courbet on the bridge of the cruiser
8:
2411:French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon
1427:L'expédition française de Formose, 1884–1885
2292:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820)
1455:Histoire militaire de l'Indochine française
1230:Listing of the works of Alexandre Falguière
1106:French warships named after Admiral Courbet
2180:
2166:
2158:
1831:
1817:
1809:
1503:
1489:
1481:
577:Courbet's luck changed in June 1884. On 27
42:
31:
2271:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
310:Learn how and when to remove this message
2396:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
1008:, one of the most fervent supporters of
472:
1240:
1109:
1049:, discerned Courbet's more human side:
469:Command of Tonkin Coasts Naval Division
2654:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
2391:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
1884:Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
581:June, in response to the news of the
533:Command of Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
231:
7:
2583:Governor-General of French Indochina
1067:Place de l'Amiral Courbet, Abbeville
971:in Makung harbour on the night of 11
857:and the Chinese shore batteries on 1
987:reached the coast of Provence on 24
737:Operations in Formosa, October 1884
709:broke down in mid- August and on 22
487:division navale des côtes du Tonkin
774:Battle of Shipu Bay, February 1885
750:ineffective naval bombardment on 2
25:
1607:Battle of Cầu Giấy (Paper Bridge)
942:during her voyage back to France.
677:Min River operations, August 1884
233:[anatɔlamedepʁɔspɛʁkuʁbɛ]
2346:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936)
1575:
1568:
1561:
1146:
1129:
1112:
920:Courbet's coffin displayed in a
811:in Shipu Bay. On the night of 14
256:
128:
108:
1448:Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng
1102:, presently in active service.
904:March 1885) and the subsequent
878:Pescadores campaign, March 1885
697:during the battle of Fuzhou, 23
422:école des défenses sous-marines
2563:Paris Foreign Missions Society
2317:Cochinchina campaign (1858–62)
1468:Biographie de l'Amiral Courbet
869:Rice blockade, March–June 1885
835:Blockade of Ningbo, March 1885
225:Anatole-Amédée-Prosper Courbet
1:
2629:People of the Tonkin campaign
2302:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
1434:L'escadre de l'amiral Courbet
823:by a French spar torpedo and
2517:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
2341:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
2297:Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35)
1299:Lung Chang, 280–3; Thomazi,
550:Command of Far East Squadron
244:(August 1884 – April 1885).
2442:Treaty of Versailles (1787)
2386:French–Thai War (1940–1941)
2329:Sino-French War (1884–1885)
2322:Tonkin campaign (1883–1886)
938:and other ports visited by
2680:
2659:École Polytechnique alumni
2573:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
2307:French conquest of Vietnam
2137:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
1793:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
1597:Capture of Nam Định (1883)
1462:La conquête de l'Indochine
1020:
2497:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
2472:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
2356:1916 Cochinchina uprising
2218:France–Thailand relations
1987:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
1557:
566:December 1883 by General
41:
2537:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée
2477:Geneva Conference (1954)
2213:France–Vietnam relations
1859:France–Vietnam relations
1755:Vietnamese personalities
1531:France–Vietnam relations
1172:Admiral Courbet's grave.
865:as a defensive victory.
799:and the composite sloop
483:division navale d'essais
457:division navale d'essais
265:This section includes a
2568:Tirailleurs indochinois
2502:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
2457:Treaty of Saigon (1874)
2447:Treaty of Saigon (1862)
2421:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
2312:Siege of Tourane (1858)
1712:Charles-Théodore Millot
1475:fr:Jean-Vincent Brisset
1136:Dreadnought battleship
721:August 1884, Courbet's
568:Charles-Théodore Millot
477:Admiral Courbet in Huế.
294:more precise citations.
2334:Pacification of Tonkin
2223:France–China relations
2208:French colonial empire
2033:Louis Brière de l'Isle
1893:Military and political
1864:China–France relations
1854:French colonial empire
1707:Paul-Gustave Herbinger
1703:Alexandre-Eugène Bouët
1700:François-Jules Harmand
1696:Louis Brière de l'Isle
1592:Battle of Hanoi (1882)
1551:Pacification of Tonkin
1536:China–France relations
1526:French colonial empire
1247:Loir, 13–22; Thomazi,
1173:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1040:
955:
943:
702:
686:
478:
409:
367:lieutenant de vaisseau
359:Messageries impériales
2614:People from Abbeville
2507:Jean-Baptiste Cécille
2203:France–Asia relations
2100:Imperial Chinese Navy
2042:Chinese personalities
1972:Retreat from Lạng Sơn
1962:Battle of Phu Lam Tao
1724:Chinese personalities
1473:Jean-Vincent Brisset
1171:
1066:
1051:
1031:
1002:Charles Émile Freppel
949:
919:
906:retreat from Lạng Sơn
887:. Strategically, the
692:
684:
633:, the light frigates
476:
445:Bernard Jauréguiberry
418:capitaine de vaisseau
402:The station ironclad
401:
343:capitaine de vaisseau
229:French pronunciation:
211:Grand Officer of the
142:Years of service
2619:French Navy admirals
2467:Treaty of Huế (1884)
2462:Treaty of Huế (1883)
2452:Treaty of Huế (1863)
2426:Partition of Vietnam
2366:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
2361:Thái Nguyên uprising
2084:Empress Dowager Cixi
1996:French personalities
1927:Siege of Tuyên Quang
1746:Empress Dowager Cixi
1666:French personalities
1652:Treaty of Huế (1884)
1622:Treaty of Huế (1883)
1153:The stealth frigate
1043:Enseigne de vaisseau
1021:Courbet's leadership
434:escadre d'évolutions
408:, Courbet's flagship
384:capitaine de frégate
380:escadre d'évolutions
322:Courbet was born in
2624:Deaths from cholera
2512:Charles de Montigny
2416:First Indochina War
2371:Bazin assassination
2023:François de Négrier
1982:Pescadores campaign
1947:Battle of Đồng Đăng
1642:Capture of Hưng Hóa
1080:Three ships of the
889:Pescadores Campaign
416:. He was promoted
328:École Polytechnique
202:Pescadores Campaign
2008:Marc-Edmond Dominé
1772:Nguyễn Thiện Thuật
1617:Battle of Thuận An
1612:Battle of Phủ Hoài
1270:Histoire militaire
1253:Histoire militaire
1213:Médaille militaire
1174:
1069:
956:
944:
703:
687:
523:Battle of Thuận An
479:
424:) at Boyardville (
410:
382:. He was promoted
369:in November 1856.
337:) on the corvette
267:list of references
240:(1883–86) and the
217:Médaille militaire
178:Battle of Thuận An
2591:
2590:
2401:August Revolution
2155:
2154:
2132:Far East Squadron
2093:Armies and fleets
1967:Battle of Bang Bo
1957:Battle of Hòa Mộc
1952:Battle of Zhenhai
1942:Lạng Sơn campaign
1932:Battle of Núi Bop
1806:
1805:
1781:Armies and fleets
1677:Berthe de Villers
1637:Bắc Ninh campaign
1602:Battle of Gia Cuc
1203:Grand Officer (20
898:Battle of Bang Bo
885:troupes de marine
863:Battle of Zhenhai
815:February, in the
723:Far East Squadron
671:Foochow Navy Yard
657:, the troopships
587:Far East Squadron
572:Bắc Ninh campaign
556:troupes de marine
320:
319:
312:
222:
221:
198:Battle of Zhenhai
164:Far East Squadron
16:(Redirected from
2671:
2578:Tonkinese Rifles
2276:State of Vietnam
2189:French Indochina
2182:
2175:
2168:
2159:
2147:Tonkinese Rifles
2018:Sébastien Lespès
2013:Jacques Duchesne
1917:Battle of Tamsui
1907:Keelung campaign
1902:Battle of Fuzhou
1869:French Indochina
1833:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1716:Alphonse Dugenne
1681:Oscar de Négrier
1632:Sơn Tây campaign
1585:Important events
1579:
1572:
1565:
1541:French Indochina
1505:
1498:
1491:
1482:
1472:
1406:
1403:L’amiral Courbet
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1245:
1218:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:Legion of Honour
1150:
1133:
1116:
1059:Courbet's memory
1006:bishop of Angers
999:
994:
990:
974:
965:sous-commissaire
953:
922:chapelle ardente
903:
894:Gulf of Petchili
860:
814:
782:
768:Keelung Campaign
761:
753:
720:
715:Battle of Fuzhou
712:
700:
603:La Galissonnière
597:(the flagship),
591:Sébastien Lespès
580:
565:
543:Sơn Tây Campaign
453:Armand Fallières
315:
308:
304:
301:
295:
290:this section by
281:inline citations
260:
259:
252:
235:
230:
213:Legion of Honour
190:Keelung Campaign
186:Battle of Fuzhou
182:Sơn Tây Campaign
134:
132:
131:
123:
114:
112:
111:
81:
60:
58:
46:
32:
21:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2649:1885 in Vietnam
2644:1884 in Vietnam
2639:1883 in Vietnam
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2551:
2532:Francis Garnier
2490:
2488:
2481:
2430:
2280:
2233:
2227:
2191:
2186:
2156:
2151:
2142:Tonkin Flotilla
2127:Black Flag Army
2115:Guangdong Fleet
2088:
2037:
1991:
1937:Battle of Shipu
1922:Battle of Yu Oc
1894:
1888:
1879:Tientsin Accord
1874:Tonkin campaign
1842:
1840:Sino-French War
1837:
1807:
1802:
1798:Tonkin Flotilla
1788:Black Flag Army
1776:
1750:
1719:
1661:
1647:Tientsin Accord
1627:Battle of Palan
1580:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1546:Sino-French War
1514:
1512:Tonkin campaign
1509:
1479:
1470:
1439:Lonlay, D. de,
1414:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1263:
1259:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1219:September 1884)
1216:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1142:
1134:
1125:
1117:
1108:
1099:Courbet (F 712)
1061:
1023:
997:
992:
988:
972:
951:
914:
901:
880:
871:
858:
837:
817:Battle of Shipu
812:
780:
776:
759:
751:
744:Jules Patenôtre
739:
718:
710:
698:
679:
641:, the gunboats
609:, the cruisers
578:
563:
552:
535:
495:Black Flag Army
471:
449:Charles Duclerc
345:Roquemaurel).
316:
305:
299:
296:
285:
271:related reading
261:
257:
250:
242:Sino-French War
238:Tonkin Campaign
228:
215:
200:
196:
194:Battle of Shipu
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
174:Sino-French war
129:
127:
109:
107:
83:
79:
62:
56:
54:
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Admiral Courbet
15:
12:
11:
5:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2664:1885 in Taiwan
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2547:Albert Sarraut
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Amédée Courbet
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2376:Yên Bái mutiny
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Amédée Courbet
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1673:Amédée Courbet
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1450:(Taipei, 1993)
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1394:
1385:
1372:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1257:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:December 1883)
1201:
1194:
1193:December 1868)
1187:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1060:
1057:
1022:
1019:
913:
910:
879:
876:
870:
867:
836:
833:
775:
772:
738:
735:
678:
675:
612:Châteaurenault
551:
548:
534:
531:
513:in July 1883.
507:Châteaurenault
470:
467:
465:at Cherbourg.
318:
317:
275:external links
264:
262:
255:
249:
246:
220:
219:
209:
205:
204:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
125:
119:
118:
105:
101:
100:
89:Penghu Islands
82:(aged 57)
76:
72:
71:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
36:Amédée Courbet
35:
27:French admiral
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2676:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:Organisations
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Auguste Pavie
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Henri Rivière
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2489:personalities
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:Nanyang Fleet
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Beiyang Fleet
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Tang Jingsong
2057:
2055:
2054:Liu Mingchuan
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Tonkin Affair
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Hoàng Kế Viêm
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Tang Jingsong
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Henri Rivière
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1657:Bắc Lệ ambush
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1464:(Paris, 1934)
1463:
1460:Thomazi, A.,
1459:
1457:(Hanoi, 1931)
1456:
1453:Thomazi, A.,
1452:
1449:
1446:Lung Chang ,
1445:
1443:(Paris, 1886)
1442:
1438:
1436:(Paris, 1886)
1435:
1431:
1429:(Paris, 1894)
1428:
1424:
1422:(Paris, 1899)
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1312:Garnot, 32–40
1309:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1211:
1202:
1196:Commander (23
1195:
1188:
1186:October 1857)
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:The ironclad
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
986:
981:
976:
970:
966:
961:
948:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:
923:
918:
909:
907:
899:
895:
890:
886:
877:
875:
868:
866:
864:
856:
855:
850:
846:
842:
834:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
773:
771:
769:
765:
757:
747:
745:
736:
734:
732:
728:
724:
716:
708:
707:Bắc Lệ ambush
696:
691:
683:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:
626:
625:
624:Duguay-Trouin
620:
619:
614:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:Bắc Lệ ambush
575:
573:
569:
561:
557:
549:
547:
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
527:Treaty of Huế
524:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
475:
468:
466:
464:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:New Caledonia
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
406:
400:
396:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
314:
311:
303:
293:
289:
283:
282:
276:
272:
268:
263:
254:
253:
247:
245:
243:
239:
234:
226:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
126:
120:
117:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
77:
73:
69:
65:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2521:
2381:World War II
2266:Guangzhouwan
2110:Fujian Fleet
2079:Zhang Peilun
2069:Li Hongzhang
2002:
1912:Kép campaign
1895:developments
1672:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1402:
1397:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1330:Loir, 271–84
1326:
1317:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1155:
1138:
1121:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1070:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
984:
979:
977:
968:
964:
957:
939:
925:
921:
884:
881:
872:
853:
848:
844:
840:
838:
828:
824:
820:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
748:
740:
726:
704:
694:
667:Fujian fleet
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
623:
617:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
576:
555:
553:
536:
515:
506:
502:
498:
486:
482:
480:
460:
456:
438:
433:
429:
426:Ile d'Oléron
421:
417:
413:
411:
403:
392:
387:
383:
379:
373:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
346:
342:
338:
334:
332:
321:
306:
300:January 2009
297:
286:Please help
278:
224:
223:
170:Battles/wars
80:(1885-06-11)
78:11 June 1885
61:26 June 1827
29:
2609:1885 deaths
2604:1827 births
2351:World War I
2241:Cochinchina
2234:territories
2232:Constituent
2028:Jules Ferry
1686:Jules Ferry
1471:(in French)
1418:Duboc, E.,
1401:De Lonlay,
1290:Loir, 65–87
1281:Loir, 29–35
1189:Officer (30
1164:Decorations
1082:French Navy
1047:Pierre Loti
1010:Jules Ferry
978:On 23 June
954:August 1885
701:August 1884
607:Triomphante
560:Jules Ferry
347:Capricieuse
339:Capricieuse
292:introducing
248:Early years
136:French Navy
93:Qing Empire
2598:Categories
2196:Background
2064:Feng Zicai
2049:Liu Yongfu
1847:Background
1762:Hoàng Diệu
1731:Liu Yongfu
1519:Background
1432:Loir, M.,
1412:References
1200:July 1879)
1182:Knight (22
936:Alexandria
764:Sun Kaihua
491:Liu Yongfu
104:Allegiance
57:1827-06-26
2074:Zeng Jize
1741:Zeng Jize
1392:Loir, 159
1379:Thomazi,
1366:Thomazi,
1268:, 171–7;
1264:Thomazi,
1251:, 165–6;
1014:Abbeville
825:Chengqing
809:Chengqing
801:Chengqing
731:Min River
618:D'Estaing
511:Along Bay
430:Richelieu
375:Solferino
324:Abbeville
145:1849–1885
64:Abbeville
2435:Treaties
2256:Cambodia
1425:Garnot,
1405:, 138–63
1381:Conquête
1368:Conquête
1303:, 204–15
1301:Conquête
1266:Conquête
1249:Conquête
1224:See also
1074:Zemmouri
639:Parseval
599:Atalante
503:Atalante
393:Talisman
363:Tancrède
335:aspirant
160:Commands
122:Service/
70:, France
1272:, 68–72
1156:Courbet
1139:Courbet
1122:Courbet
1093:Courbet
1087:Courbet
960:cholera
924:aboard
845:Nanchen
829:Yuyuan'
789:Nanchen
635:Hamelin
539:Sơn Tây
414:Minerve
361:packet
355:Olivier
288:improve
154:Admiral
68:Picardy
2487:French
2285:Events
2246:Tonkin
1255:, 62–4
1217:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
998:
993:
989:
985:Bayard
980:Bayard
973:
969:Bayard
952:
940:Bayard
927:Bayard
902:
859:
854:Nielly
849:Nanrui
821:Yuyuan
813:
805:Yuyuan
797:Yuyuan
793:Nanrui
781:
760:
756:Tamsui
752:
727:Yangwu
719:
711:
699:
647:Vipère
595:Bayard
579:
564:
541:. The
518:Tự Đức
499:Bayard
462:Bayard
405:Bayard
388:Savoie
208:Awards
133:
124:branch
116:France
113:
97:Taiwan
85:Makung
2251:Annam
1383:, 160
1370:, 213
1236:Notes
841:Kaiji
785:Kaiji
695:Volta
663:Saône
655:Aspic
651:Lutin
630:Volta
352:brick
273:, or
2261:Laos
932:Suez
847:and
807:and
791:and
661:and
659:Drac
653:and
643:Lynx
637:and
627:and
605:and
501:and
150:Rank
75:Died
51:Born
1215:(13
900:(24
827:by
493:'s
2600::
1004:,
996:27
934:,
843:,
787:,
673:.
649:,
645:,
621:,
615:,
601:,
574:.
436:.
330:.
277:,
269:,
91:,
87:,
66:,
2181:e
2174:t
2167:v
1832:e
1825:t
1818:v
1504:e
1497:t
1490:v
341:(
313:)
307:(
302:)
298:(
284:.
227:(
99:)
95:(
59:)
55:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
