408:
621:
548:
478:
65:
220:
443:
673:
583:
163:
373:
513:
280:
322:. A total 537 vultures perished, 468 white-backed vultures, 28 hooded vultures, 17 white-headed vultures, 14 lappet-faced vultures, and 10 cape vultures. Furthermore, 2 tawny eagles succumbed to the poison. For such slow-breeding and long-lived birds, this was a very heavy blow to their population and a major setback to any conservation efforts.
20:
80:. They are obligate scavengers that primarily consume animal carcasses and waste products. Most vulture species forage in large groups, so many individual birds may be poisoned by a single carcass. Even if a poisoned carcass does not kill vultures it can have a harmful effect. Sublethal exposure can affect their
306:
somewhere in mid-August 2022. It was estimated that 104 White-backed vultures were fatally poisoned, while 20 were harmed. A hyena had also succumbed from the poisoning. It was believed that the poisoning was intentional to collect vulture parts. Currently, the number of white-backed vultures sits at
72:
Animal carcasses may be poisoned with toxic pesticide. This may be from deliberate targeting of vultures -- for example, poachers of elephants and rhinos will target vultures to eliminate their tell-tale overhead circling that might expose their illegal activities. Carcasses are also poisoned to kill
330:
Vultures play an essential ecological role in Africa. As a primary scavenger they contribute to the destruction of harmful pathogens and removal of decaying corpses form the environment, which may limit water contamination and the spread of disease from animal carcasses. Falls in vulture numbers in
46:
species across Africa. Steep population declines have been reported from many locations across the continent since the early 2000s. The causes are mainly poisoning from baited animal carcasses, and the illegal trade in vulture body parts for traditional medicine. Available data suggest that the
287:
Southern Africa has the highest species diversity of vultures in the continent, comprising eight species which are the aforementioned
Egyptian vulture, hooded vulture, white-backed vulture, white-headed vulture, Rüppell's griffon vulture, lappet-faced vulture, palmnut vulture and the endemic
109:
for belief uses varies in importance across the continent with different
African cultures participating or not depending on the value of body parts and meat to their traditional medicinal practices. The current level of trade is not sustainable and is contributing to the decline of vulture
258:
West Africa saw some of the largest decreases in vulture numbers, with up to 61% of vultures inside parks and 70% outside parks disappearing in the 30 years between 1970 and 2000. Some populations have declined by almost 97%. In 2020, around 50 hooded vultures were poisoned in
1063:
104:
Vulture body parts are used in some cultures to treat physical and mental illnesses. The prices of vulture meat and body parts have been rising, possibly due to an increased demand for these products or a reduced supply of vultures. The
1467:
789:
Safford, Roger; Andevski, Jovan; Botha, Andre; Bowden, Christopher G. R.; Crockford, Nicola; Garbett, Rebecca; Margalida, Antoni; Ramírez, Iván; Shobrak, Mohammed; Tavares, José; Williams, Nick P. (March 2019).
1061:
Oppel, Steffen; Ruffo, Alazar Daka; Bakari, Samuel; Tesfaye, Million; Mengistu, Solomon; Wondafrash, Mengistu; Endris, Ahmed; Pourchier, Cloé; Ngari, Alex; Arkumarev, Volen; Nikolov, Stoyan C. (June 2022).
149:
consumption by humans. Vulture deaths have also been caused by them visiting wells to drink then becoming waterlogged and drowning. In one incident in
Morocco, 15 Eurasian griffons drowned in a well.
295:
Whilst conservation action has been taking place in the region, the sporadic nature of poisonings and their large death count have dealt heavy blows to vultures in the region.
1367:
611:
91% declines in Africa during the last three generations, about 10% in Europe, stable in the southern Middle East. The biggest declines were recorded in India, owing to the
738:
Ogada, Darcy; Shaw, Phil; Beyers, Rene; Buji, Ralph; Murn, Campbell; Thiollay, Jean Marc; Beale, Colin; Holdo, Ricardo; Pomeroy, Derek; Baker, Neil; Krüger, Sonja (2015).
207:
The most affected species is the
Eurasian griffon, though it is apparently common in much of Europe and Asia. Many poisonings in the region are attributed to the use of
125:
have led to expansion of electrification programs. However, these do not always implement bird-safe designs that would limit the risks of electrocution and collision.
891:
Tsiakiris, Rigas; Halley, John M.; Stara, Kalliopi; Monokrousos, Nikos; Karyou, Chryso; Kassinis, Nicolaos; Papadopoulos, Minas; Xirouchakis, Stavros M. (2021-10-18).
1248:
Di
Vittorio, M.; Hema, E.M.; Dendi, D; et al. (2018). "The conservation status of West African vultures: An updated review and a strategy for conservation".
2870:
1394:
940:
Gangoso, Laura; Álvarez-Lloret, Pedro; Rodríguez-Navarro, Alejandro. A.B.; Mateo, Rafael; Hiraldo, Fernando; Donázar, José Antonio (February 2009).
471:
Declined by 63-89% during the last three generations. Though the most common
African vulture, it has suffered the most casualties during the crisis
407:
118:
Vulture collisions with energy infrastructure and electrocution are relatively common, especially in southern and northern Africa. Efforts to meet
64:
620:
477:
547:
893:"Models of poisoning effects on vulture populations show that small but frequent episodes have a larger effect than large but rare ones"
2277:
870:
219:
1181:"Poisoning of vultures in Morocco. International Workshop African Vultures & Poison --- Ronda, Málaga, Spain 8--11 April 2014"
582:
1316:
1020:
McKean, Steven; Mander, Myles; Diederichs, Nicci; Ntuli, Lungile; Mavundla, Khulile; Williams, Vivienne; Wakelin, James (2013).
162:
672:
442:
2369:
122:
2359:
1270:
Henriques, Mohamed; Buij, Ralph; Monteiro, Hamilton; Sá, Joaozinho (2020). "Deliberate poisoning of Africa's vultures".
576:
Declined by 60-75% throughout its range, with the worst in
Botswana reaching an overall population crash with 87% lost.
1109:
73:
carnivores blamed for predation of livestock, herbivores blamed for crop destruction and to control feral dog numbers.
1203:
701:
30% declines across its range. European populations are increasing however Asian populations have suffered heavily
1421:"Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide: Worldwide decline of vultures"
626:
2633:
506:
Declined by 60-70% from 1992 to 2007, however there have been recent increases in some breeding populations
413:
244:
436:
Has had the worst range-wide declines, between 85-98% however is more secure in The Gambia and Maasai Mara
2663:
319:
2840:
2270:
612:
352:
201:
142:
138:
106:
48:
2237:
2154:
2071:
1985:
1899:
1850:
1804:
1718:
1635:
1552:
1420:
541:
Declined by 67-80% over the last three generations in Africa. Arabian populations appear to be stable.
942:"Long-term effects of lead poisoning on bone mineralization in vultures exposed to ammunition sources"
2798:
2789:
2773:
2764:
2623:
2603:
663:
Has declined in North Africa and the Middle East however it is compensated for by major increases in
553:
518:
448:
401:
Range-wide declines of 68-79%, several population crashes in west Africa have exceeded 80% declines.
299:
252:
248:
190:
81:
1153:
311:
196:
The
Egyptian vulture is found across North Africa, while the Eurasian griffon is restricted to the
134:
2748:
2739:
1448:
1295:
1230:
1091:
941:
922:
831:
771:
77:
372:
2865:
2613:
2528:
2519:
2505:
2444:
2435:
2326:
1440:
1287:
1083:
1043:
1002:
961:
914:
866:
823:
186:
43:
1368:"More than 100 vultures and a hyena poisoned to death at South Africa's Kruger National Park"
1021:
980:
2723:
2714:
2578:
2569:
2263:
2232:
2149:
2066:
1980:
1894:
1845:
1799:
1713:
1630:
1547:
1432:
1279:
1222:
1075:
1033:
992:
953:
904:
858:
813:
803:
761:
751:
588:
240:
182:
24:
2643:
2553:
2544:
1064:"Pursuit of 'sustainable' development may contribute to the vulture crisis in East Africa"
303:
197:
174:
93:
85:
76:
Vultures are particularly vulnerable to poisoning because of their foraging behaviors and
31:
2214:
2131:
2048:
1962:
1876:
1827:
1781:
1695:
1612:
1529:
267:
for traditional medicine. Conservation programs were initiated in these countries and in
2177:
2094:
2008:
1922:
1741:
1658:
1575:
1492:
2698:
2689:
2653:
2349:
862:
512:
378:
236:
200:. The lammergeier is eradicated from the region except Morocco, where it is considered
119:
850:
2859:
2469:
2460:
2394:
2385:
2223:
2186:
2140:
2103:
2057:
2017:
1971:
1931:
1885:
1836:
1790:
1750:
1704:
1667:
1621:
1584:
1538:
1501:
1436:
1299:
1095:
926:
264:
89:
1452:
1234:
835:
775:
740:"Another Continental Vulture Crisis: Africa's Vultures Collapsing Toward Extinction"
133:
Other threats that contribute to the decline in
African vulture populations include
2673:
2419:
2410:
1342:
1131:
483:
289:
68:
Several vultures may gather to feed on a large carcass. Poisoning may kill hundreds
1226:
279:
957:
892:
307:
about 7,500 individuals, down from a population that numbered tens of thousands.
678:
178:
2835:
2497:
1079:
808:
791:
208:
1087:
1047:
1006:
918:
827:
2340:
1283:
235:
Seven vulture species live in West
African countries: the Egyptian vulture,
1444:
1291:
1038:
997:
965:
173:
Excluding vagrants, three vulture species still exist in North Africa: the
909:
2304:
315:
146:
818:
2501:
2286:
756:
739:
648:
644:
268:
167:
28:
766:
2298:
1419:
Ogada, Darcy L.; Keesing, Felicia; Virani, Munir Z. (February 2012).
664:
636:
332:
260:
231:. Their importance in their ecological niche is ridding it of corpses
228:
1180:
19:
335:
incidence, showing a potential threat for human health in Africa.
278:
271:, surveying the vulture populations and raising public awareness.
218:
161:
63:
18:
1395:"Poachers poison scores of vultures for use in traditional drugs"
981:"Traditional medicine trade in vulture parts in northern Nigeria"
263:, and between September 2019 and March 2020, 2000 were killed in
2594:
2310:
640:
2824:
2495:
2323:
2259:
224:
2255:
1022:"The impact of traditional use on vultures in South Africa"
331:
India led to increased numbers of feral dogs and increased
1110:"Fifteen Griffon Vultures found dead in a well in Morocco"
310:
An environmental catastrophe effectively occurred in the
211:, which is heavily regulated by the Moroccan government.
1468:"Declining vulture population can cause a health crisis"
1956:
1954:
1870:
1868:
47:
African vulture crisis may be similar in scale to the
1317:"Tackling vulture population declines in West Africa"
145:
of nest sites, declines in vulture food supply, and
2787:
2762:
2737:
2712:
2687:
2592:
2567:
2542:
2517:
2458:
2433:
2408:
2383:
2338:
2042:
2040:
1486:
1484:
318:in 2019, involving the carcasses of three poisoned
2238:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695174A154813652.en
2155:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695219A157719127.en
2072:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695180A205187871.en
1986:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695189A204461164.en
1900:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695238A205352949.en
1851:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695238A205352949.en
1805:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695225A197073171.en
1719:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695189A204461164.en
1636:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695207A204723468.en
1553:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22695185A118599398.en
792:"Vulture conservation: the case for urgent action"
851:"The Effect of Altered Environments on Vultures"
51:, but more protracted and less well documented.
1775:
1773:
1202:Amezian, Mohamed; El Khamlichi, Rachid (2016).
1132:"Vultures of Northwest Africa: a complete list"
2271:
8:
1265:
1263:
1204:"Significant population of Egyptian Vulture
100:Trade in body parts for traditional medicine
42:is an ongoing population decline in several
2821:
2514:
2492:
2335:
2320:
2278:
2264:
2256:
1425:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
979:Saidu, Yohanna; Buij, Ralph (2018-03-29).
342:
84:, behavior, physical characteristics, and
2236:
2153:
2070:
1984:
1898:
1849:
1803:
1717:
1634:
1551:
1037:
996:
908:
817:
807:
765:
755:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
713:
1343:"Vulture conservation in South Africa"
1311:
1309:
1154:"Status of Bearded Vulture in Morocco"
223:Two hooded vultures feeding on a dead
193:) have now died out from the region.
7:
302:involved the poisoned carcass of an
2224:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2187:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2141:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2104:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2058:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2018:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1972:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1932:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1886:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1837:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1791:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1751:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1705:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1668:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1622:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1585:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1539:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1502:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1179:Garrido, Jose Rafael (April 2014).
1393:Nyambura, Helen (19 August 2022).
1250:Vie et Milieu-Life and Environment
14:
2871:Environmental disasters in Africa
1528:BirdLife International. (2017) .
1112:. Vulture Conservation Foundation
88:. Their long life spans and high
2213:BirdLife International. (2021).
2176:BirdLife International. (2008).
2130:BirdLife International. (2021).
2093:BirdLife International. (2008).
2047:BirdLife International. (2021).
2007:BirdLife International. (2008).
1961:BirdLife International. (2021).
1921:BirdLife International. (2008).
1875:BirdLife International. (2021).
1826:BirdLife International. (2021).
1780:BirdLife International. (2021).
1740:BirdLife International. (2008).
1694:BirdLife International. (2021).
1657:BirdLife International. (2008).
1611:BirdLife International. (2021).
1574:BirdLife International. (2008).
1491:BirdLife International. (2008).
1437:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06293.x
1134:. MaghrebOrnitho. 21 August 2014
863:10.1016/b978-012100130-8/50033-x
671:
619:
581:
546:
511:
476:
441:
406:
371:
1068:Bird Conservation International
796:Bird Conservation International
857:, Elsevier, pp. 327–335,
363:2021 IUCN conservation status
360:2006 IUCN conservation status
1:
2370:Greater yellow-headed vulture
1372:Animal Survival International
1227:10.2989/00306525.2015.1089334
528:Sub-Saharan Africa and Arabia
326:Consequences and implications
123:Sustainable Development Goals
92:also make them vulnerable to
16:Ecological disaster in Africa
2360:Lesser yellow-headed vulture
958:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.015
695:
690:
657:
652:
605:
600:
570:
565:
535:
530:
500:
495:
465:
460:
430:
425:
423:Sub-saharan Africa and Spain
395:
390:
166:A lammergeier nestling from
855:Raptors in Human Landscapes
362:
359:
356:
351:
348:
345:
2887:
849:Houston, David C. (1996),
2831:
2820:
2513:
2491:
2334:
2319:
2293:
2231:: e.T22695174A154813652.
2148:: e.T22695219A157719127.
2065:: e.T22695180A205187871.
1979:: e.T22695189A204461164.
1893:: e.T22695238A205352949.
1844:: e.T22695238A205352949.
1798:: e.T22695225A197073171.
1712:: e.T22695189A204461164.
1629:: e.T22695207A204723468.
1546:: e.T22695185A118599398.
1080:10.1017/S0959270921000307
809:10.1017/S0959270919000042
365:
185:. Two other species (the
627:Eurasian griffon vulture
283:The endemic cape vulture
239:, lappet-faced vulture,
2803:Trigonoceps occipitalis
2449:Gymnogyps californianus
1965:Trigonoceps occipitalis
1925:Trigonoceps occipitalis
1321:Bird Life International
1284:10.1126/science.abd1862
946:Environmental Pollution
559:Trigonoceps occipitalis
2664:Slender-billed vulture
2194:: e.T22695174A28822726
2111:: e.T22695219A28833002
2025:: e.T22695180A31604607
1939:: e.T22695189A28820816
1758:: e.T22695225A28840216
1675:: e.T22695189A28820816
1592:: e.T22695207A28842119
1509:: e.T22695185A31460087
1466:Bindra, Prerna Singh.
1039:10.4314/vulnew.v65i1.2
998:10.4314/vulnew.v65i1.1
320:African bush elephants
284:
232:
170:
96:of poisons over time.
69:
40:African vulture crisis
35:
2841:Indian vulture crisis
2728:Neophron percnopterus
2583:Gypohierax angolensis
2374:Cathartes melambrotus
2364:Cathartes burrovianus
2051:Neophron percnopterus
2011:Neophron percnopterus
1206:Neophron percnopterus
910:10.5194/we-21-79-2021
613:Indian vulture crisis
594:Neophron percnopterus
572:Critically endangered
467:Critically endangered
432:Critically endangered
397:Critically endangered
298:A recent incident in
282:
222:
202:critically endangered
165:
107:African Vulture trade
67:
49:Indian vulture crisis
22:
2799:White-headed vulture
2774:Lappet-faced vulture
2703:Necrosyrtes monachus
2624:White-backed vulture
2604:White-rumped vulture
1532:Necrosyrtes monachus
1495:Necrosyrtes monachus
744:Conservation Letters
554:White-headed vulture
519:Lappet-faced vulture
449:White-backed vulture
384:Necrosyrtes monachus
300:Kruger National Park
253:white-headed vulture
249:white-backed vulture
191:lappet-faced vulture
82:reproductive success
2778:Torgos tracheliotos
1879:Torgos tracheliotos
1830:Torgos tracheliotos
524:Torgos tracheliotos
312:Chobe National Park
135:habitat degradation
78:life history traits
2749:Red-headed vulture
2506:Old World vultures
2327:New World vultures
1160:. 28 November 2011
757:10.1111/conl.12182
563:Sub-Saharan Africa
458:Sub-Saharan Africa
388:Sub-Saharan Africa
366:Population trends
285:
233:
171:
70:
36:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2668:Gyps tenuirostris
2634:Rüppell's vulture
2618:Gyps himalayensis
2614:Himalayan vulture
2558:Gypaetus barbatus
2533:Aegypius monachus
2529:Cinereous vulture
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2445:California condor
2424:Sarcoramphus papa
2217:Gypaetus barbatus
2180:Gypaetus barbatus
1323:. 28 October 2021
1208:found in Morocco"
705:
704:
684:Gypaetus barbatus
414:Rüppell's vulture
245:Rüppell's vulture
187:cinereous vulture
44:Old World vulture
2878:
2822:
2753:Sarcogyps calvus
2724:Egyptian vulture
2608:Gyps bengalensis
2579:Palm-nut vulture
2515:
2493:
2399:Coragyps atratus
2336:
2321:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1784:Gyps coprotheres
1777:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1744:Gyps coprotheres
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1654:
1648:
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1638:
1608:
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1601:
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1519:
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1514:
1488:
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1478:
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1457:
1456:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1374:. 16 August 2022
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
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1339:
1333:
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1328:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1267:
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1245:
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1212:
1199:
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1188:
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1128:
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1041:
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976:
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937:
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888:
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846:
840:
839:
821:
811:
786:
780:
779:
769:
759:
735:
698:
693:
675:
660:
655:
623:
608:
603:
589:Egyptian vulture
585:
573:
568:
550:
538:
533:
515:
503:
498:
489:Gyps coprotheres
480:
468:
463:
445:
433:
428:
410:
398:
393:
375:
343:
339:Affected species
241:palm-nut vulture
183:Egyptian vulture
153:Regions affected
25:Eurasian griffon
2886:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2845:
2827:
2808:
2783:
2758:
2733:
2708:
2683:
2678:Gyps coprothere
2644:Griffon vulture
2638:Gyps rueppellii
2588:
2563:
2554:Bearded vulture
2538:
2509:
2479:
2454:
2429:
2404:
2379:
2330:
2315:
2289:
2284:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1019:
1018:
1014:
978:
977:
973:
939:
938:
934:
890:
889:
885:
877:
875:
873:
848:
847:
843:
788:
787:
783:
737:
736:
715:
710:
697:Near-threatened
696:
691:
658:
653:
606:
601:
571:
566:
536:
531:
501:
496:
493:Southern Africa
466:
461:
431:
426:
396:
391:
341:
328:
304:African buffalo
277:
275:Southern Africa
217:
198:Atlas Mountains
175:griffon vulture
160:
155:
131:
116:
102:
94:bioaccumulation
86:immune response
62:
57:
32:Atlas Mountains
17:
12:
11:
5:
2884:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:Related topics
2825:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:Hooded vulture
2695:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2654:Indian vulture
2651:
2641:
2631:
2628:Gyps africanus
2621:
2611:
2600:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2525:
2523:
2511:
2510:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2474:Vultur gryphus
2466:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2416:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2357:
2354:Cathartes aura
2350:Turkey vulture
2346:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2205:
2168:
2122:
2085:
2036:
1999:
1950:
1913:
1864:
1818:
1769:
1732:
1698:Gyps africanus
1686:
1661:Gyps africanus
1649:
1615:Gyps rueppelli
1603:
1578:Gyps rueppelli
1566:
1520:
1480:
1458:
1411:
1385:
1359:
1347:projectvulture
1334:
1305:
1259:
1240:
1194:
1171:
1158:MaghrebOrnitho
1145:
1123:
1101:
1074:(2): 173–187.
1053:
1012:
971:
952:(2): 569–574.
932:
883:
871:
841:
781:
712:
711:
709:
706:
703:
702:
699:
694:
689:
686:
681:
676:
668:
667:
661:
656:
651:
634:
629:
624:
616:
615:
609:
604:
599:
596:
591:
586:
578:
577:
574:
569:
564:
561:
556:
551:
543:
542:
539:
534:
529:
526:
521:
516:
508:
507:
504:
499:
494:
491:
486:
481:
473:
472:
469:
464:
459:
456:
454:Gyps africanus
451:
446:
438:
437:
434:
429:
424:
421:
419:Gyps ruppellii
416:
411:
403:
402:
399:
394:
389:
386:
381:
379:Hooded vulture
376:
368:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
350:
347:
340:
337:
327:
324:
276:
273:
237:hooded vulture
216:
213:
159:
156:
154:
151:
130:
127:
120:United Nations
115:
112:
110:populations.
101:
98:
61:
58:
56:
53:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2883:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2823:
2819:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2475:
2471:
2470:Andean condor
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2395:Black vulture
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2325:Cathartidae (
2322:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2206:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2169:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2123:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2086:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2003:
2000:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1914:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1819:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1733:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1687:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1604:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1567:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1524:
1521:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:(6514): 304.
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
887:
884:
874:
872:9780121001308
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
785:
782:
777:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
714:
707:
700:
692:Least concern
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
674:
670:
669:
666:
662:
659:Least concern
654:Least concern
650:
646:
642:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
622:
618:
617:
614:
610:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
584:
580:
579:
575:
567:Least concern
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
549:
545:
544:
540:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
514:
510:
509:
505:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
479:
475:
474:
470:
462:Least concern
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
444:
440:
439:
435:
427:Least concern
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
409:
405:
404:
400:
392:Least concern
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
374:
370:
369:
354:
353:Binomial name
344:
338:
336:
334:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
308:
305:
301:
296:
293:
291:
281:
274:
272:
270:
266:
265:Guinea-Bissau
262:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
226:
221:
214:
212:
210:
205:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
169:
164:
157:
152:
150:
148:
144:
140:
139:fragmentation
136:
128:
126:
124:
121:
114:Electrocution
113:
111:
108:
99:
97:
95:
91:
90:trophic level
87:
83:
79:
74:
66:
59:
54:
52:
50:
45:
41:
33:
30:
27:found in the
26:
21:
2802:
2788:
2777:
2763:
2752:
2738:
2727:
2713:
2702:
2688:
2677:
2674:Cape vulture
2667:
2658:Gyps indicus
2657:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2593:
2582:
2568:
2557:
2543:
2532:
2518:
2473:
2459:
2448:
2434:
2423:
2420:King vulture
2411:Sarcoramphus
2409:
2398:
2384:
2373:
2363:
2353:
2339:
2242:. Retrieved
2228:
2222:
2216:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2191:
2185:
2179:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2145:
2139:
2133:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2108:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2062:
2056:
2050:
2027:. Retrieved
2022:
2016:
2010:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1976:
1970:
1964:
1941:. Retrieved
1936:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1890:
1884:
1878:
1855:. Retrieved
1841:
1835:
1829:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1795:
1789:
1783:
1760:. Retrieved
1755:
1749:
1743:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1709:
1703:
1697:
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1672:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1626:
1620:
1614:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1589:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1543:
1537:
1531:
1523:
1511:. Retrieved
1506:
1500:
1494:
1471:. Retrieved
1461:
1431:(1): 57–71.
1428:
1424:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1371:
1362:
1352:21 September
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1320:
1275:
1271:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1221:(1): 73–76.
1218:
1214:
1205:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1157:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1104:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1029:
1026:Vulture News
1025:
1015:
988:
985:Vulture News
984:
974:
949:
945:
935:
903:(2): 79–93.
900:
896:
886:
876:, retrieved
854:
844:
819:10261/217387
799:
795:
784:
750:(2): 89–97.
747:
743:
688:Afro-Eurasia
683:
631:
598:Afro-Eurasia
593:
558:
523:
488:
484:Cape vulture
453:
418:
383:
349:Common name
329:
309:
297:
294:
290:Cape Vulture
286:
257:
234:
206:
195:
172:
158:North Africa
132:
129:Other causes
117:
103:
75:
71:
39:
37:
2790:Trigonoceps
2690:Necrosyrtes
2648:Gyps fulvus
2244:5 September
2198:5 September
2161:5 September
2134:Gyps fulvus
2115:5 September
2097:Gyps fulvus
2078:5 September
2029:5 September
1992:5 September
1943:5 September
1906:5 September
1857:5 September
1811:5 September
1762:5 September
1725:5 September
1679:5 September
1642:5 September
1596:5 September
1559:5 September
1513:5 September
1473:5 September
1327:5 September
1256:(1): 33–43.
1187:5 September
1164:5 September
897:Web Ecology
679:Lammergeier
632:Gyps fulvus
215:West Africa
179:lammergeier
143:disturbance
23:A poisoned
2860:Categories
2836:Diclofenac
2570:Gypohierax
2498:Aegypiinae
1183:. Academia
878:2022-07-10
802:(1): 1–9.
767:10023/8817
708:References
607:Endangered
602:Endangered
537:Endangered
532:Vulnerable
502:Vulnerable
497:Vulnerable
209:strychnine
2740:Sarcogyps
2436:Gymnogyps
2341:Cathartes
2297:Kingdom:
1404:8 October
1399:Bloomberg
1378:8 October
1300:222412291
1096:243002738
1088:0959-2709
1048:1606-7479
1032:: 15–36.
1007:1606-7479
927:239045468
919:2193-3081
828:0959-2709
60:Poisoning
2866:Vultures
2715:Neophron
2545:Gypaetus
2520:Aegypius
2386:Coragyps
2305:Chordata
2303:Phylum:
2299:Animalia
2287:Vultures
1453:23734331
1445:22175274
1292:33060355
1235:85701482
991:(1): 4.
966:18995938
836:91384130
776:54684268
316:Botswana
147:bushmeat
29:Moroccan
2502:Gypinae
2309:Class:
1272:Science
1215:Ostrich
1138:May 17,
1116:10 July
649:Algeria
645:Morocco
357:Region
269:Senegal
168:Algeria
2765:Torgos
2461:Vultur
1451:
1443:
1298:
1290:
1233:
1094:
1086:
1046:
1005:
964:
925:
917:
869:
834:
826:
774:
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