378:
197:
20:
184:
of the receptor that the agonist will bind to. Even though it is in activator region, the antagonist will not activate the receptor. This type of binding is reversible as increasing the concentration of agonist will outcompete the concentration of antagonist, resulting in receptor activation.
248:. An uncompetitive antagonist is slightly different from the other two types of antagonists. The action of an uncompetitive antagonist is dependent on the receptor's prior activation. This means only after the agonist binds to the receptor can the antagonist block the receptor's function.
233:. A receptor's agonist does not bind to its allosteric binding site. The binding of a non-competitive antagonist is irreversible. If the non-competitive antagonist binds to the allosteric site and an agonist binds to the ligand site, the receptor will remain unactivated.
824:, Brittain, R. T., & Levy, G. P. (1976). A review of the animal pharmacology of labetalol, a combined alpha-and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drug. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 3(4 Suppl 3), 681–684.
188:
Adrenergic competitive antagonists are shorter lasting than the other two types of antagonists. While the antagonists for alpha and beta receptors are usually different compounds, there has been recent
1077:, Pucci, G., Ranalli, M. G., Battista, F., & Schillaci, G. (2015). Effects of β-Blockers With and Without Vasodilating Properties on Central Blood Pressure. Hypertension, HYPERTENSIONAHA-115.
1163:
Richards JR, Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Lange RA, Olson KR, Horowitz BZ (May 2015). "Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, related derivatives, and analogues: a systematic clinical review".
1317:
2590:
236:
An example of an adrenergic non competitive antagonists is phenoxybenzamine. This drug is a non-selective α-adrenergic antagonist, which means it binds to both alpha receptors.
401:. Administration of an adrenergic antagonist that specifically targets the beta receptors, results in this decrease in blood pressure by slowing or reducing cardiac output.
117:
effects. Adrenergic antagonists reverse the natural cardiovascular effect, based on the type of adrenoreceptor being blocked. For example, if the natural activation of the α
483:
While these adrenergic antagonists are used for treating cardiovascular disease, mainly hypertension, they can evoke harmful cardiac events through prolongation of the
503:
While adrenergic antagonists have been used for years, there are multiple issues with using this class of drug. When overused, adrenergic antagonists can result in
1039:
Simko, Fedor; Baka, Tomas; Paulis, Ludovit; Reiter, Russel J (2016), "Elevated heart rate and nondipping heart rate as potential targets for melatonin: A review",
1310:
2583:
1888:
519:
regulation. If these adrenergic receptors are blocked too often, there will be an excess in calcium channel inhibition, which causes most of these problems.
39:. There are five adrenergic receptors, which are divided into two groups. The first group of receptors are the beta (β) adrenergic receptors. There are
4940:
4898:
2342:
1303:
2576:
4880:
4871:
4862:
1832:
1098:
1023:
926:
872:
845:
1074:
385:
Adrenergic antagonists have inhibitory or opposing effects on the receptors in the adrenergic system. The adrenergic system modulates the
4889:
2495:
2439:
709:, Mehvar, R., & Brocks, D. R. (2001). Stereospecific pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of beta-adrenergic blockers in humans.
2148:
888:
Van der Zee, P. A.; de Boer, A. (2014). "Pheochromocytoma: a review on preoperative treatment with phenoxybenzamine or doxazosin".
4930:
2332:
1881:
797:
2514:
2428:
377:
424:
There are few non-cardiovascular uses for adrenergic antagonists. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists are also used for treatment of
4907:
2500:
1753:
1614:
217:. Phentolamine is a competitive and nonselective α-adrenoreceptor antagonist. Propranolol is a β-adrenoreceptor antagonist.
4935:
3898:
2322:
1976:
1970:
1730:
4853:
2489:
2261:
1416:
180:. Competitive antagonists are a type of reversible antagonists. A competitive antagonist will attach itself to the same
3732:
3282:
3022:
2610:
2404:
2177:
1874:
1849:
1558:
68:
61:
3187:
2243:
2082:
2069:
2040:
1985:
554:
54:
47:
40:
2539:
2056:
226:
389:. Since this response, which is mostly seen as an increase in blood pressure, is produced by the release of the
3205:
2433:
2379:
2364:
2336:
2117:
2112:
2103:
1369:
1289:
544:
386:
245:
3853:
1295:
2534:
2505:
2473:
2303:
2108:
2064:
2015:
1946:
1837:
1805:
3618:
3310:
3300:
2871:
2628:
2415:
2221:
1757:
410:
381:
Major complications of persistent high blood pressure, which can be attenuated by adrenergic antagonists.
177:
91:
87:
3817:
3593:
3236:
2546:
2390:
2010:
1530:
418:
674:, Nickerson, M. (1949). The pharmacology of adrenergic blockade. Pharmacological Reviews, 1(1), 27–101.
2667:
822:
A review of the animal pharmacology of labtalol, a combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drug
706:
4476:
2551:
2395:
2248:
2201:
1787:
1507:
1474:
1247:
Kerns, William (2007). "Management of β-Adrenergic
Blocker and Calcium Channel Antagonist Toxicity".
225:
While competitive antagonists bind to the agonist or ligand binding site of the receptor reversibly,
196:
4155:
4021:
3497:
3403:
2800:
2706:
2599:
2172:
1960:
1721:
1348:
529:
36:
19:
3532:
3512:
1285:
2602:
2399:
2368:
2099:
1995:
1503:
515:
and even hypodynamic shock. This is because adrenergic stimulation by agonists results in normal
1449:
1198:
Charles Shey, U Wiysonge; Bradley, Hazel A; Mayosi, Bongani M; Maroney, Roy T; Mbewu, Anthony;
4586:
4561:
4481:
3359:
3109:
2974:
2468:
2373:
2196:
1989:
1264:
1229:
1180:
1145:
1094:
1058:
1019:
994:
976:
922:
897:
868:
841:
779:
738:
654:
602:
137:
102:
4240:
3567:
2820:
1114:
Hollingsworth JM, Canales BK, Rogers MA, Sukumar S, Yan P, Kuntz GM, Dahm P (December 2016).
916:
862:
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2458:
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1135:
1127:
1048:
984:
968:
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728:
644:
636:
592:
267:
190:
176:
While only a few α-adrenergic antagonists are competitive, all β-adrenergic antagonists are
122:
3354:
2662:
2386:
2298:
2136:
2131:
2001:
1965:
1955:
1938:
1643:
707:
Stereospecific
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Beta-Adrenergic Blockers in Humans
516:
464:
456:
437:
425:
230:
671:
105:. The α-adrenergic antagonists have different effects from the β-adrenergic antagonists.
1075:
Effects of β-Blockers With and
Without Vasodilating Properties on Central Blood Pressure
23:
Visual definition of an antagonist, where it compared to agonists and reverse agonists.
4466:
4135:
4100:
3821:
3577:
3487:
3240:
3105:
2825:
2780:
2078:
1933:
1916:
1843:
1594:
1576:
1224:
1203:
1140:
1115:
989:
956:
649:
624:
597:
580:
433:
413:. The adrenergic antagonists are widely used for lowering blood pressure and relieving
394:
114:
1116:"Alpha blockers for treatment of ureteric stones: systematic review and meta-analysis"
4924:
4616:
4456:
4140:
4084:
4041:
3702:
3626:
3492:
3431:
3320:
3209:
3121:
2875:
2795:
2790:
2734:
2721:
2314:
2213:
2205:
2188:
2127:
1690:
1604:
1515:
1343:
1326:
1176:
733:
720:
534:
512:
429:
398:
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153:
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3457:
3252:
3244:
3225:
3213:
3097:
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2902:
2293:
2159:
2142:
1897:
1775:
1698:
1584:
1520:
1454:
1434:
1334:
1215:
972:
539:
414:
262:
214:
181:
149:
130:
60:
receptors. The second group contains the alpha (α) adrenoreceptors. There are only
2568:
1088:
1013:
625:"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: a review of current clinical applications"
4766:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4621:
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4581:
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4531:
4516:
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4001:
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3613:
3542:
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2701:
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1801:
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1525:
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1444:
1424:
1406:
1396:
1199:
952:
576:
549:
508:
504:
484:
460:
284:
210:
145:
4831:
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4811:
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4706:
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1401:
1391:
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640:
441:
366:
334:
304:
299:
272:
157:
980:
951:
Wiysonge, Charles S.; Bradley, Hazel A.; Volmink, Jimmy; Mayosi, Bongani M.;
783:
156:
antagonists are metabolized in the liver and eliminated with urine while the
101:. They can be drugs, which are added to the body for therapeutic reasons, or
4826:
4816:
4801:
4781:
4771:
4746:
4716:
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4691:
4671:
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3408:
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3268:
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3191:
3172:
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3147:
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3017:
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1459:
1439:
1429:
1386:
1381:
774:
757:
472:
361:
349:
344:
289:
113:
Adrenergic ligands are endogenous proteins that modulate and evoke specific
1268:
1233:
1184:
1149:
1062:
998:
901:
742:
658:
606:
821:
721:"Pharmacology of beta-blockers: classical aspects and recent developments"
4711:
4701:
4651:
4526:
4511:
4506:
4316:
4281:
4276:
4250:
4225:
4092:
3982:
3948:
3829:
3727:
3717:
3697:
3668:
3654:
3598:
3572:
3557:
3439:
3369:
3258:
3248:
3132:
2978:
2962:
2906:
2742:
2677:
2326:
1779:
1680:
1670:
1464:
452:
448:
324:
314:
294:
98:
581:"Beta-blockers and the treatment of hypertension: it is time to move on"
4806:
4786:
4761:
4656:
4381:
4306:
3747:
3315:
3263:
3217:
1950:
492:
468:
339:
329:
319:
309:
141:
1131:
1053:
837:
Principles of
Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy
4076:
3423:
3305:
2726:
2463:
2032:
1912:
1866:
488:
417:. These antagonists have a been proven to relieve the pain caused by
79:
756:
Das, Sambhunath; Kumar, Pankaj; Kiran, Usha; Airan, Balram (2017).
393:, administration of an adrenergic antagonist results a decrease in
487:. Some adrenergic antagonists have a diminished ability to reduce
421:, and also the infarction size, which correlates with heart rate.
376:
195:
75:
18:
3507:
83:
32:
2572:
1870:
1299:
867:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 18.
840:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 22.
152:, allowing for a wide spread through the body. From there, the
447:
Adrenergic antagonists are used to treat acute cardiovascular
229:
can either bind to the ligand site or other site called the
1090:
798:"In Vitro Pharmacology: concentration-response curves]"
140:
from the gastrointestinal tract. From there, they bind to
1202:; Volmink, Jimmy (2007). Wiysonge, Charles Shey U (ed.).
834:
Golan, D. E.; Tashjian, A. H.; Armstrong, E. J. (2011).
90:. There are also α-adreno receptors that are located on
209:
Two examples of competitive adrenergic antagonists are
915:
Bagetta, G.; Corasaniti, M. T.; Lipton, S. A. (2007).
74:
receptors. Adrenergic receptors are located near the
4259:
3861:
3852:
3586:
3293:
3281:
2834:
2621:
2609:
2527:
2482:
2449:
2414:
2355:
2313:
2284:
2275:
2234:
2187:
2158:
2090:
2077:
2063:
2048:
2031:
2024:
1904:
1752:
1729:
1719:
1689:
1642:
1635:
1613:
1575:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1502:
1473:
1415:
1368:
1361:
1342:
136:Some adrenergic antagonists, mostly β antagonists,
921:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 17.
762:Journal of the Practice of Cardiovascular Sciences
193:that effects both types of the adrenoreceptors.
168:There are three different types of antagonists.
1758:
918:Neuroinflammation in Neuronal Death and Repair
864:Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications
758:"Alpha blockers: A relook at phenoxybenzamine"
623:Giovannitti JA, Thoms SM, Crawford JJ (2015).
618:
616:
2584:
1882:
1311:
397:, which is controlled by both heart rate and
8:
1691:Non-selective α-adrenergic receptor blockers
1249:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
961:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
409:Adrenergic antagonists are mostly used for
97:Antagonists reduce or block the signals of
3858:
3290:
2618:
2591:
2577:
2569:
2281:
2087:
2074:
2028:
1889:
1875:
1867:
1726:
1639:
1554:
1547:
1365:
1358:
1318:
1304:
1296:
1288:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1223:
1139:
1052:
988:
773:
732:
648:
596:
1208:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
672:The Pharmacology of Adrenergic Blockade
567:
200:Phentolamine, an adrenergic antagonist
129:-adrenergic antagonist will result in
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
861:Craig, C. R.; Stitzel, R. E. (2004).
702:
700:
7:
1015:The Cardiovascular Adrenergic System
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
2496:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
2440:Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor
14:
2387:Acetylcholine receptor antagonist
2149:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
1087:John Malcolm Cruickshank (2010).
244:There were few if any adrenergic
1204:"Beta-blockers for hypertension"
1177:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.040
957:"Beta-blockers for hypertension"
734:10.1097/00005344-199006165-00002
4941:Adrenergic receptor antagonists
4899:Monoamine metabolism modulators
2515:Vasopressin receptor antagonist
2429:Cannabinoid receptor antagonist
1754:Endothelin receptor antagonists
1615:Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors
890:Netherlands Journal of Medicine
160:ones are eliminated unchanged.
2501:Endothelin receptor antagonist
2365:Acetylcholine receptor agonist
2124:Adrenergic receptor antagonist
1763:Tooltip Pulmonary hypertension
1731:Serotonin receptor antagonists
1216:10.1002/14651858.CD002003.pub2
973:10.1002/14651858.CD002003.pub5
121:-adrenergic receptor leads to
35:that inhibits the function of
1:
4881:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
4854:Receptor/signaling modulators
2333:Glutamate receptor antagonist
2249:Serotonin receptor antagonist
2202:Histamine receptor antagonist
1977:Negative allosteric modulator
1971:Positive allosteric modulator
1648:-Adrenergic receptor blockers
1417:Adrenergic release inhibitors
1374:-Adrenergic receptor agonists
391:endogenous adrenergic ligands
2490:Adenosine reuptake inhibitor
2424:Cannabinoid receptor agonist
2343:Glutamate reuptake inhibitor
2262:Serotonin reuptake inhibitor
2173:Dopamine receptor antagonist
1559:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
3964:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3341:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3188:Tetracyclic antidepressants
2654:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
2178:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
2100:Adrenergic receptor agonist
1093:. Shelton, Conn: PMPH-USA.
227:non-competitive antagonists
4957:
4890:Monoamine releasing agents
2469:Opioid receptor antagonist
2323:Glutamate receptor agonist
2244:Serotonin receptor agonist
2197:Histamine receptor agonist
1041:Journal of Pineal Research
1012:Lymperopoulos, A. (2015).
575:Wiysonge, CS; Volmink, J;
555:Sympathetic nervous system
4844:
3206:Tricyclic antidepressants
2168:Dopamine receptor agonist
1827:
1261:10.1016/j.emc.2007.02.001
641:10.2344/0003-3006-62.1.31
499:Side effects and toxicity
459:, for instance caused by
246:uncompetitive antagonists
2434:Endocannabinoid enhancer
2380:Cholinesterase inhibitor
2299:GABA receptor antagonist
1290:Medical Subject Headings
545:List of adrenergic drugs
387:fight-or-flight response
4931:Antihypertensive agents
3619:Atypical antipsychotics
2872:Atypical antipsychotics
2474:Enkephalinase inhibitor
2464:Opioid receptor agonist
2304:GABA reuptake inhibitor
2009:♦ Miscellaneous:
775:10.4103/jpcs.jpcs_42_16
178:competitive antagonists
3818:Typical antipsychotics
3301:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
3237:Typical antipsychotics
2057:Ion channel modulators
1329:(and closely related)
1286:Adrenergic+antagonists
725:J Cardiovasc Pharmacol
411:cardiovascular disease
382:
201:
92:vascular smooth muscle
88:gastrointestinal tract
24:
4908:Monoamine neurotoxins
2294:GABA receptor agonist
1508:nicotinic antagonists
419:myocardial infarction
380:
199:
29:adrenergic antagonist
22:
4936:Parasympathomimetics
4477:Dichloroisoprenaline
1475:Imidazoline receptor
727:. 16 Suppl 5: S1-9.
719:Haeusler, G (1990).
164:Mechanisms of action
146:α1-acid glycoprotein
37:adrenergic receptors
4156:Phenylpropanolamine
4022:Ethylnorepinephrine
3498:Phenylpropanolamine
3404:Ethylnorepinephrine
2801:Phenylpropanolamine
2707:Ethylnorepinephrine
2600:Adrenergic receptor
2510:receptor antagonist
1165:Drug Alcohol Depend
955:(20 January 2017).
530:Adrenergic receptor
475:, and other drugs.
1898:Pharmacomodulation
1854:Never to phase III
383:
202:
103:endogenous ligands
25:
4918:
4917:
4911:
4902:
4893:
4884:
4875:
4866:
4857:
4840:
4839:
4587:Iodocyanopindolol
4562:Hydroxytertatolol
4482:Dihydroalprenolol
4095:
4087:
4079:
3996:
3848:
3847:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3378:
3360:Dihydroergotamine
3277:
3276:
3110:hydroxynefazodone
2975:dihydroergotamine
2745:
2737:
2729:
2686:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2523:
2522:
2351:
2350:
2271:
2270:
2041:Enzyme inhibition
1864:
1863:
1823:
1822:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1631:
1630:
1539:
1538:
1504:Ganglion-blocking
1331:antihypertensives
1132:10.1136/bmj.i6112
1100:978-1-60795-108-7
1054:10.1111/jpi.12348
1025:978-3-319-13680-6
928:978-0-12-373989-6
874:978-0-7817-3762-3
847:978-1-60831-270-2
138:passively diffuse
4948:
4905:
4896:
4887:
4878:
4869:
4860:
4848:
4557:Hydroxycarteolol
4121:Methoxyphenamine
4093:
4085:
4080:-DOPA (levodopa)
4077:
3994:
3968:-methyldopamine)
3859:
3763:Phenoxybenzamine
3440:
3432:
3427:-DOPA (levodopa)
3424:
3376:
3345:-methyldopamine)
3291:
3103:Phenylpiperazine
3093:Phenoxybenzamine
2743:
2735:
2730:-DOPA (levodopa)
2727:
2684:
2668:Dexisometheptene
2658:-methyldopamine)
2619:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2570:
2540:Enzyme cofactors
2459:Opioid modulator
2416:Cannabinoidergic
2282:
2088:
2075:
2029:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1764:
1760:
1727:
1640:
1555:
1548:
1366:
1359:
1353:vasoconstriction
1320:
1313:
1306:
1297:
1273:
1272:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1018:. SpringerLink.
1009:
1003:
1002:
992:
948:
933:
932:
912:
906:
905:
885:
879:
878:
858:
852:
851:
831:
825:
819:
813:
812:
810:
808:
794:
788:
787:
777:
753:
747:
746:
736:
716:
710:
704:
675:
669:
663:
662:
652:
620:
611:
610:
600:
585:Cardiovasc J Afr
572:
457:sympathomimetics
399:vasculature tone
268:phenoxybenzamine
191:drug development
123:vasoconstriction
4956:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4836:
4255:
3844:
3582:
3355:Dexmedetomidine
3286:
3273:
3106:antidepressants
2830:
2663:Desglymidodrine
2614:
2605:
2597:
2567:
2558:
2519:
2509:
2478:
2445:
2410:
2347:
2309:
2267:
2256:
2230:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2183:
2154:
2068:
2059:
2044:
2020:
1966:Inverse agonist
1956:Partial agonist
1900:
1895:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1844:Clinical trials
1819:
1762:
1748:
1703:
1685:
1647:
1627:
1609:
1577:VMAT inhibitors
1571:
1535:
1498:
1469:
1411:
1373:
1351:
1346:
1338:
1324:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1210:(1): CD002003.
1197:
1196:
1192:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1011:
1010:
1006:
953:Opie, Lionel H.
950:
949:
936:
929:
914:
913:
909:
887:
886:
882:
875:
860:
859:
855:
848:
833:
832:
828:
820:
816:
806:
804:
796:
795:
791:
755:
754:
750:
718:
717:
713:
705:
678:
670:
666:
622:
621:
614:
574:
573:
569:
564:
559:
525:
517:calcium channel
501:
481:
465:methamphetamine
434:panic disorders
426:ureteric stones
407:
375:
358:
281:
259:
254:
242:
231:allosteric site
223:
221:Non-competitive
207:
174:
166:
128:
120:
111:
72:
65:
58:
51:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4954:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4923:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4903:
4894:
4885:
4876:
4867:
4858:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4467:Dexpropranolol
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Norepinephrine
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Levosalbutamol
4098:
4090:
4088:-Phenylalanine
4082:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3822:chlorpromazine
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3658:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3578:Xylometazoline
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Norepinephrine
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3435:-Phenylalanine
3429:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3241:chlorpromazine
3234:
3229:
3203:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2900:
2895:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2826:Xylometazoline
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Norepinephrine
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2738:-Phenylalanine
2732:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2544:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2330:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2121:
2115:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2072:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1795:
1768:
1766:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:Methoserpidine
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1344:Sympatholytics
1340:
1339:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1280:External links
1278:
1275:
1274:
1255:(2): 309–331.
1239:
1190:
1155:
1106:
1099:
1079:
1067:
1031:
1024:
1004:
934:
927:
907:
896:(4): 190–201.
880:
873:
853:
846:
826:
814:
789:
748:
711:
676:
664:
612:
566:
565:
563:
560:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
526:
524:
521:
500:
497:
480:
477:
406:
403:
395:blood pressure
374:
371:
370:
369:
364:
357:
354:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
280:
277:
276:
275:
270:
265:
258:
257:Alpha blockers
255:
253:
250:
241:
238:
222:
219:
206:
203:
173:
170:
165:
162:
126:
118:
115:cardiovascular
110:
107:
70:
63:
56:
49:
42:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4953:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:Serotonergics
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:Dopaminergics
4859:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:Levobetaxolol
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Cyanopindolol
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4141:Orciprenaline
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4042:Hexoprenaline
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3703:Esmirtazapine
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:brexpiprazole
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:Oxymetazoline
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Apraclonidine
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3280:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3210:amitriptyline
3207:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3122:triazoledione
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:Beta blockers
2901:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2876:brexpiprazole
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Phenylephrine
2794:
2792:
2791:Oxymetazoline
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2722:Isometheptene
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:Miscellaneous
2526:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2315:Glutamatergic
2312:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2189:Histaminergic
2186:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1605:Syrosingopine
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:Hexamethonium
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:Sympatholytic
1321:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1047:(2): 127–37,
1046:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
935:
930:
924:
920:
919:
911:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
881:
876:
870:
866:
865:
857:
854:
849:
843:
839:
838:
830:
827:
823:
818:
815:
803:
802:GlaxoWellcome
799:
793:
790:
785:
781:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
749:
744:
740:
735:
730:
726:
722:
715:
712:
708:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
677:
673:
668:
665:
660:
656:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
619:
617:
613:
608:
604:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
571:
568:
561:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
535:Alpha blocker
533:
531:
528:
527:
522:
520:
518:
514:
513:hyperglycemia
510:
506:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
478:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
404:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
379:
373:Major effects
372:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
355:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:Beta blockers
278:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
256:
251:
249:
247:
240:Uncompetitive
239:
237:
234:
232:
228:
220:
218:
216:
212:
204:
198:
194:
192:
186:
183:
179:
171:
169:
163:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
124:
116:
108:
106:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
66:
59:
52:
45:
38:
34:
30:
21:
4906:
4897:
4888:
4879:
4870:
4861:
4850:
4849:
4642:Metipranolol
4627:Levomoprolol
4572:Idropranolol
4067:Isoprenaline
3965:
3889:Arformoterol
3834:thioridazine
3826:fluphenazine
3798:Spiroxatrine
3758:Phentolamine
3677:tandospirone
3643:paliperidone
3533:Tasipimidine
3513:Rezatomidine
3458:Medetomidine
3342:
3253:thioridazine
3245:fluphenazine
3226:trimipramine
3214:clomipramine
3098:Phentolamine
2967:acetergamine
2943:Corynanthine
2655:
2550:
2538:
2236:Serotonergic
2160:Dopaminergic
2123:
2039:
1797:
1776:Aprocitentan
1771:
1699:Phentolamine
1585:Bietaserpine
1531:Trimethaphan
1521:Mecamylamine
1455:Guanethidine
1435:Debrisoquine
1349:α-adrenergic
1347:(antagonize
1252:
1248:
1242:
1207:
1200:Opie, Lionel
1193:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1089:
1082:
1070:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1014:
1007:
967:: CD002003.
964:
960:
917:
910:
893:
889:
883:
863:
856:
836:
829:
817:
805:. Retrieved
801:
792:
765:
761:
751:
724:
714:
667:
632:
628:
591:(6): 351–2.
588:
584:
570:
540:Beta blocker
502:
491:compared to
482:
455:) caused by
446:
423:
415:hypertension
408:
405:Medical uses
384:
356:Mixed action
263:Phentolamine
243:
235:
224:
215:phentolamine
208:
187:
182:binding site
175:
167:
135:
131:vasodilation
112:
109:Pharmacology
96:
28:
26:
16:Type of drug
4767:Spirendolol
4742:Propranolol
4737:Propafenone
4732:Pronethalol
4622:Levobunolol
4597:Isoxaprolol
4582:Indopanolol
4567:ICI-118,551
4532:Eugenodilol
4517:Ersentilide
4497:Draquinolol
4492:Diprafenone
4462:Dalbraminol
4442:Cicloprolol
4417:Carpindolol
4402:Butofilolol
4347:Bornaprolol
4292:Alprenoxime
4260:Antagonists
4221:Tulobuterol
4216:Tretoquinol
4211:Terbutaline
4171:Ractopamine
4166:Prenalterol
4072:Isoxsuprine
4057:Indacaterol
4027:Eugenodilol
4017:Etilevodopa
4002:Epinephrine
3993:Droxidopa (
3973:Dipivefrine
3944:Clenbuterol
3788:Setiptiline
3778:Rauwolscine
3753:Pardoprunox
3743:Mirtazapine
3708:Fenmetozole
3651:risperidone
3614:Atipamezole
3587:Antagonists
3543:Tiamenidine
3538:Tetryzoline
3518:Rilmenidine
3483:Naphazoline
3419:Guanoxabenz
3394:Epinephrine
3384:Etilevodopa
3375:Droxidopa (
3365:Dipivefrine
3326:Brimonidine
3196:maprotiline
3073:Pardoprunox
3068:Niguldipine
3028:Mepiprazole
3003:Hydroxyzine
2993:Etoperidone
2983:nicergoline
2953:Domesticine
2948:Dapiprazole
2923:eugenodilol
2898:Benoxathian
2892:risperidone
2857:Anisodamine
2835:Antagonists
2816:Tiamenidine
2811:Tetryzoline
2776:Naphazoline
2761:Methoxamine
2756:Metaraminol
2702:Etilevodopa
2692:Epinephrine
2683:Droxidopa (
2673:Dipivefrine
2634:Amidephrine
2552:Amino acids
2451:Opioidergic
2357:Cholinergic
2070:transporter
2050:Ion channel
1986:Transporter
1930:Ion channel
1840:from market
1814:Sotatercept
1802:Ambrisentan
1722:antagonists
1590:Deserpidine
1526:Pentolinium
1489:Rilmenidine
1445:Guanazodine
1425:Bethanidine
1407:Tiamenidine
1397:Guanoxabenz
807:October 19,
635:(1): 31–9.
629:Anesth Prog
550:Propranolol
509:hypotension
505:bradycardia
485:QT interval
479:Limitations
461:amphetamine
285:Propranolol
211:propranolol
172:Competitive
158:hydrophilic
4925:Categories
4832:Xipranolol
4822:Toliprolol
4812:Tiprenolol
4797:Tienoxolol
4792:Tertatolol
4777:Sulfinalol
4757:Soquinolol
4752:Ronactolol
4727:Procinolol
4722:Primidolol
4707:Penbutolol
4687:Pacrinolol
4682:Oxprenolol
4677:Nipradilol
4647:Metoprolol
4637:Mepindolol
4632:Medroxalol
4602:Isamoltane
4592:Iprocrolol
4552:Flusoxolol
4542:Falintolol
4522:Esatenolol
4472:Diacetolol
4452:Cloranolol
4432:Celiprolol
4427:Carvedilol
4407:Capsinolol
4392:Butaxamine
4387:Bupranolol
4377:Bunitrolol
4357:Bucindolol
4352:Brefonalol
4342:Bopindolol
4337:Bisoprolol
4332:Bevantolol
4312:Arotinolol
4297:Amosulalol
4287:Alprenolol
4267:Acebutolol
4246:Zilpaterol
4231:Vilanterol
4206:Solabegron
4201:Salmeterol
4196:Salbutamol
4181:Reproterol
4176:Procaterol
4161:Pirbuterol
4146:Oxyfedrine
4131:Mirabegron
4126:Methyldopa
4116:Melevodopa
4106:Lubabegron
4062:Isoetarine
4047:Higenamine
4037:Formoterol
4012:Etilefrine
4007:Etafedrine
3988:Dopexamine
3978:Dobutamine
3959:Denopamine
3954:Corbadrine
3934:Carmoterol
3929:Carbuterol
3919:Broxaterol
3914:Bitolterol
3904:Bambuterol
3894:Arotinolol
3884:Arbutamine
3874:Alifedrine
3869:Abediterol
3813:Tolazoline
3803:Sunepitron
3793:Spegatrine
3783:Rotigotine
3723:Ketanserin
3713:Fluparoxan
3693:Cirazoline
3688:Buflomedil
3673:ipsapirone
3661:Azapirones
3647:quetiapine
3639:olanzapine
3635:lurasidone
3609:Aptazapine
3604:Amesergide
3553:Tolonidine
3548:Tizanidine
3528:Talipexole
3523:Romifidine
3478:Moxonidine
3468:Methyldopa
3463:Melevodopa
3453:Lofexidine
3414:Guanfacine
3399:Etilefrine
3389:Ergotamine
3350:Detomidine
3336:Corbadrine
3232:Trimazosin
3222:imipramine
3183:Tolazoline
3178:Tiodazosin
3168:Tamsulosin
3163:Talipexole
3153:Spegatrine
3138:Quinazosin
3114:nefazodone
3088:Phendioxan
3078:Pelanserin
3063:Niaprazine
3058:Neldazosin
3048:Naftopidil
3043:Moxisylyte
3013:Ketanserin
2998:Fenspiride
2971:ergotamine
2933:Buflomedil
2919:carvedilol
2915:arotinolol
2911:amosulalol
2888:quetiapine
2884:olanzapine
2847:Ajmalicine
2806:Synephrine
2786:Octopamine
2766:Methyldopa
2751:Melevodopa
2717:Indanidine
2697:Etilefrine
2649:Corbadrine
2644:Cirazoline
2603:modulators
2400:Ganglionic
2391:Muscarinic
2369:Muscarinic
2092:Adrenergic
1961:Antagonist
1810:Sitaxentan
1806:+tadalafil
1788:+tadalafil
1784:Macitentan
1744:Lidanserin
1739:Ketanserin
1676:Trimazosin
1661:Ketanserin
1623:Metirosine
1544:Peripheral
1494:Tolonidine
1484:Moxonidine
1450:Guancydine
1402:Methyldopa
1392:Guanfacine
562:References
442:anesthesia
438:withdrawal
367:Carvedilol
335:Acebutolol
305:Metoprolol
300:Oxprenolol
273:Tamsulosin
154:lipophilic
4851:See also:
4827:Xibenolol
4817:Tolamolol
4802:Tilisolol
4782:Talinolol
4772:SR 59230A
4747:Ridazolol
4717:Practolol
4697:Pamatolol
4692:Pafenolol
4672:Nifenalol
4667:Nebivolol
4662:Nadoxolol
4612:Landiolol
4607:Labetalol
4577:Indenolol
4547:Flestolol
4537:Exaprolol
4502:Ecastolol
4487:Dilevalol
4447:Cinamolol
4437:Cetamolol
4422:Carteolol
4412:Carazolol
4397:Butidrine
4372:Bufuralol
4367:Bufetolol
4362:Bucumolol
4327:Betaxolol
4322:Befunolol
4302:Ancarolol
4272:Adaprolol
4236:Xamoterol
4191:Ritodrine
4186:Rimiterol
4151:PF-610355
4111:Mabuterol
4096:-Tyrosine
4052:Ibopamine
4032:Fenoterol
3939:Cimaterol
3924:Buphenine
3909:Befunolol
3879:Amibegron
3840:Yohimbine
3808:Terguride
3773:Piribedil
3768:Piperoxan
3738:Mianserin
3683:BRL-44408
3665:buspirone
3631:clozapine
3623:asenapine
3563:Vatinoxan
3503:Piperoxan
3473:Mivazerol
3448:Ibopamine
3443:-Tyrosine
3409:Guanabenz
3331:Clonidine
3269:Zolertine
3200:mianserin
3192:amoxapine
3173:Terazosin
3158:Spiperone
3148:Silodosin
3143:Quinidine
3128:Piperoxan
3118:trazodone
3083:Perlapine
3053:Nantenine
3038:Monatepil
3033:Metazosin
3018:L-765,314
3008:Indoramin
2987:terguride
2963:Ergolines
2958:Doxazosin
2938:Bunazosin
2927:labetalol
2880:clozapine
2867:Atiprosin
2862:Anisodine
2852:Alfuzosin
2842:Abanoquil
2771:Midodrine
2746:-Tyrosine
2712:Ibopamine
2639:Buspirone
2547:Precursor
2396:Nicotinic
2374:Nicotinic
2286:GABAergic
2011:Precursor
1996:Inhibitor
1922:Inhibitor
1850:Phase III
1838:Withdrawn
1798:selective
1792:Riociguat
1666:Indoramin
1656:Doxazosin
1600:Reserpine
1567:Pargyline
1460:Guanoclor
1440:Guanadrel
1430:Bretylium
1387:Guanabenz
1382:Clonidine
1126:: i6112.
981:1469-493X
784:2395-5414
768:(1): 11.
473:ephedrine
451:(e.g. in
362:Labetalol
350:Betaxolol
345:Talinolol
290:Nebivolol
4712:Pindolol
4702:Pargolol
4652:Moprolol
4527:Esprolol
4512:Ericolol
4507:Epanolol
4317:Atenolol
4282:Afurolol
4277:Adimolol
4251:Zinterol
4226:Vibegron
3983:Dopamine
3949:Colterol
3862:Agonists
3830:loxapine
3728:Lisuride
3718:Idazoxan
3698:Efaroxan
3669:gepirone
3655:zotepine
3599:Adimolol
3573:Xylazine
3558:Urapidil
3370:Dopamine
3294:Agonists
3259:Urapidil
3249:loxapine
3133:Prazosin
2979:lisuride
2907:adimolol
2678:Dopamine
2622:Agonists
2535:Cofactor
2405:Muscular
2065:Receptor
2016:Cofactor
2002:Releaser
1990:Enhancer
1984:♦
1947:Receptor
1945:♦
1928:♦
1911:♦
1780:Bosentan
1681:Urapidil
1671:Prazosin
1551:Indirect
1477:agonists
1465:Guanoxan
1269:17482022
1234:17253471
1185:25724076
1171:: 1–13.
1150:27908918
1063:27264986
999:28107561
902:24829175
743:11527109
659:25849473
607:18092107
579:(2007).
577:Opie, LH
523:See also
453:overdose
449:toxicity
325:Pindolol
315:Pindolol
295:Atenolol
252:Examples
205:Examples
99:agonists
4807:Timolol
4787:Tazolol
4762:Sotalol
4657:Nadolol
4382:Bunolol
4307:Arnolol
4241:XP21279
3820:(e.g.,
3748:NAN-190
3663:(e.g.,
3621:(e.g.,
3568:XP21279
3316:Amitraz
3264:WB-4101
3239:(e.g.,
3218:doxepin
3208:(e.g.,
3190:(e.g.,
3108:(e.g.,
2965:(e.g.,
2905:(e.g.,
2874:(e.g.,
2821:XP21279
2492:(AdoRI)
2442:(eCBRI)
2025:Classes
1951:Agonist
1939:Blocker
1917:Inducer
1362:Central
1225:5369873
1141:5131734
990:5369873
650:4389556
598:4170499
495:drugs.
493:placebo
469:cocaine
340:Sotalol
330:Esmolol
320:Nadolol
310:Timolol
148:in the
142:albumin
80:kidneys
3997:-DOPS)
3379:-DOPS)
3306:4-NEMD
2687:-DOPS)
2436:(eCBE)
2033:Enzyme
1934:Opener
1913:Enzyme
1833:WHO-EM
1720:Other
1636:Direct
1292:(MeSH)
1267:
1232:
1222:
1183:
1148:
1138:
1097:
1061:
1022:
997:
987:
979:
925:
900:
871:
844:
782:
741:
657:
647:
605:
595:
489:stroke
440:, and
150:plasma
125:, an α
86:, and
53:, and
3311:6-FNE
2629:6-FNE
2549:(see
2537:(see
2483:Other
2306:(GRI)
2264:(SRI)
2180:(DRI)
2151:(NRI)
2067:&
1979:(NAM)
1973:(PAM)
1905:Types
1756:(for
84:lungs
76:heart
31:is a
3899:BAAM
3733:mCPP
3594:1-PP
3508:PS75
3023:mCPP
2337:NMDA
2327:AMPA
2253:5-HT
2055:See
2038:see
2004:(RA)
1998:(RI)
1992:(RE)
1772:dual
1265:PMID
1230:PMID
1181:PMID
1146:PMID
1095:ISBN
1059:PMID
1020:ISBN
995:PMID
977:ISSN
923:ISBN
898:PMID
869:ISBN
842:ISBN
809:2018
780:ISSN
739:PMID
655:PMID
603:PMID
432:and
430:pain
213:and
144:and
67:and
33:drug
1808:),
1790:),
1335:C02
1257:doi
1220:PMC
1212:doi
1173:doi
1169:150
1136:PMC
1128:doi
1124:355
1120:BMJ
1049:doi
985:PMC
969:doi
770:doi
729:doi
645:PMC
637:doi
593:PMC
27:An
4927::
3832:,
3828:,
3824:,
3675:,
3671:,
3667:,
3653:,
3649:,
3645:,
3641:,
3637:,
3633:,
3629:,
3625:,
3251:,
3247:,
3243:,
3224:,
3220:,
3216:,
3212:,
3198:,
3194:,
3120:,
3116:,
3112:,
2985:,
2981:,
2977:,
2973:,
2969:,
2925:,
2921:,
2917:,
2913:,
2909:,
2890:,
2886:,
2882:,
2878:,
2506:NK
2407:))
2376:)
2277:AA
2120:))
2079:BA
1988::
1949::
1932::
1915::
1846::
1812:,
1782:,
1778:,
1759:PH
1263:.
1253:25
1251:.
1228:.
1218:.
1206:.
1179:.
1167:.
1144:.
1134:.
1122:.
1118:.
1057:,
1045:61
1043:,
993:.
983:.
975:.
963:.
959:.
937:^
894:72
892:.
800:.
778:.
764:.
760:.
737:.
723:.
679:^
653:.
643:.
633:62
631:.
627:.
615:^
601:.
589:18
587:.
583:.
511:,
507:,
471:,
467:,
463:,
444:.
436:,
428:,
133:.
94:.
82:,
78:,
46:,
4094:L
4086:L
4078:L
3995:L
3966:N
3854:β
3836:)
3679:)
3657:)
3441:L
3433:L
3425:L
3377:L
3343:N
3285:2
3283:α
3255:)
3228:)
3202:)
3124:)
2989:)
2929:)
2894:)
2744:L
2736:L
2728:L
2685:L
2656:N
2613:1
2611:α
2592:e
2585:t
2578:v
2555:)
2543:)
2508:1
2398:(
2389:(
2367:(
2339:)
2335:(
2329:)
2325:(
2258:)
2255:3
2251:(
2227:)
2224:3
2222:H
2216:2
2214:H
2208:1
2206:H
2204:(
2145:)
2143:β
2139:)
2137:2
2132:1
2130:(
2128:α
2126:(
2118:2
2113:1
2111:(
2109:β
2104:α
2102:(
2083:M
2081:/
1890:e
1883:t
1876:v
1816:)
1804:(
1800:(
1794:)
1786:(
1774:(
1765:)
1646:1
1644:α
1506:/
1372:2
1370:α
1355:)
1337:)
1333:(
1319:e
1312:t
1305:v
1271:.
1259::
1236:.
1214::
1187:.
1175::
1152:.
1130::
1103:.
1051::
1028:.
1001:.
971::
965:1
931:.
904:.
877:.
850:.
811:.
786:.
772::
766:3
745:.
731::
661:.
639::
609:.
127:1
119:1
71:2
69:α
64:1
62:α
57:3
55:β
50:2
48:β
43:1
41:β
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