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them to an expensive firework display, either because
Chinese commanders feared a night torpedo attack or as an attempt to boost the morale of their troops. One or two of the more professionally minded French officers complained at the prodigious waste of ammunition sanctioned by the enemy generals, but most enjoyed the nocturnal display of flashes and detonations above Zhenhai Bay as a welcome respite from the tedium of blockade service. The only significant incident during the blockade was a brief cannonade by the French ships towards the end of March, to prevent the Chinese from attempting to repair their damaged forts.
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932:, officially notified the Chinese authorities at Shanghai of Courbet's death. He also sent word to military commissioner Ouyang Lijian at Zhenhai. As France and China were now at peace, the Chinese lowered their flags to half-mast from the Zhenhai shore batteries, in accordance with international protocol. Only three months earlier, these same batteries had done their best to kill the French admiral.
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29:
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Chinese forts. There were no such positions, and
Courbet eventually issued orders for a blockade of Zhenhai Bay. Nets were spread around the French ships as a precaution against a possible Chinese torpedo attack while a watch was kept around the clock on the entrance to the bay. Any junks or sampans that came too close to the French ships were fired on.
551:(August 1884 – April 1885). French and Chinese sources disagree sharply as to what happened; French sources treat the encounter as a minor incident, while Chinese sources consider it a striking defensive victory. The Battle of Zhenhai is still commemorated in China as an important Chinese victory in the Sino-French War.
897:
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The
Chinese account of hostilities crystallised shortly after the war, with the 1889 erection of a commemorative tablet near the site of the engagement by the Chinese general Ouyang Lijian (歐陽利見), who had been charged with the defence of Ningbo and Zhenhai. According to Ouyang's account, the defence
798:
As far as the French were concerned, they had bottled up seven
Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay, where they remained immobilised for the rest of the war. Although Courbet had not gone in after them, locating and trapping the Chinese warships ranked as a strategic success comparable to the destruction
831:
and himself. The artillery officer Wu Jie (吳杰) became the hero of the battle for directing the fire of a battery of cannon. Wu Jie defied direct orders not to fire on the French, and precipitated the battle by ordering his men to open fire. The
Chinese cannon inflicted terrible damage on the French
766:
March, as the French squadron lay at anchor, a searchlight suddenly swept the
Chinese barrage, several flares soared into the air, and the sound of cannon and rifle fire came from within the bay. Nervous Chinese sentries had mistakenly identified a harmless fishing boat as a French torpedo boat and
740:
March, Courbet gave orders for an attack the next day, but on the morning of the planned assault the risks of the operation became evident. Silencing the
Chinese batteries would be a long and slow business, and while the French ironclads duelled with the forts they would be exposed to fire from the
770:
This state of affairs continued, on an almost nightly basis, for the rest of the month. At least two French ships from the Far East
Squadron remained at anchor at the entrance to Zhenhai Bay throughout March. Apparently unable or unwilling to attack the French warships, the Chinese instead treated
859:
L. C. Arlington, an
American naval officer serving as a 'foreign adviser' with the Nanyang Fleet at Zhenhai, provides testimony that sheds light on Ouyang Lijian's patriotic account. According to the American, the Zhenhai authorities remained extremely reluctant to allow Admiral Wu Ankang's three
757:
The French ships rested on 2 March, then on the following day
Courbet had soundings taken at various points around the entrance to the bay, in a vain search for a position from which the French ironclads would be in range of the Chinese cruisers with their guns without coming under fire from the
939:
March 1885. Shortly after the end of the war, the British consul at Ningbo told Rieunier that Courbet’s arrival had created such alarm that the Chinese ship captains were ready to surrender if the French made a serious attack on the defences of Zhenhai. With the British keen to preserve their
741:
three Chinese cruisers. Even if the French warships succeeded in suppressing the Chinese defences and forcing the barrage, the enemy cruisers might still elude them by heading upriver towards Ningbo. Courbet decided not to incur unnecessary casualties, and cancelled the planned attack.
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The 'battle of Zhenhai' is still remembered with pride in China. Chinese fortifications and cannon used during the battle are preserved at Zhenhai alongside a monument that bears the inscription 中法战争镇海之役胜利纪念碑, 'Monument to the victory in the Zhenhai battle in the Sino-French War'.
860:
cruisers to take refuge in Zhenhai Bay. Fearful of provoking a French attack, they begged him to go elsewhere whereupon Admiral Wu threatened to take his ships upriver to Ningbo and leave them to deal with the French squadron on their own. When the French appeared off Zhenhai on 28
761:
These precautions proved unnecessary. Instead of making plans for an attack on the French squadron, the Chinese commanders appear to have feared a French torpedo boat sally up the Ningpo River to repeat their recent triumph at the Battle of Shipu. On the night of
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February, the land authorities urged Wu to sail out and attack the French with the seven ships at his disposal. Wu, wisely in Arlington's opinion, refused to do so. None of the Chinese or foreign naval officers believed that Wu's ships could win such a battle.
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by Arlington), hit the artillery battery that had opened fire, killing 26 Chinese soldiers and wounding 30 more. The engagement developed and spread, eventually drawing in all the Chinese shore batteries and Chinese warships.
840:, and a shot aimed in person by Wu Jie severely wounded the ‘terrible Guba’ (as the Chinese called Courbet). With the battle over, Wu Jie expected to be commended for his prowess but instead he was punished for disobedience.
725:, triggering vigorous fire from Chinese shore batteries and nearby warships. Despite the extreme long range, some of their shots landed within a 100 metres (330 ft) of the French cruiser. Unharmed,
872:
March. He reports that a German gunner named Jerkins precipitated the artillery duel by opening fire on one of the French ships without orders. A shot from Admiral Courbet's flagship, the ironclad
613:(澄慶). The Chinese flotilla, under the command of Admiral Wu Ankang (吳安康), scattered as the French approached, and while the three cruisers successfully escaped, the French succeeded in trapping
733:’s fire was any more effective than that of the Chinese. Nevertheless, the French claimed to have killed a number of soldiers ashore and inflicted slight damage on one of the shore batteries.
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and the Chinese shore batteries became a six-hour battle in which Courbet’s ships suffered rough treatment and the French commander received serious wounds, while the brief engagement on 1
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April 1885, but the French maintained their blockades of Zhenhai and the Yangzi River until a substantive peace treaty ending the Sino-French War (the Treaty of Tientsin) was signed on 9
807:
a fortnight earlier. But that was not how the Chinese saw things. Courbet’s decision not to force the defences of Zhenhai Bay allowed the Chinese to claim the brief engagement on 1
371:
1687:
701:. The entrance to the bay had been blocked by a barrage of junks sunk by the Chinese authorities while two recently built forts defended the approach.
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March. Not only could he see the masts of the three Chinese cruisers, but was also able to identify four other Chinese warships: the composite sloop
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Admiral Rieunier later heard that the French might have captured all seven Chinese ships without loss had they attacked the Zhenhai defences on 2
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February 1885 Admiral Courbet received instructions to implement a 'rice blockade' to prevent transport of the commodity from
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immediately given the alarm. The French listened in disbelief as the Chinese blazed away until dawn at an imaginary enemy.
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returned fire and slowly rejoined the squadron. The duel lasted a little over half an hour, and it is questionable whether
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neutrality, the consul had punctiliously refrained from conveying this valuable information to the French.
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603:(南瑞), three of the most modern ships in the Chinese fleet, near Shipu Bay, accompanied by the frigate
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March, in which a French warship was damaged. This engagement is not mentioned in any French source.
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in Makung harbour, where most of the Far East Squadron had been stationed since the end of the
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17:
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June Admiral Adrien-Barthélémy-Louis Rieunier, then stationed off Shanghai with the ironclad
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had taken refuge in Zhenhai Bay, Courbet scouted the entrance to the bay at dawn on 1
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of the town was in the hands of the Chinese military mandarins Xue Fucheng (薛福成),
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According to Arlington, Chinese gunners were reluctant to fire on the French on 1
1500:
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266:
28:
811:
March as a striking defensive victory. The half-hour exchange of shots between
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February he arrived off Zhenhai Bay, en route for Shanghai, with the ironclads
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311:
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629:, a French torpedo attack crippled both ships: a French spar torpedo hit
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March, during which the French repeatedly attacked and were repulsed.
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539:) and Chinese warships and shore batteries near the coastal city of
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June 1885 Admiral Courbet died of dysentery aboard his flagship
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22:
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March, Courbet conducted closer reconnaissance from the
579:
to head off a threatened attempt by part of the Chinese
904:
France and China signed preliminary peace accords on 4
900:
Admiral Adrien-Barthélémy-Louis Rieunier (1833–1918)
1565:
1514:
1468:
1365:
1319:
794:under fire from Chinese shore batteries at Zhenhai
1248:Trente cinq mois de campagne en Chine, au Tonkin
884:Arlington also mentions a second engagement on 3
563:Admiral Anatole-Amédée-Prosper Courbet (1827-85)
523:) was a minor confrontation that took place on 1
1047:Commemoration of the battle of Zhenhai in China
745:The French blockade of Zhenhai, March–June 1885
591:February Courbet's task force met the cruisers
129:
704:
1297:
365:
8:
1255:L'expédition française de Formose, 1884–1885
876:(incorrectly identified as her sister ship
819:March became a three-day battle from 1 to 3
1304:
1290:
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583:(Southern Seas fleet) to break the French
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358:
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126:
855:s guns in action at Zhenhai, 1 March 1885
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
960:(5,915 tons), Admiral Courbet's flagship
543:, 12 miles (19 km) downstream from
1111:
1054:
998:
947:
567:In early February 1885 part of Admiral
49:Please improve this article by adding
1357:Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
753:The battle of Zhenhai (Chinese print)
705:The 'Battle of Zhenhai', 1 March 1885
7:
1688:Naval battles of the Sino-French War
713:French map of the battle of Zhenhai
633:while shells from her guns struck
149:Cannons at the monument of Zhenhai
14:
1076:Chinese victory monument, Zhenhai
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621:in Shipu Bay. On the night of 14
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1269:Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng
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1262:L'escadre de l'amiral Courbet
609:(馭遠) and the composite sloop
51:secondary or tertiary sources
717:Early in the afternoon of 1
693:(超武), the wooden transport
537:escadre de l’extrême-Orient
527:March 1885 between Admiral
1714:
1693:Military history of Ningbo
1610:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
1276:La conquête de l’Indochine
1145:Huard, 591–4; Loir, 279–81
663:, the unprotected cruiser
587:of Formosa (Taiwan). On 11
15:
1460:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
1241:Through the Dragon's Eyes
1100:Fortifications at Zhenhai
1088:Chinese cannon at Zhenhai
1064:Chinese cannon at Zhenhai
924:in late March 1885. On 13
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16:For the 1841 battle, see
1332:France–Vietnam relations
995:Chinese ships at Zhenhai
775:Official Chinese account
647:to northern China. On 28
1226:Loir, 281; Thomazi, 227
944:French ships at Zhenhai
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1506:Louis Brière de l'Isle
1366:Military and political
1337:China–France relations
1327:French colonial empire
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231:Commanders and leaders
38:relies excessively on
1573:Imperial Chinese Navy
1515:Chinese personalities
1445:Retreat from Lạng Sơn
1435:Battle of Phu Lam Tao
1172:Duboc, 294; Loir, 284
1154:Loir, 281–2 and 283–4
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782:
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699:alphabetical gunboats
625:February, during the
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336:Casualties and losses
1557:Empress Dowager Cixi
1469:French personalities
1400:Siege of Tuyên Quang
832:ships, hitting both
697:(元凱) as well as two
1645: /
1496:François de Négrier
1455:Pescadores campaign
1420:Battle of Đồng Đăng
922:Pescadores Campaign
844:Arlington's account
736:On the evening of 1
547:, China during the
331:and shore batteries
62:"Battle of Zhenhai"
1481:Marc-Edmond Dominé
1239:Arlington, L. C.,
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673:. Suspecting that
669:and the troopship
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1698:March 1885 events
1673:Conflicts in 1885
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1605:Far East Squadron
1566:Armies and fleets
1440:Battle of Bang Bo
1430:Battle of Hòa Mộc
1425:Battle of Zhenhai
1415:Lạng Sơn campaign
1405:Battle of Núi Bop
573:Far East Squadron
533:Far East Squadron
513:Battle of Zhenhai
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130:Battle of Zhenhai
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18:Battle of Chinhai
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1649:29.96°N 121.72°E
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1620:Tonkinese Rifles
1491:Sébastien Lespès
1486:Jacques Duchesne
1390:Battle of Tamsui
1380:Keelung campaign
1375:Battle of Fuzhou
1342:French Indochina
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1600:Black Flag Army
1588:Guangdong Fleet
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1410:Battle of Shipu
1395:Battle of Yu Oc
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1352:Tientsin Accord
1347:Tonkin campaign
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1313:Sino-French War
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1260:Loir, Maurice,
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1208:Arlington, 74–5
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627:Battle of Shipu
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549:Sino-French War
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137:Sino-French War
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56:
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44:primary sources
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21:
12:
11:
5:
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1683:1885 in France
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1476:Amédée Courbet
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1271:(Taipei, 1993)
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1243:(London, 1931)
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1217:Garnot, 214–23
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569:Amédée Courbet
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529:Amédée Courbet
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1678:1885 in China
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1654:29.96; 121.72
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1593:Nanyang Fleet
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1578:Beiyang Fleet
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1450:Tonkin Affair
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1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
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1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1278:(Paris, 1934)
1277:
1273:
1270:
1267:Lung Chang ,
1266:
1264:(Paris, 1886)
1263:
1259:
1257:(Paris, 1894)
1256:
1252:
1250:(Paris, 1899)
1249:
1245:
1242:
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1233:
1223:
1220:
1214:
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1105:
1096:
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1040:
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983:
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974:
968:
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948:
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923:
919:
898:
891:
889:
882:
879:
875:
866:
854:
850:
841:
839:
835:
830:
829:Liu Bingzhang
824:
814:
806:
802:
793:
789:
785:
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742:
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724:
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637:
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632:
628:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:
602:
598:
594:
586:
582:
581:Nanyang Fleet
578:
574:
570:
561:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
518:
514:
499:
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477:
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427:
424:
423:
422:
421:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:Naval battles
390:
385:
375:
370:
368:
363:
361:
356:
355:
352:
343:
340:
339:
334:
329:
321:
315:
313:
307:
301:
297:
296:
291:
285:
279:
278:Liu Bingzhang
274:
268:
263:
257:
256:Ouyang Lijian
252:
247:
245:
235:
234:
229:
226:
221:
216:
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117:
114:
106:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
46:
45:
41:
36:This article
34:
30:
25:
24:
19:
1630:
1583:Fujian Fleet
1552:Zhang Peilun
1542:Li Hongzhang
1424:
1385:Kép campaign
1368:developments
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1118:Loir, 245–64
1114:
1050:
1038:
1023:
1008:
987:
975:(4,585 tons)
972:
957:
934:
929:
917:
903:
883:
877:
873:
867:
858:
852:
837:
833:
825:
812:
804:
800:
797:
791:
787:
783:
769:
760:
756:
735:
730:
726:
722:
716:
694:
690:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
659:
653:
638:
634:
630:
618:
614:
610:
605:
600:
596:
592:
566:
536:
512:
510:
481:
480:
476:2nd Lạng Sơn
451:1st Lạng Sơn
419:
418:
413:
393:
324:1 transport,
197:Belligerents
161:1 March 1885
135:Part of the
109:
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
37:
1652: /
1501:Jules Ferry
1246:Duboc, E.,
1163:Loir, 282–3
1136:Loir, 277–9
1127:Loir, 271–7
973:Triomphante
912:June. On 11
788:Triomphante
660:Triomphante
466:Phu Lam Tao
441:Tuyên Quang
316:3 cruisers,
267:Xue Fucheng
1667:Categories
1537:Feng Zicai
1522:Liu Yongfu
1320:Background
1234:References
555:Background
498:Pescadores
73:newspapers
40:references
1547:Zeng Jize
1274:Thomazi,
892:Aftermath
805:Chengqing
635:Chengqing
619:Chengqing
611:Chengqing
599:(南琛) and
456:Đồng Đăng
312:troopship
300:ironclads
288:Wu Ankang
187:aftermath
1640:121°43′E
1253:Garnot,
878:Atalante
645:Shanghai
585:blockade
426:Hưng Hóa
328:gunboats
293:Strength
166:Location
103:May 2023
1637:29°58′N
1024:Nanchen
930:Turenne
853:Nielly'
695:Yuankai
679:Nanchen
597:Nanchen
577:Keelung
541:Zhenhai
517:Chinese
488:Keelung
471:Bang Bo
461:Hòa Mộc
446:Núi Bop
420:Vietnam
414:Zhenhai
344:Minimal
341:Minimal
306:cruiser
171:Zhenhai
87:scholar
1039:Nanrui
988:Nielly
958:Bayard
937:
926:
918:Bayard
914:
910:
906:
886:
874:Nielly
870:
862:
838:Nielly
834:Bayard
821:
817:
813:Nielly
809:
801:Yuyuan
792:Nielly
784:Bayard
764:
738:
731:Nielly
727:Nielly
723:Nielly
719:
691:Chaowu
687:
683:Nanrui
666:Nielly
654:Bayard
649:
641:
631:Yuyuen
623:
615:Yuyuen
606:Yuyuen
601:Nanrui
595:(開濟),
589:
545:Ningbo
525:
519::
492:Tamsui
482:Taiwan
404:Tamsui
399:Fuzhou
212:France
209:
182:Result
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
1106:Notes
1009:Kaiji
675:Kaiji
671:Saône
639:On 25
593:Kaiji
575:left
436:Yu Oc
409:Shipu
320:sloop
225:China
175:China
94:JSTOR
80:books
1041:(南瑞)
1026:(南琛)
1011:(開濟)
836:and
803:and
790:and
681:and
657:and
617:and
521:鎮海之役
511:The
185:See
158:Date
66:news
799:of
571:'s
531:'s
431:Kep
42:to
1669::
786:,
677:,
326:2
318:1
310:1
304:1
298:2
173:,
53:.
1305:e
1298:t
1291:v
762:2
535:(
515:(
494:)
490:(
373:e
366:t
359:v
322:,
308:,
302:,
116:)
110:(
105:)
101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
47:.
20:.
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