827:(0.477 ± 0.12 or 59.7% of the Jamaican population with a 2.7 chance of Pygmy and Sahelian mixture), suggesting that the people from this region may have been consistently prolific throughout the slave era on Jamaica. The diminutive admixture coefficients associated with the Bight of Biafra and West-central Africa (0.064 ± 0.05 and 0.089 ± 0.05, respectively) is striking considering the massive influx of individuals from these areas in the waning years of the British Slave trade. When excluding the pygmy groups, the contribution from the Bight of Biafra and West-central rise to their highest levels (0.095 ± 0.08 and 0.109 ± 0.06, respectively), though still far from a major contribution. When admixture coefficients were calculated by assessing shared haplotypes, the
354:, other groups were sent to Jamaica. The Akan population was still maintained, since they were the preference of British planters in Jamaica because they were "better workers", according to these planters. According to the Slave Voyages Archives, though the Igbo had the highest importation numbers, they were only imported to Montego Bay and St. Ann's Bay ports, while the Akan (mainly Gold Coast) were more dispersed across the island and were a majority imported to seven of 14 of the island's ports (each parish has one port).
2040:
4115:
2641:
2026:
38:
832:
Africa remain underrepresented. The results of the admixture analysis suggest the mtDNA haplogroup profile distribution of
Jamaica more closely resembles that of aggregated populations from the modern-day Gold Coast region despite an increasing influx of individuals from both the Bight of Biafra and West-central Africa during the final years of trading enslaved Africans.
845:
gene pool. Yet, European derived chromosomes (i.e., haplogroups G2a*-P15, I-M258, R1b1b-M269, and T-M184) were detected at commensurate levels in
Jamaica (19.0%), whereas Y-haplogroups indicative of Chinese and Indian ancestry were restricted to Jamaica. African paternal DNA 66.7% European paternal DNA 19.0% Chinese paternal DNA 3.8% Indian paternal DNA 1.2%
4125:
2167:
844:
Pub Med results were also issued in the same year (2012): "Our results reveal that the studied population of
Jamaica exhibit a predominantly South-Saharan paternal component, with haplogroups A1b-V152, A3-M32, B2-M182, E1a-M33, E1b1a-M2, E2b-M98, and R1b2-V88 comprising 66.7% of the Jamaican paternal
835:
The aforementioned results apply to subjects whom have been tested. Results also stated that black
Jamaicans (that make up more than 90% of the population) on an average have 97.5% of African MtDNA and very little European or Asian ancestry could be found. Both ethnic and racial genetic results are
831:
also had the largest contribution, though much less striking at 0.196, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.189 to 0.203. When haplotypes are allowed to differ by one base pair, the
Jamaican matriline shows the greatest affinity with the Bight of Benin, though both Bight of Biafra and West-central
806:
A DNA test study submitted to BMC Medicine in 2012 states that "....despite the historical evidence that an overwhelming majority of slaves were sent from the Bight of Biafra and West-central Africa near the end of the
British slave trade, the mtDNA haplogroup profile of modern Jamaicans show a
350:, while between 1700 and 1720 that figure went up to 27 per cent. The number of Akan slaves arriving in Jamaica from Kormantin ports only increased in the early 18th century. But due to frequent rebellions from the then known "Coromantee" that often joined the slave rebellion group known as the
619:(or Pocomania, the order of the earth). 60 order worships God and spirits of air or the heavens on a Saturday and considers itself to be the more "clean" sect. 61 order more deals with spirits of the earth. This division of Kumfu clearly shows the dichotomy of Nyame and
2529:
Simms, Tanya M.; Wright, Marisil R.; Hernandez, Michelle; Perez, Omar A.; Ramirez, Evelyn C.; Martinez, Emanuel; Herrera, Rene J. (August 2012). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Haiti and
Jamaica: contrasting levels of sex-biased gene flow".
611:, rested after creating the earth. Jamaicans that were aware of their Ashanti past while wanting to keep hidden, mixed their Kumfu spirituality with the American Adventists to create Jamaican Revival in 1860. Revival has two sects:
819:
may have thus found the acclimatization and acculturation process less stressful because of cultural and linguistic commonalities, leading ultimately to a greater chance of survivorship and a greater number of progeny."
285:
of the 16th century, when enslaved
Africans were transported as slaves to Jamaica and other parts of the Americas. During the period of British rule, slaves brought to Jamaica by European slave traders were primarily
2118:
373:
In 1871 the census recorded a population of 506,154 people, 246,573 males, and 259,581 females. Their races were recorded as 13,101 White, 100,346 "Coloured" (now known as the
Browning Class), and 392,707 Black.
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based on a low sample of 390 Jamaican persons and limited regional representation within
Jamaica. As Afro-Jamaicans are not genetically homogeneous, the results for other subjects may yield different results.
345:
Originally in earlier British colonization, the island before the 1750s was in fact mainly Akan imported. However, between 1663 and 1700, only six per cent of slave ships to Jamaica listed their origin as the
3835:
823:
More detailed results stated: "Using haplogroup distributions to calculate parental population contribution, the largest admixture coefficient was associated with the
696:
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2480:
Salas, Antonio; Richards, Martin; Lareu, María-Victoria; Scozzari, Rosaria; Coppa, Alfredo; Torroni, Antonio; MacAulay, Vincent; Carracedo, Ángel (2004).
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because it observed Saturday as god's day of rest. This was a shared aboriginal belief of the Akan people as this too was the day that the Akan god,
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724:. The language developed in the 17th century, when enslaved peoples from West and Central Africa blended their dialect and terms with the learned
2429:
Deason, Michael L.; Salas, Antonio; Newman, Simon P.; Macaulay, Vincent A.; Morrison, Errol Y. st A.; Pitsiladis, Yannis P. (23 February 2012).
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600:, the goddess of the earth. But nowadays they are only observed by the Maroons who preserved a lot of the culture of 1700s Jamaica.
121:
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592:. In 18th-century Jamaica, only Akan gods were worshipped by Akan as well as by other enslaved Africans. The Akan god of creation,
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and originally only found in books, while the term Kumfu is still used by Jamaican Maroons. The priest of Kumfu was called a
102:
59:
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766:). Jamaicans themselves usually refer to their use of English as patwa, a term without a precise linguistic definition.
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West Africans were enslaved in wars with other West African states and kidnapped by either African or European slavers.
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people at the time who had more privileges than the Black slaves and usually held higher-paying jobs and occupations.
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639:. Other Ashanti elements include the use of swords and rings as means to guard the spirit from spiritual attack. The
4007:
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314:(notably those of the Asante Kotoko alliance of the 1720s: Asante, Bono, Wassa, Nzema and Ahanta) followed by
643:, like the Mother Woman of Revival, has special two swords used to protect himself from witchcraft called an
603:"Myal" or Kumfu evolved into Revival, a syncretic Christian sect. Kumfu followers gravitated to the American
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1370:
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70:
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After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739–1842
758:) cannot be distinguished systematically from intermediate varieties (collectively referred to as the
4022:
3802:
3601:
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2567:"The Genetic Structure of Populations from Haiti and Jamaica Reflect Divergent Demographic Histories"
1904:
1892:
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2009:
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Jamaican Patois contains many loanwords of African origin, a majority of those etymologically from
425:
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635:. Also the Ashanti funerary/war colours: red and black have the same meaning in Revival of
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The river flows on: Black resistance, culture, and identity formation in early America
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762:) nor even from the most divergent rural varieties (collectively referred to as the
4042:
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2004:
1982:
1965:
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Simms, Tanya M.; Rodriguez, Carol E.; Rodriguez, Rosa; Herrera, Rene J. (2010).
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1999:
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1313:
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1279:
729:
709:
363:
203:
162:
149:
2482:"The African Diaspora: Mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic Slave Trade"
2384:
2230:, PhD dissertation (Southampton: Southampton University, 2018), p. 27.
596:
was given praise but not worshipped directly. They poured libation to
3373:
3291:
3249:
2924:
2088:
668:
480:
223:
2342:"Running to 'Mother' - Thugs seek guard rings and divine protection"
310:
Based on slave ship records, enslaved Africans mostly came from the
2784:
2497:
3766:
3390:
2073:
812:
778:
676:
608:
593:
672:
2788:
2611:
2240:
2098:
31:
750:) meaning that the variety of the language closest to the
2431:"Interdisciplinary approach to the demography of Jamaica"
736:(including significant exposure to Scottish English) and
392:
2204:
History of Jamaica, From Its Discovery To The Year 1872
342:) culture was the dominant African culture in Jamaica.
2137:"Jamaica Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)"
807:
greater affinity with groups found in the present-day
3998:
3968:
3922:
3859:
3848:
3828:
3724:
3637:
3472:
3322:
3107:
3033:
2843:
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2728:
2692:
2680:
2652:
2319:. University of the West Indies Press. p. 36.
229:
184:
168:
155:
142:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2119:"Jamaica | The University of the West Indies"
615:(or Zion Revival, the order of the heavens) and
815:....this is because Africans arriving from the
701:Jamaican Patois, known locally as Patwa, is an
697:List of Jamaican Patois words of African origin
663:A festival was dedicated to the heroism of the
793:, while some included other African proverbs.
605:Revival of 1800 Seventh Day Adventist movement
281:of the Black Jamaican people stemmed from the
2800:
2623:
8:
137:
2317:Jamaican Folk Medicine: A Source Of Healing
3856:
2840:
2826:
2807:
2793:
2785:
2630:
2616:
2608:
136:
2571:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2532:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2505:
2456:
2446:
2402:"Psychic Phenomena of Jamaica: CHAPTER I"
2385:"Multiple etymologies in Jamaican Creole"
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2424:
2422:
853:The gene pool of Jamaica is about 80.3%
290:, some of whom ran away and joined with
2206:. Appleton & Company. p. 184.
2110:
1047:(Jamaican parents of mixed African and
2486:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2197:
2195:
2193:
362:The majority of the house slaves were
2262:Tortello, Rebecca (3 February 2004).
2147:from the original on 22 December 2013
7:
4124:
1923:(Jamaican & Puerto Rican father)
623:'s relationship, Nyame representing
584:spiritual system) was documented as
270:descent. They represent the largest
156:Regions with significant populations
60:adding citations to reliable sources
366:. There were also Brown/Mulatto or
25:
2168:"The English conquest of Jamaica"
27:Racial or ethnic group in Jamaica
4123:
4114:
4113:
2996:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2639:
2340:Cooke, Mel (19 September 2010).
2038:
2024:
1105:(Jamaican parents, based in the
777:dialect of the Akan language of
716:. It is not to be confused with
36:
2383:Cassidy, F. G. (October 1966),
2277:– via Pieces of the Past.
2202:Gardner, William James (1909).
396:Region of embarkment, 1701–1800
358:Afro-European or Browning Class
294:and even took over as leaders.
47:needs additional citations for
789:Most Jamaican proverbs are of
1:
2264:"The Arrival of the Africans"
2241:"Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade"
2166:Castilla, Julian de (1924).
773:region (particularly of the
743:post-creole speech continuum
561:
553:
532:
511:
490:
457:
436:
419:
4150:African diaspora in Jamaica
2315:Allenye, Mervyn C. (2004).
631:having her 61 order of the
4176:
4008:African diaspora religions
3132:Indigenous Black Canadians
2391:, Vol. 41, No. 3, 211–215.
2294:. LSU Press. p. 126.
2288:Rucker, Walter C. (2006).
722:Rastafarian use of English
690:
386:
326:, and to a lesser degree:
4109:
3983:African Hebrew Israelites
3759:Afro-Asians in South Asia
2771:
2184:10.1017/S2042171000006932
1616:Mustard (record producer)
732:forms of English spoken:
234:
189:
173:
160:
147:
4160:Society of the Caribbean
4155:Ethnic groups in Jamaica
3025:Turks and Caicos Islands
2435:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1432:Kevin Michael Richardson
870:genealogical DNA testing
220:Jamaican Maroon religion
2448:10.1186/1471-2148-12-24
2141:World Population Review
740:. Jamaican Patwa is a
627:and has his 60 order';
208:Afro-Jamaican religions
4013:Anti-African sentiment
2360:"British Museum - I.v"
1673:Olufolasade Adamolekun
1650:Nathaniel Mendez-Laing
1236:(Jamaican grandmother)
889:Ainsley Maitland-Niles
876:Notable Afro-Jamaicans
865:; according to a 2010
849:Jamaican autosomal DNA
274:group in the country.
4065:Civil rights movement
3953:Afro-Caribbean people
3262:Chestnut Ridge people
3184:African-American Jews
2986:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1258:George William Gordon
963:Bobby De Cordova-Reid
667:king 'John Canoe' an
230:Related ethnic groups
194:, with minorities of
4023:Atlantic slave trade
3711:United Arab Emirates
1905:The Notorious B.I.G.
1893:Tashan Oakley-Boothe
1644:Nathaniel Adamolekun
1234:Floyd Mayweather Jr.
748:linguistic continuum
708:spoken primarily in
389:Atlantic slave trade
383:Atlantic slave trade
338:. Akan (then called
283:Atlantic slave trade
56:improve this article
3912:Sierra Leone Creole
3763:India and Pakistan
3008:Trinidad and Tobago
2858:Antigua and Barbuda
1502:Lee "Scratch" Perry
855:Sub-Saharan African
651:and a Bosomfena or
443:West-central Africa
139:
4055:Black Lives Matter
3662:Ethiopian Israelis
3312:African immigrants
3287:Louisiana Redbones
3223:Chickasaw freedmen
3152:African immigrants
2920:Dominican Republic
2583:10.1002/ajpa.21194
2544:10.1002/ajpa.22090
2243:. Slavevoyages.org
1985:(Jamaican parents)
1979:(Jamaican parents)
1968:(Jamaican parents)
1951:(Jamaican parents)
1939:(Jamaican parents)
1907:(Jamaican parents)
1901:(Jamaican parents)
1895:(Jamaican parents)
1889:(Jamaican parents)
1878:(Jamaican parents)
1872:(Jamaican parents)
1866:(Jamaican parents)
1753:(Jamaican parents)
1747:(Jamaican parents)
1719:(Jamaican parents)
1698:(Jamaican parents)
1681:(Jamaican parents)
1640:(Jamaican parents)
1618:(Jamaican parents)
1599:Morgan Gibbs-White
1548:(Jamaican parents)
1542:(Jamaican parents)
1526:(Jamaican parents)
1509:(Jamaican parents)
1470:(Jamaican parents)
1428:(Jamaican parents)
1406:(Jamaican parents)
1394:(Jamaican parents)
1382:Jourdaine Fletcher
1327:(Jamaican parents)
1316:(Jamaican parents)
1310:(Jamaican parents)
1293:(Jamaican parents)
1282:(Jamaican parents)
1265:(Jamaican parents)
1248:(Jamaican parents)
1242:(Jamaican parents)
1208:(Jamaican parents)
1147:Deneisha Blackwood
1143:(Jamaican parents)
1132:(Jamaican parents)
1121:(Jamaican parents)
1072:(Jamaican parents)
1004:(Jamaican parents)
992:(Jamaican parents)
965:(Jamaican parents)
918:(Jamaican parents)
902:(Jamaican parents)
891:(Jamaican parents)
248:Jamaican Americans
4137:
4136:
4105:
4104:
4018:Anti-Black racism
3958:British Jamaicans
3948:African Americans
3933:African Americans
3887:Americo-Liberians
3872:African Americans
3844:
3843:
3667:Sudanese refugees
3468:
3467:
3238:Seminole freedmen
3218:Cherokee freedmen
3199:Black Southerners
3174:African Americans
3122:African Americans
2782:
2781:
2364:Britishmuseum.org
2079:Old school jungle
2012:(Jamaican mother)
1991:(Jamaican father)
1957:(Jamaican father)
1945:(Jamaican mother)
1860:(Jamaican mother)
1854:(Jamaican mother)
1848:(Jamaican father)
1846:Shane Paul McGhie
1827:(Jamaican Father)
1821:(Jamaican father)
1810:(Jamaican father)
1759:(Jamaican father)
1741:(Jamaican mother)
1734:Peter-Lee Vassell
1725:(Jamaican mother)
1696:Patrick Ewing Jr.
1687:(Jamaican father)
1675:(Jamaican mother)
1669:(Jamaican father)
1658:(Jamaican mother)
1652:(Jamaican father)
1646:(Jamaican mother)
1629:(Jamaican mother)
1612:(Jamaican father)
1601:(Jamaican father)
1595:(Jamaican father)
1584:(Jamaican father)
1578:(Jamaican father)
1572:(Jamaican father)
1566:(Jamaican father)
1560:(Jamaican father)
1554:(Jamaican father)
1540:Mark-Anthony Kaye
1520:(Jamaican father)
1498:(Jamaican father)
1492:(Jamaican father)
1486:(Jamaican mother)
1434:(Jamaican father)
1422:(Jamaican mother)
1400:(Jamaican father)
1373:(Jamaican father)
1367:(Jamaican mother)
1361:(Jamaican mother)
1355:(Jamaican father)
1349:(Jamaican father)
1338:(Jamaican father)
1336:Jermaine Beckford
1304:(jamaican mother)
1276:(Jamaican mother)
1254:(Jamaican father)
1230:(Jamaican father)
1219:(Jamaican mother)
1197:(Jamaican father)
1191:(Jamaican mother)
1185:(Jamaican father)
1183:Dexter Blackstock
1159:(Jamaican mother)
1115:(Jamaican father)
1099:(Jamaican father)
1093:(Jamaican father)
1031:(Jamaican father)
1025:(Jamaican father)
998:(Jamaican father)
976:(Jamaican father)
924:(Jamaican father)
900:Aljamain Sterling
885:(Jamaican mother)
734:British Englishes
714:Jamaican diaspora
566:
565:
551:
530:
509:
488:
455:
434:
431:Asante/Fante Akan
417:
266:of predominantly
257:
256:
240:British Jamaicans
236:African Caribbean
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
4167:
4127:
4126:
4117:
4116:
3857:
3245:Creoles of color
3228:Choctaw freedmen
3194:Black Mennonites
3127:Black Mennonites
2974:Jamaican Maroons
2930:Samaná Americans
2841:
2827:
2816:African diaspora
2809:
2802:
2795:
2786:
2644:
2643:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2609:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2477:
2471:
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2406:Sacred-texts.com
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2312:
2306:
2305:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2199:
2188:
2187:
2174:. Third Series.
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
1989:Yazmeen Jamieson
1932:Trivante Stewart
1870:Debora Anne Dyer
1858:Sheryl Lee Ralph
1841:Shamar Nicholson
1803:Romario Williams
1443:Khari Stephenson
1420:Kerry Washington
1240:Fraizer Campbell
1228:Errol Spence Jr.
1189:Dexter Lembikisa
718:Jamaican English
580:the name of the
569:Myal and Revival
541:
539:Southeast Africa
520:
499:
466:
445:
428:
407:
393:
352:Jamaican Maroons
292:Jamaican Maroons
179:Jamaican English
143:Total population
140:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
71:"Afro-Jamaicans"
64:
40:
32:
21:
18:African Jamaican
4175:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4101:
4075:Genetic history
4000:
3994:
3970:
3964:
3944:United Kingdom
3918:
3897:Afro-Brazilians
3852:
3850:
3840:
3824:
3729:
3720:
3633:
3476:
3464:
3324:
3318:
3189:Alabama Creoles
3109:
3103:
3035:
3029:
2834:
2818:
2813:
2783:
2778:
2767:
2724:
2688:
2676:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2528:
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2523:
2479:
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2474:
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2400:
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2389:American Speech
2382:
2378:
2368:
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2353:
2346:Jamaica Gleaner
2339:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2268:Jamaica Gleaner
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2226:Siva, Michael,
2225:
2221:
2214:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2015:
1937:Tyrick Mitchell
1927:Trevor D. Rhone
1773:Ricardo Gardner
1751:Raheem Sterling
1605:Morgan Heritage
1546:Mason Greenwood
1392:Justin McMaster
1252:Garath McCleary
1212:Dujuan Richards
1201:Donovan Ruddock
1157:Derek Cornelius
1125:Darren Mattocks
1055:Colorado Murray
1023:Cheyna Matthews
996:Callum Robinson
883:Adrian Mariappa
878:
851:
842:
804:
799:
797:Genetic studies
787:
738:Hiberno English
706:creole language
699:
693:Jamaican Patois
691:Main articles:
689:
687:Jamaican Patois
661:
576:(from the word
571:
405:Bight of Biafra
391:
385:
380:
360:
308:
300:
244:Black Canadians
210:
206:
175:Jamaican Patois
135:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4173:
4171:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4142:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4121:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4087:
4085:Pan-Africanism
4082:
4077:
4072:
4070:Creole peoples
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3985:
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3972:
3966:
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3955:
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3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3786:Black Dutchmen
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3691:
3686:
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3676:
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3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
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3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3602:United Kingdom
3599:
3594:
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3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
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3522:
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3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3470:
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3462:
3457:
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3415:
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3405:
3404:
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3398:
3393:
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3378:
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3354:
3349:
3339:
3334:
3328:
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3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3233:Creek freedmen
3230:
3225:
3220:
3206:
3204:Black Hispanic
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3170:United States
3168:
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3166:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
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3124:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3075:Miskito people
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3051:
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3030:
3028:
3027:
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2933:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2883:Cayman Islands
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
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2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2557:
2521:
2498:10.1086/382194
2492:(3): 454–465.
2472:
2418:
2393:
2376:
2351:
2332:
2325:
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2254:
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2213:978-0415760997
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2032:Jamaica portal
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2002:
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1992:
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1980:
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1969:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1949:Tyson Beckford
1946:
1943:Tyson Beckford
1940:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1887:Tajon Buchanan
1884:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1864:Simeon Jackson
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1800:
1798:Rolando Aarons
1795:
1790:
1788:Rimario Gordon
1785:
1780:
1778:Ricardo Thomas
1775:
1770:
1768:Ricardo Fuller
1765:
1763:Renaldo Cephas
1760:
1754:
1748:
1745:Rachelle Smith
1742:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1688:
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1676:
1670:
1664:
1662:Nkrumah Bonner
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1638:Naomi Campbell
1635:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1610:Musashi Suzuki
1607:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1582:Michael Hector
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1518:Lewis Hamilton
1515:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1415:Kemar Lawrence
1412:
1410:Keithy Simpson
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1371:Jonathan Lewis
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1325:Jason Puncheon
1322:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1223:Emily Maddison
1220:
1214:
1209:
1206:Dujon Sterling
1203:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1178:Devon Williams
1175:
1170:
1168:Desmond Dekker
1165:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:Demar Phillips
1133:
1127:
1122:
1119:Darius Vassell
1116:
1110:
1107:United Kingdom
1100:
1097:Danny Gabbidon
1094:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1070:Craig Eastmond
1067:
1065:Courtney Walsh
1062:
1057:
1052:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1029:Chinyelu Asher
1026:
1020:
1018:Chavany Willis
1015:
1010:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
982:
977:
974:Brandon Clarke
971:
966:
960:
955:
950:
948:Billy Strachan
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
919:
913:
908:
903:
897:
892:
886:
879:
877:
874:
850:
847:
841:
840:Jamaican Y-DNA
838:
803:
802:Jamaican mtDNA
800:
798:
795:
786:
783:
754:language (the
688:
685:
660:
657:
570:
567:
564:
563:
560:
556:
555:
552:
535:
534:
531:
514:
513:
510:
497:Windward Coast
493:
492:
489:
464:Bight of Benin
460:
459:
456:
439:
438:
435:
422:
421:
418:
401:
400:
399:Amount %
397:
387:Main article:
384:
381:
379:
376:
359:
356:
307:
304:
299:
296:
260:Afro-Jamaicans
255:
254:
232:
231:
227:
226:
187:
186:
182:
181:
171:
170:
166:
165:
158:
157:
153:
152:
145:
144:
138:Afro-Jamaicans
133:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4172:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4130:
4122:
4120:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:Sierra Leone
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3851:Afro-American
3847:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3386:French Guiana
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Somali Bantus
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:Black Indians
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Affrilachians
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:New Brunswick
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3098:
3095:
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61:
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45:This article
43:
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3836:Saint Helena
3772:in Karnataka
3689:Saudi Arabia
3257:Brass Ankles
2958:
2898:Cape Verdean
2773:
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2596:22 September
2594:. Retrieved
2577:(1): 49–66.
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2149:. Retrieved
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2113:
2005:Ziggy Marley
1983:XXXTentacion
1966:Vyan Sampson
1876:Sol Campbell
1831:Shabba Ranks
1825:Sean Johnson
1819:Sanchez Watt
1793:Robin Fraser
1783:Richard King
1667:Olivia Olson
1576:Melvin Brown
1558:Matty McNeil
1507:Lennox Lewis
1496:Lauren James
1490:Lani Guinier
1484:Lamont Bryan
1479:Lamar Walker
1438:Khadija Shaw
1426:Kevin Lisbie
1404:Kasey Palmer
1347:Jobi McAnuff
1331:Javain Brown
1302:Isaac Hayden
1297:Inner Circle
1263:Giles Barnes
1173:Dever Orgill
1152:Dennis Brown
1141:Demarai Gray
1076:DJ Kool Herc
1045:Colin Powell
1040:Claude McKay
990:Busta Rhymes
985:Bunny Wailer
928:Asafa Powell
922:Anton Walkes
916:Andre Wisdom
906:Alvas Powell
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192:Christianity
134:Ethnic group
118:
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54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
4095:Reparations
4060:Black power
3808:New Zealand
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3592:Switzerland
3552:Netherlands
3267:Dominickers
3142:Nova Scotia
3060:El Salvador
2991:Saint Lucia
2981:Puerto Rico
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2123:www.uwi.edu
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1535:Marion Hall
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1359:John Barnes
1353:Joey Badass
1342:Jimmy Cliff
1320:Jamoi Topey
1269:Grace Jones
1246:Frank Bruno
1195:Djed Spence
1130:Deanne Rose
1086:Damion Lowe
1035:Chris Gayle
980:Buju Banton
953:Black Uhuru
911:Andre Blake
861:, and 5.7%
336:Igbo people
312:Akan people
306:Ethnicities
200:Rastafarism
161:Throughout
4144:Categories
4028:Coromantee
3443:Paramaccan
3357:Quilombola
3297:Melungeons
3055:Costa Rica
2964:Coromantee
2662:Coromantee
2105:References
2094:Rocksteady
2054:Coromantee
1977:Wes Morgan
1961:Usain Bolt
1955:Uncle Luke
1921:Tori Kelly
1729:Peter Tosh
1723:Pete Wentz
1707:Paul Bogle
1685:Omari Caro
1627:NLE Choppa
1593:Mike Tyson
1570:Mel Gaynor
1564:Max Aarons
1308:Jamal Lowe
1291:Ian Wright
1060:Cory Burke
958:Bob Marley
933:Beenie Man
863:East Asian
829:Gold Coast
825:Gold Coast
817:Gold Coast
809:Gold Coast
775:Asante-Twi
771:Gold Coast
726:vernacular
681:John Canoe
659:John Canoe
649:soul sword
641:Asantehene
594:Nyankopong
426:Gold Coast
368:mixed-race
348:Gold Coast
340:Coromantee
324:Ewe people
320:Fon people
196:Irreligion
112:April 2023
82:newspapers
3849:Secondary
3813:Sri Lanka
3791:Mardijker
3781:Indonesia
3752:Hong Kong
3747:Guangzhou
3737:Australia
3684:Palestine
3612:Liverpool
3607:Cambridge
3460:Venezuela
3332:Argentina
3087:Nicaragua
3065:Guatemala
2845:Caribbean
2823:Geography
2646:Jamaicans
2441:(1): 24.
2411:29 August
2369:29 August
2273:29 August
2247:29 August
2064:Dub music
2059:Dancehall
1882:Super Cat
1739:Pop Smoke
1717:Pete Rock
1103:Danny Ray
1051:ancestry)
943:Big Youth
867:autosomal
730:dialectal
683:section.
637:vengeance
629:Asase Yaa
621:Asase Yaa
590:Kumfu-man
559:(Unknown)
364:mulattoes
264:Jamaicans
212:Rastafari
169:Languages
148:76.3% of
4119:Category
3969:Asia and
3938:Haitians
3893:Nigeria
3883:Liberia
3853:diaspora
3829:Atlantic
3803:Malaysia
3704:Africans
3622:Scotland
3567:Portugal
3488:Abkhazia
3448:Saramaka
3423:Suriname
3413:Paraguay
3401:Saramaka
3369:Colombia
3347:Kalungas
3277:Garifuna
3213:Freedmen
3164:Mascogos
3097:Cimarrón
3070:Honduras
3048:Garifuna
3018:Merikins
3001:Garifuna
2915:Dominica
2873:Barbados
2853:Anguilla
2831:Americas
2758:Scottish
2720:Lebanese
2710:Japanese
2681:Americas
2591:19918989
2552:22576450
2516:14872407
2467:22360861
2145:Archived
2069:Jonkanoo
2018:See also
1852:Shenseea
1468:Labrinth
1217:Ella Mai
1049:Scottish
1008:Capleton
859:European
785:Proverbs
764:basilect
760:mesolect
756:acrolect
752:lexifier
712:and the
645:Akrafena
617:61 order
613:60 order
598:Asase Ya
548:Malagasy
216:Convince
185:Religion
4129:Commons
4090:Slavery
4080:Maroons
3999:Related
3971:Oceania
3929:France
3818:Kaffirs
3730:Oceania
3597:Ukraine
3572:Romania
3542:Ireland
3525:Germany
3508:Finland
3503:Denmark
3498:Belgium
3493:Austria
3455:Uruguay
3433:Matawai
3381:Ecuador
3352:Macombo
3337:Bolivia
3325:America
3147:Ontario
3110:America
3036:America
3034:Central
2959:Jamaica
2947:Marabou
2937:Grenada
2910:Curaçao
2878:Bermuda
2868:Bahamas
2763:Spanish
2738:English
2700:Chinese
2672:Maroons
2507:1182259
2458:3299582
2151:20 June
1622:Mustard
1314:Jamelia
1286:I Wayne
1280:Heavy D
1013:Chalice
811:region
710:Jamaica
703:English
378:History
268:African
204:Judaism
190:Mainly
163:Jamaica
150:Jamaica
96:scholar
4048:Yoruba
4001:topics
3978:Israel
3923:Europe
3868:Ghana
3861:Africa
3699:Turkey
3674:Jordan
3657:Israel
3617:London
3587:Sweden
3577:Russia
3562:Poland
3557:Norway
3535:Blacks
3530:Greece
3513:France
3479:Blacks
3474:Europe
3438:Ndyuka
3428:Kwinti
3408:Guyana
3396:Ndyuka
3374:Raizal
3342:Brazil
3307:Yoruba
3292:Lumbee
3272:Fulani
3250:Gullah
3159:Mexico
3117:Canada
3092:Panama
3043:Belize
2952:Marron
2925:Cocolo
2775:Portal
2748:German
2743:French
2730:Europe
2654:Africa
2589:
2550:
2514:
2504:
2465:
2455:
2323:
2298:
2210:
2178:: 32.
2172:Camden
2089:Reggae
1836:Shaggy
1448:Koffee
857:, 10%
669:Ahanta
481:Allada
469:Yoruba
452:Mbundu
414:Ibibio
328:Yoruba
298:Origin
272:ethnic
224:Kumina
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
4043:Tikar
4038:Kongo
3990:Japan
3877:Tabom
3798:Japan
3767:Siddi
3742:China
3716:Yemen
3694:Syria
3627:Wales
3582:Spain
3547:Italy
3518:Paris
3391:Aluku
3364:Chile
3323:South
3282:Igbos
3108:North
2969:Igbos
2942:Haiti
2893:Arará
2863:Aruba
2753:Irish
2686:Taíno
2074:Mento
813:Ghana
779:Ghana
677:Ghana
671:from
633:earth
609:Nyame
574:Kumfu
544:Macua
527:Temne
523:Mende
502:Mandé
491:10.1
458:15.2
448:Kongo
437:29.5
420:31.9
103:JSTOR
89:books
4033:Igbo
3902:Saro
3726:Asia
3679:Oman
3652:Iraq
3647:Iran
3418:Peru
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