925:
Chartois, Robert S. Copeland, Natalie Dale-Skey
Papilloud, Ana Dal Molin, Chrysalyn Dominguez, Marco Gebiola, Emilio Guerrieri, Robert L. Kresslein, Lars Krogmann, Emily Lemmon, Elizabeth A. Murray, Sabine Nidelet, José Luis Nieves-Aldrey, Ryan K. Perry, Ralph S. Peters, Andrew Polaszek, Laure Sauné, Javier Torréns, Serguei Triapitsyn, Ekaterina V. Tselikh, Matthew Yoder, Alan R. Lemmon, James B. Woolley, John M. Heraty. (2024). The Chalcidoidea bush of life: evolutionary history of a massive radiation of minute wasps. Cladistics, 40(1), 34-63.
233:
244:
124:
301:, pollinate the flowers, and lay their eggs in some of the ovules. The parasitized ovules develop into galls that support the growth of the wasp larvae. Prior to the final ripening of the fig, wingless males emerge from the galls they developed in. The males enter the galls of their winged sibling females and mate with them.
924:
Astrid Cruaud, Jean-Yves
Rasplus, Junxia Zhang, Roger Burks, GĂ©rard Delvare, Lucian Fusu, Alex Gumovsky, John T. Huber, Petr Janšta, Mircea-Dan Mitroiu, John S. Noyes, Simon van Noort, Austin Baker, Julie Böhmová, Hannes Baur, Bonnie B. Blaimer, Seán G. Brady, KristĂ˝na BubenĂková, Marguerite
383:
The pollinating female fig wasps are winged and in general dark, while the males are mostly wingless and whitish. This difference of color is probably due to a clear split in the gender role. Once they have mated, male and female fig wasps have different fates. In some fig species, such as
102:
1051:
961:
van Noort S, Compton SG (July 1996). "Convergent evolution of agaonine and sycoecine (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea) head shape in response to the constraints of host fig morphology".
408:
appendages to help them crawl into the figs. These appendages are adapted to the host fig species, with for instance spiraled ostioles matched by spiral mandibular appendages.
2720:
2746:
396:, the males have to chew a hole for the females to leave their natal fig. The winged female wasps can fly over long distances before finding another fig to
1035:
290:
trees. Extinct forms from the Eocene and
Miocene are nearly identical to modern forms, suggesting that the niche has been stable over geologic time.
2694:
2733:
1081:
2830:
878:
Heraty JM, Burks RA, Cruaud A, Gibson GA, Liljeblad J, Munro J, Rasplus JY, Delvare G, Janšta P, Gumovsky A, Huber J (January 2013).
765:
Australasian
Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families with a reclassification of species
2797:
829:"Phylogeny and evolution of life-history strategies in the Sycophaginae non-pollinating fig wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)"
780:"Laying the foundations for a new classification of Agaonidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), a multilocus phylogenetic approach"
1002:
2738:
404:, the female wasps have developed adaptations to enter. First, the mandibles of the female wasps have developed specialized
310:
200:
987:
2603:
2580:
2825:
2673:
123:
2751:
2686:
1074:
514:
1029:
2533:
750:
List of the specimens of
Hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1 Chalcidites
2608:
2782:
936:
232:
1825:
243:
1870:
2761:
2642:
1780:
1600:
1543:
1067:
1835:
564:
498:
1730:
283:
1898:
1860:
1775:
1620:
827:
Cruaud A, Jabbour-Zahab R, Genson G, Kjellberg F, Kobmoo N, van Noort S, et al. (June 2011).
441:
324:
2820:
2120:
1880:
1845:
1735:
1017:
907:
809:
632:
457:
433:
386:
372:
332:
118:
110:
2787:
2358:
524:
506:
490:
1903:
482:
474:
328:
2769:
2629:
1963:
1795:
1478:
899:
860:
801:
704:
596:
532:
356:
320:
2725:
2774:
2216:
2148:
1948:
1505:
1256:
970:
891:
850:
840:
791:
694:
686:
425:
315:
2177:
1678:
1581:
1487:
1189:
1173:
1039:
723:
636:
392:
2571:
359:), whereas Otitesellinae, Sycoecinae, Sycophaginae, and Sycoryctinae were transferred to
675:"Ancient fig wasps indicate at least 34 Myr of stasis in their mutualism with fig trees"
2681:
2668:
2373:
2125:
1998:
1913:
1875:
1765:
1755:
1750:
1686:
1625:
1556:
1515:
1495:
1455:
1426:
1221:
974:
855:
828:
699:
674:
309:
The family has changed several times since its taxonomic appearance after the work of
2814:
2490:
2454:
2446:
2130:
1953:
1933:
1893:
1865:
1525:
1500:
1463:
1442:
1248:
796:
779:
556:
279:
223:
59:
911:
813:
2516:
2477:
2378:
2340:
2323:
2089:
2052:
2044:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1830:
1800:
1696:
1668:
1648:
1630:
1468:
1311:
1303:
1261:
1134:
673:
Compton SG, Ball AD, Collinson ME, Hayes P, Rasnitsyn AP, Ross AJ (December 2010).
360:
352:
336:
185:
101:
2634:
2585:
400:
in it, while the male dies after chewing a hole. As the fig is closed by a tight
2707:
2565:
2363:
2345:
2250:
2229:
2203:
2115:
2102:
2034:
2026:
2016:
2008:
1850:
1840:
1820:
1770:
1760:
1720:
1663:
1640:
1615:
1605:
1571:
1520:
1282:
1205:
1091:
588:
580:
449:
344:
275:
219:
175:
34:
1059:
2485:
2469:
2461:
2450:
2442:
2421:
2368:
2245:
2237:
2195:
2169:
2097:
1977:
1943:
1855:
1815:
1805:
1790:
1653:
1535:
1510:
1434:
1398:
1274:
1197:
644:
548:
540:
405:
79:
44:
2556:
845:
2655:
2438:
2434:
2388:
2353:
2279:
2271:
2258:
2208:
2182:
2140:
2110:
1990:
1985:
1958:
1923:
1908:
1810:
1785:
1740:
1658:
1610:
1566:
1561:
1548:
1353:
1345:
1324:
1122:
1110:
879:
417:
343:
were the subdivisions of the family. Recent works building strong molecular
340:
271:
215:
155:
135:
84:
903:
864:
805:
708:
690:
355:
groups have been excluded; Epichrysomallinae was raised to family status (
293:
Females emerge from ripe figs and fly to another fig tree with developing
2616:
2595:
2550:
2383:
2156:
2066:
1885:
1725:
1374:
1332:
1290:
1240:
1234:
1213:
1145:
1128:
617:
609:
571:
397:
294:
259:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
2621:
2313:
1181:
880:"A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)"
462:
401:
298:
89:
64:
2712:
895:
363:. New subfamilies have been instated (Kradibiinae and Tetrapusiinae).
2429:
1745:
1116:
1104:
640:
165:
145:
2699:
2527:
2660:
1018:
Researchers
Sequence Genomes of Two Fig Species and Pollinator Wasp
1588:
287:
267:
263:
242:
231:
2159:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)
2531:
1063:
371:
The relationship between fig trees and agaonid fig wasps is an
347:
with an extended sampling size have changed the composition of
2405:
2300:
2292:
778:
Cruaud A, Jabbour-Zahab R, Genson G, Cruaud C (August 2010).
375:
that has evolved over a period of about sixty million years.
297:(which contain the flowers). They enter the syconium via the
2647:
2540:
2404:
2321:
2312:
2291:
2270:
2228:
2194:
2168:
2139:
2088:
2065:
2043:
2025:
2007:
1976:
1695:
1677:
1639:
1580:
1534:
1486:
1477:
1454:
1425:
1396:
1373:
1344:
1323:
1302:
1273:
1247:
1233:
1172:
1143:
1052:Universal Chalcidoidea Database – Archaeagaon
1075:
8:
2528:
2401:
2318:
2085:
1483:
1422:
1393:
1169:
1165:
1082:
1068:
1060:
100:
20:
854:
844:
795:
698:
665:
935:van Noort, Simon; Rasplus, Jean-Yves.
722:van Noort, Simon; Rasplus, Jean-Yves.
313:in 1846 described from the wasp genus
7:
2762:8f885c0b-e37f-44bf-802a-3220805ee430
2687:81a80dc3-843e-4307-b6e1-75486392ec2a
975:10.1111/j.1365-2699.1996.tb00003.x
14:
937:"Figs and fig wasps of the world"
724:"Figs and fig wasps of the world"
1054:, Natural History Museum, London
797:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00291.x
122:
2261:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps)
319:. Previously the subfamilies
1:
2480:(mason bees, leafcutter bees)
266:stage inside the fruits of
2847:
258:is a group of pollinating
2831:Insects described in 1848
2511:
1168:
1099:
1020:, sci-news; Oct. 14, 2020
379:Morphological adaptations
270:. The pollinating wasps (
213:
208:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
846:10.1186/1471-2148-11-178
833:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1264:(web-spinning sawflies)
1004:Eupristina verticillata
963:Journal of Biogeography
515:Eupristina verticillata
249:Elisabethiella comptoni
238:Elisabethiella comptoni
2391:(thread-waisted wasps)
2219:(sierolomorphid wasps)
2151:(rhopalosomatid wasps)
1356:(parasitic wood wasps)
691:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0389
412:Subfamilies and genera
251:
240:
2783:Paleobiology Database
752:. pp. vii+100pp.
600:Saunders, 1883 (syn.
246:
235:
2682:Fauna Europaea (new)
1200:(cimbicid sawflies)
652:Archaeagaon minutum
262:. They spend their
1285:(cedar wood wasps)
1208:(conifer sawflies)
1038:2020-08-01 at the
989:Blastophaga psenes
639:, United Kingdom,
552:Motschoulsky, 1863
458:Blastophaga psenes
453:Gravenhorst, 1829
387:Ficus subpisocarpa
373:obligate mutualism
252:
241:
111:Blastophaga psenes
30:Priabonian–Present
2826:Apocrita families
2808:
2807:
2770:Open Tree of Life
2534:Taxon identifiers
2525:
2524:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2458:
2425:
2415:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2349:
2348:(cockroach wasps)
2334:
2304:
2283:
2262:
2254:
2241:
2220:
2217:Sierolomorphidae
2212:
2186:
2160:
2152:
2149:Rhopalosomatidae
2106:
2061:
2060:
1994:
1972:
1971:
1964:Trichogrammatidae
1889:
1826:Eutrichosomatidae
1796:Epichrysomallidae
1716:
1706:
1594:
1552:
1479:Proctotrupomorpha
1446:
1445:(ichneumon wasps)
1438:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1336:
1315:
1294:
1286:
1265:
1225:
1224:(common sawflies)
1217:
1216:(pergid sawflies)
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
896:10.1111/cla.12006
767:. pp. 832pp.
763:BouÄŤek Z (1988).
748:Walker F (1846).
357:Epichrysomallidae
321:Epichrysomallinae
230:
229:
204:
2838:
2801:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2778:
2777:
2765:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2702:
2690:
2689:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2624:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2529:
2479:
2471:
2464:(plasterer bees)
2463:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2390:
2347:
2333:
2332:
2331:(sphecoid wasps)
2328:
2319:
2302:
2281:
2260:
2252:
2239:
2218:
2210:
2184:
2158:
2150:
2104:
2086:
1992:
1949:Tanaostigmatidae
1887:
1871:Melanosomellidae
1714:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1550:
1506:Neuroscelionidae
1484:
1444:
1436:
1423:
1394:
1355:
1334:
1313:
1292:
1284:
1263:
1257:Megalodontesidae
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1190:Blasticotomidae
1184:(argid sawflies)
1183:
1170:
1166:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1000:
994:
985:
979:
978:
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
932:
926:
922:
916:
915:
875:
869:
868:
858:
848:
824:
818:
817:
799:
775:
769:
768:
760:
754:
753:
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
719:
713:
712:
702:
670:
637:Insect Limestone
604:Waterston, 1920)
286:partners of the
199:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2781:
2773:
2768:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2633:
2628:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2495:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2396:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2308:
2287:
2282:(scoliid wasps)
2266:
2224:
2190:
2185:(tiphiid wasps)
2178:Bradynobaenidae
2164:
2135:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2057:
2039:
2021:
2003:
1968:
1781:Cynipencyrtidae
1703:(chalcid wasps)
1702:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1679:Mymarommatoidea
1673:
1635:
1601:Proctorenyxidae
1586:
1585:
1582:Proctotrupoidea
1576:
1544:Austrocynipidae
1530:
1488:Platygastroidea
1473:
1450:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1361:
1340:
1335:(stem sawflies)
1319:
1298:
1269:
1243:
1229:
1222:Tenthredinidae
1192:(fern sawflies)
1174:Tenthredinoidea
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1095:
1088:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1040:Wayback Machine
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1001:
997:
986:
982:
960:
959:
955:
945:
943:
934:
933:
929:
923:
919:
877:
876:
872:
826:
825:
821:
777:
776:
772:
762:
761:
757:
747:
746:
742:
732:
730:
721:
720:
716:
679:Biology Letters
672:
671:
667:
663:
627:
613:
584:
518:Waterston, 1921
510:Saunders, 1882
468:Linnaeus, 1758)
437:Waterston, 1920
421:
414:
393:Ficus tinctoria
381:
369:
307:
222:
218:
198:
121:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
16:Family of wasps
12:
11:
5:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2779:
2766:
2756:
2743:
2730:
2717:
2704:
2691:
2678:
2669:Fauna Europaea
2665:
2652:
2639:
2626:
2613:
2600:
2590:
2577:
2562:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2455:stingless bees
2447:carpenter bees
2427:
2418:
2416:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:Pemphredonidae
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2253:(spider wasps)
2248:
2243:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2211:(flower wasps)
2206:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2126:Sclerogibbidae
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2105:(cuckoo wasps)
2100:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1999:Gasteruptiidae
1996:
1993:(ensign wasps)
1988:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:Pelecinellidae
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1876:Metapelmatidae
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1836:Hetreulophidae
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1766:Chrysolampidae
1763:
1758:
1756:Chalcedectidae
1753:
1751:Cerocephalidae
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1687:Mymarommatidae
1683:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1626:Proctotrupidae
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1557:Diplolepididae
1554:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1516:Platygastridae
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1496:Geoscelionidae
1492:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1456:Ceraphronoidea
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:Ichneumonidae
1440:
1431:
1429:
1427:Ichneumonoidea
1420:
1391:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1163:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1044:
1022:
1010:
995:
980:
953:
927:
917:
890:(5): 466–542.
870:
819:
770:
755:
740:
714:
664:
662:
659:
658:
657:
656:
655:
626:
625:Extinct genera
623:
622:
621:
612:
607:
606:
605:
593:
583:
578:
577:
576:
568:
565:Waterstoniella
561:
560:Saunders, 1882
553:
545:
537:
529:
521:
520:
519:
503:
499:Elisabethiella
495:
487:
479:
471:
470:
469:
446:
438:
430:
420:
415:
413:
410:
380:
377:
368:
365:
311:Francis Walker
306:
303:
228:
227:
211:
210:
206:
205:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2843:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2492:
2491:Stenotritidae
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2478:Megachilidae
2476:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2240:(velvet ants)
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2131:Scolebythidae
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2064:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2045:Trigonaloidea
2042:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Tetracampidae
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:Signiphoridae
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Neanastatidae
1892:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Megastigmidae
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:Baeomorphidae
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1526:Sparasionidae
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Janzenellidae
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Ceraphronidae
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1372:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1312:Xiphydriidae
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1304:Xiphydrioidea
1301:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1262:Pamphiliidae
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1249:Pamphilioidea
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1005:
999:
996:
992:
990:
984:
981:
976:
972:
969:(4): 415–24.
968:
964:
957:
954:
942:
938:
931:
928:
921:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
871:
866:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
793:
790:(4): 359–87.
789:
785:
781:
774:
771:
766:
759:
756:
751:
744:
741:
729:
725:
718:
715:
710:
706:
701:
696:
692:
688:
685:(6): 838–42.
684:
680:
676:
669:
666:
660:
654:(Donisthorpe)
653:
649:
648:
646:
642:
638:
635:
634:
629:
628:
624:
620:
619:
615:
614:
611:
610:Tetrapusiinae
608:
603:
602:Liporrhopalum
599:
598:
594:
591:
590:
586:
585:
582:
579:
574:
573:
569:
567:
566:
562:
559:
558:
557:Pleistodontes
554:
551:
550:
546:
544:Cameron, 1906
543:
542:
538:
535:
534:
530:
527:
526:
522:
517:
516:
512:
511:
509:
508:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
492:
488:
485:
484:
480:
478:Kieffer, 1911
477:
476:
472:
467:
466:Cynips psenes
464:
460:
459:
455:
454:
452:
451:
447:
444:
443:
439:
436:
435:
431:
428:
427:
423:
422:
419:
416:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:
389:
388:
378:
376:
374:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:Otitesellinae
322:
318:
317:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
280:Tetrapusiinae
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
250:
245:
239:
234:
226:
225:
224:Tetrapusiinae
221:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
182:Superfamily:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
2541:
2517:Unicalcarida
2472:(sweat bees)
2424:(mason bees)
2379:Philanthidae
2346:Ampulicidae
2341:Ammoplanidae
2324:Spheciformes
2322:
2103:Chrysididae
2090:Chrysidoidea
2053:Trigonalidae
2027:Megalyroidea
2009:Stephanoidea
1939:Spalangiidae
1929:Pteromalidae
1919:Perilampidae
1899:Neodiparidae
1888:(fairyflies)
1861:Macromesidae
1831:Herbertiidae
1801:Eucharitidae
1776:Coelocybidae
1712:
1697:Chalcidoidea
1669:Monomachidae
1649:Austroniidae
1631:Vanhorniidae
1621:Peradeniidae
1551:(gall wasps)
1469:Megaspilidae
1397:
1314:(wood wasps)
1283:Anaxyelidae
1206:Diprionidae
1144:
1135:Holometabola
1133:Superorder:
1127:Infraclass:
1092:Hymenopteran
1047:
1042:, figweb.org
1030:
1025:
1013:
1008:, figweb.org
1003:
998:
993:, figweb.org
988:
983:
966:
962:
956:
944:. Retrieved
940:
930:
920:
887:
883:
873:
836:
832:
822:
787:
783:
773:
764:
758:
749:
743:
731:. Retrieved
727:
717:
682:
678:
668:
651:
631:
616:
601:
595:
587:
575:Boucek, 1988
570:
563:
555:
547:
539:
536:Joseph, 1959
531:
523:
513:
505:
502:Grandi, 1928
497:
489:
486:Wiebes, 1977
481:
473:
465:
456:
448:
445:Grandi, 1916
442:Allotriozoon
440:
432:
429:Dalman, 1818
424:
391:
385:
382:
370:
361:Pteromalidae
353:paraphyletic
348:
337:Sycophaginae
333:Sycoryctinae
314:
308:
292:
255:
253:
248:
237:
214:
209:Subfamilies
195:
186:Chalcidoidea
109:
18:
2708:iNaturalist
2566:Wikispecies
2470:Halictidae
2462:Colletidae
2451:orchid bees
2443:cuckoo bees
2422:Andrenidae
2364:Crabronidae
2301:Formicidae
2293:Formicoidea
2251:Pompilidae
2238:Mutillidae
2230:Pompiloidea
2204:Chyphotidae
2121:Plumariidae
2116:Embolemidae
2035:Megalyridae
2017:Stephanidae
1881:Moranilidae
1851:Leucospidae
1846:Idioporidae
1841:Heydeniidae
1821:Eurytomidae
1771:Cleonymidae
1761:Chalcididae
1736:Boucekiidae
1721:Aphelinidae
1715:(fig wasps)
1664:Maamingidae
1641:Diaprioidea
1616:Pelecinidae
1606:Roproniidae
1572:Liopteridae
1521:Scelionidae
1437:(braconids)
1435:Braconidae
1293:(horntails)
1198:Cimbicidae
633:Archaeagaon
589:Ceratosolen
581:Kradibiinae
528:Wiebes 1974
450:Blastophaga
434:Alfonsiella
345:phylogenies
284:mutualistic
276:Kradibiinae
254:The family
220:Kradibiinae
176:Hymenoptera
2815:Categories
2515:See also:
2486:Melittidae
2439:bumblebees
2435:honey bees
2406:Anthophila
2389:Sphecidae
2369:Mellinidae
2359:Bembicidae
2280:Scoliidae
2272:Scolioidea
2259:Sapygidae
2246:Myrmosidae
2209:Thynnidae
2196:Thynnoidea
2183:Tiphiidae
2170:Tiphioidea
2098:Bethylidae
1991:Evaniidae
1978:Evanioidea
1944:Systasidae
1886:Mymaridae
1856:Lyciscidae
1816:Eupelmidae
1806:Eulophidae
1791:Encyrtidae
1713:Agaonidae
1654:Diapriidae
1549:Cynipidae
1536:Cynipoidea
1511:Nixoniidae
1354:Orussidae
1346:Orussoidea
1291:Siricidae
1275:Siricoidea
1121:Subclass:
1111:Arthropoda
884:Cladistics
784:Cladistics
661:References
645:Priabonian
592:Mayr, 1885
549:Platyscapa
541:Pegoscapus
525:Nigeriella
507:Eupristina
494:Hill, 1967
491:Dolichoris
461:Linnaeus (
406:mandibular
329:Sycoecinae
282:) are the
156:Arthropoda
2821:Agaonidae
2798:agaonidae
2586:Agaonidae
2572:Agaonidae
2542:Agaonidae
2354:Astatidae
2157:Vespidae
2141:Vespoidea
2111:Dryinidae
1986:Aulacidae
1959:Torymidae
1924:Pirenidae
1909:Ormyridae
1904:Ooderidae
1811:Eunotidae
1786:Diparidae
1741:Calesidae
1659:Ismaridae
1611:Heloridae
1567:Ibaliidae
1562:Figitidae
1333:Cephidae
1325:Cephoidea
1235:Xyeloidea
1214:Pergidae
1123:Pterygota
1103:Kingdom:
1006:Waterston
483:Deilagaon
475:Courtella
418:Agaoninae
349:Agaonidae
341:Agaoninae
272:Agaoninae
260:fig wasps
256:Agaonidae
216:Agaoninae
196:Agaonidae
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
24:Agaonidae
2617:BugGuide
2593:BioLib:
2551:Wikidata
2384:Psenidae
1726:Azotidae
1241:Xyelidae
1182:Argidae
1129:Neoptera
1109:Phylum:
1105:Animalia
1094:families
1036:Archived
1033:Saunders
1031:Kradibia
991:Linnaeus
912:86061702
904:34798768
865:21696591
814:85436401
806:34875808
709:20554563
618:Tetrapus
597:Kradibia
572:Wiebesia
533:Paragaon
398:oviposit
305:Taxonomy
192:Family:
152:Phylum:
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
2557:Q995960
2314:Apoidea
1117:Insecta
1115:Class:
1090:Extant
856:3145598
839:: 178.
700:3001375
402:ostiole
367:Ecology
299:ostiole
295:syconia
236:Female
172:Order:
166:Insecta
162:Class:
2788:150513
2775:118190
2759:NZOR:
2739:153963
2726:101441
2713:121523
2661:1AGAOF
2609:103315
2430:Apidae
2412:(bees)
2303:(ants)
1746:Ceidae
1589:s.str.
946:7 July
941:figweb
910:
902:
863:
853:
812:
804:
733:7 July
728:figweb
707:
697:
641:Eocene
351:. The
339:, and
278:, and
264:larval
203:, 1848
201:Walker
2795:PPE:
2752:75187
2721:IRMNG
2674:11308
2622:95188
2596:17508
908:S2CID
810:S2CID
426:Agaon
316:Agaon
247:Male
2747:NCBI
2734:ITIS
2700:9438
2695:GBIF
2656:EPPO
2604:BOLD
948:2024
900:PMID
861:PMID
802:PMID
735:2024
705:PMID
463:syn.
268:figs
35:Preęž’
2648:736
2643:EoL
2635:64C
2630:CoL
2581:AFD
971:doi
892:doi
851:PMC
841:doi
792:doi
695:PMC
687:doi
390:or
288:fig
2817::
2785::
2772::
2749::
2736::
2723::
2710::
2697::
2684::
2671::
2658::
2645::
2632::
2619::
2606::
2583::
2568::
2553::
2453:,
2449:,
2445:,
2441:,
2437:,
967:23
965:.
939:.
906:.
898:.
888:29
886:.
882:.
859:.
849:.
837:11
835:.
831:.
808:.
800:.
788:26
786:.
782:.
726:.
703:.
693:.
681:.
677:.
647:)
335:,
331:,
327:,
323:,
274:,
85:Pg
2457:)
2433:(
2081:a
2079:t
2077:a
2075:e
2073:l
2071:u
2069:c
2067:A
1591:)
1587:(
1417:a
1415:c
1413:i
1411:t
1409:i
1407:s
1405:a
1403:r
1401:a
1399:P
1389:a
1387:t
1385:i
1383:r
1381:c
1379:o
1377:p
1375:A
1160:a
1158:t
1156:y
1154:h
1152:p
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