494:
1470:(traditional grand assembly) to solidify the resistance, liberate Afghanistan from the Soviet Union, topple the Kabul regime, and create a single political bloc. Mojaddedi took part in these, and the first jirga passed a resolution on February 21, 1980. The last round of the jirga in May 1980 set up the Islamic National Revolutionary Council, headed by Mohammad Omar Babrakzay as acting president. It advocated for a national, Islamic, and democratic republic. The pressure persuaded leaders of the Islamic groups to make attempts to unite. A coalition of the three Islamist and three traditionalist organizations, the Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan, was formed, headed by
3552:
Soviet withdrawal from
Afghanistan, as the director-general of the Pakistan's intelligence organisation, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate, an impatient Gul wanted to establish a government of the so-called Mujahideen on Afghan soil. He then ordered an assault using non-state actors on Jalalabad, the first major urban centre across the Khyber Pass from Pakistan, with the aim capturing it and declaring it as the seat of the new administration. This was the spring of 1989 and a furious prime minister, Benazir Bhutto â who was kept in the dark by ... Gul and ... Mirza Aslam Beg â demanded that Gul be removed from the ISI.
2098:
458:
411:
1512:
310:
2398:, guaranteed by the United States and Soviet Union. This committed the Soviet Union to withdraw all its troops from Afghanistan by 15 February 1989. The withdrawal was conducted in two phases. The first half of the contingent was removed between 15 May and 16 August 1988, and the second half after 15 November 1988. As the Soviets withdrew, they left the Afghan army in fortified positions and even helped them conduct counteroffensives, in order to leave them in as strong a position as possible. The withdrawal was completed on schedule, with commander
446:
212:
2481:
1574:
370:
1606:
382:
2239:
298:
2149:" missile was first used by Mujahedin in September 1986 and is considered by some to have been a turning point in the war. Some military analysts considered it a "game changer" coined the term "Stinger effect" to describe it. However, these statistics are based on Mujahedin self-reporting, which is of unknown reliability. A Russian general however claimed the United States "greatly exaggerated" Soviet and Afghan aircraft losses during the war.
265:
1545:
358:
188:
2158:
200:
4761:
4773:
176:
57:
1766:
278:
236:
224:
248:
1720:
1627:
394:
4783:
1831:, also caused divisions. Zahir Shah enjoyed considerable popularity among the Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Both Hekmatyar and Khalis were strongly against the king, while Gailani, Mojaddedi and Mohammadi supported an interim coalition with him. Rabbani and Sayyaf were initially against a role for the king, later changing their minds.
2450:, U.S. and Saudi officials indicated that they would stop funding both commanders, but this did not happen. However, the CIA and Saudi intelligence pressured the ISI to send captured Iraqi tanks to Haqqani instead of Hekmatyar. In 1993, it was reported that some Mujahidin were deployed in the Caucusus to fight the forces of
2348:
Women also played a part in the Afghan mujahidin, often traveling with them to cook food or wash their clothes, but also taking part in weapons smuggling. There were many female sympathizers who encouraged their husbands, sons or other male family members to take part in the war against the invaders.
1901:
and a legitimate incoming state following the Soviet withdrawal. The two individuals proved popular, despite not being leaders of major groups, with Sayyaf said to have had exceptional ability in solving issues. However, the AIG was weak, as it only included the
Peshawar Seven and not nationalists or
1781:
were not a united movement. The resistance parties remained deeply divided along ethnic, ideological and personal lines, despite internal and external pressures to unite. Dutch journalist Jere Van Dyk reported in 1981 that the guerillas were effectively fighting two civil wars: one against the regime
1906:
in March 1989, visioning a final victory towards Kabul, but were disastrously defeated by the Afghan Army. The rivalry between
Hekmatyar and the Jamiat-i Islami only increased, leading to Hekmatyar's resignation from the AIG. He eventually decided to go at the Kabul regime in a very different way: a
2539:
Veteran mujahidin leaders who fought against the
Soviets were divided regarding the Taliban. Yunus Khalis was a strong supporter of the Taliban and Nabi Mohammadi also supported them, even dissolving his own organization in doing so. However, Rabbani and Sayyaf were against the Taliban and formed a
2409:
Despite initial estimates, the
Mujahidin proved unable to topple Najibullah's regime immediately after the Soviet withdrawal. The government concentrated its forces in defense of key cities, while relying on vast amounts of military and humanitarian aid from the Soviet Union to stay afloat. Soviet
3551:
His commitment to jihad â to an
Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics. After the
2418:
The
Mujahidin's divisions and factionalism hindered their war effort, and skirmishes between rival groups became common. Massoud was one of the most active elements in this time. In both 1990 and 1991 he staged spring offensives, capturing several cities and steadily expanding the territory under
2335:
By the time Soviet forces completed their withdrawal, the Afghan government held only sixty urban centers and the
Mujahidin controlled six entire provinces. However, the Mujahidin were unable to seize the country's major cities for several years, due to the lack of coordination between the various
1365:
Groups of resistance formed in parts of eastern
Afghanistan by the fall of 1978, but it was in early 1979 that the situation rapidly escalated to open rebellion. As early as February 2, 1979, it was reported that Afghan dissidents were receiving guerilla training across the border in Pakistan. The
1790:
was most cited as the initiator of cross-mujahidin clashes. Through the years, there were various efforts to create a united front, but all were either non-effective or failed in a short time. At least three different iterations of an "Islamic Unity of Afghan
Mujahedin" (IUAM) were tried, none of
3987:
Casualties have been high on both sides. Government troops have been reduced by heavy guerrilla shelling and rocketing from 12,000 to 9,000, Western diplomats say....The Afghan Air Force is said to be taking advantage of the fact that, probably for the first time in the war, guerrilla forces are
2434:
by hardliners in the Soviet Union in August 1991, Soviet support to Najibullah's government dried up. This effectively doomed it, as the Afghan Air Force could no longer fly due to fuel shortages. Consequently, the Army's desertion rate skyrocketed. In March 1992, Dostum's militiamen defected to
1866:, made up of the three Islamist groups, the newly formed organization led by Sayyaf, and three splinter groups. But many differences remained between them. In 1985, under pressure from the king of Saudi Arabia â which was a major donor to the mujahidin â a more broad coalition was created, named
1463:
regime), and even religious minorities of Afghan Sikhs and Hindus covertly assisted the mujahidin. Following the exodus of Afghans to Pakistan in 1980, as many as 84 different resistance groups were formed in Peshawar. A coalition of the resistance with a united front for military activities was
2414:
which gave the government an advantage in firepower. The Afghan Air Force, supplied and maintained with Soviet support, proved to be a crucial asset in keeping the government in power. As late as December 1991, Soviet pilots were recorded flying bombing missions against the Mujahidin.
1791:
which lasted. The formation of the Afghanistan Interim Government (AIG) in 1988 also failed to promote unity. Additionally, it only included the select Sunni Muslim groups approved by Pakistan; Shi'ite groups backed by Iran and pro-Chinese (anti-Soviet) leftist groups were excluded.
2225:
was said to be its "largest and 'most successful' covert operation ever." Pakistan controlled which rebels received assistance: the four "fundamentalist" factions received most of the funding. A large amount of funding also came from private donors and charities from the
2141:
and heavy machine guns, while also receiving better equipment for the cold winters, such as snow boots and ski tents. The raised fundings or assistance from the United States, China and Saudi Arabia all contributed to strengthening the Mujahidin movement by 1987.
1458:
was more forceful than previous Afghan empires had fought against the British and the Sikhs. Except for pockets of supporters of the DRA regime, almost every social, religious and ethnic group protested the Soviet action (despite their removal of the tyrannical
2863:
Under pressure from the United States, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, the main mujahideen parties joined together to form the Islamic Union of Mujahideen of Afghanistan in May 1985. The alliance was led by a general council which included Hekmatyr, Rabbani, and
3312:
The CIA's Islamabad station estimated in a 1989 cable to Langley that there were probably about four thousand Arab volunteers in Afghanistan, mainly organized under Sayyaf's leadership. He was in turn heavily supported by Saudi intelligence and Gulf
1853:
in 1984, an offshoot of the Jamiat faction. Shura-e Nazar was created as a militaryâpolitical combination and consisted of an organized structure dealing with health and education in the areas it operated in (northern and north-eastern Afghanistan).
1250:, which had formed a union with other Afghan groups under intense American, Saudi Arabian and Pakistani pressure. The alliance sought to function as a united diplomatic front towards the international community, and sought representation in the
2419:
his influence. The government meanwhile came to rely heavily on tribal militias to stay in power, primarily the Jowzjani militia of Abdul Rashid Dostum. After 1989, these were the only forces capable of offensives against the Mujahidin.
2082:
by the recognized Peshawar-based mujahidin groups. Its guerilla band was heavily damaged in September 1980 following an attack by Hekmatyar's mujahidin forces. The regime in Kabul neutralized an Afghan Millat unit in the city in 1983.
1370:
in March, in which a non-organized group of army mutineers from the 17th Division and the civilians rebelled and briefly overthrew the city garrison. The incident and subsequent air bombardment gave indications of a looming civil war.
1060:
2092:
2105:
Most of the Mujahidin's weapons were of Soviet design; this includes mostly those that were supplied by their funders and smaller numbers that were captured from the Soviet or Afghan militaries. It was disclosed in 1981 that
1503:, would be an ideal "National Leader" in any coalition. However, Pakistan, which preferred a divided Afghan resistance, was against the return of the former king to Afghanistan, seeing it as a symbol of Afghan nationalism.
4623:
1889:(AIG) was formed in Pakistan to coincide with the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. The Interim Government had been in exile in Pakistan since 1988. The Interim Government was Headed by traditionalist
1706:), the most secular, pro-Western and liberal of the mujahidin factions, rejecting both communism and Islamic fundamentalism, instead adhering to Pashtun nationalism, democracy and a return of the monarchy; led by
4613:
1302:, which suffered heavy losses and withdrew from the country in 1989, after which the rebels' war against the communist Afghan government continued. The loosely-aligned mujahidin took the capital city of
1053:
693:
2422:
By the summer of 1990, the Afghan government forces were on the defensive again, and by the beginning of 1991 the government controlled only 10 percent of Afghanistan. In March 1991, Mujahidin forces
541:
1410:, a religious scholar and former member of parliament in the Kingdom, formed the Revolutionary Islamic Movement (Harakat-e-Inqilab-e-Islami); he was well known for assaulting prominent leftist
4807:
1046:
4847:
1191:, and the Soviet Union, which had invaded the country in support of the former. There were many ideologically different factions among the mujahidin, with the most influential being the
1834:
Although the Afghan mujahidin were praised for bravery in resisting a superpower, the lack of unity showed weaknesses in the guerillas, such as the lack of a clear political strategy.
403:
2536:
in 1996. Nearly all of the Taliban's original leadership fought in the SovietâAfghan War for either the Hezb-i Islami Khalis or Harakat-i Inqilab-e Islami factions of the Mujahidin.
741:
1484:) and later the three traditionalist groups seceded from it. These three set up the Union of the Three. The Islamic Union later called the tribal Revolutionary Council an "enemy".
1464:
demanded by Afghan refugees during meetings in Peshawar in 1980. They, including tribal and community elders, former members of parliament and mujahidin commanders, met in several
1955:
471:
2017:
2402:
of the 40th Army being the last Soviet soldier to leave Afghanistan. After the Soviet withdrawal, most of the Afghan mujahidin continued its fight against the government of
1027:
3647:
4837:
2643:
4219:
534:
4817:
2869:
1902:
tribal elders. After the Soviet withdrawal, the AIG attempted to establish itself within Afghan territory â the mujahidin and Pakistani forces attacked the city of
2533:
2209:
faction received the lion's share of weapons from the ISI and CIA. While Ahmad Shah Massoud's group was supported by Britain's MI6 and trained and supplied by the
2000:
militias that fought against the Soviets and the Afghan regime, as well as the Mujahidin. They were initially well organized and carried out attacks in Kabul; the
1323:
1564:, a former professor of theology at Kabul University, advocating for a semi-democratic Islamic revolutionary state - one of the most notable and strongest of the
2967:
3039:
4862:
4812:
1445:
decided to limit the flow of financial aid to the said seven organizations, thus cutting off monetary supply to nationalist and left-wing resistance groups.
2885:
1806:
1184:
3620:
2843:
810:
527:
2508:
between the new government and Mujahidin factions that rebelled against it. This meant that after 1992, various Mujahidin factions including the Shi'ite
835:
734:
614:
3932:
2532:
across the border, it won a highly effective military campaign against former Mujahidin factions in the civil war, gaining control and establishing the
3906:
4327:
398:
4618:
4852:
3067:
1149:). The Afghan mujahidin consisted of numerous groups that differed from each other across ethnic and/or ideological lines, but were united by their
3700:
2410:
military advisors were still present in Afghanistan, helping advise the war effort and even coordinate air strikes. Soviet volunteers operated the
4288:
3976:
1383:, was one of the original leaders of an organized anti-government armed group. He created an organization named Afghan National Liberation Front (
493:
349:
925:
698:
3535:
3154:
2406:, which continued to receive funding from Moscow, while similarly the Mujahidin was also still receiving funding from Washington and Islamabad.
895:
3753:
3591:
3465:
3438:
3368:
3023:
2996:
2856:
2823:
2744:
2557:
1017:
727:
415:
2578:
1491:
disunited the resisting Afghans. Political Islamists warned against people attending the jirga, but it was held safely in September 1981 in
1219:; as well as independent units that referred to themselves as "mujahidin". The "Peshawar Seven" alliance received heavy assistance from the
4842:
3774:
1696:, in a traditional Islamic state with a parliamentary democracy; it was said to be the weakest militarily, although with a respected leader
820:
4645:
4212:
2336:
groups and the lack of heavy firepower necessary for such actions. The Afghan Army beat back the Mujahidin's attempts to take the city of
1589:
who enjoyed the largest amount of ISI Pakistan funding, Saudi intelligence funding, and American CIA funding; traditionally strongest in
4011:
Later, at Jalalabad, we will eavesdrop on the shortwave radio and hear Soviet pilots making actual bombing runs on resistance positions.
1533:. They were often categorized into the fundamentalist and traditional; the fundamentalist factions were militarily stronger in the war.
1255:
950:
856:
2573:
1327:
815:
805:
4576:
4272:
2381:
2350:
1414:
inside the House of Representatives in 1966. On August 11, 1979, the Afghan National Liberation Front along with three others groups (
1101:
685:
315:
122:
3125:"Intensification of Warfare between Government Forces and Moslem Rebels - Government Changes - Alleged Involvement of Foreign Powers"
2332:
also fell to the Mujahidin in the summer of 1988, but were retaken by the government with Soviet bombardment and logistical support.
1805:
commanders additionally regarded schools and its teachers as legitimate targets for attacks, with their justification being that the
1314:
following these events was quickly fractured by rival factions and became severely dysfunctional. This unrest quickly escalated into
1246:
The basic units of the mujahidin continued to reflect the highly decentralized nature of Afghan society and strong loci of competing
4185:
4077:
3945:
3787:
3684:
3305:
2784:
2765:
2725:
989:
4034:
2385:
1315:
1113:
964:
871:
800:
795:
790:
333:
2071:
by Massoud's mujahidin forces in 1981. By 1983 its resistance seemed to have ceased as it appeared to join the Karmal government.
4832:
2214:
994:
959:
930:
3888:
2986:
4827:
4786:
2227:
2097:
708:
466:
4776:
4205:
1733:
Some of the group leaders also acted as commanders, such as Khalis and Hekmatyar. The other notable mujahidin commanders were
4715:
4628:
4597:
3833:
3106:
2916:
2650:
1307:
579:
4694:
954:
866:
2292:
As Soviet forces withdrew in 1988â89, the Mujahidin captured several key districts, towns and provincial capitals, such as
1286:
on the United States. Other international fighters from the Indian subcontinent became involved in terrorist activities in
3651:
2676:
2285:, while Hizb-i Islami Gulbuddin held many pockets of territory throughout the country. The Mahaz-i-Milli was prominent in
2009:
1355:
703:
325:
2512:
continued to exist as militias rather than merely political parties, with many fighters being loyal to specific leaders.
3850:
2475:
2202:
1511:
146:
3124:
2865:
2269:
in the north-east. Harakat-i Inqilab also held a large amount of territory in the southern provinces, stretching from
2178:
2174:
2012:, which was a backer of the main Pakistan-based Mujahidin, was either unable or unwilling to help the Afghan Maoists.
1646:
and funded by Saudi Arabia; smaller than the other parties, but influential in international recruitment for the jihad
940:
935:
881:
4065:
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
3293:
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
2599:
1801:
thought that the lack of trust among the various leaders was a factor for the many disunited organizations. Numerous
3156:
Islamists, Leftists â and a Void in the Center. Afghanistan's Political Parties and where they come from (1902-2006)
4556:
4322:
2505:
2455:
1656:
659:
4000:
2775:
Cordovez, Deigo; Harrison, Selig S. (1995). "2: Soviet Occupation, Afghan Resistance, and the American Response".
1199:
parties. The Afghan mujahidin were generally divided into two distinct alliances: the larger and more significant
4736:
4420:
2893:
2811:
1738:
594:
3624:
1817:
The only party fighting the Soviets was the Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami. The others were all fighting each other.
4822:
2849:
2431:
2258:'s command), along with several cities, mujahidin guerillas were in control of most of the country as of 1987.
1916:
1171:
The militants of the Afghan mujahidin were recruited and organized immediately after the Soviet Union invaded
3951:
2941:
2528:
and in the midst of anarchy in Afghanistan. Supported by Pakistan and recruited from religious students from
1966:
groups challenged them and took control of the region from them. By the mid-1980s the strongest of these was
4305:
2480:
2206:
1787:
1668:
1578:
1480:
1407:
1404:
1196:
876:
851:
374:
90:
1674:
1671:, a religious figure and former member of parliament, and gaining support among Pashtun tribes in the south
1385:
4701:
4536:
2504:". However, the divisions between the various factions were still there and it was a catalyst that led to
2501:
2446:. After Hekmatyar and Sayyaf publicly denounced the U.S. and the Saudi royal family for their role in the
1890:
1727:
1685:
1442:
1372:
1331:
999:
886:
639:
82:
4228:
3621:""Launching the Missile That Made History," by Michael M. Phillips, Wall Street Journal, October 1, 2011"
3230:
2525:
1326:
shortly after taking most of the country in 1996. The Taliban groups were then ousted in 2001 during the
1109:
785:
551:
328:
4680:
3704:
2720:. Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA: Hoover University Press. pp. 109, 129, 133, 134.
2459:
2395:
2301:
2246:
By May 1980, mujahidin controlled virtually all of rural Afghanistan, and these regions were cleared of
2162:
1798:
1618:
1359:
1318:, which saw the large-scale collapse of the united Afghan mujahidin and the victorious emergence of the
1022:
624:
438:
3201:
4708:
4566:
4410:
4364:
4317:
3163:
1610:
1419:
1283:
910:
780:
671:
386:
1262:
come to Afghanistan to aid the resistance. The majority of the international fighters came from the
4857:
4561:
4526:
4516:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4430:
4415:
4384:
4379:
2553:
2403:
2317:
2313:
2255:
2210:
2075:
2064:
1951:
1920:
1898:
1828:
1783:
1754:
1586:
1561:
1500:
1475:
1449:
1367:
1299:
1176:
770:
664:
589:
565:
86:
74:
4024:"DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990â1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS"
3400:
1354:
in 1976, as militias and paramilitary groups. The two organizations additionally took part in the
984:
4765:
4743:
4425:
4400:
4310:
4005:
3981:
2041:
1894:
1846:
1810:
1746:
1734:
1643:
1487:
Because of disunity, elders from western Afghanistan attempted to hold a loya jirga, citing that
1471:
915:
890:
861:
775:
609:
163:
78:
1621:, with its supporter base having been Ghilzai Pashtuns - favored cooperation with other factions
1593:
Pashtun tribal regions in the south-east - aimed for a state similar to that founded and led by
1870:(IUAM), comprising the four main Islamist and three moderate groups. It was also nicknamed the
4546:
4369:
4181:
4134:
4101:
4073:
3941:
3829:
3783:
3749:
3680:
3674:
3587:
3497:
3471:
3461:
3434:
3402:
The causes of the failure of the government of Afghanistan under Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani
3374:
3364:
3301:
3019:
2992:
2852:
2819:
2815:
2780:
2761:
2740:
2721:
2545:
2541:
2443:
2349:
However, women in Afghanistan were split between the two sides, with many also supporting the
2238:
2222:
1991:
1594:
1376:
1224:
969:
649:
619:
507:
4687:
4659:
4541:
4405:
3426:
2549:
2369:
2218:
2107:
2079:
2045:
1978:" in 1987 (so-called due to Iranian support). In 1989, most of these merged into one group,
1631:
1492:
1427:
644:
634:
94:
2123:
2008:
was enough to put someone in prison by accusing them of being a pro-Chinese communist. The
1525:
There were seven major mujahidin groups as recognized by Pakistan and its allies, based in
1399:), also created a resistance organization during this time, called National Islamic Front (
4652:
4592:
4571:
4354:
4293:
4240:
3648:""Stop Panicking About the Stingers," by Matthew Schroeder, Foreign Policy, July 28, 2010"
3521:
2493:
2471:
2354:
2157:
2068:
1912:
1549:
1415:
1347:
1311:
1275:
1192:
1188:
1081:
1032:
920:
905:
765:
751:
678:
629:
599:
572:
362:
4023:
3872:
3726:
2004:
then had a policy of clearing Kabul of any pro-Chinese elements. A mild suspicion from
4722:
4673:
4551:
4531:
4521:
2423:
2274:
2190:
2146:
2078:, formed in the 1960s, also resisted in the early days of the war. It was treated as a
2060:
2024:("Eternal Flame") were involved in fighting the government and mujahidin (particularly
2013:
1770:
1488:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1150:
654:
604:
584:
270:
159:
155:
4801:
4374:
4359:
4298:
4069:
3297:
2804:
2509:
2411:
2049:
2029:
2025:
2021:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1850:
1707:
1699:
1411:
1390:
1220:
1162:
1158:
1089:
450:
193:
4159:
2548:(a commander who defected from Khalis's faction), prominent Shi'ite leaders such as
1915:, which caused many resignations in his party in protest. Together, they launched a
1495:, consisting of tribal elders, the Ulama, and military officers. Elders native from
1298:
during the 1990s. The mujahidin guerrillas fought a long and costly war against the
4267:
2561:
2524:
is a puritanical movement that was formed in 1994, five years after the end of the
2399:
2329:
2325:
2198:
2182:
2053:
1975:
1937:
1395:
1351:
1267:
1259:
1232:
1212:
1105:
900:
431:
425:
303:
257:
229:
205:
3358:
4126:
4093:
3489:
3202:"Background Paper. Afghanistan: Political Parties and Insurgent Groups 1978-2001"
3013:
2755:
1310:-backed government. However, the new mujahidin government that was formed by the
17:
3779:
3769:
3564:
2361:
2309:
2297:
2286:
1946:
militia groups also operated, mainly in central Afghanistan populated by ethnic
1842:
1750:
1742:
1723:
1200:
1172:
1154:
945:
118:
56:
3803:
3420:
2353:
where they enjoyed social privileges. Female refugees also created and recited
1765:
4064:
4059:
3430:
3292:
3287:
2266:
2110:(Chinese 83mm, Blo, 70mm) were being used by the resistance. Also in use were
1963:
1693:
1689:
1466:
1291:
1263:
1208:
1165:
1121:
4138:
4127:"Afghan Arms and Mujahideen Slip Past Border Guards and Into Tajik Civil War"
4105:
3501:
3475:
3378:
2435:
Massoud after negotiations, and Najibullah's regime fell shortly afterwards.
2040:
Smaller mujahidin groups not connected to the main seven parties include the
1175:
in 1979, initially from the regular Afghan population and defectors from the
4729:
4666:
2488:
After Najibullah's government collapsed, the Mujahidin factions (apart from
2337:
2278:
2115:
2067:
that fought against the regime and other Mujahidin. They were driven out of
1959:
1903:
1719:
1639:
1496:
1180:
3940:. Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Conflict Studies Research Centre.
2340:
in March 1989, and the civil war settled into a stalemate for three years.
1430:. Other rebel movements were also active throughout the country, including
3455:
4244:
3988:
concentrated in static positions, which make them easier bombing targets.
3701:"Declassified files reveal Britain's secret support to Afghan Mujahideen"
2644:"Use of toxins and other lethal agents in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan"
2447:
2394:
On 14 April 1988, the governments of Afghanistan and Pakistan signed the
2389:
2261:
As of 1985, the Jamiat-i Islami held the most territory, stretching from
2254:. With the exception of parts of the north near the Soviet border (under
2170:
2111:
1710:, an Islamic mystical figure, and supported by a number of tribal leaders
1526:
1423:
1422:, and Revolutionary Islamic Movement) formed a new organization based in
1279:
1228:
1204:
1097:
338:
181:
151:
3907:"Armed Afghan women take to streets in show of defiance against Taliban"
3040:"The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Detente. A Chronology"
2560:
in 2001 that successfully drove out the Taliban and led to the rise of
2529:
2521:
2451:
2293:
2251:
2138:
1947:
1664:
1590:
1431:
1319:
1295:
1287:
1130:
979:
510:
2458:. Afghan mujahidin fighters have also been reportedly involved in the
2093:
List of military equipment used by mujahideen during SovietâAfghan War
1133:
to refer to those engaged in a struggle of any nature for the sake of
2968:"Taliban forces rapidly gaining ground in Afghanistan as U.S. leaves"
2439:
2321:
2305:
2282:
2270:
1997:
1682:
1557:
1380:
1258:. The Afghan mujahidin also saw thousands of volunteers from various
1236:
4197:
3977:"The Lessons Of Jalalabad; Afghan Guerrillas See Weaknesses Exposed"
519:
2020:(SAMA), was executed by the Afghan regime in June 1980. Members of
1157:
Muslim militias was also known as the "Afghan resistance", and the
3889:"A woman's war: The rise and fall of Afghanistan's female warlord"
2497:
2479:
2427:
2262:
2247:
2242:
The areas where the different mujahidin forces operated as of 1985
2237:
2194:
2186:
2156:
2096:
1908:
1764:
1718:
1518:
1510:
1460:
1454:
1303:
1271:
1139:
1134:
974:
719:
283:
241:
217:
1950:. These groups were also, similarly, divided between themselves.
1203:
union collectively referred to as the "Peshawar Seven", based in
2005:
1943:
1598:
1216:
253:
4201:
3934:
Phased Withdrawal, Conflict Resolution and State Reconstruction
3068:"Afghan Rebel Group Appeals in New York For Aid for Its Forces"
2917:"WILL THE ERA OF AFGHAN MUJAHIDEEN RETURN TO BANGLADESH AGAIN?"
1243:, as well as other countries and private international donors.
723:
523:
4190:
Weisman, Steven R. "Rebel Rivalry is Hampering Afghan Talks",
2213:. Britain's support to the Afghan resistance turned out to be
2137:
Beginning in 1985, they began to receive heavy equipment like
2131:
2127:
2119:
2001:
1813:
ideology was taught in educational institutions to students.
1692:
faction that favored the return of Afghanistan's ousted King,
1389:) and on May 25, 1979, appealed for support in New York City.
3606:
Resistance Movement in Afghanistan (1979-81), Mahfooz Ahmad,
2777:
Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal
1885:
In 1989 under the patronage of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, An
2063:
was a small long-time splinter faction of the PDPA based in
1179:, with the aim of waging an armed struggle against both the
3874:
The Soviet-Afghan War: Female Perspective and Participation
1862:
In 1981 the Islamist groups formed a broader alliance, the
1274:
financier and militant of the group during this period was
2779:. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 57â59.
2438:
In 1991, some factions of the Mujahidin were deployed in
1362:
and perpetrated acid attacks on women who were unveiled.
3584:
US-Pakistan relationship: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
1970:, while Shura-i Inqilab-i Ittifaq was prominent only in
1822:
Eduard Lagourge, French aid worker in Afghanistan, 1988
1452:
turned the civil war into a war of liberation, and the
3536:"The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul"
3360:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
2757:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
2737:
The collapse of the Soviet Union: the end of an empire
2677:"Das Engagement der arabischen Staaten in Afghanistan"
2289:
but also had territory in other parts of the country.
2032:
government arrested many of its members in June 1981.
3877:(MA thesis). California State University, Northridge.
472:
Revolutionary Council of Islamic Unity of Afghanistan
3826:
Revolution Unending: Afghanistan 1979 to the Present
3565:"Human Rights Watch World Report 1989 - Afghanistan"
3460:(1 ed.). New York: Vintage Books. p. 115.
2739:. Minneapolis, MN: Compass Point Books. p. 43.
2718:
Afghanistan's two-party communism: Parcham and Khalq
2101:
Various mujahidin weaponry seized by the Soviet army
2018:
Liberation Organization of the People of Afghanistan
462:
Corps of Islamic Revolution Guardians of Afghanistan
4637:
4606:
4585:
4509:
4443:
4393:
4347:
4340:
4281:
4260:
4253:
2845:
A Bitter Harvest: US Foreign Policy and Afghanistan
1897:as prime minister, the AIG represented itself as a
1837:In an attempt to dissuade infighting and develop a
488:
345:
321:
291:
169:
145:
128:
113:
101:
70:
36:
4178:Soldiers of God: With the Mujahidin in Afghanistan
2803:
1434:tribes that had some 5,000 men as of August 1979.
2700:EthnizitÀt und ethnische Konflikte in Afghanistan
2277:. Hizb-i Islami Khalis had its stronghold around
1636:Islamic Union (for the liberation of Afghanistan)
4848:Defunct political party alliances in Afghanistan
3571:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
3457:The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11
3277:(Pashto/Dari: اتØاد اسÙاÙ
Û ØšØ±Ø§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø§ÙغاÙستاÙ)
2360:There is one recorded female mujahidin warlord,
2165:, the United States, for medical treatment, 1986
1342:Certain organisations that would later form the
896:1959â2000 assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
3849:Belquis Ahmadi; Sadaf Lakhani (November 2016).
3828:. Hust & Company London. pp. 227â229.
2872:which was established and funded by the Saudis.
2870:Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan
2484:Progress of the continuing civil war, 1992â2001
1815:
1782:and the Soviets, and another among themselves.
1661:Revolutionary Islamic Movement (of Afghanistan)
399:Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan
2076:Afghan Social Democratic Party (Afghan Millat)
1585:), a radical, oppositionist faction headed by
936:1965â66 Indonesia, Transition to the New Order
4808:Anti-Soviet factions in the SovietâAfghan War
4213:
3819:
3817:
3679:. Berlin: Hartmann, Miles-Verl. p. 195.
2217:'s most extensive covert operation since the
1054:
816:Islamic StateâTaliban conflict (2015âpresent)
735:
535:
430:(All except the Islamic Movement Merged into
404:Islamic Revolutionary Movement of Afghanistan
8:
1144:
45:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3324:(Pashto/Dari: Øرکت اÙÙÙاؚ اسÙاÙ
Û Ø§ÙغاÙستاÙ)
2161:Wounded Afghan guerillas having arrived at
1617:), a splinter faction headed by theologian
4344:
4257:
4220:
4206:
4198:
4180:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.
3748:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 138â139, 142â144.
3231:"Special report: The Afghan Peace Process"
3162:. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. Archived from
3012:Wahab, Shaista; Youngerman, Barry (2007).
2830:Union of Mujahidin OR Union of Mujahideen.
2357:(traditional Afghan poems) about the war.
2189:, while more covert support came from the
1168:as "freedom fighters", or "Mountain Men".
1100:resistance groups that fought against the
1061:
1047:
831:
742:
728:
720:
542:
528:
520:
33:
4094:"Afghan Fighters Join Azeri-Armenian War"
3342:(Pashto/Dari: ØÙ
Øاذ Ù
ÙÛ Ø§Ø³ÙاÙ
Û Ø§ÙغاÙستاÙ)
2806:Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror
2556:. This group was supported following the
2181:), also receiving backing primarily from
1958:, a traditionalist group, controlled the
3727:"Afghanistan: Lessons from the Last War"
3586:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 125.
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3101:
2735:Langley, Andrew (2007). "Introduction".
2492:) signed a power sharing agreement (the
1441:political bloc since May 1979, when the
1185:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
1153:and pro-Islamic goals. The coalition of
970:1979â1992 Afghanistan, Operation Cyclone
694:Mujahideen raids inside the Soviet Union
4838:Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen
4737:Pictures from Afghanistan (documentary)
4289:Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen
3619:Phillips, Michael M. (1 October 2011).
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
2884:Collins, George W. (MarchâApril 1986).
2760:. DIANE Publishing. pp. 133, 134.
2590:
2540:new united opposition force called the
2430:ending an eleven-year siege. After the
2016:, a prominent figure and leader of the
1211:union collectively referred to as the "
834:
4818:Anti-communist guerrilla organizations
2649:. CIA. 2 February 1982. Archived from
2500:on April 28, 1992, celebrating their "
2118:mortars. Twin barrelled Chinese-built
2052:nationalist group operated called the
1499:proposed that the former Afghan king,
1306:in 1992 following the collapse of the
1256:Organisation of the Islamic Conference
811:AfghanistanâPakistan border skirmishes
4624:Military equipment used by Mujahideen
3408:(PhD thesis). University of Peshawar.
2988:Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military
2558:United States invasion of Afghanistan
2177:) and the United States (through the
2169:The mujahidin were heavily backed by
1366:conflict reached a height during the
416:National Islamic Front of Afghanistan
7:
4782:
3851:"Afghan Women and Violent Extremism"
3775:Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror
2623:
2621:
1187:, which had taken power in the 1978
1129:) is used in a religious context by
1093:
821:Republican insurgency in Afghanistan
4863:Rebellions against the Soviet Union
4813:Anti-communist resistance movements
3746:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
3650:. foreignpolicy.com. Archived from
2630:Krieg und Widerstand in Afghanistan
2368:, meaning "dove"), who operated in
1437:A broad mujahidin had existed as a
1426:, Pakistan, aiming to establish an
1145:
1126:
1085:
46:
4577:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
4273:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
4160:"Leader of Afghan mujahideen dies"
4040:from the original on 12 April 2019
3209:Australian Refugee Review Tribunal
2606:(in German). No. 40. Die Welt
2382:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
2122:has been seen in smaller numbers.
1679:(Afghan) National Liberation Front
699:PakistanâSoviet air confrontations
316:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
25:
4001:"In Afghanistan, Peace Must Wait"
3490:"Afghan Interim Rule: Rocky Road"
2985:Haqqani, Husain (10 March 2010).
2915:Layekuzzaman (2 September 2021).
2754:Amstutz, J. Bruce (1 July 1994).
2265:in the west through the north to
1868:Islamic Unity of Afghan Mujahidin
1450:Soviet operation of December 1979
926:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état
615:Kulchabat, Bala Karz and Mushkizi
4781:
4772:
4771:
4759:
3259:(Pashto/Dari: Øزؚ اسÙاÙ
Û Ú¯ÙؚدÛÙ)
3134:. 12 October 1979. p. 29878
2598:Renz, Michael (6 October 2012).
2579:PakistanâUnited States relations
1625:
1604:
1572:
1543:
1033:2012â2017 Syria, Timber Sycamore
492:
456:
444:
409:
392:
380:
368:
356:
308:
296:
276:
263:
246:
234:
222:
210:
198:
186:
174:
121:and overthrow the Soviet-backed
55:
4853:History of Islam in Afghanistan
3804:"Map of the War in Afghanistan"
3534:Nasir, Abbas (18 August 2015).
2376:Soviet withdrawal and civil war
2228:Arab states of the Persian Gulf
1474:. However, it did not last, as
911:1961 Cuba, Bay of Pigs Invasion
709:Afghan SCUD attacks in Pakistan
467:Islamic Movement of Afghanistan
4629:Afghanistan War Memorial, Kyiv
3268:(Pashto/Dari: Øزؚ اسÙاÙ
Û Ø®Ø§Ùص)
3015:A Brief History of Afghanistan
2574:AfghanistanâPakistan relations
2114:, British mortars and Chinese
1872:Seven Party Mujahidin Alliance
1827:The issue of the exiled king,
1554:Islamic Society of Afghanistan
1324:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
1000:1990s Iraq, failed coup d'état
806:War in Afghanistan (2001â2021)
117:Combat the Soviet invasion of
1:
4072:. pp. 223â224, 226â227.
3871:Elva Madrigal (August 2012).
3676:Die Grenzen des MilitÀrischen
2516:Relationship with the Taliban
2145:The portable surface-to-air "
2134:have also been used by them.
1356:1975 Panjshir Valley uprising
1346:had already existed, such as
916:1961 Cuba, Operation Mongoose
704:KHAD-KGB campaign in Pakistan
326:1975 Panjshir Valley uprising
109:1992â1996 (loyalist factions)
3399:Ahmad Noor (December 2007).
2476:Islamic State of Afghanistan
2386:Afghan Civil War (1989â1992)
2203:Federal Intelligence Service
1638:), a faction advocating for
1266:, and later became known as
980:1981â1990 Nicaragua, Contras
882:1957â58 Indonesian rebellion
836:United States involvement in
801:Afghan Civil War (1996â2001)
796:Afghan Civil War (1992â1996)
791:Afghan Civil War (1989â1992)
107:1975â1992 (resistance phase)
4843:Rebel groups in Afghanistan
3824:Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005).
3333:(Pashto/Dari: جؚ٠Ùجات Ù
ÙÛ)
3250:(Pashto/Dari: جÙ
عÛت اسÙاÙ
Û)
2866:Abd-ur-Rabb-ur-Rasul Sayyaf
2675:Inken Wiese (14 May 2010).
2552:, and former DRA commander
2179:Central Intelligence Agency
2175:Inter-Services Intelligence
1726:, a mujahidin commander of
1521:before the fighting in 1987
965:1979 Salvadoran coup d'état
901:1959 Cambodia, Bangkok Plot
872:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
786:SovietâAfghan War (1979â89)
781:Bala Hissar uprising (1979)
476:Islamic Revolution Movement
4879:
4557:Battle of Arghandab (1987)
3673:Hammerich, Helmut (2010).
3357:Amstutz, J. Bruce (1994).
2942:"Ours Not To Question Why"
2469:
2456:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2432:failed coup d'état attempt
2379:
2187:People's Republic of China
2090:
2010:People's Republic of China
1989:
1935:
1657:Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami
1290:and against the states of
1137:, commonly referred to as
960:1976 Argentine coup d'état
931:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
29:Islamist resistance groups
4753:
4744:Bitter Lake (documentary)
4235:
4162:. BBC News. 24 July 2006.
4131:Christian Science Monitor
4098:Christian Science Monitor
3623:. wsj.com. Archived from
3494:Christian Science Monitor
3454:Wright, Lawrence (2011).
3431:10.1007/978-1-349-20761-9
2812:Columbia University Press
2702:(in German). p. 430.
2632:(in German). p. 154.
1956:Shura-i Inqilab-i Ittifaq
1887:Afghan Interim Government
1579:Hizb-i Islami (Gulbuddin)
1529:and sometimes called the
946:1971 Bolivian coup d'état
941:1966 Ghanaian coup d'état
776:Chindawol uprising (1979)
761:
561:
500:
479:Union of Islamic Fighters
420:National Liberation Front
54:
44:
43:
4598:Kabul students' uprising
2886:"The War in Afghanistan"
2850:Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
2802:Rohan Gunaratna (2002).
2716:Arnold, Anthony (1983).
1931:
1761:Ideologies and divisions
1749:(Hizb-i Islami Khalis),
1741:(Hizb-i Islami Khalis),
1704:National (Islamic) Front
1642:, led by fundamentalist
1322:, which established the
1278:, who would later found
867:1953 Iranian coup d'état
4833:Islamism in Afghanistan
4306:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
3018:. Infobase Publishing.
2600:"Operation Sommerregen"
2544:, which also recruited
2490:Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin
2460:civil war in Tajikistan
2207:Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin
1962:at first, but pro-Iran
1927:Other resistance groups
1919:to oust the Parchamite
1769:Mujahidin guerillas in
1669:Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi
1481:Hizb-i Islami Gulbuddin
1408:Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi
1197:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
1161:widely referred to the
1102:Republic of Afghanistan
975:1975â1992 Angola, UNITA
921:1961 Dominican Republic
857:1949 Syrian coup d'état
375:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
91:Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi
4828:Anti-Soviet resistance
4766:Afghanistan portal
4619:War in popular culture
4614:Soviet aircraft losses
4537:Battle of Maravar Pass
3744:Kepel, Gilles (2006).
3582:Hilali, A. Z. (2005).
2991:. Carnegie Endowment.
2485:
2243:
2166:
2126:rifles, Egyptian made
2102:
2044:in Farah Province and
1974:. They united as the "
1911:communists of General
1891:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
1825:
1774:
1730:
1728:Maidan Wardak Province
1686:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
1522:
1393:, a spiritual leader (
1373:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
1270:; the most well-known
1114:First Afghan Civil War
906:1960 Congo coup d'état
766:Saur Revolution (1978)
482:Raad ("Thunder") party
334:First Afghan Civil War
83:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
4133:. 24 September 1992.
3931:Marshall, A. (2006).
3893:america.aljazeera.com
2946:www.outlookindia.com/
2890:Air University Review
2842:Tom Lansford (2003).
2483:
2241:
2163:Norton Air Force Base
2160:
2100:
1799:Mohammad Yunus Khalis
1768:
1722:
1675:Jabha-i Nejat-i Milli
1651:Afghan traditionalist
1619:Mohammad Yunus Khalis
1514:
1401:Mahaz-e-Millie-Islami
1386:Jabha-i Nejat-i Milli
1360:1975 Laghman uprising
1338:Origins and formation
1248:Pashtun tribal groups
771:Herat uprising (1979)
439:Hezbollah Afghanistan
4709:The Living Daylights
4695:Charlie Wilson's War
4567:Battle for Hill 3234
4411:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
4365:Konstantin Chernenko
4318:Hezb-e Islami Khalis
4100:. 16 November 1993.
4009:. 29 December 1991.
3646:Schroeder, Matthew.
3419:Urban, Mark (1990).
3363:. Diane Publishing.
3111:publishing.cdlib.org
2868:, the leader of the
2656:on 10 September 2014
2112:Soviet 82 mm mortars
1917:coup attempt in 1990
1753:(Mahaz-e Melli) and
1611:Hezb-i Islami Khalis
1443:Pakistani government
1420:Hezb-i Islami Khalis
1391:Sayyed Ahmad Gailani
1330:, but regrouped and
1284:September 11 attacks
877:1956â57 Syria crisis
387:Hezb-i Islami Khalis
123:communist government
4562:Operation Magistral
4527:Panjshir offensives
4517:Operation Storm-333
4510:Military operations
4431:Burhanuddin Rabbani
4416:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
4385:Abdul Rashid Dostum
4380:Mohammad Najibullah
2554:Abdul Rashid Dostum
2404:Mohammad Najibullah
2351:Democratic Republic
2256:Abdul Rashid Dostum
2130:, and Chinese made
2065:Badakhshan Province
1952:Sayyid Ali Beheshti
1921:Mohammed Najibullah
1899:government in exile
1829:Mohammed Zahir Shah
1784:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
1773:, Afghanistan, 1985
1757:(Jamiat-i Islami).
1755:Mohammad Zabihullah
1745:(Jamiat-i Islami),
1737:(Jamiat-i Islami),
1708:Sayid Ahmad Gailani
1587:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
1562:Burhanuddin Rabbani
1501:Mohammed Zahir Shah
1476:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
1282:and mastermind the
1112:and the subsequent
129:Active regions
87:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
75:Burhanuddin Rabbani
4716:The Magic Mountain
4426:Abdul Rahim Wardak
4401:Ahmad Shah Massoud
4311:Maktab al-Khidamat
4192:The New York Times
4176:Kaplan, Robert D.
4006:The New York Times
3982:The New York Times
3957:on 1 December 2007
3731:nsarchive2.gwu.edu
3705:Times of Islamabad
3422:War in Afghanistan
3072:The New York Times
3047:nsarchive2.gwu.edu
2921:The Daily Guardian
2486:
2462:during 1992â1993.
2244:
2167:
2153:Allies and funding
2103:
2042:Sharafat Kuh Front
1895:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf
1864:Union of the Seven
1847:Ahmad Shah Massoud
1775:
1747:Jalaluddin Haqqani
1735:Ahmad Shah Massoud
1731:
1644:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf
1560:faction headed by
1537:Political Islamist
1523:
1472:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf
1332:retook the country
1328:War in Afghanistan
1316:a second civil war
1207:, and the smaller
1183:government of the
164:Afghan nationalism
103:Dates of operation
79:Ahmad Shah Massoud
4795:
4794:
4586:Civilian protests
4547:Battles of Zhawar
4439:
4438:
4370:Mikhail Gorbachev
4336:
4335:
4229:SovietâAfghan War
3985:. 13 April 1989.
3755:978-1-84511-257-8
3707:. 30 January 2018
3593:978-0-7546-4220-6
3522:Middle East Brief
3467:978-0-525-56436-2
3440:978-0-333-51478-8
3370:978-0-7881-1111-2
3025:978-1-4381-0819-3
2998:978-0-87003-285-1
2948:. 3 February 2022
2896:on 3 October 2008
2858:978-0-7546-3615-1
2825:978-0-231-12692-2
2746:978-0-7565-2009-0
2698:Conrad Schetter.
2542:Northern Alliance
2526:SovietâAfghan War
2506:another civil war
2234:Areas of activity
2223:Operation Cyclone
2108:recoilless rifles
2048:. Additionally a
1992:Sino-Soviet split
1858:Attempts at unity
1681:), headed by the
1377:Islamic mysticism
1225:Operation Cyclone
1110:SovietâAfghan War
1071:
1070:
862:1949â1953 Albania
829:
828:
717:
716:
686:Soviet withdrawal
553:SovietâAfghan War
518:
517:
508:Northern Alliance
504:Succeeded by
329:SovietâAfghan War
18:Afghan resistance
16:(Redirected from
4870:
4785:
4784:
4775:
4774:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4660:Afghan Breakdown
4542:Badaber uprising
4406:Abdul Ali Mazari
4345:
4328:Ittehad i-Islami
4258:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4199:
4194:, March 1, 1988.
4164:
4163:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4028:
4020:
4014:
4013:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3950:. Archived from
3939:
3928:
3915:
3914:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3855:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3616:
3610:
3608:Pakistan Horizon
3604:
3598:
3597:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3396:
3383:
3382:
3354:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3206:
3198:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3161:
3153:Ruttig, Thomas.
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3129:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3103:
3076:
3075:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2892:. Archived from
2881:
2875:
2874:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2809:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2771:
2750:
2731:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2595:
2550:Muhammad Mohaqiq
2370:Baghlan Province
2320:. The cities of
2219:Second World War
2046:Harakat-e-Mulavi
1996:There were also
1893:, with orthodox
1823:
1632:Ittihad-i Islami
1630:
1629:
1628:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1493:Pishin, Pakistan
1428:Islamic Republic
1312:Peshawar Accords
1260:Muslim countries
1148:
1147:
1128:
1095:
1087:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1018:2001 Afghanistan
995:1989â1990 Panama
852:1948â1960s Italy
832:
756:
754:
744:
737:
730:
721:
595:Padkhwab-e Shana
580:Student protests
556:
554:
544:
537:
530:
521:
496:
461:
460:
459:
449:
448:
447:
414:
413:
412:
397:
396:
395:
385:
384:
383:
373:
372:
371:
361:
360:
359:
350:"Peshawar Seven"
322:Battles and wars
314:
312:
311:
302:
300:
299:
282:
280:
279:
269:
267:
266:
252:
250:
249:
240:
238:
237:
228:
226:
225:
216:
214:
213:
204:
202:
201:
192:
190:
189:
180:
178:
177:
104:
95:Abdul Ali Mazari
59:
50:
49:
48:
34:
21:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4823:Islamist groups
4798:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4760:
4758:
4749:
4702:The Kite Runner
4653:The 9th Company
4638:Films about war
4633:
4602:
4593:3 Hoot uprising
4581:
4572:Operation Arrow
4505:
4435:
4389:
4355:Leonid Brezhnev
4332:
4294:Jamiat-e Islami
4277:
4249:
4241:Afghan conflict
4231:
4226:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4017:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3937:
3930:
3929:
3918:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3823:
3822:
3815:
3808:users.erols.com
3802:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3654:on 31 July 2010
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3627:on 17 July 2015
3618:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3468:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3398:
3397:
3386:
3371:
3356:
3355:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3308:
3300:. p. 201.
3286:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3079:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2974:. 25 June 2021.
2966:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2859:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2774:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2734:
2728:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2628:Michael Pohly.
2627:
2626:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2570:
2534:Islamic Emirate
2518:
2496:) and captured
2494:Peshawar Accord
2478:
2472:Peshawar Accord
2468:
2392:
2378:
2346:
2236:
2155:
2095:
2089:
2069:Panjshir Valley
2038:
1994:
1988:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1913:Shahnawaz Tanai
1907:coalition with
1860:
1824:
1821:
1763:
1717:
1667:faction led by
1626:
1624:
1605:
1603:
1573:
1571:
1550:Jamiat-i Islami
1544:
1542:
1509:
1416:Jamiat-i Islami
1348:Jamiat-e Islami
1340:
1300:Soviet military
1276:Osama bin Laden
1193:Jamiat-e Islami
1189:Saur Revolution
1177:Afghan military
1067:
1038:
1037:
1013:
1005:
1004:
847:
837:
830:
825:
757:
753:Afghan conflict
752:
750:
748:
718:
713:
690:
557:
552:
550:
548:
514:
513:
506:
457:
455:
445:
443:
429:
424:
410:
408:
393:
391:
381:
379:
369:
367:
363:Jamiat-i Islami
357:
355:
352:(Sunni branch)
346:Organization(s)
337:
332:
309:
307:
306:
297:
295:
287:
286:
277:
275:
274:
273:
264:
262:
261:
247:
245:
244:
235:
233:
232:
223:
221:
220:
211:
209:
208:
199:
197:
196:
187:
185:
184:
175:
173:
162:
158:
154:
141:
108:
102:
66:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4876:
4874:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4779:
4769:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4723:Peshavar Waltz
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4674:All Costs Paid
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4607:Related topics
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4552:Battle of Jaji
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4532:Siege of Urgun
4529:
4524:
4522:Siege of Khost
4519:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4444:Events by year
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4151:
4118:
4085:
4078:
4051:
4015:
3992:
3968:
3946:
3916:
3913:. 7 July 2021.
3898:
3880:
3863:
3841:
3834:
3813:
3795:
3788:
3782:. p. 59.
3761:
3754:
3736:
3718:
3692:
3685:
3665:
3638:
3611:
3599:
3592:
3574:
3556:
3526:
3514:
3481:
3466:
3446:
3439:
3411:
3384:
3369:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3306:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3222:
3211:. 7 March 2013
3180:
3169:on 24 May 2013
3145:
3116:
3077:
3074:. 26 May 1979.
3059:
3031:
3024:
3004:
2997:
2977:
2959:
2933:
2907:
2876:
2857:
2834:
2824:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2772:
2766:
2751:
2745:
2732:
2726:
2705:
2690:
2667:
2635:
2617:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2517:
2514:
2467:
2464:
2396:Geneva Accords
2377:
2374:
2345:
2342:
2235:
2232:
2191:United Kingdom
2154:
2151:
2088:
2085:
2061:Settam-e-Melli
2037:
2036:Smaller groups
2034:
2014:Majid Kalakani
1987:
1984:
1933:
1932:Shi'ite groups
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:, but failed.
1876:Peshawar Seven
1859:
1856:
1819:
1771:Kunar Province
1762:
1759:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1697:
1672:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1622:
1601:
1569:
1539:
1538:
1531:Peshawar Seven
1508:
1505:
1489:party politics
1375:, a leader of
1339:
1336:
1252:United Nations
1241:United Kingdom
1151:anti-communist
1125:(from Arabic:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
827:
826:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
759:
758:
749:
747:
746:
739:
732:
724:
715:
714:
712:
711:
706:
701:
696:
689:
688:
683:
676:
675:
674:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
570:
562:
559:
558:
549:
547:
546:
539:
532:
524:
516:
515:
502:
501:
498:
497:
490:
486:
485:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
469:
463:
453:
441:
422:
421:
418:
406:
401:
389:
377:
365:
347:
343:
342:
323:
319:
318:
293:
289:
288:
271:United Kingdom
171:
167:
166:
160:Anti-Sovietism
156:Anti-communism
149:
143:
142:
140:
139:
136:
132:
130:
126:
125:
115:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
72:
68:
67:
60:
52:
51:
41:
40:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4875:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4788:
4780:
4778:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4646:List of films
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:Babrak Karmal
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:Yuri Andropov
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:Hezb-e Wahdat
4321:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4299:Shura-e Nazar
4297:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4186:0-395-52132-7
4183:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4079:9781594200076
4075:
4071:
4070:Penguin Group
4067:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4036:
4032:
4031:apps.dtic.mil
4025:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3953:
3949:
3947:1-905058-74-8
3943:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3818:
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3318:
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3307:9781594200076
3303:
3299:
3298:Penguin Group
3295:
3294:
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3146:
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3126:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3107:"Afghanistan"
3102:
3100:
3098:
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3092:
3090:
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3082:
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2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2510:Hezb-i Wahdat
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2466:After the War
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:Scud missiles
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2383:
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2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2344:Role of women
2343:
2341:
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2323:
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2264:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2221:. The CIA's
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2201:(through the
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2173:(through the
2172:
2164:
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2152:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:The moderate
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2030:Babrak Karmal
2027:
2026:Hezb-i Islami
2023:
2022:Shola-e Javid
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1986:Maoist groups
1985:
1983:
1981:
1980:Hezb-e Wahdat
1977:
1973:
1972:Maidan Wardak
1969:
1968:Sazman-i Nasr
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1880:Seven Dwarves
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:Shura-e Nazar
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:Hizb-i Islami
1785:
1780:
1772:
1767:
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1756:
1752:
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1736:
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1701:
1700:Mahaz-i Milli
1698:
1695:
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1612:
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1198:
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1160:
1159:Western press
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470:
468:
464:
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452:
451:Sazman-i Nasr
442:
440:
437:
436:
435:
433:
428:(Shia branch)
427:
419:
417:
407:
405:
402:
400:
390:
388:
378:
376:
366:
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353:
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4651:
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4268:Soviet Union
4254:Belligerents
4239:Part of the
4191:
4177:
4171:Bibliography
4154:
4142:. Retrieved
4130:
4121:
4109:. Retrieved
4097:
4088:
4063:
4054:
4042:. Retrieved
4030:
4018:
4010:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3980:
3971:
3959:. Retrieved
3952:the original
3933:
3911:The Guardian
3910:
3901:
3892:
3883:
3873:
3866:
3857:
3844:
3825:
3807:
3798:
3773:
3770:Burke, Jason
3764:
3745:
3739:
3730:
3721:
3709:. Retrieved
3695:
3675:
3668:
3656:. Retrieved
3652:the original
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:the original
3614:
3607:
3602:
3583:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3543:. Retrieved
3539:
3529:
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3493:
3484:
3456:
3449:
3421:
3414:
3401:
3359:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3234:. Retrieved
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3208:
3171:. Retrieved
3164:the original
3155:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3132:stanford.edu
3131:
3119:
3110:
3071:
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3046:
3034:
3014:
3007:
2987:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2950:. Retrieved
2945:
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
2920:
2910:
2898:. Retrieved
2894:the original
2889:
2879:
2862:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2805:
2797:
2776:
2756:
2736:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2651:the original
2638:
2629:
2608:. Retrieved
2603:
2593:
2562:Hamid Karzai
2546:Abdul Qadeer
2538:
2519:
2489:
2487:
2437:
2426:the city of
2421:
2417:
2408:
2400:Boris Gromov
2393:
2365:
2359:
2347:
2334:
2330:Maidan Shahr
2291:
2260:
2245:
2199:West Germany
2183:Saudi Arabia
2168:
2144:
2136:
2104:
2073:
2058:
2054:Nimruz Front
2039:
1995:
1976:Tehran Eight
1942:A number of
1941:
1938:Tehran Eight
1886:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1849:created the
1841:functioning
1838:
1836:
1833:
1826:
1816:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1778:
1776:
1732:
1703:
1678:
1660:
1635:
1614:
1582:
1565:
1556:), a mostly
1553:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1486:
1479:
1465:
1453:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1400:
1394:
1384:
1368:Herat mutiny
1364:
1350:in 1972 and
1343:
1341:
1268:Afghan Arabs
1245:
1233:Saudi Arabia
1215:", based in
1213:Tehran Eight
1209:Shia Islamic
1170:
1138:
1120:
1118:
1106:Soviet Union
1076:
1074:
1072:
1012:21st century
990:1983 Grenada
846:20th century
679:
665:
640:Maravar Pass
625:Baraki Barak
573:
566:
503:
432:Hezbe Wahdat
426:Tehran Eight
423:
304:Soviet Union
258:Tehran Eight
230:West Germany
206:Saudi Arabia
85:(JNMA/AIG),
62:
37:
31:
26:
4144:17 November
4111:17 November
4060:Coll, Steve
4044:18 December
3961:12 February
3780:I.B. Tauris
3658:15 February
3631:15 February
3507:2 September
3288:Coll, Steve
2952:17 November
2926:17 November
2679:(in German)
2502:Victory Day
2364:(nicknamed
2362:Bibi Ayesha
2310:Spin Boldak
2298:Mahmud Raqi
2287:Loya Paktia
2252:Parchamites
2124:LeeâEnfield
1843:proto state
1777:The Afghan
1751:Amin Wardak
1743:Ismail Khan
1724:Amin Wardak
1467:loya jirgas
1173:Afghanistan
1155:anti-Soviet
1108:during the
620:Caravan war
336:(1989â1992)
331:(1979â1989)
135:Afghanistan
119:Afghanistan
93:(Harakat),
61:A group of
4858:Mujahideen
4802:Categories
4787:Multimedia
4394:Mujahideen
4282:Mujahideen
3835:1850657033
3540:Al-Jazeera
3313:charities.
2814:. p.
2660:21 October
2585:References
2470:See also:
2380:See also:
2318:Imam Sahib
2314:Dara-i-Suf
2267:Badakhshan
2091:See also:
1990:See also:
1964:Khomeinist
1936:See also:
1878:, and the
1803:mujahideen
1795:Mujahideen
1779:mujahideen
1715:Commanders
1694:Zahir Shah
1690:monarchist
1683:Sufi order
1566:mujahideen
1516:Mujahideen
1478:'s group (
1344:mujahideen
1292:Bangladesh
1264:Arab world
1166:guerrillas
1077:mujahideen
1028:2011 Libya
955:1973 Chile
81:(Jamiat),
63:mujahideen
38:Mujahideen
4730:Rambo III
4688:Cargo 200
4681:The Beast
4667:Afghantsi
4421:Abdul Haq
4139:0882-7729
4106:0882-7729
3545:4 January
3502:0882-7729
3476:761224415
3379:948347893
2712:Sources:
2442:to fight
2338:Jalalabad
2279:Nangarhar
2248:Khalqists
2215:Whitehall
2087:Equipment
1960:Hazarajat
1904:Jalalabad
1739:Abdul Haq
1640:Wahhabism
1497:Nangarhar
1334:in 2021.
1181:communist
1119:The term
1023:2003 Iraq
985:1982 Chad
891:1963 Iraq
672:Hill 3234
666:Magistral
660:Arghandab
567:Storm-333
292:Opponents
4777:Category
4348:Alliance
4261:Alliance
4245:Cold War
4243:and the
4062:(2004).
4035:Archived
3858:usip.org
3772:(2004).
3711:12 March
3569:Refworld
3290:(2004).
3236:31 March
3215:31 March
3173:27 March
3138:31 March
3052:31 March
2972:NBC News
2900:27 March
2683:18 March
2604:Die Welt
2568:See also
2530:madrasas
2448:Gulf War
2424:captured
2390:Gulf War
2302:Asadabad
2185:and the
2171:Pakistan
2139:bazookas
2120:Type 58s
1839:de facto
1820:â
1595:Khomeini
1568:factions
1527:Peshawar
1439:de facto
1424:Peshawar
1280:al-Qaeda
1254:and the
1229:Pakistan
1205:Pakistan
1104:and the
1098:Islamist
590:Panjshir
339:Gulf War
182:Pakistan
152:Islamism
147:Ideology
138:Pakistan
97:(Wahdat)
4341:Leaders
3524:cia.gov
2522:Taliban
2454:in the
2452:Armenia
2355:Landays
2294:Taloqan
2205:). The
2147:Stinger
2116:Type 63
2028:). The
1948:Hazaras
1811:leftist
1797:leader
1665:Pashtun
1591:Ghilzai
1519:praying
1405:Mawlawi
1320:Taliban
1296:Myanmar
1288:Kashmir
1131:Muslims
1127:Ù
جاÙدÙÙ
1122:mujahid
1096:) were
1075:Afghan
645:Badaber
635:Laghman
610:Marmoul
511:Taliban
114:Motives
89:(HIG),
71:Leaders
47:Ù
جاÙدÙÙ
4184:
4137:
4104:
4076:
3944:
3832:
3786:
3752:
3683:
3590:
3500:
3474:
3464:
3437:
3377:
3367:
3304:
3022:
2995:
2855:
2822:
2783:
2764:
2743:
2724:
2610:6 June
2440:Kuwait
2388:, and
2366:Kaftar
2328:, and
2322:Kunduz
2306:Bamyan
2283:Paktia
2271:Nimroz
2197:, and
2080:pariah
2050:Baloch
1998:Maoist
1874:, the
1507:Groups
1432:Hazara
1381:hazrat
1379:and a
1358:, the
1308:Moscow
1239:, the
1237:Turkey
1163:Afghan
1082:Pashto
650:Zhawar
630:Kunduz
600:Rauzdi
574:3 Hoot
341:(1991)
313:
301:
281:
268:
251:
239:
227:
215:
203:
191:
179:
170:Allies
65:, 1987
4038:(PDF)
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