1121:, where the conception of an X phrase is a phrase that can stand in for X. By 1912, the concept of a noun phrase as being based around a noun can be found, for example, "an adverbial noun phrases is a group of words of which the noun is the base word, that tells the time or place of an action, or how long, how far, or how much". By 1924, the idea of a noun phrase being a noun plus dependents seems to be established. For example, "Note order of words in noun-phrase--noun + adj. + genitive" suggests a more modern conception of noun phrases.
25:
205:
1002:
NP NP | DP DP / \ | | / \ | det N' N' | det NP NP | / \ / \ | | / \ / \ the adj N' adj N' | the adj NP
1013:
house houses | the (null) / / / | \ \ / / big | house houses the big | / / | big
615:
The allowability, form and position of these elements depend on the syntax of the language in question. In
English, determiners, adjectives (and some adjective phrases) and noun modifiers precede the head noun, whereas the heavier units – phrases and clauses – generally follow it. This is part of a
947:. Apart from the minimalist program, however, the DP hypothesis is rejected by most other modern theories of syntax and grammar, in part because these theories lack the relevant functional categories. Dependency grammars, for instance, almost all assume the traditional NP analysis of noun phrases.
1215:
For a dependency grammar analysis of noun phrases similar to the one represented by the trees here, see for instance
Starosta (1988:219ff.). For an example of a relatively "flat" analysis of NP structure like the one produced here, but in a phrase structure grammar, see Culicover and Jackendoff
362:– make no such restriction. Here many single words are judged to be phrases based on a desire for theory-internal consistency. A phrase is deemed to be a word or a combination of words that appears in a set syntactic position, for instance in subject position or object position.
1003:
adj NP | | | | | | | | | big N big N | big N big N | | | | | house houses | house houses
400:
The words in bold are called phrases since they appear in the syntactic positions where multiple-word phrases (i.e. traditional phrases) can appear. This practice takes the constellation to be primitive rather than the words themselves. The word
938:
from its start (since the early 1990s), though the arguments in its favor tend to be theory-internal. By taking the determiner, a function word, to be head over the noun, a structure is established that is analogous to the structure of the
334:
A string of words that can be replaced by a single pronoun without rendering the sentence grammatically unacceptable is a noun phrase. As to whether the string must contain at least two words, see the following section.
970:, in contrast, since the basic architecture of dependency places a major limitation on the amount of structure that the theory can assume, produce simple, relatively flat structures for noun phrases.
1188:
For direct examples of approaches that obscure the distinction between nouns and pronouns on the one hand and noun phrases on the other, see for instance
Matthews (1981:160f.) and (Lockwood (2002:3).
921:
In some modern theories of syntax, however, what are called "noun phrases" above are no longer considered to be headed by a noun, but by the determiner (which may be null), and they are thus called
1552:
García
Velasco, Daniel and Jan Rijkhoff (eds.).2008. The Noun Phrase in Functional Discourse Grammar (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 195). Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
358:, and in this approach a single word (such as a noun or pronoun) would not be referred to as a phrase. However, many modern schools of syntax – especially those that have been influenced by
1158:
For definitions and discussions of the noun (nominal) phrase that point to the presence of a head noun, see for instance
Crystal (1997:264), Lockwood (2002:3), and Radford (2004: 14, 348).
867:); in this case the phrase may be described as having a "null determiner". (Situations in which this is possible depend on the rules of the language in question; for English, see
927:(DP) instead of noun phrases. (In some accounts that take this approach, the constituent lacking the determiner – that called N-bar above – may be referred to as a noun phrase.)
973:
The representation also depends on whether the noun or the determiner is taken to be the head of the phrase (see the discussion of the DP hypothesis in the previous section).
1067:
1099:. In this conception a noun phrase is "the infinitive of the verb" (p. 146), which may appear "in any position in the sentence where a noun may appear". For example,
1028:
635:
Noun phrases can take different forms than that described above, for example when the head is a pronoun rather than a noun, or when elements are linked with a
1350:
1056:. The tree shows how the lighter dependents appear as pre-dependents (preceding their head) and the heavier ones as post-dependents (following their head).
421:
are likely to reject this approach to phrases, since they take the words themselves to be primitive. For them, phrases must contain two or more words.
1570:
950:
For illustrations of different analyses of noun phrases depending on whether the DP hypothesis is rejected or accepted, see the next section.
1543:
1511:
1448:
1363:
852:
in many contexts, and thus a distinction is made in syntactic analysis between phrases that have received their required determiner (such as
365:
On this understanding of phrases, the nouns and pronouns in bold in the following sentences are noun phrases (as well as nouns or pronouns):
1130:
46:
1490:
Rijkhoff, Jan. 2008. Descriptive and discourse-referential modifiers in a layered model of the noun phrase. Linguistics 46–4, 789–829.
1140:
1473:
1315:
1079:
is now depicted as the head of the entire phrase, thus making the phrase a determiner phrase. There is still a noun phrase present (
68:
863:
The situation is complicated by the fact that in some contexts a noun phrase may nonetheless be used without a determiner (as in
433:
of the phrase) together with zero or more dependents of various types. (These dependents, since they modify a noun, are called
1565:
410:
1280:
133:
1246:
1066:
1020:
The first tree is based on the traditional assumption that nouns, rather than determiners, are the heads of phrases.
39:
33:
251:
Noun phrases can be identified by the possibility of pronoun substitution, as is illustrated in the examples below.
1457:
1412:
1369:
156:
50:
996:
963:
849:
636:
441:
406:
1059:
The second tree assumes the DP hypothesis, namely that determiners serve as phrase heads, rather than nouns.
1027:
1017:
The following trees represent a more complex phrase. For simplicity, only dependency-based trees are given.
684:
664:
129:
466:
405:, for instance, functions as a pronoun, but within the sentence it also functions as a noun phrase. The
1522:
1427:
692:
668:
539:
167:
Some examples of noun phrases are underlined in the sentences below. The head noun appears in bold.
1423:
Lockwood, D. 2002. Syntactic analysis and description: A constructional approach. London: Continuum.
1396:
417:) are primary examples of theories that apply this understanding of phrases. Other grammars such as
966:
grant noun phrases an intricate structure that acknowledges a hierarchy of functional projections.
672:
114:
1503:
1007:
967:
935:
688:
487:
430:
418:
414:
216:
106:
1228:
First Work in
English: Grammar and Composition Taught by a Comparative Study of Equivalent Forms
616:
strong tendency in
English to place heavier constituents to the right, making English more of a
1539:
1507:
1469:
1444:
1359:
1311:
1096:
923:
808:
676:
621:
593:
121:
1482:
Stockwell, P. 1977. Foundations of syntactic theory
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.
1575:
1531:
1499:
1171:
of another noun phrase; see
Huddleston and Pullum (2002:331) for examples, including the NP
868:
680:
625:
483:
125:
1206:
For discussion and criticism of the DP analysis of noun phrases, see
Matthews (2007:12ff.).
1387:
652:
629:
570:
848:
In some languages, including English, noun phrases are required to be "completed" with a
962:
depends on the basic approach to syntactic structure adopted. The layered trees of many
628:) are more likely to place all modifiers before the head noun. Other languages, such as
1535:
1391:
1135:
944:
526:
204:
1559:
1346:
940:
1334:
875:
617:
522:
508:
359:
152:
999:
trees, first using the original X-bar theory, then using the current DP approach:
151:
are analyzed as having the determiner as the head of the phrase, see for instance
1460:
2004. English syntax: An introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1305:
1263:
918:
also functions as a noun phrase (in this case without an explicit determiner).
1197:
Concerning how noun phrases function, see for instance Stockwell (1977:55ff.).
959:
148:
1010:
trees, first using the traditional NP approach, then using the DP approach:
878:, the two respective types of entity are called noun phrase (NP) and N-bar (
557:
1113:. This same conception can be found in subsequent grammars, such as 1878's
651:. For more information about the structure of noun phrases in English, see
533:
1231:
110:
102:
219:. To test, a single pronoun can replace the whole noun phrase, as in "
1109:
has two underlined infinitives which may be replaced by nouns, as in
812:
580:
553:
354:
344:
94:
1524:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
203:
671:
that they fulfill are those of the arguments of the main clause
351:. The traditional progression in the size of syntactic units is
348:
98:
18:
117:, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type.
934:. It has been the preferred analysis of noun phrases in the
1265:
Murby's English grammar and analysis, taught simultaneously
930:
This analysis of noun phrases is widely referred to as the
632:, often place even single-word adjectives after the noun.
136:. One NP can be embedded inside another NP; for instance,
1248:
A Tamil Grammar, Designed for Use in Colleges and Schools
856:), and those in which the determiner is lacking (such as
687:. They also function as arguments in such constructs as
1091:
An early conception of the noun phrase can be found in
976:
Below are some possible trees for the two noun phrases
16:
Phrase which grammatically functions the same as a noun
751:is the predicative expression following the copula
113:functions as a noun. Noun phrases are very common
797:is the object argument in the participial phrase
811:of the main clause predicate, thus taking on an
807:Sometimes a noun phrase can also function as an
209:Those five beautiful shiny Arkansas Black apples
147:In some theories of grammar, noun phrases with
1406:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.
1081:old picture of Fred that I found in the drawer
429:A typical noun phrase consists of a noun (the
1443:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
8:
1434:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
774:is the argument in the prepositional phrase
583:serving as complements to the noun, such as
437:.) The chief types of these dependents are:
1083:) but this phrase is below the determiner.
1504:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198237822.001.0001
1352:A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics
1111:justice is more important than generosity
958:The representation of noun phrases using
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1404:Huddleston, R. and G. K. Pullum (2002).
525:, in languages which have them, such as
32:This article includes a list of general
1151:
1441:Syntactic relations: A critical survey
1408:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1400:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
620:language. Head-final languages (e.g.
347:is understood to contain two or more
7:
1521:Rijkhoff, Jan (2015). "Word Order".
1358:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
1167:A noun phrase can even serve as the
1131:Chunking (computational linguistics)
1119:Murby's English grammar and analysis
140:has as a constituent the shorter NP
120:Noun phrases often function as verb
1285:. American Book Company. p. 91
1536:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53031-1
1279:Kimball, Lillian Gertrude (1912).
1251:(in Tamil). Addison & Company.
1141:Nominal group (functional grammar)
902:is a noun phrase. In the sentence
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
339:Status of single words as phrases
1065:
1026:
291:that is present in this sentence
23:
1341:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
1571:Grammatical construction types
653:English grammar § Phrases
1:
1468:. London: Pinter Publishers.
1310:. Рипол Классик. p. 45.
411:government and binding theory
844:With and without determiners
663:Noun phrases typically bear
409:of the Chomskyan tradition (
1226:Murison, Alexander (1875).
1592:
1419:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1054:that I found in the drawer
589:the belief that God exists
211:is a noun phrase of which
1304:Gadd, Cyril John (1924).
964:phrase structure grammars
407:phrase structure grammars
1262:Robertson, John (1882).
1040:has the four dependents
886:). Thus in the sentence
675:, particularly those of
667:functions. That is, the
637:coordinating conjunction
138:some of his constituents
132:, and as complements of
1307:A Sumerian Reading-Book
1104:is more important than
764:They are talking about
711:is the subject argument
130:predicative expressions
53:more precise citations.
1494:Rijkhoff, Jan (2002).
1339:The Minimalist Program
1245:Lazarus, John (1878).
833:She has been studying
731:is the object argument
685:predicative expression
467:attributive adjectives
353:word < phrase <
224:
1466:The case for lexicase
1464:Starosta, S. (1988).
1439:Matthews, P. (2007).
1093:First work in English
986:Here is the big house
984:(as in the sentences
888:Here is the big house
824:I read the newspaper.
693:prepositional phrases
606:a desire to sing well
540:prepositional phrases
207:
174:This election-year's
1566:Syntactic categories
1530:. pp. 644–656.
1417:English Word Grammar
954:Tree representations
604:in the noun phrases
566:the man (over) there
115:cross-linguistically
968:Dependency grammars
689:participial phrases
669:syntactic functions
587:in the noun phrase
564:in the noun phrase
544:in the drawing room
515:in the noun phrase
504:sitting on the step
488:participial phrases
419:dependency grammars
324:can be embedded in
310:can be embedded in
109:, and has the same
97:that usually has a
1175:as head of the NP
936:minimalist program
924:determiner phrases
898:are N-bars, while
659:Syntactic function
594:infinitive phrases
415:minimalist program
225:
197:at least one noun
1545:978-0-08-097087-5
1513:978-0-19-823782-2
1450:978-0-521-60829-9
1365:978-1-405-15296-9
1177:both those copies
1097:Alexander Murison
990:I like big houses
904:I like big houses
865:I like big houses
801:
778:
755:
732:
712:
521:nouns in certain
517:a college student
484:adjective phrases
343:Traditionally, a
287:The subject noun
229:Current economic
179:are annoying for
79:
78:
71:
1583:
1549:
1529:
1517:
1479:
1454:
1435:
1420:
1401:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1368:. Archived from
1357:
1342:
1322:
1321:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1234:, Green, and Co.
1223:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1069:
1030:
997:Phrase-structure
914:are N-bars, but
885:
881:
874:In the original
869:English articles
799:reading the news
792:
787:The man reading
769:
746:
726:
706:
575:which we noticed
571:relative clauses
223:look delicious".
142:his constituents
91:nominal (phrase)
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
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1496:The Noun Phrase
1493:
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1325:
1318:
1303:
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1298:
1288:
1286:
1282:English Grammar
1278:
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1187:
1183:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1127:
1115:A Tamil Grammar
1089:
1075:The determiner
1015:
1004:
956:
883:
879:
846:
815:function, e.g.
721:Have you heard
695:. For example:
661:
610:the man to beat
585:that God exists
532:("of the man";
492:extremely large
427:
341:
165:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1483:
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1474:
1461:
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1449:
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1397:Simpler syntax
1384:
1364:
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1143:
1138:
1136:Conservativity
1133:
1126:
1123:
1106:to be generous
1088:
1085:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1036:The head noun
1034:
1033:
1032:
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945:complementizer
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842:
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791:is very tall.
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781:
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776:about the news
759:
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736:
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163:Identification
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1393:
1392:R. Jackendoff
1389:
1388:Culicover, P.
1385:
1375:on 2015-07-24
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948:
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941:finite clause
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933:
932:DP hypothesis
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905:
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900:the big house
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1370:the original
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562:(over) there
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1458:Radford, A.
1347:Crystal, D.
1335:Chomsky, N.
1289:29 December
1216:(2005:140).
960:parse trees
548:of his aunt
442:determiners
312:other noun
155:(1995) and
149:determiners
111:grammatical
83:noun phrase
51:introducing
1560:Categories
1486:See also:
1413:Hudson, R.
1379:2015-04-28
1328:References
1117:or 1882's
1102:to be just
1008:Dependency
982:big houses
916:big houses
912:big houses
850:determiner
596:, such as
573:, such as
560:, such as
558:adverbials
552:adnominal
542:, such as
530:des Mannes
511:, such as
490:, such as
469:, such as
444:, such as
425:Components
392:corruption
34:references
1147:Footnotes
943:, with a
896:big house
858:big house
835:all night
822:Most days
813:adverbial
673:predicate
475:beautiful
435:adnominal
278:contains
266:two noun
264:contains
195:contains
159:(1990) .
1430:(1981).
1415:(1990).
1394:(2005).
1349:(1997).
1337:(1995).
1125:See also
795:the news
789:the news
772:the news
766:the news
749:the news
743:the news
741:That is
729:the news
723:the news
709:the news
703:the news
665:argument
639:such as
622:Japanese
534:genitive
413:and the
384:is good.
300:is long.
293:is long.
261:sentence
231:weakness
192:sentence
176:politics
122:subjects
59:May 2022
1576:Phrases
1232:Longman
1087:History
1050:of Fred
1038:picture
906:, both
890:, both
809:adjunct
701:For us
677:subject
626:Turkish
602:to beat
581:clauses
554:adverbs
513:college
479:sweeter
376:someone
314:phrases
307:phrases
268:phrases
240:of high
234:may be
215:is the
153:Chomsky
126:objects
105:as its
103:pronoun
93:– is a
47:improve
1542:
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1447:
1432:Syntax
1362:
1314:
1052:, and
908:houses
681:object
630:French
579:other
527:German
462:Jane's
355:clause
345:phrase
289:phrase
238:result
213:apples
199:phrase
183:people
157:Hudson
95:phrase
36:, but
1528:(PDF)
1373:(PDF)
1356:(PDF)
892:house
536:form)
471:large
349:words
305:Noun
259:This
181:many
128:, as
85:– or
1540:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1390:and
1360:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1291:2020
1169:head
1014:big
988:and
980:and
910:and
894:and
691:and
683:and
624:and
608:and
600:and
556:and
486:and
458:some
450:this
431:head
388:They
382:Milk
374:saw
326:them
322:They
280:them
221:They
217:head
124:and
107:head
99:noun
1532:doi
1500:doi
1095:by
1077:the
1046:old
1042:the
1006:2.
995:1.
992:).
882:, N
871:.)
860:).
649:but
641:and
446:the
320:b.
303:a.
296:b.
285:a.
274:b.
257:a.
101:or
89:or
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647:,
645:or
643:,
546:,
502:,
498:,
494:,
477:,
473:,
460:,
456:,
454:my
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448:,
403:he
372:He
298:It
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236:a
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