2306:, where projective meanings are those whose understanding requires knowledge of the perspective or point of view. For example, the meaning of "behind the rock" is likely to depend on the position of the speaker (projective), whereas the meaning of "on the desk" is not (non-projective). Sometimes the interpretation is ambiguous, as in "behind the house," which may mean either at the natural back of the house or on the opposite side of the house from the speaker.
561:, for example, certain prepositions always take their objects in a certain case (e.g., ἐν always takes its object in the dative), while other prepositions may take their object in one of two or more cases, depending on the meaning of the preposition (e.g., διά takes its object in the genitive or the accusative, depending on the meaning). Some languages have cases that are used exclusively after prepositions (
3443:, other word-internal effects and agreement of adjectives in Finnish), while the postpositions are independent words. As is seen in the last example, adpositions are often used in conjunction with case affixes – in languages that have a case, a given adposition usually takes a complement in a particular case, and sometimes (as has been seen
2051:) the choice of adposition may be determined by another element in the construction or be fixed by the construction as a whole. Here the adposition may have little independent semantic content of its own, and there may be no clear reason why the particular adposition is used rather than another. Examples of such expressions are:
1601:
The distinction between complex adpositions and free combinations of words is not a black-and-white issue: complex adpositions (in
English, "prepositional idioms") can be more fossilized or less fossilized. In English, this applies to a number of structures of the form "preposition + (article) + noun
2282:("Bob is at the store"); this may happen with some directional prepositions as well ("Bob is from Australia"), but this is less common. Directional prepositional phrases combine mostly with verbs that indicate movement ("Jay is going into her bedroom", but not *"Jay is lying down into her bedroom").
3354:
are sometimes called case particles and sometimes postpositions. Sometimes they are analyzed as two different groups because they have different characteristics (e.g., the ability to combine with focus particles), but in such analysis, it is unclear which words should fall into which group.
2011:
relations between their complement and the rest of the context. The relations expressed may be spatial (denoting location or direction), temporal (denoting position in time), or relations expressing comparison, content, agent, instrument, means, manner, cause, purpose, reference, etc.
2320:
Some languages feature inflected adpositions—adpositions (usually prepositions) marked for grammatical person and/or grammatical number to give meanings such as "on me," "from you," etc. In the Indo-European languages this phenomenon is mostly confined to the
1702:
Marginal prepositions are prepositions that have affinities with other word classes, most notably participles. Marginal prepositions behave like prepositions but derive from other parts of speech. Some marginal prepositions in
English include
599:("invariant"): they do not have paradigms of the form (such as tense, case, gender, etc.) the same way that verbs, adjectives, and nouns can. There are exceptions, though, such as prepositions that have fused with a pronominal object to form
714:
sometimes denotes any adposition, its stricter meaning refers only to one that precedes its complement. Examples of this, from
English, have been given above; similar examples can be found in many European and other languages, for example:
1307:
Most such phrases, however, can be analyzed as having a different hierarchical structure (such as a prepositional phrase modifying a following adverb). The
Chinese example could be analyzed as a prepositional phrase headed by
1472:?). You might just as well believe that all blackguards are black or that turkeys come from Turkey; many names have either been chosen unfortunately at first or have changed their meanings in the course of time."
4679:
2023:
or other processes. Because of the variety of meanings, a single adposition often has many possible equivalents in another language, depending on the exact context. This can cause difficulties in foreign
2922:. When these modify a pronoun rather than a full noun, the phrase contracts into an inflected postposition (and therefore looks like a pronominal prefix, rather than a suffix as in the examples above:
1771:). A preposition is called improper if it is some other part of speech being used in the same way as a preposition. Examples of simple and complex prepositions that have been so classified include
3245:
markings have a similar function to adpositions; a case affix in one language may be equivalent in meaning to a preposition or postposition in another. For example, in
English, the agent of a
884:.") The bolded words in these examples are generally still considered prepositions because when they form a phrase with a complement (in more ordinary constructions) they must appear first.
610:
Adpositions are among the most frequently occurring words in languages that have them. For example, one frequency ranking for
English word forms begins as follows (prepositions in bold):
2379:
being the preposition's "stem" form. It is common in speech for the pronoun to be present after the preposition, but it can be omitted. Unless used with a pronoun the form is always
853:
In certain grammatical constructions, the complement of a preposition may be absent or may be moved from its position directly following the preposition. This may be referred to as
351:
treats a word as an adposition if it takes a noun phrase as a complement and indicates the grammatical or semantic relationship of that phrase to the verb in the containing clause.
1550:. This change takes time, and during the transitional stages, the adposition acts in some ways like a single word, and in other ways like a multi-word unit. For example, current
1121:), while postpositional phrases are head-final (or left-branching). There is a tendency for languages that feature postpositions also to have other head-final features, such as
3745:
1401:
construct in which a preposition occurs somewhere other than immediately before its complement. For example, in the
English sentence "What did you sit on?" the preposition
2997:(for instance, one can say "go inside", with adverbial use, or "go inside the house", with prepositional use). Such cases are analogous to verbs that can be used either
3001:
or intransitively, and the adverbial forms might therefore be analyzed as "intransitive prepositions". This analysis could also be extended to other adverbs, such as
1375:другом ("one with the other"). This is not a case of an adposition appearing inside its complement, as the two nouns do not form a single phrase (there is no phrase *
4989:
1421:. This sentence is much more common and natural than the equivalent sentence without stranding: "On what did you sit?" Preposition stranding is commonly found in
3960:
869:." There are also some (mainly colloquial) expressions in which a preposition's complement may be omitted, such as "I'm going to the park. Do you want to come
1452:
prohibiting that use. Similar rules arose during the rise of classicism, when they were applied to
English in imitation of classical languages such as Latin.
4116:
1094:
may also be used to refer to a circumposition (see below), or to a word that appears to function as a preposition and postposition simultaneously, as in the
2295:. Telic prepositional phrases imply movement all the way to the endpoint ("she ran to the fence"), while atelic ones do not ("she ran towards the fence").
1449:
218:
meaning "behind, after"). There are also some cases where the function is performed by two parts coming before and after the complement; this is called a
100:, as in "three days ago" and "financial limitations notwithstanding". Some languages that use a different word order have postpositions instead (like
1610:. The following characteristics are good indications that a given combination is "frozen" enough to be considered a complex preposition in English:
1330:, the phrase "from a mean cold" can be translated using the word order "cold from mean"—the inposition follows the noun but precedes any following
123:, which consists of two parts that appear on each side of the complement. Other terms sometimes used for particular types of adposition include
3999:
3691:
3342:
A language can have hundreds of adpositions (including complex adpositions), but no language has that many distinct morphological cases.
4083:
1530:
The distinction between simple and complex adpositions is not clear-cut. Many complex adpositions are derived from simple forms (e.g.,
348:
4024:
3970:
3952:
3897:
3872:
3742:
5124:
4109:
3147:
It would be possible to analyze such conjunctions (or even other subordinating conjunctions) as prepositions that take an entire
4069:
Reindl, Donald F. (2001) "Areal
Effects on the Preservation and Genesis of Slavic Postpositions". In Lj. Šarić and D. F. Reindl
5018:
3329:
Case markings combine primarily with nouns, whereas adpositions can combine with (nominalized) phrases of different categories;
4951:
3721:
179:), where such words are placed before their complement (except sometimes in Ancient Greek), and are hence "pre-positioned".
3297:. In some instances it may not be clear which applies; the following are some possible means of making such a distinction:
5038:
5013:
4975:
4769:
3217:
As noted in previous sections, Chinese can also be said to have postpositions, although these can be analyzed as nominal (
2019:(they have various different meanings). In many cases, a primary, spatial meaning becomes extended to non-spatial uses by
5028:
4982:
4761:
3461:
1326:
is a rare type of adposition that appears between parts of a complex complement. For example, in the native
Californian
1126:
1122:
4461:
4280:
4177:
4102:
707:
As noted above, adpositions are referred to by various terms, depending on their position relative to the complement.
576:
The functions of adpositions overlap with those of case markings (for example, the meaning of the English preposition
3332:
A case marking usually appears directly on the noun, but an adposition can be separated from the noun by other words;
354:
Some examples of the use of English prepositions are given below. In each case, the prepositional phrase appears in
116:(or prepositional phrase, postpositional phrase, etc.). Such a phrase can function as an adjective or as an adverb.
5109:
5048:
5023:
4147:
3991:
3210:, Chinese prepositions (and those of other languages with similar grammatical structures) are often referred to as
1874:
1380:
3206:
Because of this overlap, and the fact that a sequence of prepositional phrases and verb phrases often resembles a
1507:
adpositions consist of a group of words that act as one unit. Examples of complex prepositions in English include
1438:
4030:
Maling, Joan. (1983) "Transitive adjectives: A case of categorial reanalysis". In F. Heny and B. Richards (eds),
3085:
2820:
311:
relationship that links its complement to another word or phrase in the context. It also generally establishes a
5114:
4871:
4371:
3466:
3302:
3294:
3207:
2141:
1426:
589:
261:
1140:
consists of two or more parts, positioned on both sides of the complement. Circumpositions are very common in
990:"); this is a nominal form, which usually requires an additional preposition to form an adverbial phrase (see
4088:
5053:
5043:
4683:
4192:
3024:
that are used adverbially, even though they mostly have the form of a preposition (such words may be called
1996:
1118:
277:
4817:
4644:
4553:
4073:(= Studia Slavica Oldenburgensia 8), pp. 85–100. Oldenburg: Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg.
2852:
has special forms incorporating certain pronouns (depending on the language). For example, in Spanish and
2275:
1796:
416:
2742:
2714:
2694:
2674:
4888:
4779:
4774:
4751:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4513:
4306:
4142:
2315:
1682:
1392:
854:
600:
570:
172:
3369:
have both extensive case-marking and postpositions, but there is evidence to help distinguish the two:
1951:
preposition; in some languages, such a sequence may be represented by a single word, as Russian из-под
3799:
As preposições acidentais (preposizioni improprie) italianas e seus termos correpondentes em português
2345:
The majority of Welsh prepositions can be inflected. This is achieved by having a preposition such as
1991:, which then becomes the single complement of the preposition. (In the first example, a word such as
1460:(first published 1933), commented on this definition-derived rule: "...nor need a preposition (Latin:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
4893:
4827:
4659:
4616:
4518:
4381:
4341:
3471:
3456:
3160:
3025:
3021:
2657:
2279:
420:
365:
61:
4674:
2274:
In English and many other languages, prepositional phrases with static meaning are commonly used as
1448:
Some prescriptive English grammars teach that prepositions cannot end a sentence, although there is
1086:
An adposition like the above, which can be either a preposition or a postposition, can be called an
5119:
4654:
4301:
2828:
1110:
1106:
651:
words. According to the ranking cited above, for example, the most common English prepositions are
301:
206:, the same kinds of words typically come after their complement. To indicate this, they are called
187:
113:
4045:
3649:
3619:
See Melis (2003), p. 22. The term is used here in French, and in reference to the French language.
1187:
Various constructions in other languages might also be analyzed as circumpositional, for example:
244:, meaning "to"). However, some linguists prefer to use the well-known and longer-established term
5002:
4840:
4807:
4733:
4718:
4703:
4693:
4606:
4601:
4591:
4386:
4316:
4311:
3981:
3476:
3278:
1893:
1878:
1667:
1551:
1547:
1418:
1331:
1114:
950:
691:, all of which are single-syllable words and cannot be broken down into smaller units of meaning.
562:
281:
195:
38:
4967:
1133:, which employs mostly prepositions, even though it typically places verbs after their objects.
304:
or prepositional phrase (PP) (or for specificity, a postpositional or circumpositional phrase).
4797:
4723:
4698:
4621:
4486:
4431:
4401:
4361:
4020:
3995:
3977:
3966:
3948:
3893:
3868:
3717:
3687:
3366:
3347:
3346:
Even so, a clear distinction cannot always be made. For example, the post-nominal elements in
3258:
2853:
2645:
2025:
1327:
1290:
373:
285:
269:
203:
3711:
3683:
3591:
From Case to Adposition: The Development of Configurational Syntax in Indo-European Languages
2237:
the water" (static); "he jumped in the water" (probably directional). In some languages, the
4835:
4728:
4708:
4558:
4523:
4441:
4236:
3675:
3242:
3168:
3148:
3061:
2824:
2768:
2764:
2322:
2238:
2114:
2092:
2029:
1889:
1430:
1422:
1258:
1219:
1149:
1145:
1075:
973:
824:
757:
596:
542:
372:. As demonstrated in some of the examples, more than one prepositional phrase may act as an
230:
191:
105:
101:
69:
65:
4055:
Quirk, Randolph, and Joan Mulholland. (1964) "Complex Prepositions and Related Sequences".
1125:; and for languages that feature prepositions to have other head-initial features, such as
1105:
Whether a language has primarily prepositions or postpositions is seen as an aspect of its
16:
Class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations or mark various semantic roles
5104:
4743:
4664:
4626:
4611:
4491:
4481:
4396:
4391:
4331:
4197:
4167:
3749:
3481:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3254:
3230:
3226:
3222:
2998:
2904:
2653:
2334:
2190:
2037:
1824:
1780:
1442:
1434:
1344:
1313:
1274:
1242:
1141:
991:
918:
793:
199:
183:
176:
4008:
Koopman, Hilda. (2000) "Prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions, and particles". In
1129:. This is only a tendency, however; an example of a language that behaves differently is
4094:
2969:. Some adverbs are derived from the fusion of a preposition and its complement (such as
4925:
4883:
4845:
4747:
4476:
4466:
4456:
4351:
4346:
4326:
4321:
4250:
4125:
3707:
3317:
3266:
3057:
2330:
2326:
2242:
1897:
1820:
1453:
1203:
1095:
895:
776:
738:
719:
546:
518:
517:
In the last of these examples the complement has the form of an adverb, which has been
164:
156:
30:
4084:
Merriam Webster Editor's take on whether it is ok to end a sentence with a Preposition
5098:
4850:
4802:
4669:
4649:
4528:
4446:
4426:
4376:
4356:
4336:
3676:
3440:
3246:
3053:
2337:
also allows some degree of combining prepositions with pronouns in the third person.
2205:. A directional meaning usually involves motion in a particular direction ("Kay went
2164:
1943:
is in fact another prepositional phrase. The resulting sequence of two prepositions (
1792:
1130:
810:
581:
272:). In English, this is generally a noun (or something functioning as a noun, e.g., a
3335:
Within the noun phrase, determiners and adjectives may agree with the noun in case (
1554:
recognize the indeterminate status of certain prepositions, allowing two spellings:
4939:
4913:
4903:
4876:
4738:
4471:
4436:
4411:
4366:
4187:
3017:
2452:). The optional pronouns that follow the inflected forms are given in parentheses.
2241:
of the complement varies depending on the meaning, as with several prepositions in
2048:
1987:
698:
of lexical items and cannot be productively derived from words of other categories.
695:
3985:
1892:, or an adverbial. This may be regarded as a complement representing a different
4596:
4406:
4285:
4246:
4211:
4202:
3798:
3427:
1816:
1414:
1335:
558:
265:
57:
20:
3439:
In these examples, the case markings form a word with their hosts (as shown by
3261:. Sometimes such equivalences exist within a single language; for example, the
4956:
4855:
4812:
4789:
4713:
4548:
4451:
4421:
4416:
4270:
4265:
4172:
4162:
4152:
2267:
2157:
2137:
Prepositions sometimes mark roles that may be considered largely grammatical:
1882:
1862:
3784:
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Jan Svartvik, & Geoffrey Leech. 1985.
4946:
4908:
4688:
4505:
4260:
4206:
4182:
2008:
585:
289:
3064:, which also often have the same form as prepositions: for example, Dutch
2028:. Usage can also vary between dialects of the same language (for example,
891:
follows its complement to form a postpositional phrase. Examples include:
606:
The following properties are characteristic of most adpositional systems:
236:
Prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions are collectively known as
4935:
4930:
3678:
Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language
3403:
3262:
2287:
2153:
2020:
2016:
648:
312:
2985:). Some words can function both as adverbs and as prepositions, such as
2907:, an indigenous language of Brazil, uses postpositions in all contexts:
1239:("from the inside of the refrigerator", lit. "from refrigerator inside")
1109:
classification, and tends to correlate with other properties related to
545:
of its complement. In English, the complements of prepositions take the
4920:
4636:
4241:
4157:
2661:
2209:
the store"), the direction in which something leads or points ("A path
566:
308:
233:, some adpositions can be used as both prepositions and postpositions.
3836:
Zwarts, Joost. 2005. "Prepositional Aspect and the Algebra of Paths."
3447:) the choice of the case helps specify the meaning of the adposition.
1799:, however, an improper preposition is one that cannot also serve as a
1636:
It is impossible to insert an article, or to use a different article:
300:, formed by the adposition together with its complement, is called an
4898:
4583:
4275:
4255:
3312:
One adposition can usually combine with two coordinated complements (
3290:
3211:
2966:
2649:
2257:
2186:
1849:
1800:
1398:
1015:
Some adpositions can appear either before or after their complement:
525:, below. Prepositional phrases themselves are sometimes nominalized:
297:
273:
109:
72:
generally has prepositions rather than postpositions – words such as
3766:, p. 618ff; Pullum (2005); Huddleston and Pullum (2005), pp. 146-47.
3550:
1888:
In other cases, the complement may have the form of an adjective or
3163:, many of the words that serve as prepositions can also be used as
3736:
3630:
3316:), whereas a case affix would need to be repeated with each noun (
2723:
1999:, which, if present, would clarify the grammatical relationship.)
112:
formed by an adposition together with its complement is called an
3293:
with their complement, whereas case markings combine with a noun
2727:
2436:
The following table gives the inflected forms of the preposition
1755:
In descriptions of some languages, prepositions are divided into
4221:
4134:
3218:
3164:
1804:
1441:
such as Vata and Gbadi, and in some North American varieties of
1117:
of its phrase, prepositional phrases are head-initial (or right-
4971:
4098:
2803:
3603:
3525:
2771:, have developed inflected prepositions. For example, Persian
3269:
is often interchangeable with a phrase using the preposition
2965:
There are often similarities in form between adpositions and
2103:("answer the question", literally "answer on the question"),
1614:
It contains a word that cannot be used in any other context:
1348:, meaning "with highest praise", lit. "highest with praise".
3309:), whereas this is generally not possible with case affixes;
2213:
the woods"), or the extent of something ("The fog stretched
2233:
the moon"). Some prepositions can have both uses: "he sat
3175:
can be used in either a prepositional or a verbal sense:
1958:
Some adpositions appear to combine with two complements:
1342:
is also commonly used as an inposition, as in the phrase
4019:. LINCOM studies in language typology (No. 13). LINCOM.
3849:
Creswell, Max. 1978. "Prepositions and points of view."
1437:
is debated. Preposition stranding is also found in some
865:?" and "There's only one thing worse than being talked
4032:
Linguistic Categories: Auxiliaries and Related Puzzles,
3072:(both meaning "to offer") contain the separable prefix
1939:
In the last example, the complement of the preposition
252:, irrespective of position relative to the complement.
2221:
Paris"). A static meaning indicates only a location ("
171:("to put"). This refers to the situation in Latin and
19:"Preposition" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3917:. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.
3654:
Grammar Girl: Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing
3221:) elements. For more information, see the article on
2871:. Historically, this developed from the Latin use of
2811:
2793:
2787:
2772:
1861:(French: "to encourage the others", complement is an
3797:
Maria Franca Zuccarello, Edvaldo Sampaio Belizário,
3076:, which is also a preposition meaning "on" or "to".
1896:, or simply as an atypical form of noun phrase (see
1371:("one after another, repeatedly"), and Russian друг
1355:
has been used for adpositions in structures such as
1255:("except for one detail", lit. "at one detail near")
4864:
4826:
4788:
4760:
4635:
4582:
4504:
4294:
4229:
4220:
4133:
3958:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. (2002)
2007:Adpositions can be used to express a wide range of
1977:, they'd have to seriously modify the Constitution.
1948:
3674:O'Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (2009).
3084:Some words can be used both as adpositions and as
3013:, etc., even though these never take complements.
1877:is not a preposition, but rather is a grammatical
1655:The range of possible adjectives is very limited:
522:
260:An adposition typically combines with exactly one
3526:"Chapter 85: Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase"
3515:"), whose choice of terms is discussed on p. 602.
2285:Directional meanings can be further divided into
2266:("into his room", directional meaning, takes the
1464:) stand before the word it governs (go the fools
1271:("three hours ago", lit. "for three hours since")
3716:. London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 69.
2838:
2373:+ the assimilated pronoun element, resulting in
92:– although there are a few exceptions including
3786:A comprehensive grammar of the English language
3511:An example is Huddleston & Pullum (2002) ("
1287:("out from the room", lit. "from the room out")
1102:(noun-2), meaning "from (noun-1) to (noun-2)".
954:
537:was chosen as the best place to store the wine.
33:used to express spatial or temporal relations (
3892:(2nd ed.). Routledge UK. pp. 41–44.
3551:"Wordcount · Tracking the Way We Use Language"
2197:Spatial meanings of adpositions may be either
292:, etc. The complement is sometimes called the
4983:
4110:
3961:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
3608:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
3301:Two adpositions can usually be joined with a
2856:
2832:
1303:ደሓር ("from now on", lit. "from now to later")
931:
922:
8:
4034:Vol. 1, pp. 253–289. Dordrecht: Reidel.
3407:, "in the house") vs. (postposition) "talon
2938:
2923:
2908:
2736:
2708:
2688:
2668:
875:Il fait trop froid, je ne suis pas habillée
742:
723:
3987:A Student's Introduction to English Grammar
3947:2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
3444:
2887:
2872:
2615:
2593:
2571:
2554:
2529:
2512:
2490:
2473:
2437:
2410:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2346:
1981:It is more commonly assumed, however, that
1815:As noted above, adpositions typically have
1319:("refrigerator inside") as its complement.
899:
761:
4990:
4976:
4968:
4226:
4117:
4103:
4095:
3945:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.
3943:Haspelmath, Martin. (2003) "Adpositions".
3814:, Amsterdam University Press 2005, p. 148.
3499:Huddleston & Pullum (2002), chapter 7.
3431:, "on the roof") vs. (postposition) "tető
3249:construction is marked by the preposition
2256:("in his room", static meaning, takes the
1625:The first preposition cannot be replaced:
3593:, John Benjamins Publishing 2006, p. 109.
3159:In some languages, including a number of
2047:In some contexts (as in the case of some
1379:, for example); such uses have more of a
1216:("towards the end", lit. "to the end to")
1113:. Since an adposition is regarded as the
143:regardless of the applicable word order.
2456:
647:The most common adpositions are single,
584:ending), but adpositions are classed as
119:A less common type of adposition is the
56:An adposition typically combines with a
3965:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3507:
3505:
3492:
3339:), but an adposition only appears once;
481:
358:, the preposition within it appears in
4012:, pp. 204–260. London: Routledge.
3384:, "to the cinema") vs. (postposition)
3202:is the main verb, meaning "to arrive")
2361:) + a linking element; in the case of
1968:, we can all come out of hiding again.
1487:adpositions consist of a single word (
3604:"Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase"
3273:(just as in English, the preposition
3187:, meaning "to go", is the main verb,
49:(which precede their complement) and
7:
4059:, suppl. to vol. 45, pp. 64–73.
4046:Phrasal Prepositions in a Civil Tone
2667:For example, the Arabic preposition
2644:Inflected prepositions are found in
2298:Static meanings can be divided into
2125:("dream about winning the title"),
1985:and the following predicate forms a
580:is expressed in many languages by a
315:relationship, which may be spatial (
163:prefix (pre- prefix) ("before") and
3890:Modern Hebrew: An Essential Grammar
2737:
2709:
2689:
2669:
2015:Most common adpositions are highly
1915:(complements are adjective phrases)
595:Adpositions themselves are usually
45:). The most common adpositions are
4010:The Syntax of Specifiers and Heads
3682:. New York: Random House. p.
3530:World Atlas of Language Structures
3415:in front, "in front of the house")
3277:is often interchangeable with the
1417:of the sentence, because it is an
1148:. The following are examples from
1011:(both could be considered adverbs)
588:elements, while case markings are
349:World Atlas of Language Structures
14:
3825:Idioms of the Greek New Testament
3567:See Reindl (2001), Libert (2006).
1819:as complements. This can include
880:("It's too cold, I'm not dressed
296:of the adposition. The resulting
53:(which follow their complement).
3865:A Grammar of Contemporary Polish
3741:Neue Rechtschreibung Crashkurs (
3648:Fogarty, Mignon (4 March 2010).
3052:, and so on. The equivalents in
1838:(complement is a nominal clause)
1127:verbs that precede their objects
541:An adposition may determine the
268:(or, in a different analysis, a
3913:Crowell, Thomas Harris (1979).
3801:, CNLF, Vol. XII No. 16, p. 72.
3305:and share a single complement (
3257:it is marked by the use of the
3225:, particularly the sections on
1995:may be considered to have been
1836:whether to have children or not
1670:of the noun cannot be changed:
1552:German orthographic conventions
1123:verbs that follow their objects
521:to serve as a noun phrase; see
489:As an adjunct to an adjective:
335:, ...), or of some other type (
229:In some languages, for example
80:precede their objects, such as
35:in, under, towards, behind, ago
3191:is prepositional meaning "to")
3142:it's going to rain again today
2956:Overlaps with other categories
2177:the recipient of a transfer –
1165:("in", for things, not places)
858:
135:. Some linguists use the word
1:
3827:, A&C Black 1992, p. 140.
3713:Essentials of English Grammar
1811:Different forms of complement
1458:Essentials of English Grammar
703:Classification of adpositions
523:Different forms of complement
182:In some languages, including
4091:at Purdue Online Writing Lab
4052:. Accessed 9 September 2007.
4044:Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2005) "
3867:. Bloomington, IN: Slavica.
3775:Quirk and Mulholland (1964).
3629:Lundin, Leigh (2007-09-23).
3462:List of English prepositions
1935:(complement is an adverbial)
1594:("to the disadvantage of"),
1468:(Sh); What are you laughing
1074:the road"; here a different
569:for use after prepositions (
307:An adposition establishes a
3990:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
3631:"The Power of Prepositions"
2812:
2794:
2788:
2773:
1397:Preposition stranding is a
1334:that form part of the same
966:the tree", literally "tree
104:) or have both types (like
5143:
4952:Syntax–semantics interface
4064:Approaches to Prepositions
4039:La préposition en français
3992:Cambridge University Press
3984:; Reynolds, Brett (2022).
3851:Linguistics and Philosophy
3838:Linguistics and Philosophy
3788:. London: Longman. 667-68.
3086:subordinating conjunctions
2313:
2133:("consist of two groups")
1681:It is impossible to use a
1390:
861:), as in "Whom did you go
18:
5064:
5009:
3314:of the city and the world
2821:Iberian Romance languages
2570:
2547:
2508:
2469:
2459:
2385:and not the "stem", e.g.
1975:Sammy to become president
1925:(complement is an adverb)
440:As an adjunct to a verb:
380:As an adjunct to a noun:
4372:Exceptional case-marking
4066:. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
3637:. Cairo: Criminal Brief.
3580:, Routledge 2013 p. 736.
3467:Old English prepositions
3303:coordinating conjunction
3208:serial verb construction
2111:("accusation of fraud")
1602:+ preposition", such as
1427:North Germanic languages
992:Chinese locative phrases
630:, that, it, is, was, I,
364:, and the preposition's
240:(using the Latin prefix
60:, this being called its
37:, etc.) or mark various
5125:Grammatical marker type
4015:Libert, Alan R. (2006)
3888:Glinert, Lewis (1994).
3863:Swan, Oscar E. (2002).
3650:"Top Ten Grammar Myths"
3610:. Retrieved 2015-01-01.
2939:
2924:
2909:
2886:after a pronoun, as in
2276:predicative expressions
2185:(sometimes marked by a
1947:) may be regarded as a
1791:("for the sake of") in
1598:("at the expense of").
1409:as its complement, but
565:), or special forms of
4178:Initial-stress-derived
2888:
2873:
2857:
2839:
2833:
2616:
2594:
2572:
2555:
2530:
2513:
2491:
2474:
2438:
2411:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2347:
1787:("on account of") and
1098:construction (noun-1)
955:
932:
923:
900:
762:
743:
724:
601:inflected prepositions
417:predicative expression
256:Grammatical properties
168:
160:
4689:Inclusive / Exclusive
3307:of and for the people
3105:the end of the summer
3026:prepositional adverbs
2961:Adverbs and particles
2475:ohonof (i), ohono (i)
2316:Inflected preposition
2310:Inflected adpositions
2152:(sometimes marked by
2144:(in a broad sense) –
1875:infinitive in English
1873:when it precedes the
1859:encourager les autres
1823:and certain types of
1698:Marginal prepositions
1683:possessive determiner
1631:for/without a view to
1439:Niger–Congo languages
1393:Preposition stranding
1312:("from"), taking the
855:preposition stranding
571:prepositional pronoun
276:), together with its
4037:Melis, Ludo. (2003)
3472:Spanish prepositions
3457:English prepositions
3323:, not *urb- et orbis
3289:Adpositions combine
3183:("I go to Beijing";
2658:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
1881:outside of any main
1846:solving this problem
1642:on an/the account of
1314:locative noun phrase
805:in the possession of
4569:Relative subsective
4462:Regular / Irregular
4307:Andative / Venitive
4143:Abstract / Concrete
4062:Rauh, Gisa. (1991)
3982:Pullum, Geoffrey K.
3915:A Grammar of Bororo
3823:Stanley E. Porter,
3198:("I have arrived";
3167:. For instance, in
2917:about the mountains
1795:. In reference to
1779:("in front of") in
1661:in helpful favor of
1433:. Its existence in
1111:head directionality
943:me", literally "my
911:me", literally "me
873:?", and the French
694:Adpositions form a
302:adpositional phrase
114:adpositional phrase
4128:and their features
4126:Lexical categories
3978:Huddleston, Rodney
3748:2008-03-12 at the
3602:Matthew S. Dryer,
3477:Japanese particles
3435:("under the roof")
3418:Hungarian: (case)
3391:("for the cinema")
3062:separable prefixes
2983:under (the) ground
2831:, the preposition
2003:Semantic functions
1909:blindingly bright
1894:syntactic category
1668:grammatical number
1596:zulasten/zu Lasten
1548:grammaticalisation
1419:interrogative word
1415:moved to the start
1082:precedes the noun)
821:(the) blackboard")
563:prepositional case
482:Semantic functions
376:to the same word.
327:, ...), temporal (
226:prefix "around").
210:(using the prefix
5110:Generative syntax
5092:
5091:
5003:world's languages
4965:
4964:
4770:Casally modulated
4675:Formal / Informal
4564:Pure intersective
4514:Anti-intersective
4500:
4499:
4447:Preterite-present
4089:Some prepositions
4001:978-1-009-08574-8
3693:978-1-4000-6660-5
3578:Iranian Languages
3576:Gernot Windfuhr,
3555:www.wordcount.org
3279:possessive suffix
3259:instrumental case
3181:wǒ dào Běijīng qù
3161:Chinese varieties
3151:as a complement.
3132:another rainy day
2975:down (the) stairs
2646:Semitic languages
2611:
2610:
2026:language learning
1848:(complement is a
1657:in great favor of
1586:("in favor of"),
1578:("by means of"),
1338:. The Latin word
1328:Timbisha language
549:where available (
419:(complement of a
270:determiner phrase
5132:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4969:
4544:Non-intersective
4227:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4096:
4005:
3932:
3927:See for example
3925:
3919:
3918:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3860:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3834:
3828:
3821:
3815:
3812:On Latin Adverbs
3808:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3681:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3522:
3516:
3509:
3500:
3497:
3394:Finnish: (case)
3373:Turkish: (case)
3284:
3243:grammatical case
3231:locative phrases
3169:Standard Chinese
3122:the summer ended
3028:). Examples are
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2765:Iranic languages
2754:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2429:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2323:Celtic languages
2254:in seinem Zimmer
2167:constructions –
2030:American English
1955:("from under").
1890:adjective phrase
1570:("because of"),
1562:("instead of"),
1171:("via, through")
1150:Northern Kurdish
961:
938:
929:
906:
768:
749:
730:
543:grammatical case
102:Turkic languages
5142:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5115:Parts of speech
5095:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5060:
5005:
4996:
4966:
4961:
4860:
4822:
4784:
4756:
4684:Gender-specific
4631:
4578:
4496:
4382:Germanic strong
4290:
4216:
4129:
4123:
4080:
4071:On Prepositions
4057:English Studies
4002:
3976:
3940:
3935:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3848:
3844:
3835:
3831:
3822:
3818:
3810:Harm Pinkster,
3809:
3805:
3796:
3792:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3750:Wayback Machine
3735:
3731:
3724:
3708:Jespersen, Otto
3706:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3584:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3482:Relational noun
3453:
3295:morphologically
3282:
3239:
3223:Chinese grammar
3157:
3082:
2963:
2958:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2761:
2759:Other languages
2752:
2749:
2746:
2732:
2721:
2718:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2642:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2617:Cymerodd ef hi
2605:
2602:
2599:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2343:
2318:
2312:
2191:indirect object
2123:ganar el título
2038:British English
2005:
1966:Sammy president
1918:I worked there
1904:The scene went
1831:We can't agree
1825:non-finite verb
1821:nominal clauses
1813:
1775:("before") and
1753:
1733:notwithstanding
1700:
1687:in spite of him
1646:for the sake of
1608:for the sake of
1513:with respect to
1482:
1395:
1389:
1345:summa cum laude
1037:meiner Meinung
1029:notwithstanding
1023:notwithstanding
999:ten kilometers
710:While the term
705:
477:the formalities
264:, most often a
258:
149:
98:notwithstanding
86:under the table
64:, or sometimes
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5097:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5006:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4972:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4928:
4926:Procedure word
4923:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4884:Complementizer
4881:
4880:
4879:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:Gender-neutral
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4645:Bound variable
4641:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
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4494:
4489:
4484:
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4449:
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4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4302:Ambitransitive
4298:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
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4231:
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4200:
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4145:
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4131:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4086:
4079:
4078:External links
4076:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4042:
4041:. Gap: Ophrys.
4035:
4028:
4013:
4006:
4000:
3974:
3956:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3920:
3905:
3898:
3880:
3873:
3855:
3842:
3840:28.6, 739–779.
3829:
3816:
3803:
3790:
3777:
3768:
3756:
3729:
3722:
3699:
3692:
3666:
3640:
3621:
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3595:
3582:
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3560:
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3517:
3501:
3491:
3489:
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3484:
3479:
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3469:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3449:
3437:
3436:
3416:
3392:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3337:case spreading
3333:
3330:
3327:
3321:urbis et orbis
3310:
3238:
3235:
3204:
3203:
3192:
3156:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3136:(conjunction)
3134:
3126:(preposition)
3124:
3109:(conjunction)
3107:
3092:(preposition)
3081:
3078:
3009:(that place),
3005:(this place),
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2760:
2757:
2641:
2638:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2603:of/from her/it
2591:
2587:
2586:
2569:
2564:of/from him/it
2552:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2527:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2488:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2342:
2339:
2314:Main article:
2311:
2308:
2304:non-projective
2272:
2271:
2264:in sein Zimmer
2261:
2195:
2194:
2175:
2161:
2135:
2134:
2112:
2090:
2042:at the weekend
2034:on the weekend
2004:
2001:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1898:nominalization
1867:
1866:
1853:
1839:
1812:
1809:
1752:
1745:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1679:
1664:
1653:
1634:
1627:with a view to
1623:
1481:
1474:
1454:Otto Jespersen
1391:Main article:
1388:
1385:
1305:
1304:
1288:
1272:
1256:
1240:
1217:
1201:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1138:circumposition
1096:Vedic Sanskrit
1084:
1083:
1054:
1047:meiner Meinung
1033:
1013:
1012:
995:
971:
948:
916:
851:
850:
822:
808:
791:
774:
755:
736:
704:
701:
700:
699:
692:
644:
643:
642:
641:
612:
611:
597:non-inflecting
547:objective case
539:
538:
515:
514:
513:
512:
501:
487:
486:
485:
469:
452:
438:
437:
436:
413:
412:
411:
392:
257:
254:
220:circumposition
148:
145:
121:circumposition
39:semantic roles
31:class of words
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5138:
5137:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:Orthographies
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4841:Interrogative
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4808:Interrogative
4806:
4804:
4803:Demonstrative
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4752:Prepositional
4749:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:Strong / Weak
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:Interrogative
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4650:Demonstrative
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:Prepositional
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Interrogative
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Demonstrative
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:Germanic weak
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Frequentative
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:Autocausative
4315:
4313:
4312:Anticausative
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:Transgressive
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4025:3-89586-747-0
4022:
4018:
4017:Ambipositions
4014:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:0-521-43146-8
3968:
3964:
3962:
3957:
3954:
3953:0-19-513977-1
3950:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3931:, pp. 612–16.
3930:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3899:0-415-10190-5
3895:
3891:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3874:0-89357-296-9
3870:
3866:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3670:
3667:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:Vít Bubeník,
3586:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:vowel harmony
3434:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:syntactically
3287:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3018:phrasal verbs
3016:Many English
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2941:
2926:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2890:
2875:
2859:
2855:
2841:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2796:
2790:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2756:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2574:
2557:
2556:ohono (fe/fo)
2553:
2550:
2546:
2532:
2531:ohonoch (chi)
2528:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2493:
2489:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2349:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:the chair", "
2228:
2225:the store", "
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2173:a lone gunman
2172:
2166:
2163:the agent in
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:phrasal verbs
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1933:under the bed
1932:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:Ancient Greek
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1676:by virtues of
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:for a sake of
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:on account of
1635:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:, as well as
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1353:interposition
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1078:is used when
1077:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1021:the evidence
1018:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1002:
996:
993:
989:
986:(lit. "table
985:
984:
979:
975:
972:
969:
965:
960:
959:
952:
949:
946:
942:
937:
936:
928:
927:
920:
917:
914:
910:
905:
904:
897:
894:
893:
892:
890:
885:
883:
879:
878:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
848:
845:
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
823:
820:
816:
812:
809:
806:
802:
800:
795:
792:
789:
785:
783:
778:
775:
772:
767:
765:
759:
756:
753:
748:
746:
740:
737:
734:
729:
727:
721:
718:
717:
716:
713:
708:
702:
697:
693:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:monomorphemic
646:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
615:
614:
613:
609:
608:
607:
604:
602:
598:
593:
591:
590:morphological
587:
583:
582:genitive case
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
535:
532:
528:
527:
526:
524:
520:
511:
510:
507:
502:
500:
499:
496:
491:
490:
488:
483:
479:
478:
475:
470:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
453:
451:
450:
447:
442:
441:
439:
434:
433:
430:
425:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
408:live bacteria
406:
402:
401:
398:
393:
391:
390:
387:
382:
381:
379:
378:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
214:, from Latin
213:
209:
208:postpositions
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
146:
144:
142:
138:
134:
133:interposition
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
52:
51:postpositions
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
5033:
4998:
4940:Pro-sentence
4914:Onomatopoeia
4904:Interjection
4877:Measure word
4660:Distributive
4554:Postpositive
4534:Intersective
4487:Unaccusative
4432:Performative
4402:Intransitive
4362:Ditransitive
4188:Noun adjunct
4070:
4063:
4056:
4050:Language Log
4049:
4038:
4031:
4016:
4009:
3986:
3959:
3944:
3938:Bibliography
3928:
3923:
3914:
3908:
3889:
3883:
3864:
3858:
3850:
3845:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3793:
3785:
3780:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3740:
3732:
3712:
3702:
3677:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3653:
3643:
3634:
3624:
3615:
3607:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3529:
3520:
3512:
3495:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3357:
3345:
3336:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3250:
3240:
3237:Case affixes
3216:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3158:
3146:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3080:Conjunctions
3073:
3069:
3065:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3040:, etc., and
3037:
3033:
3029:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:transitively
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2903:
2818:
2781:from him/her
2767:, including
2762:
2687:inflects as
2666:
2648:, including
2643:
2629:
2618:
2614:
2581:of/from them
2573:ohonyn (nhw)
2435:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2344:
2319:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2246:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2168:
2147:
2145:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2021:metaphorical
2014:
2006:
1992:
1988:small clause
1986:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1887:
1870:
1868:
1856:
1855:
1843:
1842:
1841:Let's think
1833:
1832:
1817:noun phrases
1814:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1691:in his spite
1690:
1686:
1675:
1672:by virtue of
1671:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1592:zu Ungunsten
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1381:coordinating
1376:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1323:
1321:
1317:bīngxīang lǐ
1316:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1152:(Kurmanji):
1137:
1135:
1104:
1099:
1092:ambiposition
1091:
1088:ambiposition
1087:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:my opinion")
1050:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:the evidence
1028:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
987:
982:
980:
977:
967:
963:
957:
944:
940:
934:
925:
912:
908:
902:
889:postposition
888:
886:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
852:
846:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
818:
817:ក្តារខៀន ("
814:
804:
798:
797:
787:
781:
780:
770:
763:
751:
744:
732:
725:
711:
709:
706:
696:closed class
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
617:
605:
594:
577:
575:
554:
550:
540:
533:
530:
529:
516:
508:
505:
504:
497:
494:
493:
476:
473:
472:
465:
462:
459:
456:
455:
448:
445:
444:
431:
428:
427:
407:
404:
403:
399:
396:
395:
388:
385:
384:
383:the weather
369:
360:
359:
355:
353:
347:, ...). The
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
306:
293:
259:
249:
248:in place of
245:
241:
237:
235:
228:
223:
222:(from Latin
219:
215:
211:
207:
181:
152:
150:
140:
139:in place of
136:
132:
128:
125:ambiposition
124:
120:
118:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
55:
50:
47:prepositions
46:
42:
34:
26:
25:
5039:Determiners
5034:Adpositions
5014:Phonologies
4999:Adpositions
4889:Conjunction
4655:Disjunctive
4592:Conjunctive
4539:Nominalized
4442:Predicative
4286:Verbal noun
4237:Attributive
3428:superessive
3253:, while in
3068:and German
2979:underground
2628:he took it
2548:3rd Person
2539:of/from you
2522:of/from you
2514:ohonot (ti)
2509:2nd Person
2492:ohonon (ni)
2470:1st Person
2388:dw i'n dod
2199:directional
1913:pitch black
1777:davanti (a)
1713:considering
1659:, but not *
1604:in front of
1588:zuungunsten
1509:in spite of
1462:praepositio
1383:character.
1336:noun phrase
1282:dem Zimmer
1266:tre timmar
1107:typological
1090:. However,
1058:die Straße
1006:ten months
790:the table")
773:the table")
754:the table")
712:preposition
559:Koine Greek
519:nominalised
426:The key is
309:grammatical
266:noun phrase
246:preposition
238:adpositions
155:comes from
153:preposition
147:Terminology
137:preposition
58:noun phrase
27:Adpositions
21:proposition
5120:Word order
5099:Categories
5029:Adjectives
4957:Yes and no
4872:Classifier
4856:Possessive
4818:Quantifier
4813:Possessive
4790:Determiner
4762:Adposition
4734:Resumptive
4719:Reciprocal
4714:Possessive
4694:Indefinite
4622:Pronominal
4574:Subsective
4549:Possessive
4519:Collateral
4492:Unergative
4482:Transitive
4397:Inchoative
4392:Impersonal
4332:Catenative
4271:Participle
4266:Infinitive
4198:Relational
4168:Collective
4148:Adjectival
3853:, 2: 1–41.
3723:1135662118
3635:On Writing
3488:References
2995:underneath
2971:downstairs
2829:Portuguese
2595:ohoni (hi)
2551:Masculine
2500:of/from us
2483:of/from me
2424:too much (
2300:projective
2268:accusative
2245:, such as
2158:possessive
2142:possession
2131:dos grupos
2127:consistir
2105:obvinenie
2097:otvechat'
2036:, whereas
2017:polysemous
1945:from under
1883:word class
1863:infinitive
1769:accidental
1741:respecting
1709:concerning
1620:in lieu of
1616:by dint of
1584:zu Gunsten
1546:) through
1521:by dint of
1517:except for
1324:inposition
1250:un détail
1234:bīngxiāng
1211:het einde
1068:der Straße
997:English:
857:(see also
728:einer Frau
534:the cellar
460:the tables
449:the winter
446:throughout
370:underlined
366:complement
290:adjectives
262:complement
250:adposition
188:Hindustani
141:adposition
129:inposition
82:in England
62:complement
4947:Prop-word
4909:Ideophone
4836:Discourse
4775:Inflected
4724:Reflexive
4699:Intensive
4506:Adjective
4477:Stretched
4467:Separable
4457:Reflexive
4352:Denominal
4347:Defective
4327:Captative
4322:Auxiliary
4261:Gerundive
4251:Nonfinite
4173:Countable
3535:29 August
3367:Hungarian
3196:wǒ dào le
3138:It looks
3128:It looks
3066:aanbieden
3050:fall over
3046:take over
3022:particles
3011:afterward
2802:with you
2743:/ʕalajhi/
2715:/ʕalajka/
2695:/ʕalajːa/
2590:Feminine
2462:Singular
2057:dispense
2055:English:
1928:Come out
1869:The word
1761:essential
1737:regarding
1729:including
1725:following
1717:excluding
1674:but not *
1648:but not *
1640:but not *
1629:but not *
1580:zugunsten
1576:mit Hilfe
1568:auf Grund
1560:an Stelle
1540:by + side
1532:with + in
1503:, etc.).
1456:, in his
1399:syntactic
1387:Stranding
1377:word word
1363:, French
1351:The term
1332:modifiers
1191:English:
1183:("since")
1181:ji ... ve
1175:ji ... re
1169:di ... re
1163:di ... de
1157:bi ... re
1119:branching
1019:English:
951:Hungarian
838:table");
735:a woman")
586:syntactic
471:dispense
432:the stone
282:modifiers
278:specifier
196:Hungarian
151:The word
74:in, under
5049:Pronouns
5024:Grammars
4936:Pro-verb
4931:Pro-form
4828:Particle
4780:Stranded
4729:Relative
4709:Personal
4627:Relative
4612:Locative
4602:Genitive
4427:Negative
4357:Deponent
4337:Compound
3746:Archived
3743:Regel 11
3710:(1962).
3659:27 March
3451:See also
3413:genitive
3404:inessive
3380:(cinema-
3348:Japanese
3265:case in
3263:genitive
3070:anbieten
3034:carry on
3020:contain
2854:Asturian
2823:such as
2810:becomes
2786:becomes
2367:this is
2278:after a
2179:give it
2154:genitive
2146:the pen
2009:semantic
1923:recently
1879:particle
1827:phrase:
1773:prima di
1765:improper
1751:improper
1572:mithilfe
1564:aufgrund
1556:anstelle
1429:such as
1291:Tigrinya
1159:("with")
1056:German:
1035:German:
825:Tigrinya
747:la table
567:pronouns
551:from him
509:recently
484:, above)
313:semantic
286:articles
284:such as
204:Japanese
175:(and in
5084:Spanish
5079:Latvian
5069:English
5001:of the
4921:Preverb
4798:Article
4744:Subject
4637:Pronoun
4472:Stative
4437:Phrasal
4412:Lexical
4367:Dynamic
4342:Copular
4242:Converb
4158:Animacy
3411:(house-
3401:(house-
3386:sinema
3363:Finnish
3359:Turkish
3255:Russian
3247:passive
3227:coverbs
3212:coverbs
2981:, from
2973:, from
2967:adverbs
2940:i-wagai
2910:tori ji
2896:with me
2866:with me
2858:conmigo
2825:Spanish
2813:bāhātun
2795:bā šomā
2769:Persian
2755:, etc.
2738:علَيْهِ
2722:on you
2710:علَيْكَ
2662:Amharic
2640:Semitic
2630:from me
2465:Plural
2447:of/from
2412:gormod
2400:I come
2356:of/from
2217:London
2169:killed
2165:passive
2150:my aunt
2115:Spanish
2093:Russian
2071:insist
2064:listen
1949:complex
1865:phrase)
1852:phrase)
1781:Italian
1747:Proper
1721:failing
1705:barring
1689:, not *
1525:next to
1505:Complex
1501:towards
1480:complex
1476:Simple
1450:no rule
1431:Swedish
1423:English
1259:Swedish
1220:Chinese
1177:("for")
1146:Kurdish
1080:entlang
1066:entlang
1060:entlang
981:zhuōzi
974:Chinese
919:Turkish
849:table")
842:ጣውላ ("
831:ጣውላ ("
794:Russian
766:y bwrdd
622:, and,
555:from he
553:, not *
454:danced
394:cheese
374:adjunct
356:italics
231:Finnish
224:circum-
192:Turkish
177:English
108:). The
106:Finnish
90:of Jane
70:English
43:of, for
5105:Syntax
5074:Korean
4899:Coverb
4894:Copula
4748:Object
4665:Donkey
4584:Adverb
4559:Proper
4524:Common
4407:Labile
4276:Supine
4256:Gerund
4247:Finite
4212:Verbal
4203:Strong
4193:Proper
4023:
3998:
3969:
3951:
3896:
3871:
3720:
3690:
3425:(roof-
3409:edessä
3382:dative
3375:sinema
3352:Korean
3283:'s
3267:German
3179:我到北京去
3149:clause
3112:before
3095:before
3074:aan/an
3058:German
3038:get on
2991:aboard
2987:inside
2977:, and
2947:for me
2905:Bororo
2861:means
2750:on him
2690:علَيَّ
2675:/ʕalaː
2654:Arabic
2650:Hebrew
2619:ohonof
2428:) beer
2341:Celtic
2335:Polish
2293:atelic
2280:copula
2258:dative
2243:German
2227:behind
2203:static
2189:or an
2187:dative
2160:forms)
2119:soñar
2109:obmane
2101:vopros
2078:proud
1997:elided
1953:iz-pod
1850:gerund
1801:prefix
1783:, and
1763:) and
1757:proper
1749:versus
1739:, and
1544:beside
1536:within
1523:, and
1485:Simple
1478:versus
1443:French
1435:German
1284:heraus
1275:German
1243:French
1142:Pashto
933:benim
840:አብ ትሕቲ
829:አብ ልዕሊ
777:Polish
739:French
720:German
557:). In
492:happy
443:sleep
421:copula
400:France
333:during
298:phrase
294:object
274:gerund
202:, and
200:Korean
184:Sindhi
169:ponere
110:phrase
66:object
29:are a
5054:Verbs
5044:Nouns
4865:Other
4846:Modal
4670:Dummy
4422:Modal
4417:Light
4295:Types
4230:Forms
4153:Agent
3737:Duden
3606:, in
3445:above
3433:alatt
3318:Latin
3241:Some
3165:verbs
3155:Verbs
3120:since
3116:after
3103:since
3099:after
3054:Dutch
3007:there
2925:bagai
2889:mecum
2763:Some
2702:on me
2404:Wales
2392:Gymru
2376:ohon-
2370:-hon-
2331:Irish
2327:Welsh
2325:like
2288:telic
2085:good
2040:uses
1983:Sammy
1921:until
1844:about
1803:to a
1793:Latin
1789:causa
1466:among
1365:coup
1357:word
1268:sedan
1204:Dutch
1131:Latin
1072:along
983:shàng
968:under
964:under
958:alatt
924:benim
896:Latin
867:about
859:below
847:under
844:at/on
833:at/on
811:Khmer
807:me" )
784:stole
758:Welsh
638:, you
626:, a,
618:the,
506:until
503:sick
480:(see
466:hours
429:under
415:As a
389:March
329:after
325:under
212:post-
173:Greek
165:Latin
161:prae-
157:Latin
4851:Noun
4597:Flat
4452:Pure
4222:Verb
4207:Weak
4183:Mass
4163:Bare
4135:Noun
4021:ISBN
3996:ISBN
3967:ISBN
3949:ISBN
3929:CGEL
3894:ISBN
3869:ISBN
3764:CGEL
3718:ISBN
3688:ISBN
3661:2010
3537:2011
3513:CGEL
3420:tető
3396:talo
3388:için
3365:and
3350:and
3229:and
3219:noun
3194:我到了
3171:, 到
3140:like
3130:like
3060:are
3056:and
3042:over
3003:here
2881:with
2847:with
2827:and
2789:azaš
2774:az u
2660:and
2416:gwrw
2402:from
2329:and
2302:and
2291:and
2239:case
2215:from
2211:into
2059:with
2032:has
1964:With
1941:from
1931:from
1907:from
1857:pour
1805:verb
1785:ergo
1767:(or
1759:(or
1666:The
1411:what
1407:what
1405:has
1369:coup
1361:word
1310:cóng
1298:ሕጂ '
1252:près
1232:cóng
1209:naar
1196:now
1194:from
1144:and
1115:head
1076:case
1045:nach
1039:nach
1001:away
976:: 桌子
945:with
941:with
913:with
909:with
877:pour
871:with
863:with
801:меня
733:with
685:from
673:with
498:them
474:with
457:atop
405:with
397:from
361:bold
280:and
216:post
131:and
96:and
76:and
4048:."
3398:ssa
3286:).
3271:von
3200:dào
3189:dào
3173:dào
3044:in
3032:in
2952:).
2932:for
2874:cum
2840:com
2837:or
2834:con
2819:In
2713:) (
2670:على
2201:or
2183:him
2156:or
2121:con
2044:).
1973:For
1900:).
1497:for
1413:is
1367:sur
1359:for
1340:cum
1322:An
1296:ካብ
1280:aus
1264:för
1213:toe
1063:OR
1042:OR
1026:OR
1008:ago
956:fa
935:ile
930:or
903:cum
882:for
836:top
745:sur
726:mit
669:for
640:, …
632:for
573:).
495:for
463:for
368:is
345:via
341:for
242:ad-
94:ago
5101::
4938:/
4750:/
4746:/
4682:/
4249:/
4205:/
3994:.
3980:;
3739::
3686:.
3684:17
3652:.
3633:.
3553:.
3528:.
3504:^
3377:ya
3361:,
3325:);
3275:of
3251:by
3233:.
3214:.
3185:qù
3088::
3048:,
3036:,
3030:on
2993:,
2989:,
2937:,
2901:.
2816:.
2804:PL
2792:;
2745:)
2735:,
2728:SG
2717:)
2707:,
2697:)
2682:on
2677:)
2664:.
2656:,
2652:,
2636:.
2623:–
2598:–
2576:–
2559:–
2534:–
2517:–
2495:–
2478:–
2433:.
2426:of
2419:–
2409:,
2395:–
2333:.
2249::
2247:in
2235:in
2231:on
2223:at
2219:to
2207:to
2181:to
2171:by
2148:of
2129:en
2117::
2099:na
2095::
2087:at
2083:,
2080:of
2076:,
2073:on
2069:,
2066:to
2062:,
1993:as
1911:to
1885:.
1871:to
1834:on
1807:.
1743:.
1735:,
1731:,
1727:,
1723:,
1719:,
1715:,
1711:,
1707:,
1685::
1644:;
1618:,
1606:,
1542:→
1538:,
1534:→
1527:.
1519:,
1515:,
1511:,
1499:,
1495:,
1493:in
1491:,
1489:on
1470:at
1445:.
1403:on
1293::
1277::
1261::
1245::
1236:lǐ
1226:冰箱
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