389:
208:
31:
195:
of the receptor that the agonist will bind to. Even though it is in activator region, the antagonist will not activate the receptor. This type of binding is reversible as increasing the concentration of agonist will outcompete the concentration of antagonist, resulting in receptor activation.
259:. An uncompetitive antagonist is slightly different from the other two types of antagonists. The action of an uncompetitive antagonist is dependent on the receptor's prior activation. This means only after the agonist binds to the receptor can the antagonist block the receptor's function.
244:. A receptor's agonist does not bind to its allosteric binding site. The binding of a non-competitive antagonist is irreversible. If the non-competitive antagonist binds to the allosteric site and an agonist binds to the ligand site, the receptor will remain unactivated.
835:, Brittain, R. T., & Levy, G. P. (1976). A review of the animal pharmacology of labetalol, a combined alpha-and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drug. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 3(4 Suppl 3), 681–684.
199:
Adrenergic competitive antagonists are shorter lasting than the other two types of antagonists. While the antagonists for alpha and beta receptors are usually different compounds, there has been recent
1088:, Pucci, G., Ranalli, M. G., Battista, F., & Schillaci, G. (2015). Effects of β-Blockers With and Without Vasodilating Properties on Central Blood Pressure. Hypertension, HYPERTENSIONAHA-115.
1174:
Richards JR, Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Lange RA, Olson KR, Horowitz BZ (May 2015). "Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, related derivatives, and analogues: a systematic clinical review".
1328:
2601:
247:
An example of an adrenergic non competitive antagonists is phenoxybenzamine. This drug is a non-selective α-adrenergic antagonist, which means it binds to both alpha receptors.
412:. Administration of an adrenergic antagonist that specifically targets the beta receptors, results in this decrease in blood pressure by slowing or reducing cardiac output.
128:
effects. Adrenergic antagonists reverse the natural cardiovascular effect, based on the type of adrenoreceptor being blocked. For example, if the natural activation of the α
494:
While these adrenergic antagonists are used for treating cardiovascular disease, mainly hypertension, they can evoke harmful cardiac events through prolongation of the
514:
While adrenergic antagonists have been used for years, there are multiple issues with using this class of drug. When overused, adrenergic antagonists can result in
1050:
Simko, Fedor; Baka, Tomas; Paulis, Ludovit; Reiter, Russel J (2016), "Elevated heart rate and nondipping heart rate as potential targets for melatonin: A review",
1321:
2594:
1899:
530:
regulation. If these adrenergic receptors are blocked too often, there will be an excess in calcium channel inhibition, which causes most of these problems.
50:. There are five adrenergic receptors, which are divided into two groups. The first group of receptors are the beta (β) adrenergic receptors. There are
4951:
4909:
2353:
1314:
2587:
4891:
4882:
4873:
1843:
1109:
1034:
937:
883:
856:
1085:
396:
Adrenergic antagonists have inhibitory or opposing effects on the receptors in the adrenergic system. The adrenergic system modulates the
4900:
2506:
2450:
720:, Mehvar, R., & Brocks, D. R. (2001). Stereospecific pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of beta-adrenergic blockers in humans.
2159:
899:
Van der Zee, P. A.; de Boer, A. (2014). "Pheochromocytoma: a review on preoperative treatment with phenoxybenzamine or doxazosin".
4941:
2343:
1892:
808:
2525:
2439:
388:
435:
There are few non-cardiovascular uses for adrenergic antagonists. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists are also used for treatment of
4918:
2511:
1764:
1625:
228:. Phentolamine is a competitive and nonselective α-adrenoreceptor antagonist. Propranolol is a β-adrenoreceptor antagonist.
4946:
3909:
2333:
1987:
1981:
1741:
4864:
2500:
2272:
1427:
191:. Competitive antagonists are a type of reversible antagonists. A competitive antagonist will attach itself to the same
3743:
3293:
3033:
2621:
2415:
2188:
1885:
1860:
1569:
79:
72:
3198:
2254:
2093:
2080:
2051:
1996:
565:
65:
58:
51:
2550:
2067:
237:
400:. Since this response, which is mostly seen as an increase in blood pressure, is produced by the release of the
3216:
2444:
2390:
2375:
2347:
2128:
2123:
2114:
1380:
1300:
555:
397:
256:
3864:
1306:
2545:
2516:
2484:
2314:
2119:
2075:
2026:
1957:
1848:
1816:
3629:
3321:
3311:
2882:
2639:
2426:
2232:
1768:
421:
392:
Major complications of persistent high blood pressure, which can be attenuated by adrenergic antagonists.
188:
102:
98:
3828:
3604:
3247:
2557:
2401:
2021:
1541:
429:
685:, Nickerson, M. (1949). The pharmacology of adrenergic blockade. Pharmacological Reviews, 1(1), 27–101.
2678:
833:
A review of the animal pharmacology of labtalol, a combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drug
717:
4487:
2562:
2406:
2259:
2212:
1798:
1518:
1485:
1258:
Kerns, William (2007). "Management of β-Adrenergic
Blocker and Calcium Channel Antagonist Toxicity".
236:
While competitive antagonists bind to the agonist or ligand binding site of the receptor reversibly,
207:
4166:
4032:
3508:
3414:
2811:
2717:
2610:
2183:
1971:
1732:
1359:
540:
47:
30:
3543:
3523:
1296:
2613:
2410:
2379:
2110:
2006:
1514:
526:
and even hypodynamic shock. This is because adrenergic stimulation by agonists results in normal
1460:
1209:
Charles Shey, U Wiysonge; Bradley, Hazel A; Mayosi, Bongani M; Maroney, Roy T; Mbewu, Anthony;
4597:
4572:
4492:
3370:
3120:
2985:
2479:
2384:
2207:
2000:
1275:
1240:
1191:
1156:
1105:
1069:
1030:
1005:
987:
933:
908:
879:
852:
790:
749:
665:
613:
148:
113:
4251:
3578:
2831:
1125:
Hollingsworth JM, Canales BK, Rogers MA, Sukumar S, Yan P, Kuntz GM, Dahm P (December 2016).
927:
873:
846:
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4131:
3974:
3773:
3351:
3113:
3103:
2664:
2469:
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1932:
1363:
1341:
1267:
1230:
1222:
1183:
1146:
1138:
1059:
995:
979:
780:
739:
655:
647:
603:
278:
201:
187:
While only a few α-adrenergic antagonists are competitive, all β-adrenergic antagonists are
133:
3365:
2673:
2397:
2309:
2147:
2142:
2012:
1976:
1966:
1949:
1654:
718:
Stereospecific
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Beta-Adrenergic Blockers in Humans
527:
475:
467:
448:
436:
241:
682:
116:. The α-adrenergic antagonists have different effects from the β-adrenergic antagonists.
1086:
Effects of β-Blockers With and
Without Vasodilating Properties on Central Blood Pressure
34:
Visual definition of an antagonist, where it compared to agonists and reverse agonists.
4477:
4146:
4111:
3832:
3588:
3498:
3251:
3116:
2836:
2791:
2089:
1944:
1927:
1854:
1605:
1587:
1235:
1214:
1151:
1126:
1000:
967:
660:
635:
608:
591:
444:
424:. The adrenergic antagonists are widely used for lowering blood pressure and relieving
405:
125:
1127:"Alpha blockers for treatment of ureteric stones: systematic review and meta-analysis"
17:
4935:
4627:
4467:
4151:
4095:
4052:
3713:
3637:
3503:
3442:
3331:
3220:
3132:
2886:
2806:
2801:
2745:
2732:
2325:
2224:
2216:
2199:
2138:
1701:
1615:
1526:
1354:
1337:
1187:
744:
731:
545:
523:
440:
409:
401:
164:
4652:
4637:
4582:
4077:
3899:
3844:
3836:
3808:
3768:
3687:
3653:
3468:
3263:
3255:
3236:
3224:
3108:
2977:
2953:
2913:
2304:
2170:
2153:
1908:
1786:
1709:
1595:
1531:
1465:
1445:
1345:
1226:
983:
550:
425:
273:
225:
192:
160:
141:
71:
receptors. The second group contains the alpha (α) adrenoreceptors. There are only
2579:
1099:
1024:
636:"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: a review of current clinical applications"
4777:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4632:
4607:
4592:
4577:
4542:
4527:
4507:
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4027:
4012:
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3718:
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3624:
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3528:
3493:
3429:
3404:
3394:
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3336:
3206:
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3013:
3003:
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2821:
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2712:
2702:
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2644:
2461:
2434:
2367:
2060:
1940:
1824:
1812:
1600:
1536:
1499:
1455:
1435:
1417:
1407:
1210:
963:
587:
560:
519:
515:
495:
471:
295:
221:
156:
4842:
4832:
4822:
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1820:
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1504:
1494:
1412:
1402:
1271:
651:
452:
377:
345:
315:
310:
283:
168:
991:
962:
Wiysonge, Charles S.; Bradley, Hazel A.; Volmink, Jimmy; Mayosi, Bongani M.;
794:
167:
antagonists are metabolized in the liver and eliminated with urine while the
112:. They can be drugs, which are added to the body for therapeutic reasons, or
4837:
4827:
4812:
4792:
4782:
4757:
4727:
4707:
4702:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4622:
4617:
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4557:
4547:
4512:
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4337:
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4282:
4246:
4201:
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4161:
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4042:
4003:
3949:
3934:
3919:
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3850:
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3783:
3778:
3748:
3693:
3675:
3671:
3641:
3633:
3573:
3513:
3483:
3458:
3419:
3385:
3341:
3279:
3210:
3202:
3183:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3138:
3128:
3093:
3063:
3048:
3043:
3028:
3018:
2997:
2968:
2948:
2937:
2890:
2877:
2872:
2862:
2852:
2781:
2722:
2693:
2649:
2296:
2246:
1802:
1676:
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1610:
1577:
1470:
1450:
1440:
1397:
1392:
785:
768:
483:
372:
360:
355:
300:
124:
Adrenergic ligands are endogenous proteins that modulate and evoke specific
1279:
1244:
1195:
1160:
1073:
1009:
912:
753:
669:
617:
832:
732:"Pharmacology of beta-blockers: classical aspects and recent developments"
4722:
4712:
4662:
4537:
4522:
4517:
4327:
4292:
4287:
4261:
4236:
4103:
3993:
3959:
3840:
3738:
3728:
3708:
3679:
3665:
3609:
3583:
3568:
3450:
3380:
3269:
3259:
3143:
2989:
2973:
2917:
2753:
2688:
2337:
1790:
1691:
1681:
1475:
463:
459:
335:
325:
305:
109:
592:"Beta-blockers and the treatment of hypertension: it is time to move on"
4817:
4797:
4772:
4667:
4392:
4317:
3758:
3326:
3274:
3228:
1961:
503:
479:
350:
340:
330:
320:
152:
1142:
1064:
848:
Principles of
Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy
4087:
3434:
3316:
2737:
2474:
2043:
1923:
1877:
499:
428:. These antagonists have a been proven to relieve the pain caused by
90:
767:
Das, Sambhunath; Kumar, Pankaj; Kiran, Usha; Airan, Balram (2017).
404:, administration of an adrenergic antagonist results a decrease in
498:. Some adrenergic antagonists have a diminished ability to reduce
432:, and also the infarction size, which correlates with heart rate.
387:
206:
86:
29:
3518:
94:
43:
2583:
1881:
1310:
878:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 18.
851:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 22.
163:, allowing for a wide spread through the body. From there, the
458:
Adrenergic antagonists are used to treat acute cardiovascular
240:
can either bind to the ligand site or other site called the
1101:
809:"In Vitro Pharmacology: concentration-response curves]"
151:
from the gastrointestinal tract. From there, they bind to
1213:; Volmink, Jimmy (2007). Wiysonge, Charles Shey U (ed.).
845:
Golan, D. E.; Tashjian, A. H.; Armstrong, E. J. (2011).
101:. There are also α-adreno receptors that are located on
220:
Two examples of competitive adrenergic antagonists are
926:
Bagetta, G.; Corasaniti, M. T.; Lipton, S. A. (2007).
85:
receptors. Adrenergic receptors are located near the
4270:
3872:
3863:
3597:
3304:
3292:
2845:
2632:
2620:
2538:
2493:
2460:
2425:
2366:
2324:
2295:
2286:
2245:
2198:
2169:
2101:
2088:
2074:
2059:
2042:
2035:
1915:
1763:
1740:
1730:
1700:
1653:
1646:
1624:
1586:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1513:
1484:
1426:
1379:
1372:
1353:
147:Some adrenergic antagonists, mostly β antagonists,
932:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 17.
773:Journal of the Practice of Cardiovascular Sciences
204:that effects both types of the adrenoreceptors.
179:There are three different types of antagonists.
1769:
929:Neuroinflammation in Neuronal Death and Repair
875:Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications
769:"Alpha blockers: A relook at phenoxybenzamine"
634:Giovannitti JA, Thoms SM, Crawford JJ (2015).
629:
627:
2595:
1893:
1322:
408:, which is controlled by both heart rate and
8:
1702:Non-selective α-adrenergic receptor blockers
1260:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
972:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
420:Adrenergic antagonists are mostly used for
108:Antagonists reduce or block the signals of
3869:
3301:
2629:
2602:
2588:
2580:
2292:
2098:
2085:
2039:
1900:
1886:
1878:
1737:
1650:
1565:
1558:
1376:
1369:
1329:
1315:
1307:
1299:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1234:
1150:
1063:
999:
784:
743:
659:
607:
1219:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
683:The Pharmacology of Adrenergic Blockade
578:
211:Phentolamine, an adrenergic antagonist
140:-adrenergic antagonist will result in
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
872:Craig, C. R.; Stitzel, R. E. (2004).
713:
711:
7:
1026:The Cardiovascular Adrenergic System
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
2507:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
2451:Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor
25:
2398:Acetylcholine receptor antagonist
2160:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
1098:John Malcolm Cruickshank (2010).
255:There were few if any adrenergic
1215:"Beta-blockers for hypertension"
1188:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.040
968:"Beta-blockers for hypertension"
745:10.1097/00005344-199006165-00002
4952:Adrenergic receptor antagonists
4910:Monoamine metabolism modulators
2526:Vasopressin receptor antagonist
2440:Cannabinoid receptor antagonist
1765:Endothelin receptor antagonists
1626:Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors
901:Netherlands Journal of Medicine
171:ones are eliminated unchanged.
2512:Endothelin receptor antagonist
2376:Acetylcholine receptor agonist
2135:Adrenergic receptor antagonist
1774:Tooltip Pulmonary hypertension
1742:Serotonin receptor antagonists
1227:10.1002/14651858.CD002003.pub2
984:10.1002/14651858.CD002003.pub5
132:-adrenergic receptor leads to
46:that inhibits the function of
1:
4892:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
4865:Receptor/signaling modulators
2344:Glutamate receptor antagonist
2260:Serotonin receptor antagonist
2213:Histamine receptor antagonist
1988:Negative allosteric modulator
1982:Positive allosteric modulator
1659:-Adrenergic receptor blockers
1428:Adrenergic release inhibitors
1385:-Adrenergic receptor agonists
402:endogenous adrenergic ligands
2501:Adenosine reuptake inhibitor
2435:Cannabinoid receptor agonist
2354:Glutamate reuptake inhibitor
2273:Serotonin reuptake inhibitor
2184:Dopamine receptor antagonist
1570:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
3975:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3352:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3199:Tetracyclic antidepressants
2665:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
2189:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
2111:Adrenergic receptor agonist
1104:. Shelton, Conn: PMPH-USA.
238:non-competitive antagonists
4968:
4901:Monoamine releasing agents
2480:Opioid receptor antagonist
2334:Glutamate receptor agonist
2255:Serotonin receptor agonist
2208:Histamine receptor agonist
1052:Journal of Pineal Research
1023:Lymperopoulos, A. (2015).
586:Wiysonge, CS; Volmink, J;
566:Sympathetic nervous system
4855:
3217:Tricyclic antidepressants
2179:Dopamine receptor agonist
1838:
1272:10.1016/j.emc.2007.02.001
652:10.2344/0003-3006-62.1.31
510:Side effects and toxicity
470:, for instance caused by
257:uncompetitive antagonists
2445:Endocannabinoid enhancer
2391:Cholinesterase inhibitor
2310:GABA receptor antagonist
1301:Medical Subject Headings
556:List of adrenergic drugs
398:fight-or-flight response
4942:Antihypertensive agents
3630:Atypical antipsychotics
2883:Atypical antipsychotics
2485:Enkephalinase inhibitor
2475:Opioid receptor agonist
2315:GABA reuptake inhibitor
2020:♦ Miscellaneous:
786:10.4103/jpcs.jpcs_42_16
189:competitive antagonists
3829:Typical antipsychotics
3312:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
3248:Typical antipsychotics
2068:Ion channel modulators
1340:(and closely related)
1297:Adrenergic+antagonists
736:J Cardiovasc Pharmacol
422:cardiovascular disease
393:
212:
103:vascular smooth muscle
99:gastrointestinal tract
35:
18:Adrenergic antagonists
4919:Monoamine neurotoxins
2305:GABA receptor agonist
1519:nicotinic antagonists
430:myocardial infarction
391:
210:
40:adrenergic antagonist
33:
4947:Parasympathomimetics
4488:Dichloroisoprenaline
1486:Imidazoline receptor
738:. 16 Suppl 5: S1-9.
730:Haeusler, G (1990).
175:Mechanisms of action
157:α1-acid glycoprotein
48:adrenergic receptors
4167:Phenylpropanolamine
4033:Ethylnorepinephrine
3509:Phenylpropanolamine
3415:Ethylnorepinephrine
2812:Phenylpropanolamine
2718:Ethylnorepinephrine
2611:Adrenergic receptor
2521:receptor antagonist
1176:Drug Alcohol Depend
966:(20 January 2017).
541:Adrenergic receptor
486:, and other drugs.
1909:Pharmacomodulation
1865:Never to phase III
394:
213:
114:endogenous ligands
36:
4929:
4928:
4922:
4913:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4877:
4868:
4851:
4850:
4598:Iodocyanopindolol
4573:Hydroxytertatolol
4493:Dihydroalprenolol
4106:
4098:
4090:
4007:
3859:
3858:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3389:
3371:Dihydroergotamine
3288:
3287:
3121:hydroxynefazodone
2986:dihydroergotamine
2756:
2748:
2740:
2697:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2534:
2533:
2362:
2361:
2282:
2281:
2052:Enzyme inhibition
1875:
1874:
1834:
1833:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1642:
1641:
1550:
1549:
1515:Ganglion-blocking
1342:antihypertensives
1143:10.1136/bmj.i6112
1111:978-1-60795-108-7
1065:10.1111/jpi.12348
1036:978-3-319-13680-6
939:978-0-12-373989-6
885:978-0-7817-3762-3
858:978-1-60831-270-2
149:passively diffuse
16:(Redirected from
4959:
4916:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4880:
4871:
4859:
4568:Hydroxycarteolol
4132:Methoxyphenamine
4104:
4096:
4091:-DOPA (levodopa)
4088:
4005:
3979:-methyldopamine)
3870:
3774:Phenoxybenzamine
3451:
3443:
3438:-DOPA (levodopa)
3435:
3387:
3356:-methyldopamine)
3302:
3114:Phenylpiperazine
3104:Phenoxybenzamine
2754:
2746:
2741:-DOPA (levodopa)
2738:
2695:
2679:Dexisometheptene
2669:-methyldopamine)
2630:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2581:
2551:Enzyme cofactors
2470:Opioid modulator
2427:Cannabinoidergic
2293:
2099:
2086:
2040:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1775:
1771:
1738:
1651:
1566:
1559:
1377:
1370:
1364:vasoconstriction
1331:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1284:
1283:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1029:. SpringerLink.
1020:
1014:
1013:
1003:
959:
944:
943:
923:
917:
916:
896:
890:
889:
869:
863:
862:
842:
836:
830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
805:
799:
798:
788:
764:
758:
757:
747:
727:
721:
715:
686:
680:
674:
673:
663:
631:
622:
621:
611:
596:Cardiovasc J Afr
583:
468:sympathomimetics
410:vasculature tone
279:phenoxybenzamine
202:drug development
134:vasoconstriction
21:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4847:
4266:
3855:
3593:
3366:Dexmedetomidine
3297:
3284:
3117:antidepressants
2841:
2674:Desglymidodrine
2625:
2616:
2608:
2578:
2569:
2530:
2520:
2489:
2456:
2421:
2358:
2320:
2278:
2267:
2241:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2194:
2165:
2079:
2070:
2055:
2031:
1977:Inverse agonist
1967:Partial agonist
1911:
1906:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1855:Clinical trials
1830:
1773:
1759:
1714:
1696:
1658:
1638:
1620:
1588:VMAT inhibitors
1582:
1546:
1509:
1480:
1422:
1384:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1335:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1221:(1): CD002003.
1208:
1207:
1203:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1022:
1021:
1017:
964:Opie, Lionel H.
961:
960:
947:
940:
925:
924:
920:
898:
897:
893:
886:
871:
870:
866:
859:
844:
843:
839:
831:
827:
817:
815:
807:
806:
802:
766:
765:
761:
729:
728:
724:
716:
689:
681:
677:
633:
632:
625:
585:
584:
580:
575:
570:
536:
528:calcium channel
512:
492:
476:methamphetamine
445:panic disorders
437:ureteric stones
418:
386:
369:
292:
270:
265:
253:
242:allosteric site
234:
232:Non-competitive
218:
185:
177:
139:
131:
122:
83:
76:
69:
62:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4965:
4963:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4934:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4914:
4905:
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4887:
4878:
4869:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
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4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
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4805:
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4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
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4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
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4690:
4685:
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4675:
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4660:
4655:
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4645:
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4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
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4585:
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4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4478:Dexpropranolol
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
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4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4147:Norepinephrine
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4112:Levosalbutamol
4109:
4101:
4099:-Phenylalanine
4093:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3833:chlorpromazine
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3669:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3589:Xylometazoline
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3499:Norepinephrine
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3448:
3446:-Phenylalanine
3440:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3252:chlorpromazine
3245:
3240:
3214:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2911:
2906:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2837:Xylometazoline
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Norepinephrine
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2751:
2749:-Phenylalanine
2743:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2555:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2132:
2126:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2083:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1806:
1779:
1777:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1606:Methoserpidine
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1355:Sympatholytics
1351:
1350:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1291:External links
1289:
1286:
1285:
1266:(2): 309–331.
1250:
1201:
1166:
1117:
1110:
1090:
1078:
1042:
1035:
1015:
945:
938:
918:
907:(4): 190–201.
891:
884:
864:
857:
837:
825:
800:
759:
722:
687:
675:
623:
577:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
537:
535:
532:
511:
508:
491:
488:
417:
414:
406:blood pressure
385:
382:
381:
380:
375:
368:
365:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
291:
288:
287:
286:
281:
276:
269:
268:Alpha blockers
266:
264:
261:
252:
249:
233:
230:
217:
214:
184:
181:
176:
173:
137:
129:
126:cardiovascular
121:
118:
81:
74:
67:
60:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4964:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:Serotonergics
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:Dopaminergics
4870:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
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4809:
4806:
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4706:
4704:
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4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Levobetaxolol
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
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4591:
4589:
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4579:
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4564:
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4509:
4506:
4504:
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4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4468:Cyanopindolol
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
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4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
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4339:
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4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
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4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
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4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Orciprenaline
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Hexoprenaline
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
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3941:
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3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:Esmirtazapine
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3638:brexpiprazole
3635:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:Oxymetazoline
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Apraclonidine
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3291:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3221:amitriptyline
3218:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3133:triazoledione
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:Beta blockers
2912:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2887:brexpiprazole
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Phenylephrine
2805:
2803:
2802:Oxymetazoline
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2733:Isometheptene
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:Miscellaneous
2537:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2326:Glutamatergic
2323:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2200:Histaminergic
2197:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1616:Syrosingopine
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:Hexamethonium
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:Sympatholytic
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1058:(2): 127–37,
1057:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
946:
941:
935:
931:
930:
922:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
892:
887:
881:
877:
876:
868:
865:
860:
854:
850:
849:
841:
838:
834:
829:
826:
814:
813:GlaxoWellcome
810:
804:
801:
796:
792:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
763:
760:
755:
751:
746:
741:
737:
733:
726:
723:
719:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
676:
671:
667:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
628:
624:
619:
615:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
582:
579:
572:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
546:Alpha blocker
544:
542:
539:
538:
533:
531:
529:
525:
524:hyperglycemia
521:
517:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
390:
384:Major effects
383:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
366:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
290:Beta blockers
289:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
267:
262:
260:
258:
251:Uncompetitive
250:
248:
245:
243:
239:
231:
229:
227:
223:
215:
209:
205:
203:
197:
194:
190:
182:
180:
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
135:
127:
119:
117:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
77:
70:
63:
56:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
4917:
4908:
4899:
4890:
4881:
4872:
4861:
4860:
4653:Metipranolol
4638:Levomoprolol
4583:Idropranolol
4078:Isoprenaline
3976:
3900:Arformoterol
3845:thioridazine
3837:fluphenazine
3809:Spiroxatrine
3769:Phentolamine
3688:tandospirone
3654:paliperidone
3544:Tasipimidine
3524:Rezatomidine
3469:Medetomidine
3353:
3264:thioridazine
3256:fluphenazine
3237:trimipramine
3225:clomipramine
3109:Phentolamine
2978:acetergamine
2954:Corynanthine
2666:
2561:
2549:
2247:Serotonergic
2171:Dopaminergic
2134:
2050:
1808:
1787:Aprocitentan
1782:
1710:Phentolamine
1596:Bietaserpine
1542:Trimethaphan
1532:Mecamylamine
1466:Guanethidine
1446:Debrisoquine
1360:α-adrenergic
1358:(antagonize
1263:
1259:
1253:
1218:
1211:Opie, Lionel
1204:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1100:
1093:
1081:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1025:
1018:
978:: CD002003.
975:
971:
928:
921:
904:
900:
894:
874:
867:
847:
840:
828:
816:. Retrieved
812:
803:
776:
772:
762:
735:
725:
678:
643:
639:
602:(6): 351–2.
599:
595:
581:
551:Beta blocker
513:
502:compared to
493:
466:) caused by
457:
434:
426:hypertension
419:
416:Medical uses
395:
367:Mixed action
274:Phentolamine
254:
246:
235:
226:phentolamine
219:
198:
193:binding site
186:
178:
146:
142:vasodilation
123:
120:Pharmacology
107:
39:
37:
27:Type of drug
4778:Spirendolol
4753:Propranolol
4748:Propafenone
4743:Pronethalol
4633:Levobunolol
4608:Isoxaprolol
4593:Indopanolol
4578:ICI-118,551
4543:Eugenodilol
4528:Ersentilide
4508:Draquinolol
4503:Diprafenone
4473:Dalbraminol
4453:Cicloprolol
4428:Carpindolol
4413:Butofilolol
4358:Bornaprolol
4303:Alprenoxime
4271:Antagonists
4232:Tulobuterol
4227:Tretoquinol
4222:Terbutaline
4182:Ractopamine
4177:Prenalterol
4083:Isoxsuprine
4068:Indacaterol
4038:Eugenodilol
4028:Etilevodopa
4013:Epinephrine
4004:Droxidopa (
3984:Dipivefrine
3955:Clenbuterol
3799:Setiptiline
3789:Rauwolscine
3764:Pardoprunox
3754:Mirtazapine
3719:Fenmetozole
3662:risperidone
3625:Atipamezole
3598:Antagonists
3554:Tiamenidine
3549:Tetryzoline
3529:Rilmenidine
3494:Naphazoline
3430:Guanoxabenz
3405:Epinephrine
3395:Etilevodopa
3386:Droxidopa (
3376:Dipivefrine
3337:Brimonidine
3207:maprotiline
3084:Pardoprunox
3079:Niguldipine
3039:Mepiprazole
3014:Hydroxyzine
3004:Etoperidone
2994:nicergoline
2964:Domesticine
2959:Dapiprazole
2934:eugenodilol
2909:Benoxathian
2903:risperidone
2868:Anisodamine
2846:Antagonists
2827:Tiamenidine
2822:Tetryzoline
2787:Naphazoline
2772:Methoxamine
2767:Metaraminol
2713:Etilevodopa
2703:Epinephrine
2694:Droxidopa (
2684:Dipivefrine
2645:Amidephrine
2563:Amino acids
2462:Opioidergic
2368:Cholinergic
2081:transporter
2061:Ion channel
1997:Transporter
1941:Ion channel
1851:from market
1825:Sotatercept
1813:Ambrisentan
1733:antagonists
1601:Deserpidine
1537:Pentolinium
1500:Rilmenidine
1456:Guanazodine
1436:Bethanidine
1418:Tiamenidine
1408:Guanoxabenz
818:October 19,
646:(1): 31–9.
640:Anesth Prog
561:Propranolol
520:hypotension
516:bradycardia
496:QT interval
490:Limitations
472:amphetamine
296:Propranolol
222:propranolol
183:Competitive
169:hydrophilic
4936:Categories
4843:Xipranolol
4833:Toliprolol
4823:Tiprenolol
4808:Tienoxolol
4803:Tertatolol
4788:Sulfinalol
4768:Soquinolol
4763:Ronactolol
4738:Procinolol
4733:Primidolol
4718:Penbutolol
4698:Pacrinolol
4693:Oxprenolol
4688:Nipradilol
4658:Metoprolol
4648:Mepindolol
4643:Medroxalol
4613:Isamoltane
4603:Iprocrolol
4563:Flusoxolol
4553:Falintolol
4533:Esatenolol
4483:Diacetolol
4463:Cloranolol
4443:Celiprolol
4438:Carvedilol
4418:Capsinolol
4403:Butaxamine
4398:Bupranolol
4388:Bunitrolol
4368:Bucindolol
4363:Brefonalol
4353:Bopindolol
4348:Bisoprolol
4343:Bevantolol
4323:Arotinolol
4308:Amosulalol
4298:Alprenolol
4278:Acebutolol
4257:Zilpaterol
4242:Vilanterol
4217:Solabegron
4212:Salmeterol
4207:Salbutamol
4192:Reproterol
4187:Procaterol
4172:Pirbuterol
4157:Oxyfedrine
4142:Mirabegron
4137:Methyldopa
4127:Melevodopa
4117:Lubabegron
4073:Isoetarine
4058:Higenamine
4048:Formoterol
4023:Etilefrine
4018:Etafedrine
3999:Dopexamine
3989:Dobutamine
3970:Denopamine
3965:Corbadrine
3945:Carmoterol
3940:Carbuterol
3930:Broxaterol
3925:Bitolterol
3915:Bambuterol
3905:Arotinolol
3895:Arbutamine
3885:Alifedrine
3880:Abediterol
3824:Tolazoline
3814:Sunepitron
3804:Spegatrine
3794:Rotigotine
3734:Ketanserin
3724:Fluparoxan
3704:Cirazoline
3699:Buflomedil
3684:ipsapirone
3672:Azapirones
3658:quetiapine
3650:olanzapine
3646:lurasidone
3620:Aptazapine
3615:Amesergide
3564:Tolonidine
3559:Tizanidine
3539:Talipexole
3534:Romifidine
3489:Moxonidine
3479:Methyldopa
3474:Melevodopa
3464:Lofexidine
3425:Guanfacine
3410:Etilefrine
3400:Ergotamine
3361:Detomidine
3347:Corbadrine
3243:Trimazosin
3233:imipramine
3194:Tolazoline
3189:Tiodazosin
3179:Tamsulosin
3174:Talipexole
3164:Spegatrine
3149:Quinazosin
3125:nefazodone
3099:Phendioxan
3089:Pelanserin
3074:Niaprazine
3069:Neldazosin
3059:Naftopidil
3054:Moxisylyte
3024:Ketanserin
3009:Fenspiride
2982:ergotamine
2944:Buflomedil
2930:carvedilol
2926:arotinolol
2922:amosulalol
2899:quetiapine
2895:olanzapine
2858:Ajmalicine
2817:Synephrine
2797:Octopamine
2777:Methyldopa
2762:Melevodopa
2728:Indanidine
2708:Etilefrine
2660:Corbadrine
2655:Cirazoline
2614:modulators
2411:Ganglionic
2402:Muscarinic
2380:Muscarinic
2103:Adrenergic
1972:Antagonist
1821:Sitaxentan
1817:+tadalafil
1799:+tadalafil
1795:Macitentan
1755:Lidanserin
1750:Ketanserin
1687:Trimazosin
1672:Ketanserin
1634:Metirosine
1555:Peripheral
1505:Tolonidine
1495:Moxonidine
1461:Guancydine
1413:Methyldopa
1403:Guanfacine
573:References
453:anesthesia
449:withdrawal
378:Carvedilol
346:Acebutolol
316:Metoprolol
311:Oxprenolol
284:Tamsulosin
165:lipophilic
4862:See also:
4838:Xibenolol
4828:Tolamolol
4813:Tilisolol
4793:Talinolol
4783:SR 59230A
4758:Ridazolol
4728:Practolol
4708:Pamatolol
4703:Pafenolol
4683:Nifenalol
4678:Nebivolol
4673:Nadoxolol
4623:Landiolol
4618:Labetalol
4588:Indenolol
4558:Flestolol
4548:Exaprolol
4513:Ecastolol
4498:Dilevalol
4458:Cinamolol
4448:Cetamolol
4433:Carteolol
4423:Carazolol
4408:Butidrine
4383:Bufuralol
4378:Bufetolol
4373:Bucumolol
4338:Betaxolol
4333:Befunolol
4313:Ancarolol
4283:Adaprolol
4247:Xamoterol
4202:Ritodrine
4197:Rimiterol
4162:PF-610355
4122:Mabuterol
4107:-Tyrosine
4063:Ibopamine
4043:Fenoterol
3950:Cimaterol
3935:Buphenine
3920:Befunolol
3890:Amibegron
3851:Yohimbine
3819:Terguride
3784:Piribedil
3779:Piperoxan
3749:Mianserin
3694:BRL-44408
3676:buspirone
3642:clozapine
3634:asenapine
3574:Vatinoxan
3514:Piperoxan
3484:Mivazerol
3459:Ibopamine
3454:-Tyrosine
3420:Guanabenz
3342:Clonidine
3280:Zolertine
3211:mianserin
3203:amoxapine
3184:Terazosin
3169:Spiperone
3159:Silodosin
3154:Quinidine
3139:Piperoxan
3129:trazodone
3094:Perlapine
3064:Nantenine
3049:Monatepil
3044:Metazosin
3029:L-765,314
3019:Indoramin
2998:terguride
2974:Ergolines
2969:Doxazosin
2949:Bunazosin
2938:labetalol
2891:clozapine
2878:Atiprosin
2873:Anisodine
2863:Alfuzosin
2853:Abanoquil
2782:Midodrine
2757:-Tyrosine
2723:Ibopamine
2650:Buspirone
2558:Precursor
2407:Nicotinic
2385:Nicotinic
2297:GABAergic
2022:Precursor
2007:Inhibitor
1933:Inhibitor
1861:Phase III
1849:Withdrawn
1809:selective
1803:Riociguat
1677:Indoramin
1667:Doxazosin
1611:Reserpine
1578:Pargyline
1471:Guanoclor
1451:Guanadrel
1441:Bretylium
1398:Guanabenz
1393:Clonidine
1137:: i6112.
992:1469-493X
795:2395-5414
779:(1): 11.
484:ephedrine
462:(e.g. in
373:Labetalol
361:Betaxolol
356:Talinolol
301:Nebivolol
4723:Pindolol
4713:Pargolol
4663:Moprolol
4538:Esprolol
4523:Ericolol
4518:Epanolol
4328:Atenolol
4293:Afurolol
4288:Adimolol
4262:Zinterol
4237:Vibegron
3994:Dopamine
3960:Colterol
3873:Agonists
3841:loxapine
3739:Lisuride
3729:Idazoxan
3709:Efaroxan
3680:gepirone
3666:zotepine
3610:Adimolol
3584:Xylazine
3569:Urapidil
3381:Dopamine
3305:Agonists
3270:Urapidil
3260:loxapine
3144:Prazosin
2990:lisuride
2918:adimolol
2689:Dopamine
2633:Agonists
2546:Cofactor
2416:Muscular
2076:Receptor
2027:Cofactor
2013:Releaser
2001:Enhancer
1995:♦
1958:Receptor
1956:♦
1939:♦
1922:♦
1791:Bosentan
1692:Urapidil
1682:Prazosin
1562:Indirect
1488:agonists
1476:Guanoxan
1280:17482022
1245:17253471
1196:25724076
1182:: 1–13.
1161:27908918
1074:27264986
1010:28107561
913:24829175
754:11527109
670:25849473
618:18092107
590:(2007).
588:Opie, LH
534:See also
464:overdose
460:toxicity
336:Pindolol
326:Pindolol
306:Atenolol
263:Examples
216:Examples
110:agonists
4818:Timolol
4798:Tazolol
4773:Sotalol
4668:Nadolol
4393:Bunolol
4318:Arnolol
4252:XP21279
3831:(e.g.,
3759:NAN-190
3674:(e.g.,
3632:(e.g.,
3579:XP21279
3327:Amitraz
3275:WB-4101
3250:(e.g.,
3229:doxepin
3219:(e.g.,
3201:(e.g.,
3119:(e.g.,
2976:(e.g.,
2916:(e.g.,
2885:(e.g.,
2832:XP21279
2503:(AdoRI)
2453:(eCBRI)
2036:Classes
1962:Agonist
1950:Blocker
1928:Inducer
1373:Central
1236:5369873
1152:5131734
1001:5369873
661:4389556
609:4170499
506:drugs.
504:placebo
480:cocaine
351:Sotalol
341:Esmolol
331:Nadolol
321:Timolol
159:in the
153:albumin
91:kidneys
4008:-DOPS)
3390:-DOPS)
3317:4-NEMD
2698:-DOPS)
2447:(eCBE)
2044:Enzyme
1945:Opener
1924:Enzyme
1844:WHO-EM
1731:Other
1647:Direct
1303:(MeSH)
1278:
1243:
1233:
1194:
1159:
1149:
1108:
1072:
1033:
1008:
998:
990:
936:
911:
882:
855:
793:
752:
668:
658:
616:
606:
500:stroke
451:, and
161:plasma
136:, an α
97:, and
64:, and
3322:6-FNE
2640:6-FNE
2560:(see
2548:(see
2494:Other
2317:(GRI)
2275:(SRI)
2191:(DRI)
2162:(NRI)
2078:&
1990:(NAM)
1984:(PAM)
1916:Types
1767:(for
95:lungs
87:heart
42:is a
3910:BAAM
3744:mCPP
3605:1-PP
3519:PS75
3034:mCPP
2348:NMDA
2338:AMPA
2264:5-HT
2066:See
2049:see
2015:(RA)
2009:(RI)
2003:(RE)
1783:dual
1276:PMID
1241:PMID
1192:PMID
1157:PMID
1106:ISBN
1070:PMID
1031:ISBN
1006:PMID
988:ISSN
934:ISBN
909:PMID
880:ISBN
853:ISBN
820:2018
791:ISSN
750:PMID
666:PMID
614:PMID
443:and
441:pain
224:and
155:and
78:and
44:drug
1819:),
1801:),
1346:C02
1268:doi
1231:PMC
1223:doi
1184:doi
1180:150
1147:PMC
1139:doi
1135:355
1131:BMJ
1060:doi
996:PMC
980:doi
781:doi
740:doi
656:PMC
648:doi
604:PMC
38:An
4938::
3843:,
3839:,
3835:,
3686:,
3682:,
3678:,
3664:,
3660:,
3656:,
3652:,
3648:,
3644:,
3640:,
3636:,
3262:,
3258:,
3254:,
3235:,
3231:,
3227:,
3223:,
3209:,
3205:,
3131:,
3127:,
3123:,
2996:,
2992:,
2988:,
2984:,
2980:,
2936:,
2932:,
2928:,
2924:,
2920:,
2901:,
2897:,
2893:,
2889:,
2517:NK
2418:))
2387:)
2288:AA
2131:))
2090:BA
1999::
1960::
1943::
1926::
1857::
1823:,
1793:,
1789:,
1770:PH
1274:.
1264:25
1262:.
1239:.
1229:.
1217:.
1190:.
1178:.
1155:.
1145:.
1133:.
1129:.
1068:,
1056:61
1054:,
1004:.
994:.
986:.
974:.
970:.
948:^
905:72
903:.
811:.
789:.
775:.
771:.
748:.
734:.
690:^
664:.
654:.
644:62
642:.
638:.
626:^
612:.
600:18
598:.
594:.
522:,
518:,
482:,
478:,
474:,
455:.
447:,
439:,
144:.
105:.
93:,
89:,
57:,
4105:L
4097:L
4089:L
4006:L
3977:N
3865:β
3847:)
3690:)
3668:)
3452:L
3444:L
3436:L
3388:L
3354:N
3296:2
3294:α
3266:)
3239:)
3213:)
3135:)
3000:)
2940:)
2905:)
2755:L
2747:L
2739:L
2696:L
2667:N
2624:1
2622:α
2603:e
2596:t
2589:v
2566:)
2554:)
2519:1
2409:(
2400:(
2378:(
2350:)
2346:(
2340:)
2336:(
2269:)
2266:3
2262:(
2238:)
2235:3
2233:H
2227:2
2225:H
2219:1
2217:H
2215:(
2156:)
2154:β
2150:)
2148:2
2143:1
2141:(
2139:α
2137:(
2129:2
2124:1
2122:(
2120:β
2115:α
2113:(
2094:M
2092:/
1901:e
1894:t
1887:v
1827:)
1815:(
1811:(
1805:)
1797:(
1785:(
1776:)
1657:1
1655:α
1517:/
1383:2
1381:α
1366:)
1348:)
1344:(
1330:e
1323:t
1316:v
1282:.
1270::
1247:.
1225::
1198:.
1186::
1163:.
1141::
1114:.
1062::
1039:.
1012:.
982::
976:1
942:.
915:.
888:.
861:.
822:.
797:.
783::
777:3
756:.
742::
672:.
650::
620:.
138:1
130:1
82:2
80:α
75:1
73:α
68:3
66:β
61:2
59:β
54:1
52:β
20:)
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