476:. He adds that moreover the E. Orthodox prayer for the dead does not mention toll houses. Shoemaker states that the belief that when the soul leaves the body it is met by angels and demons who fight to get the soul and that the outcome of the fight is greatly influenced by the sins of the soul, is a separate belief to that of the toll houses. He says this belief, contrarily to the toll houses belief, was "expressed by a number of Orthodox writers across the ages", but that it remains an opinion "among many other Orthodox opinions about what happens to the soul after it leaves the body."
468:" He also stated that the belief in toll houses was "an error" which "must be regarded as an opinion, even if sometimes a popular one in sometimes popular times and places, rather than a fundamental element of the orthodox Christian faith." He stated that since "uch a doctrine was almost unknown during the first millennium, and even during the second, it remains but one vision of the fate of the soul among other alternatives"; he adds that since the only references to this belief during the first millennium are to be found in St. Athanasius'
121:
169:
20:
156:
body, according to this account, it is carried by angels towards Heaven. On the way, souls must go past twenty aerial toll-houses. Each toll house is populated by demons devoted to particular sins. At each toll-house, demons demand that souls "pay" for their sins by giving an account of compensatory good deeds. If the soul is unable to compensate for a sin, the demons take it to
155:
According to
Theodora's teaching, every Christian has a demon who tempts him or her. These demons keep a record of every sin of thought or action they succeed in tempting a person to commit, though repented sins are erased from the demonic records. On the third day after the soul separates from the
802:
Parakletike, Friday
Vespers, Second Mode: "When my soul is about to be separated violently from the members of the body, then, O Bride of God, come to my aid; scatter the counsels of the fleshless enemies and shatter their millstones, by which they seek to devour me mercilessly; that, unhindered, I
337:
wrote: "When the soul leaves the body, the enemy advances to attack it, fiercely reviling it and accusing it of its sins in a harsh and terrifying manner. But if a soul enjoys the love of God and has faith in Him, even though in the past it has often been wounded by sin, it is not frightened by the
451:
to be a forgery; furthermore, he writes that the toll-house teaching "is not the sole strand of thinking on the afterlife within the
Orthodox tradition. It is not unusual in Orthodoxy to have different and even apparently overlapping elements within the overall tradition, on matters on which there
151:
for 26 March. In this rendering, Theodora, spiritual student of Basil, appeared to another student, the pious and holy layman
Gregory. According to the story, Gregory had prayed to God and asked him to inform them of what happened to Theodora after her death. God answered his prayers (according to
287:
are found the following references to the struggle of a soul passing through the toll houses: "Count me worthy to pass, unhindered, by the persecutor, the prince of the air, the tyrant, him that stands guard in the dread pathways, and the false accusation of these, as I depart from earth" (Ode 4,
540:
allegedly reveal for the first time over 100 falsifications, misrepresentations, and errors in Puhalo's and Azkoul's writings. Puhalo reportedly falsified reproduction of several ancient icons and falsified translations of the writings and lives of several saints, while Azkoul is said to have
927:
Keep death before your eyes daily, and be concerned about how you will leave this body, pass the powers of darkness that will meet you in the air, and encounter God without hindrance, foreseeing the awesome day of his judgement and reward for all our deeds, works, and
283:, in the canon for the departure of the soul by St. Andrew, the following words are found in Ode 7: "All holy angels of the Almighty God, have mercy upon me and save me from all the evil toll-houses". In the Canon of Supplication at the Parting of the Soul in
541:
falsified several patristic texts. Both writers' works are asserted to contain an inordinate number of gross misrepresentations and errors, all attempting to support their allegedly incorrect opinions about the
Eastern Orthodox teaching on the toll-houses.
503:," the main opponent of the toll-house teaching. The resolution stated the Holy Synod "demands the cessation in our magazines of controversy", "this controversy must be ended on both sides", and "Deacon Lev Puhalo is forbidden to lecture in the parishes."
792:
January 27, The
Recovery of the Holy Relics of our Father among the Saints John Chrysostom, Troparion 1, Ode 5 of Orthros: "Grant me to pass untroubled through the host of noetic satraps and the tyrannic battalion of the lower air in the hour of my
332:
instructs to "reflect on the dreadful reckoning that is to come, how the harsh keepers of the toll homes will bring before as one by one the actions, words and thoughts which they suggested but which we accepted and made our own". The same way,
514:. While Ignatius Brianchaninov, John Maximovich, Rose and Metropolitan Hierotheos Vlachos endeavored to demonstrate that this teaching is derived from patristic and other church sources, his opponents, among them Azkoul and Archbishop
459:
wrote: "The truth of the matter is that the state of the dead was never precisely defined in the
Orthodox tradition, and just as in other matters related to the afterlife, 'the Byzantines had no ‘system’ around the last things.
341:"The tradition of the tollgates was firmly established throughout the east long before the end of late antiquity, although it received typically Byzantine elaboration in the tenth-century Life of Basil the Younger (d. 944)."
179:
There are twenty toll-houses, though the number is not dogmatic and different sources list varying numbers. On the first aerial toll-house, the soul is questioned about the sins of the tongue. The remaining are, in order:
452:
exist no formal church dogmas. It is thus misleading and erroneous to present toll-house theology as 'the teaching of the
Orthodox Church' when in reality it is only part of Orthodox tradition concerning the afterlife."
472:, in an homily "widely regarded as spurious" attributed to Cyril of Alexandria, and in "pious tales attributed to a certain Macarius and Anastasius of Sinai", the doctrine "fails spectacularly" to pass the test of the
562:
138:
1294:
288:
p. 77). "Do thou count me worthy to escape the hordes of bodiless barbarians, and rise through the aerial depths and enter into Heaven" (Ode 8, p. 81).
1749:
279:" (Ode 8, Troparion 3). Other church hymns say that the souls have to "pass through the rulers of darkness standing in the air." In the Greek and Slavonic
489:
1031:
Saint John of
Karpathos (1984) . "For the Encouragement of the Monks in India who had Written to Him: One Hundred Texts". In Palmer, G. E. H. (ed.).
520:
498:
1652:
Murdoch, B. (2009-04-29). "Tales from
Another Byzantium: Celestial Journey and Local Community in the Medieval Greek Apocrypha. By JANE BAUN".
530:
597:
1642:
1624:
1514:
1438:
1040:
1015:
706:
673:
1574:
1764:
986:
408:
345:, Patriarch of Constantinople from 1454 to 1464, "stated that the trial of the 'tollgates' was, in fact, the Byzantine equivalent of
1098:
834:
157:
83:
392:
510:
is its only contemporary theological proponent. Rose, an American Orthodox hieromonk and theologian, wrote a book on the subject,
1429:"Chapter Seven - On the Falsifications, Misrepresentations, and Errors of Those Who Oppose the Teaching of the Orthodox Church".
920:
152:
this account) by sending Theodora herself to Gregory; and told him, in great detail, about her journey through the toll houses.
1754:
256:
Prayers mentioning the aerial accusers can be found in Liturgical texts and official E. Orthodox books like the Slavonic
1577:[In the ninth heaven: the gnostic background of the Romanian folklore tradition of the "heaven's toll houses"].
443:, and the Eastern Orthodox theologian Adnan Trabulsi opposes the toll houses teaching. Eastern Orthodox theologian Dr
780:
526:
1759:
570:
322:
915:. Translated by Chryssavgis, John; Penkett, Pachomios (Robert). Cistercian Publications, Inc. 2002. p. 40.
296:
250:
133:
385:
292:
55:
1033:
The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Compiled by St Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain and St Makarios of Corinth
1008:
The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Compiled by St Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain and St Makarios of Corinth
1003:
327:
1198:
440:
420:
369:
79:
461:
272:
268:
1533:
473:
456:
404:
396:
381:
342:
515:
493:
444:
891:
609:
318:
304:
109:
1242:
120:
1611:
1561:
1493:
1474:""To Sleep, Perchance to Dream": The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature"
1431:
The Departure of the Soul According to the Teaching of the Orthodox Church: A Patristic Anthology
1372:
874:
855:""To Sleep, Perchance to Dream": The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature"
759:
436:
424:
1575:"In al noualea cer: fundalul gnostic al traditiei folclorice romanesti despre vamile vazduhului"
1069:
697:
Sullivan, Denis F.; Talbot, Alice-Mary Maffry; McGrath, Stamatina Fatalas-Papadopoulos (2014).
97:
and theologians have openly endorsed it, but some theologians and bishops have condemned it as
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1638:
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24:
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974:
866:
168:
58:
which states that "following a person's death the soul leaves the body, and is escorted to
1534:"How widespread was the belief in demonic tollgates in sixth- to ninth-century Byzantium?"
1199:"Life After Death by St. John Maximovitch, a description of the first 40 days after death"
400:
1257:
the teaching of the toll houses might very well be regarded as the very epitome of heresy
1626:
Death and the Afterlife in Byzantium: The Fate of the Soul in Theology, Liturgy, and Art
942:"How angels help us pass through the tollhouses. Examples from the Lives of the Saints"
391:
A number of contemporary church figures support the teaching on toll-houses, including
377:
358:
173:
125:
39:
1592:""He Who Is at the Point of Death": The Fate of the Soul in Byzantine Art and Liturgy"
1390:
1743:
1686:
1615:
1565:
1376:
1345:"The Departure of the Soul According to the Teaching of the Orthodox Church (review)"
1145:
507:
373:
300:
66:. During this journey the soul passes through an aerial realm, which is inhabited by
1065:
1726:
1093:(5th ed.). St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood (published 2020). pp. 70–78.
1078:]. Vol. 3, Слово о чувственном и о духовном видении духов. Слово о смерти.
825:. Translated by Gregg, Robert C. § 66. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. pp.
1698:"The Way of All Flesh: The Bible on the Aerial Tollhouses. Conversation 2, Part 1"
1734:
1730:
1715:
1174:
633:
1725:
Saint Anthony's Monastery (Florence: 2017), pp. 14–22, 1099–1111. See also
1681:
1223:
661:
308:
259:
71:
19:
1135:
Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies, Etna, California, 1985, pp. 24-26.
727:
485:
313:
253:
of the Church, and in stories of the lives of some saints and their writings.
1673:
1557:
1524:
1448:
1368:
1295:"Orthodox Theologies of the Afterlife: Review of "The Departure of the Soul""
1050:
124:
Demons showing a soul its sins at the third aerial toll house. Fresco of the
1149:
683:
346:
276:
941:
1634:
1360:
978:
538:
The Departure of the Soul According to the Teaching of the Orthodox Church
1665:
1549:
1269:
74::12). The soul encounters these demons at various points referred to as
1697:
1507:
The hope of the early church : a handbook of patristic eschatology
1497:
1130:
1114:
878:
550:
102:
94:
51:
35:
1344:
1119:, St. Anthony's Greek Orthodox Monastery, Arizona, 1999, pp. 436, 447.
965:
Phillips, Suzette (2009-09-10). "ANONYMOUS. (mid-nineteenth century).
634:"Against the Gnostic Story of the Judging Demons - the "Toll-Houses""
98:
90:
67:
1591:
1489:
1473:
870:
854:
132:
The most detailed account of the aerial toll-houses is found in the
1607:
1467:
The Aerial Toll House Myth: The Neo-Gnosticism of Fr. Seraphim Rose
1320:"Aerial Toll Houses, Provisional Judgment, and the Orthodox Faith"
556:
119:
63:
18:
762:[THE MAN-GOD AS A JUDGE - Eschatology - Special Court].
291:
The toll house doctrine can be found for example in the Life of
59:
803:
may pass through the rulers of darkness standing in the air."
1416:
The Toll-House Myth: The Neo-Gnosticism of Fr. Seraphim Rose
1150:"Answer to a Critic: Appendix III from The Soul After Death"
823:
Athanasius: The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus
1270:"Faculty | Orthodox School of Theology at Trinity College"
897:.14(5.405D) as referenced by Lampe, G. W. H.,
728:"St. Theodora's Journey Through the Aerial Toll-Houses"
492:
had a session on "a controversy raised by Deacon Lev.
1228:Тромесечни црквени лист (Жичка јеванђелска делатност)
591:
589:
587:
16:
Controversial doctrine in the Eastern Orthodox Church
1071:Собрание сочинений святителя Игнатия (Брянчанинова)
760:"БОГОЧОВЕК КАО СУДИЈА - Есхатологија - Посебни суд"
722:
720:
718:
815:"The Life and Affairs of our Holy Father Anthony
628:
626:
464:remained for them an open horizon within theology
317:, "an authoritative anthology of writings on the
1727:http://www.thedepartureofthesoul.org/hierarchal/
666:Orthodox Dogmatic Theology: A Concise Exposition
1076:Collected Works of St. Ignatius (Brianchaninov)
1035:. Vol. 1. Faber & Faber. p. 303.
911:"1: Rules for the Brothers who live with Him".
901:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1961, p.1387
662:"Addendum On the question of the 'Toll-Houses'"
376:claims the teaching is taught in some forms in
1735:http://www.thedepartureofthesoul.org/academic/
1731:http://www.thedepartureofthesoul.org/foreword/
1131:The Future Life According to Orthodox Teaching
1010:. Vol. 2. Faber & Faber. p. 21.
372:insisted on the truthfulness of the teaching.
321:", taught about the toll houses. For example,
78:where the demons then attempt to accuse it of
529:, who had previously been defrocked from the
8:
817:(Written and dispatched to the monks abroad)
536:However, two dedicated chapters in the book
249:Mentions of toll houses can be found in the
701:. Washington (DC): Dumbarton Oaks Studies.
598:"Death and the Toll House Contraversy [
1243:"Nor Height Nor Depth: On the Toll Houses"
1629:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
606:Saint Luke the Evangelist Orthodox Church
490:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia
1002:St Theodoros the Great Ascetic (1990) .
913:Abba Isaiah of Scetis Ascetic Discourses
167:
23:Death of Theodora, spiritual student of
1682:"On the Question of the 'Toll-Houses' "
1509:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic.
895:Ephesi praedicata depoito Nestorio, ACO
583:
533:), found his conclusions questionable.
668:. Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood.
531:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
455:Likewise, Religious Studies Professor
1349:Journal of Orthodox Christian Studies
848:
846:
82:and, if possible, drag the soul into
7:
1750:Eastern Orthodox belief and doctrine
1391:"The Debate Over Aerial Toll-Houses"
1318:Shoemaker, Stephen J. (2017-10-17).
1222:Velimirović, Nikolaj (August 1939).
971:Christian Spirituality: The Classics
753:
751:
749:
747:
655:
653:
699:The Life of Saint Basil the Younger
108:Aerial toll houses are part of the
54:) are a belief held by some in the
1654:The Journal of Theological Studies
1241:Hart, David Bentley (2019-05-08).
409:John of Shanghai and San Francisco
14:
1414:Azkoul, Michael. "Introduction".
813:Athanasius of Alexandria (1980).
323:Saint Theodoros the Great Ascetic
303:and Theodora, in the homilies of
271:of the bitter toll-gatherers and
89:A number of the Eastern Orthodox
27:, and visions of spiritual trials
1532:Krausmüller, Dirk (2019-02-01).
768:Dogmatics of the Orthodox Church
439:considers this teaching to be a
435:The Eastern Orthodox theologian
417:Dogmatics of the Orthodox Church
1714:Vlachos, Hierotheos (Vlachos).
1226:[Does the soul exist].
1116:Counsels from the Holy Mountain
1343:Shoemaker, Stephen J. (2018).
1293:Ladouceur, Paul (2017-08-18).
1089:Rose, Seraphim (1980). "Six".
1068:[Aerial toll houses].
1004:"A Century of Spiritual Texts"
384:texts from quite early in the
338:enemy's attacks and threats."
172:Twenty toll houses, fresco of
1:
1006:. In Palmer, G. E. H. (ed.).
783:, St Tikhon's Monastery Press
969:". In Holder, Arthur (ed.).
660:Pomazansky, Michael (2005).
1696:Archpriest Oleg Stenyayev.
1623:Marinis, Vasileios (2016).
1590:Marinis, Vasileios (2015).
940:Archpriest Oleg Stenyayev.
770:]. Vol. 3, part 2.
764:Догматика Православне Цркве
525:(a retired hierarch in the
506:Michael Azkoul argues that
267:): "do thou banish from me
1781:
1723:The Departure Of The Soul,
1472:Constas, Nicholas (2001).
1433:. 2016. pp. 720–911.
853:Constas, Nicholas (2001).
638:constans_wright.tripod.com
527:Orthodox Church in America
356:
1765:Afterlife in Christianity
1618:– via Academia.edu.
1538:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
1500:– via Academia.edu.
1066:"35. Воздушные мытарства"
1064:Brianchaninov, Ignatius.
899:A Patristic Greek Lexicon
881:– via Academia.edu.
571:Coptic Apocalypse of Paul
564:Life of Basil the Younger
43:
1505:Daley, Brian E. (2010).
1299:Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy
349:, minus the fireworks".
297:Athanasius of Alexandria
1128:Cavarnos, Constantine,
781:The Great Book of Needs
368:The 19th-century saint
335:Saint John of Karpathos
307:, or in a discourse of
293:Saint Anthony the Great
285:The Great Book of Needs
265:The Great Book of Needs
56:Eastern Orthodox Church
1274:www.trinityorthodox.ca
1173:Hierotheos (Vlachos).
686:– via IntraText.
370:Ignatius Brianchaninov
353:Contemporary situation
311:. Some authors of the
176:
129:
28:
1755:Christian terminology
1691:The Soul After Death.
1680:Pomazansky, Michael.
1635:10.1017/9781316488850
1478:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1361:10.1353/joc.2018.0009
1175:"The Taxing of Souls"
1113:Vid. Ephraim, Elder,
979:10.4324/9780203874721
859:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
386:history of the Church
171:
123:
22:
1717:The Taxing of Souls.
1550:10.1515/bz-2019-0006
1224:"Да ли душа постоји"
1091:The Soul After Death
967:The Way of a Pilgrim
596:Werbiansky, Andrew.
512:The Soul After Death
457:Stephen J. Shoemaker
405:Hierotheos (Vlachos)
397:Constantine Cavarnos
343:Gennadios Scholarios
892:Cyril of Alexandria
567:(Russian Knowledge)
449:Life of Saint Basil
421:Nikolaj Velimirović
319:prayer of the heart
305:Cyril of Alexandria
110:particular judgment
1702:OrthoChristian.Com
1666:10.1093/jts/flp046
437:David Bentley Hart
425:Michael Pomazansky
393:Ephraim (Moraitis)
273:ruler of the earth
177:
130:
32:Aerial toll houses
29:
1644:978-1-107-13944-2
1573:Lupascu, Silviu.
1516:978-0-8010-4597-4
1465:Azkoul, Michael.
1440:978-1-945699-00-9
1042:978-0-571-26616-6
1017:978-0-571-26876-4
758:Popović, Justin.
708:978-0-88402-397-5
675:978-0-938635-69-7
480:Puhalo and Azkoul
299:, in the life of
145:Basil the Younger
25:Basil the Younger
1772:
1760:Afterlife places
1711:
1709:
1708:
1677:
1648:
1619:
1586:
1581:. Archived from
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1501:
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1420:
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1402:
1401:
1395:orthodoxinfo.com
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1324:Public Orthodoxy
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1247:Public Orthodoxy
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1203:www.orthodox.net
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1179:orthodoxinfo.com
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1154:orthodoxinfo.com
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732:orthodoxinfo.com
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713:
712:
694:
688:
687:
657:
648:
647:
645:
644:
630:
621:
620:
618:
617:
608:. Archived from
593:
573:, a Gnostic text
524:
502:
474:Vincentian canon
467:
331:
218:Remembering evil
142:
45:
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1579:arheotim.uvt.ro
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1504:
1490:10.2307/1291814
1471:
1462:
1460:Further reading
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973:. p. 294.
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470:Life of Anthony
465:
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401:Seraphim (Rose)
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247:
242:
166:
149:Lives of Saints
147:, found in the
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12:
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