1455:
1163:). In generative grammar, this is encoded in terms of the number and type of theta roles the verb takes. The theta role is named by the most prominent thematic relation associated with it. So the three required arguments bear the theta roles named the agent (Reggie) the patient (or theme) (the kibble), and goal/recipient (Fergus).
1022:, in which there is a prototypical agent role that has those traits characteristically associated to it, while other thematic roles have less of those traits and are accordingly proportionally more distant to the prototypical agent. The same goes for the opposite pole of the continuum, the patient proto-role.
1096:
are purely semantic descriptions of the way in which the entities described by the noun phrase are functioning with respect to the meaning of the action described by the verb. A noun may bear more than one thematic relation. Almost every noun phrase bears at least one thematic relation (the exception
629:
While most modern linguistic theories make reference to such relations in one form or another, the general term, as well as the terms for specific relations, varies: "participant role", "semantic role", and "deep case" have also been employed with similar sense.
1499:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
987:
According to Van Valin, while thematic roles define semantic relations, and relations like subject and direct object are syntactic ones, the semantic macroroles of actor and undergoer are relations that lie at the
1070:) use the terms interchangeably. This is because theta roles are typically named by the most prominent thematic relation that they are associated with. Different theoretical approaches often closely tie different
614:, semantic roles have been a core linguistic concept and ground of debate between linguist approaches, because of their potential in explaining the relationship between syntax and semantics (also known as the
1592:
1509:
1485:
968:
In many functionally oriented linguistic approaches, the above thematic roles have been grouped into the two macroroles (also called generalized semantic roles or proto-roles) of
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ate his soup quietly). The actions can be both conscious or unconscious. In syntax, the agent is the argument of a transitive verb that corresponds to the subject in
English.
562:
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591:
may play with respect to the action or state described by a governing verb, commonly the sentence's main verb. For example, in the sentence "Susan ate an apple",
1622:. In Semantics. An interdisciplinary reader in philosophy, linguistics and psychology, eds. D. Steinberg and L. Jacobovitz: Cambridge University Press.
1050:
ending (-val/-vel), which explicitly marks the instrument of a sentence. Languages like
English often mark such thematic relations with prepositions.
1615:
Fillmore, Charles. 1968. The Case for Case. In
Universals in Linguistic Theory, eds. Emmon Bach and R.T. Harms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
1519:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
1527:
1152:
is the entity acted upon so it is the patient; Fergus is the direction/goal or recipient of the giving. Friday represents the time of the action.
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that a verb requires (which is a purely syntactic notion). Theta roles are syntactic relations that refers to the semantic thematic relations.
618:), that is how meaning affects the surface syntactic codification of language. The notion of semantic roles play a central role especially in
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Linguistic approaches that have adopted, in various forms, this notion of semantic macroroles include: the
Generalized Semantic Roles of
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bears two thematic relations (Agent and Source), but only one theta role (the argument slot associated with these thematic relations).
1673:
Harley, Heidi. In press. Thematic Roles. In
Patrick Hogan, ed. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
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express the surface position (in languages like
English) or case (in languages like Latin) that a noun phrase bears in the sentence.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German
Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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is doing the action so is the agent, but he is also the source of the kibble (note Reggie bears two thematic relations);
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Word meaning and
Montague grammar. The semantics of verbs and times in Generative Semantics and in Montague's PTQ
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There are not always clear boundaries between these relations. For example, in "the hammer broke the window",
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are expletives). Thematic relations on a noun are identical in sentences that are paraphrases of one another.
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The notion of semantic roles was introduced into theoretical linguistics in the 1960s, by
Jeffrey Gruber and
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of the verb they are associated with. A noun may only bear one theta role. Only arguments bear theta roles.
1086:, for example, agents/actors (or "agent-like" arguments) frequently overlap with the notion of subject (S).
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The focus of these studies on semantic aspects, and how they affect syntax, was part of a shift away from
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1587:. Vol. 1. Berlin 2011, S. 399–420.handbook of natural language meaning. Vol. 1. Berlin 2011, S. 399–420.
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a special kind of goal associated with verbs expressing a change in ownership, possession (e.g. I sent
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entity that prompts sensory or emotional feeling – not deliberately (e.g. David loves
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Temporal structure of syntactic parsing. Early and late event-related potential effects.
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Dowty D.R (1991). Thematic Proto-Roles and
Argument Selection. Language 67: 547-619
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does not receive a theta role from the verb, because it is an adjunct. Note that
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the reason for which an action is performed (e.g. Tabitha phoned 911 right away
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the time at which the action occurs (e.g. The pitcher struck out nine batters
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For example, take the sentence "Reggie gave the kibble to Fergus on Friday."
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These ideas, when they are used distinctly, can be distinguished as follows:
1003:’s 1991 theory of thematic proto-roles, Kibrik's Semantic hyperroles (1997),
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In Dowty’s theory of thematic proto-roles, semantic roles are considered as
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undergoes the action and changes its state (e.g. The falling rocks crushed
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undergoes the action but does not change its state (e.g. We believe in one
764:.) In syntax, the patient is the single object of a (mono)transitive verb.
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Bornkessel, I., Schlesewsky, M., Comrie, B. & Friederici, A. (2009).
249:
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Jackendoff, R. S. (1972). Semantic interpretation in generative grammar.
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Thematic relations concern the nature of the relationship between the
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1583:. In: Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger, Paul Portner (Hrsg.):
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where the action is directed towards (e.g. The caravan continued on
653:'s syntactic-centered approach, and in particular the notion of the
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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition.
1686:, Edited by Keil & Wilson (1999) Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
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UNIVERSITY of TARTU, Institute of Estonian and General Linguistics
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where the action occurs (e.g. Johnny and Linda played carelessly
1585:
Semantics: an international handbook of natural language meaning
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836:). In syntax, the recipient or goal is the indirect object of a
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Since their introduction in the mid-1960s by Jeffrey Gruber and
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Gruber, Jeffrey. 1965. Studies in lexical relations, MIT: Ph.D.
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Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2008, ISBN 0-521-63566-7
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For thematic relations at the syntax-semantics interface, see
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Generalized semantic roles and the syntax-semantics interface
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the entity for whose benefit the action occurs (e.g. I baked
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to the police officer.) (Sometimes used interchangeably with
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The following major thematic relations have been identified:
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Blackwell, Oxford 2000, ISBN 0-631-20507-1, S. 257–298.
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grammatical relations: The subject (S) of this sentence is
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to this template: there are already 1,876 articles in the
1311:
Introduction - Semantic Roles as a core linguistic concept
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where the action originated (e.g. The rocket was launched
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the entity that receives sensory or emotional input (e.g.
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what caused the action to occur in the first place; not
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used to carry out the action (e.g. Jamie cut the ribbon
976:. This notion of semantic macroroles was introduced by
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Grouping into the two macroroles of actor and undergoer
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are syntactic structures reflecting positions in the
1046:-marking on the noun. For instance, Hungarian has an
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McRae, Ken and Ferretti, Todd R. and Amyote, Liane:
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Linguistic theory giving noun phrases semantic roles
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a machine-translated version of the German article.
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Summary of Semantic Roles and Grammatical Relations
742:.) In syntax, the theme is the direct object of a
1389:Semantic macroroles in role and reference grammar
999:and Van Valin Role and reference grammar (1984),
960:labels are more logically plausible than others.
1318:(pp. 1-14). Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
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896:the way in which an action is carried out (e.g.
1722:Winter, Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-8253-5977-5
1411:Empirical issues in formal syntax and semantics
1683:The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences
1668:The handbook of contemporary syntactic theory.
1630:. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
1534:accompanying your translation by providing an
1479:Click for important translation instructions.
1466:expand this article with text translated from
1379:
1377:
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1642:(Chapter V. Thematic Roles, pp. 197–249)
1316:Semantic Role Universals and Argument Linking
1042:, thematic relations may be reflected in the
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8:
1290:. Functional Concepts and Frames – Proposal.
1666:In: Mark R. Baltin, Chris Collins (Hrsg.):
563:
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36:
1709:Thematic roles as verb-specific concepts.
1314:, pp.1-2, in I. Bornkessel et al. (Eds),
760:.). (Sometimes used interchangeably with
1425:Exploring the syntax-semantics interface
595:is the doer of the eating, so she is an
1238:
1133:of the noun. Theta roles are about the
682:deliberately performs the action (e.g.
39:
1704:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1695:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1513:
1082:, etc., to semantic relations. In the
990:interface between semantics and syntax
980:'s Ph.D. thesis in 1977, developed in
603:is the item that is eaten, so it is a
1749:. University of California, Berkeley.
784:mindlessly performs the action (e.g.
7:
1576:. 2nd Edition. Blackwell Publishers.
1428:, p. 67. Cambridge University Press.
1013:Head-driven phrase structure grammar
673:
626:) theories of language and grammar.
1731:The Routledge Handbook of Semantics
1546:{{Translated|de|Semantische Rolle}}
1248:"Lectures on linguistic complexity"
646:did some early work on it in 1972.
1011:, and some late 1990s versions of
25:
1713:Language and cognitive processes.
1573:Syntax: A Generative introduction
1656:22–5, (1996), S. 1219–1248.
1453:
190:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
1648:, Anja Hahne, Axel Mecklinger:
1066:. Many linguists (particularly
788:destroyed the ancient temple.).
660:Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
587:, are the various roles that a
1544:You may also add the template
1355:The Syntax‐Semantics Interface
1327:Gruber (1965), Fillmore (1968)
1159:requires three arguments (see
154:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
1:
1664:Thematic relations in syntax.
1597:(First ed.). Dordrecht:
832:the letter. He gave the book
1743:Van Valin Jr, R. D. (1977).
1620:Types of lexical information
1422:Van Valin Jr, R. D. (2005).
1287:A6 Frame Semantics for Verbs
1284:Van Valin Jr, R. D. (2008).
1062:is frequently confused with
1009:Functional discourse grammar
1729:. In: Nick Riemer (Hrsg.):
1676:Higginbotham, James (1999)
1557:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
1516:will aid in categorization.
1348:Rappaport Hovav, M., &
1030:In many languages, such as
270:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
1783:
1733:. London 2016, S. 403–418.
1491:Machine translation, like
1405:Van Valin, R. D. (1999). "
982:role and reference grammar
622:and language-comparative (
616:syntax-semantics interface
29:
1746:Aspects of Lakhota Syntax
1736:Van Valin, Robert (2008)
1618:Fillmore, Charles. 1971.
1468:the corresponding article
1201:Morphosyntactic alignment
1054:Conflicting terminologies
910:in order to get some help
1113:do not bear theta roles.
930:Because Clyde was hungry
872:Beneficiary or recipient
814:toward the distant oasis
667:Major thematic relations
393:Serial verb construction
1738:Introduction to Syntax.
1715:12-2/3, (1997) 137–176.
1698:Jackendoff, Ray. 1990.
1692:Semantics and cognition
1689:Jackendoff, Ray. 1983.
1555:For more guidance, see
900:, Tabitha phoned 911.).
880:a cake. He built a car
804:studying for my test.).
774:with a pair of scissors
575:In certain theories of
331:Honorifics (politeness)
1680:, pp. 837–8, in:
1570:Carnie, Andrew. 2007.
1216:Semantic role labeling
1155:theta roles: The verb
1068:generative grammarians
780:Force or natural cause
734:on the table. He gave
508:Polypersonal agreement
1591:Dowty, David (1979).
1528:copyright attribution
1117:Grammatical relations
1084:typological tradition
1072:grammatical relations
956:. Nevertheless, some
144:Genitive construction
1646:Angela D. Friederici
1628:Linguistic Semantics
1626:Frawley, W. (1992).
1178:, the object (O) is
1144:Thematic relations:
1129:of the verb and the
1026:Relationship to case
940:might be labeled an
932:, he ate the cake.).
850:from Central Command
397:Traditional grammar
365:Syntax relationships
41:Grammatical features
1720:Semantische Rollen.
1701:Semantic structures
1579:Davis, Anthony R.:
1186:is an oblique, and
1135:number of arguments
315:Comparison (degree)
65:Dative construction
1725:Primus, Beatrice:
1718:Primus, Beatrice:
1536:interlanguage link
1394:Semantische rollen
1107:argument structure
1093:Thematic relations
898:With great urgency
655:autonomy of syntax
581:thematic relations
265:Grammatical aspect
18:Thematic relations
1727:Participant roles
1608:978-90-277-1009-3
1568:
1567:
1480:
1476:
1386:Jr, R. D. (2004)
1371:, 19 October 2007
1367:Thomas E. Payne.
1060:thematic relation
1048:instrumental case
1020:prototype notions
958:thematic relation
838:ditransitive verb
808:Direction or goal
744:ditransitive verb
657:, and his recent
573:
572:
468:Topic and Comment
451:Thematic relation
346:Reflexive pronoun
260:Tense–aspect–mood
220:Associated motion
202:Universal grinder
16:(Redirected from
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1662:Gruber, Jeffrey
1641:
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1514:|topic=
1512:, and specifying
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1396:, pp. 62-82.
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1266:. Retrieved
1259:the original
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1206:Case grammar
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786:An avalanche
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485:Veridicality
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376:Transitivity
320:Egophoricity
134:Definiteness
102:Measure word
90:Instrumental
70:Dative shift
1445:Works cited
1392:p.62-4, in
1211:Theta roles
1101:Theta roles
1001:David Dowty
798:in the park
690:Experiencer
642:, and also
624:typological
589:noun phrase
577:linguistics
421:Predicative
341:Reciprocity
310:Boundedness
230:Conjugation
197:Specificity
1756:Categories
1637:0805810749
1268:2016-02-08
1228:References
1180:the kibble
1150:the kibble
1064:theta role
946:instrument
884:. I fight
800:. I'll be
768:Instrument
644:Jackendoff
535:Markedness
530:Inflection
515:Declension
446:Mirativity
255:Mirativity
161:Noun class
149:Possession
117:Count noun
97:Classifier
85:Comitative
80:Nominative
32:theta role
1767:Semantics
1599:D. Reidel
1550:talk page
1502:Consider
1470:in German
1384:Van Valin
1350:Levin, B.
1233:Citations
1188:on Friday
1184:to Fergus
1165:On Friday
1058:The term
1036:Hungarian
1005:Simon Dik
978:Van Valin
974:undergoer
924:, rather
824:Recipient
818:to school
726:. I have
503:Agreement
497:Phenomena
435:Semantics
401:Predicate
388:Branching
225:Clusivity
122:Mass noun
1526:provide
1352:(2015).
1195:See also
1111:Adjuncts
1007:'s 1989
922:for what
792:Location
732:the book
730:. I put
706:Stimulus
663:(1965).
601:an apple
480:Volition
441:Contrast
371:Argument
336:Polarity
250:Telicity
240:Modality
173:Singular
1548:to the
1530:in the
1472:.
1161:valency
1131:meaning
1127:meaning
1076:subject
1040:Turkish
1032:Finnish
904:Purpose
758:the car
751:Patient
740:patient
736:the gun
712:onions!
702:cried).
651:Chomsky
634:History
605:patient
461:Patient
416:Adjunct
406:Subject
381:Valency
55:Animacy
1634:
1605:
1409:. In:
1176:Reggie
1169:Reggie
1146:Reggie
1080:object
938:hammer
928:(e.g.
892:Manner
882:for me
878:Reggie
834:to her
411:Object
305:Affect
245:Person
182:Plural
166:Number
139:Gender
1493:DeepL
1262:(PDF)
1251:(PDF)
997:Foley
970:actor
954:cause
950:force
944:, an
942:agent
916:Cause
866:today
762:theme
718:Theme
696:Susan
677:Agent
597:agent
593:Susan
473:Focus
456:Agent
287:Voice
280:Tense
1711:In:
1652:In:
1632:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1524:must
1522:You
1486:View
1157:give
1078:and
1044:case
1038:and
972:and
948:, a
860:Time
830:John
684:Bill
275:Mood
177:Dual
60:Case
1495:or
1074:of
912:.).
888:.).
856:.).
820:.).
776:.).
724:God
1758::
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1376:^
1341:^
1295:^
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1253:.
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868:.)
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840:.
746:.
700:I
564:e
557:t
550:v
34:.
20:)
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