427:-secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla. Pheochromocytomas may generate sudden bursts of paroxysmal symptoms due to excess catecholamine secretion. In a classical presentation of these tumors, some symptoms that commonly occur are palpitations, sweating, and headaches; these last a variable amount of time (minutes to hours) and occur periodically. Other symptoms include but are not limited to pallor, nausea, and panic attacks. Pheochromocytoma is often called a medical "mimic" since it often presents with signs and symptoms that mimic other conditions. For example, pheochromocytoma can result in flushing, nausea, weight loss, fatigue, abdominal pain, constipation, chest pain, and onset of diabetes.
41:
29:
282:. Recent research indicates that the adrenal medulla may receive input from higher-order cognitive centers in the prefrontal cortex as well as the sensory and motor cortices, providing credence to the idea that there are psychosomatic illnesses.
380:
or imminent danger, medullary cells release the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline into the blood. Adrenaline composes about 85% of the released catecholamines, and noradrenaline the other 15%.
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The adrenal medulla consists of irregularly shaped cells grouped around blood vessels. These cells are intimately connected with the sympathetic division of the
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270:(ANS). These adrenal medullary cells are modified postganglionic neurons, and preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers lead to them directly from the
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408:. Release of catecholamines is stimulated by nerve impulses, and receptors for catecholamines are widely distributed throughout the body.
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Därr, Roland; Lenders, Jacques W.M.; Hofbauer, Lorenz C.; Naumann, Bernd; Bornstein, Stefan R.; Eisenhofer, Graeme (February 2012).
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320:. The cells form clusters around fenestrated capillaries where they release norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood.
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467:, the entire body cannot efficiently produce epinephrine and norepinephrine from dopamine, this results in severe
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but most crucially due to autonomous nervous system failure which requires epinephrine and norepinephrine as
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at the SUNY Downstate
Medical Center - "Posterior Abdominal Wall: Blood Supply to the Suprarenal Glands"
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Hinson, Joy; Raven, Peter; Chew, Shern (2010-01-01), Hinson, Joy; Raven, Peter; Chew, Shern (eds.),
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964:
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Notable effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) include increased
324:
448:. The deficiency in circulating catecholamines is mildly symptomatic due to compensation by the
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1056:
969:
942:
816:
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Robertson, D; Haile, V; Perry, SE; Robertson, RM; Phillips JA, 3rd; Biaggioni, I (July 1991).
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622:"Motor, cognitive, and affective areas of the cerebral cortex influence the adrenal medulla"
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795:"Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency. A genetic disorder of cardiovascular regulation"
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648:
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Because the ANS, specifically the sympathetic division, exerts direct control over the
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Rather than releasing a neurotransmitter, the cells of the adrenal medulla secrete
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As a cluster of neuron cell bodies, the adrenal medulla is considered a modified
151:
1236:
1151:
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Carmichael, Stephen W. (1997-01-01), Bittar, E. Edward; Bittar, Neville (eds.),
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Adrenal medulla (on the pointer) stains lighter than the adrenal cortex,
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200:
475:, dopamine being used in this pathology as an inadequate substitute.
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81:
227:. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the
342:
The adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the
1163:
1138:
129:
113:
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Fung, M. M.; Viveros, O. H.; O’Connor, D. T. (16 November 2007).
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The adrenal medulla may be poorly formed or absent in cases of
372:, the hormone release can occur rather quickly. In response to
231:. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of
439:, a tumor in the nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system.
304:. They are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the
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in the skin and gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle (
750:
Therapeutic
Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism
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Anatomy
Atlases – Microscopic Anatomy, plate 15.292
274:. The adrenal medulla affects energy availability,
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145:
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128:
112:
100:
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53:
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460:cannot be stimulated by circulating epinephrine .
746:"Pheochromocytoma – update on disease management"
671:Introduction to Autonomics, Part 2 - Page 5 of 12
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8:
833:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
316:, receiving innervation from corresponding
1285:List of human endocrine organs and actions
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27:
810:
769:
720:
647:
637:
586:, Churchill Livingstone, pp. 53–60,
404:, all of which are characteristic of the
535:, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology,
33:Adrenal gland with medulla in the middle
506:
400:and capillary) dilation, and increased
247:(noradrenaline), and a small amount of
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584:The Endocrine System (Second Edition)
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465:dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency
327:of the sympathetic nervous system.
592:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3372-8.00005-7
302:postganglionic sympathetic neurons
14:
697:"Diseases of the adrenal medulla"
529:"Chapter 8 - The Adrenal Medulla"
495:History of catecholamine research
16:Central part of the adrenal gland
713:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01809.x
251:, in response to stimulation by
221:medulla glandulae suprarenalis
1:
545:10.1016/s1569-2582(97)80035-9
533:Principles of Medical Biology
580:"The Adrenal Glands Part I"
223:) is the inner part of the
1332:
1311:Sympathetic nervous system
95:inferior suprarenal artery
87:Superior suprarenal artery
450:autonomous nervous system
394:blood vessel constriction
193:
38:
26:
852:Anatomy photo:40:04-0202
762:10.1177/2042018812437356
452:, except in episodes of
406:fight-or-flight response
306:autonomic nervous system
268:autonomic nervous system
91:middle suprarenal artery
953:Somatomammotrophic cell
639:10.1073/pnas.1605044113
272:central nervous system
220:
195:Anatomical terminology
812:10.1161/01.hyp.18.1.1
620:Dum, Richard (2016).
539:, Elsevier: 207–225,
412:Clinical significance
308:that have lost their
293:are derived from the
256:preganglionic neurons
1268:Organ of Zuckerkandl
1258:Enteroendocrine cell
446:absent adrenal gland
318:preganglionic fibers
280:basal metabolic rate
1047:Parafollicular cell
416:Neoplasms include:
300:, and are modified
1191:Islets of pancreas
965:Corticotropic cell
673:anatomy module at
1293:
1292:
1133:
1132:
1057:Parathyroid gland
1028:
1027:
970:Gonadotropic cell
943:Somatotropic cell
862:- "Adrenal Gland"
701:Acta Physiologica
632:(35): 9922–9927.
601:978-0-7020-3372-8
473:neurotransmitters
423:(most common), a
209:
208:
204:
1323:
1242:Corpora arenacea
1107:Zona reticularis
1102:Zona fasciculata
1097:Zona glomerulosa
1085:
982:Chromophobe cell
975:Thyrotropic cell
911:
898:endocrine system
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421:Pheochromocytoma
370:chromaffin cells
291:Chromaffin cells
233:chromaffin cells
201:edit on Wikidata
107:Suprarenal veins
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1042:Follicular cell
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1005:Median eminence
986:
923:Pars intermedia
906:Pituitary gland
900:
896:Anatomy of the
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948:Prolactin cell
945:
938:Acidophil cell
935:
930:
928:Pars tuberalis
925:
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846:External links
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707:(2): 325–335.
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458:glycogenolysis
441:
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437:Ganglioneuroma
434:
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390:blood pressure
359:norepinephrine
351:catecholamines
332:
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245:norepinephrine
243:(adrenaline),
237:catecholamines
229:adrenal cortex
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960:Basophil cell
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933:Pars distalis
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485:Adrenal gland
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431:Neuroblastoma
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425:catecholamine
422:
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135:Lumbar glands
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119:Celiac plexus
117:
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75:Adrenal gland
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52:
48:
47:H&E stain
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1229:Pineal gland
1219:Epsilon cell
1157:Sertoli cell
1116:
1070:Oxyphil cell
1000:Pars nervosa
857:
829:cite journal
802:
799:Hypertension
798:
788:
756:(1): 11–26.
753:
749:
739:
704:
700:
666:
629:
625:
615:
605:, retrieved
583:
558:, retrieved
536:
532:
469:dysautonomia
462:
454:hypoglycemia
442:
415:
383:
367:
341:
334:
322:
298:neural crest
289:
265:
239:, including
212:
210:
164:A11.5.00.008
123:renal plexus
65:Neural crest
1280:Development
1263:Paraganglia
1237:Pinealocyte
1152:Leydig cell
355:epinephrine
286:Development
253:sympathetic
241:epinephrine
141:Identifiers
1316:Adrenaline
1300:Categories
1214:Delta cell
1199:Alpha cell
1065:Chief cell
805:(1): 1–8.
607:2020-12-17
560:2020-12-17
501:References
402:metabolism
398:bronchiole
386:heart rate
376:, such as
344:amino acid
276:heart rate
1204:Beta cell
1015:Pituicyte
992:Posterior
374:stressors
349:into the
314:dendrites
295:embryonic
262:Structure
60:Precursor
1275:Placenta
1147:Testicle
915:Anterior
780:23148191
731:18021328
658:27528671
479:See also
378:exercise
363:dopamine
347:tyrosine
337:hormones
331:Function
325:ganglion
249:dopamine
1209:PP cell
1117:Medulla
1034:Thyroid
821:1677640
771:3474647
722:2576282
649:5024624
152:D000313
71:Part of
54:Details
1139:Gonads
1089:Cortex
819:
778:
768:
729:
719:
656:
646:
598:
551:
456:where
361:, and
278:, and
82:Artery
1251:Other
1164:Ovary
1010:Stalk
310:axons
217:Latin
199:[
188:15633
130:Lymph
114:Nerve
835:link
817:PMID
776:PMID
727:PMID
654:PMID
596:ISBN
549:ISBN
388:and
312:and
211:The
176:3882
159:TA98
147:MeSH
102:Vein
807:doi
766:PMC
758:doi
717:PMC
709:doi
705:192
644:PMC
634:doi
630:113
588:doi
541:doi
463:In
183:FMA
171:TA2
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831:}}
827:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
