747:, in contrast to disengagement theory, implies that the more active elderly people are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with life. The view that elderly adults should maintain well-being by keeping active has had a considerable history and since 1972, this has come to be known as activity theory. However, this theory may be just as inappropriate as disengagement for some people as the current paradigm on the psychology of ageing is that both disengagement theory and activity theory may be optimal for certain people in old age, depending on both circumstances and personality traits of the individual concerned. There are also data which query whether, as activity theory implies, greater social activity is linked with well-being in adulthood.
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ways to express age. For example, some cultures measure age by counting years including the current year, while others count years without including it. It could be said for the same person that he is twenty years old or that he is in the twenty-first year of his life. In
Russian the former expression is generally used, the latter one has restricted usage: it is used for age of a deceased person in obituaries and for the age of an adult when it is desired to show him/her older than he/she is. (Psychologically, a woman
333:
700:
Longevity political parties started in Russia, then in the US, Israel and the
Netherlands. These parties aim to provide political support to anti-ageing and radical life extension research and technologies and want to ensure the fastest possible and at the same time the softest societal transition to the next step: radical life extension and life without ageing, that will make it possible to provide the access to such technologies to the most of the currently living people.
30:), they are more likely to push for political and social change, to develop and adopt new technologies, and to need education. Older people have different requirements from society and government, and frequently have differing values as well, such as for property and pension rights. Older people are also more likely to vote, and in many countries the young are forbidden from voting. Thus, the aged have comparatively more, or at least different, political influence.
741:, but has been much criticised. The original data on which Cumming and Henry based the theory were from a rather small sample of older adults in Kansas City and from this select sample Cumming and Henry then took disengagement to be a universal theory. There are research data suggesting that the elderly who do become detached from society are those who were initially reclusive individuals and such disengagement is not purely a response to ageing.
713:
172:.) Other cultures that express age differently may not use years elapsed since birth at all. Inuit culture is an example in which birthdays are not celebrated because maturity is not signified in terms of years. The Navajo culture is another in which age is not counted through years elapsed from birth. In this case, age is measured through certain milestones in a person's life, such as the first time they laugh.
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548:, where it is seen as the transaction between society and individuals across the life span with specific focus on the later years of life. The terms "healthy ageing" and "optimal ageing" have been proposed as alternatives to successful ageing, partly because the term "successful ageing" has been criticised for making healthy ageing sound too competitive.
420:, psychological functioning and health status. This finding is generally stronger for men than women, though the pattern between genders is not universal across all studies and some results suggest sex-based differences only appear in certain age groups, for certain causes of mortality and within a specific sub-set of self-ratings of health.
433:; for instance, the older people get, the more they may consider themselves in better health than their same-aged peers. Hence, the older a person becomes and the more their actual health declines, the greater the potential role is for social comparison processes to create a gap between a person's objective and subjective health.
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continuity between the past and the present and the theory implies that this sense of continuity helps to contribute to well-being in later life. Disengagement theory, activity theory and continuity theory are social theories about ageing, though all may be products of their era rather than a valid, universal theory.
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and other such hearing-related problems promote social withdrawal, as individuals begin to lose touch with the world around them. Hearing loss among the aged community lessens elders' ability to compensate for other age-related social and/or physical problems. This impairment can cause elders to lose
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Older people have different requirements from society and government, and frequently have differing values as well, such as for property and pension rights. Older people are also more likely to vote, and in many countries the young are forbidden from voting. Thus, the aged have comparatively more, or
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In cultures where age is not measured by years since birth, most individuals do not know how old they are in years. People in these cultures may find more importance in other aspects of their birth, such as the season, agricultural practices, or spiritual connections taking place when they were born.
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the perception of linguistic stimuli or the derivation of an idea from a given unit of disclosure. Changes in these mechanical problems are more important than changes in linguistic knowledge. The main goal of hearing aids is to improve communication and quality of life, not just to restore hearing.
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However, the annual growth in national health spending is not mainly due to increasing demand from ageing populations, but rather has been driven by rising incomes, costly new medical technology, a shortage of health care workers and informational asymmetries between providers and patients. A number
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The main purpose of counting age in terms of years from birth is for the convenience of grouping individuals by age, as is needed in industrialized society. The medical practices and compulsory schooling that resulted from industrialization factored largely into the need for counting age in terms of
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Healthy ageing implies optimal well-being in spite of barriers resulting from age. The global population is ageing and will continue to have communication inabilities unless barriers of communication with the elderly are more highly promoted. Sensory impairments include hearing and vision deficits,
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suggests that compared to their parents, the current generation of adults have shown a greater interest in age-friendly housing of high-quality building materials and community environment. The poor living conditions for the elderly was exposed after a fire in the city tore through multiple stories
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has been correlated with higher well-being and reduced mortality in the elderly. Various reasons have been proposed for this association; people who are objectively healthy may naturally rate their health better than that of their ill counterparts, though this link has been observed even in studies
183:
Depending on cultural and personal philosophy, ageing can be seen as an undesirable phenomenon, reducing beauty and bringing one closer to death; or as an accumulation of wisdom, mark of survival and a status worthy of respect. In some cases numerical age is important (whether good or bad), whereas
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The age of an adult human is commonly measured in whole years since the day of birth. Fractional years, months or even weeks may be used to describe the age of children and infants for finer resolution. The time of day the birth occurred is not commonly considered. In some cultures, there are other
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Hearing loss among the aged community lessens elders' ability to compensate for other age related social and/or physical problems. Communication problems of elderly adults can be greatly impacted by mechanical problems such as: the translation of ideas into linguistic representation or expression,
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Even so, it has been estimated that population ageing only explains 0.2 percentage points of the annual growth rate in medical spending of 4.3 percent since 1970. In addition, certain reforms to the
Medicare system in the United States decreased elderly spending on home health care by 12.5 percent
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have demonstrated a lower risk of mortality and higher alertness and self-rated health in the wing where residents had greater control over their environment, though personal control may have less impact on specific measures of health. Social control, perceptions of how much influence one has over
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is a common cause of vision loss in elderly people. It diminishes the macula of the eye, which is responsible for clear vision. It causes progressive loss of central vision and possible loss of colour vision. This degeneration is caused by systemic changes in the circulation of waste products and
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is an example of a hearing deficit that cannot be corrected by hearing aids. Presbycusis, the alteration of hearing sensitivity associated with normal hearing loss, is caused by the decreased amount of hair cells of the inner ear. This is normally caused by long periods of distressing noise that
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Seniors' subjective health remains relatively stable while objective health worsens with age. Furthermore, it seems that the perceived health improves with age when objective health is controlled in the equation. This phenomenon is known as the paradox of ageing. People's expectations concerning
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is the view that in ageing people are inclined to maintain, as much as they can, the same habits, personalities and styles of life that they have developed in earlier years. Continuity theory is
Atchley's theory that individuals, in later life, make adaptations to enable them to gain a sense of
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Numerous worldwide health, ageing and retirement surveys contain questions pertaining to pensions. The Meta Data
Repository โ created by the non-profit RAND Corporation and sponsored by the National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of Health โ provides access to meta data for these
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Though many scientists state that radical life extension, delaying and stopping ageing are achievable, there are still no international or national programmes focused on stopping ageing or on radical life extension. There are political forces staying for and against life extension. In 2012 the
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Many societies in
Western Europe and Japan have ageing populations. While the effects on society are complex, there is a concern about the impact on health care demand. The large number of suggestions in the literature for specific interventions to cope with the expected increase in demand for
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have been proposed as being beneficial in helping people to cope with stressful life events in later life. Social support and personal control are possibly the two most important factors that predict well-being, morbidity and mortality in adults. Other factors that may link to well-being and
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A culture may also choose to place a greater emphasis on family lineage than age, as is done in Mayan society. A Mayan adult would not determine a child's responsibility and status in terms of age by years, but instead by relative seniority to others in the family or community.
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Sawchuk, K., & Crow, B. (2010). Into the grey zone: Seniors, cell phones and milieus that matter. In B. Poppinga (ed.), Observing the mobile user experience: Proceedings of the 1st international workshop held in conjunction with NordiCHI (pp. 17โ20). Oldenburg, Germany:
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Worrall, L.,& Hickson, L. M. (2003). Theoretical foundations of communication disability in aging. In Linda E. Worrall & Louise M. Hickson(Eds.). Communication disability in aging: from prevention to intervention (pp. 32-33). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar
Learning,
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Touhy, T. A., Jett, K., Ebersole, P., & Hess, P. A. (2012). Communicating with older adults. In Theris A. Touhy & Kathleen (Eds.). Jett
Ebersole & Hess' toward healthy aging: human needs & nursing response (96-98).St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Mosby,
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is important in effective communication and elders with vision loss are more likely to misinterpret or read the other person's actions in a wrong way. Visual impairments also cause a loss in positive perceptions of the environment around them. This can lead to
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Worrall, L.,& Hickson, L. M. (2003). Implications for theory, practice, and policy. In Linda E. Worrall & Louise M. Hickson (Eds.). Communication disability in aging: from prevention to intervention (pp. 297-298). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar
Learning,
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growth of abnormal vessels around the retina causing the photoreceptors not to receive proper images. Though ageing almost always causes this, other possible effects and risk factors include smoking, obesity, family history and excessive sunlight exposure.
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is the idea that separation of older people from active roles in society is normal and appropriate, and benefits both society and older individuals. Disengagement theory, first proposed by
Cumming and Henry, has received considerable attention in
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Worrall, L.,& Hickson, L. M. (2003). Communication activity limitations. In Linda E. Worrall & Louise M. Hickson(Eds.). Communication disability in aging: from prevention to intervention (pp. 141-142). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning,
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health co-evolve with the health norms surrounding one's age. Elderly people often associate their functional and physical decline with the normal ageing process. The elderly may actually enhance their perception of their own health through
26:. People of different ages and gender tend to differ in many aspects, such as legal and social responsibilities, outlooks on life, and self-perceptions. Young people tend to have fewer legal privileges (if they are below the
33:
In different societies, age may be viewed or treated differently. For example, age may be measured starting from conception or from birth, and starting at either age zero or age one. Transitions such as reaching
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Nussbaum, J. F., Thompson, T. L., & Robinson, J. D. (1989). Barriers to conversation. In Jon F. Nussbaum, Teresa Thompson, James D. Robinson (Eds.). Communication and aging (234-253).New York: Harper &
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is a common condition among ageing adults. Common conditions that can increase the risk of hearing loss in elderly people are high blood pressure, diabetes or the use of certain medications harmful to the ear.
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Bayles, K., Kaszniak, A., & Tomoeda, C. (1987). Linguistic communication and normal aging. In communication and cognition in normal aging and dementia (pp. 150-152). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
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Selectivity theory mediates between the activity and disengagement theories, and suggests that it may benefit older people to become more active in some aspects of their lives, more disengaged in others.
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Recent studies utilizing artificial intelligence showed that in order to stay biologically younger and lower the chances of most age-related diseases, people should not be unhappy and lonely.
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long-term care in ageing societies can be organised under four headings: improve system performance; redesign service delivery; support informal caregivers; and shift demographic parameters.
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report spending more than 10 percent of the annual budget on elderly care. That is expected to rise over the next 10โ20 years. Some states have talked about releasing ageing inmates early.
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Kunzmann, Ute; Little, Todd D; Smith, Jacqui (2000). "Is age-related stability of subjective well-being a paradox? Cross-sectional and longitudional evidence from the Berlin Aging Study".
691:). Generational segregation naturalizes youth as digitally adept and the old as digitally inept. Older adults' experiences are often excluded from research agendas on digital media.
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exaggerated the homogeneity of samples of elderly people. Other research shows that even late in life, potential exists for physical, mental, and social growth and development.
1639:"Gender Differences in the Self-Rated Health-Mortality Association: Is It Poor Self-Rated Health That Predicts Mortality or Excellent Self-Rated Health That Predicts Survival?"
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currently are on the rise some theorists argue there is a need to develop new definitions of aging and for instance a bio-techno-social definition of aging has been suggested.
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Langer, Ellen J.; Rodin, Judith (1976). "The effects of choice and enhanced personal responsibility for the aged: A field experiment in an institutional setting".
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which can cause communication barriers. Changes in cognition, hearing, and vision are easily associated with healthy ageing and can cause problems when diagnosing
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method, people are born at age 1, not age 0, possibly because conception is already considered to be the start of the life span and possibly because the number
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Religion is an important factor used by the elderly in coping with the demands of later life and appears more often than other forms of coping later in life.
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can be traced back to the 1950s and was popularised in the 1980s. Previous research into ageing exaggerated the extent to which health disabilities, such as
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Chawla, Mukesh; Dubois, Hans F. W.; Chawla, Richard B. (2006). "The Impact of Aging on Long-Term Care in Europe and Some Potential Policy Responses".
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may avoid criminal prosecution on account of their age and in borderline cases the age of the offender is often held to be a mitigating circumstance.
289:. A bus fare might be discounted for the young or old. Each nation, government and non-government organisation has different ways of classifying age.
665:. Such problems hinder the ability of people to understand stimuli and translate information pertaining to perception with their brain for analysis.
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Most legal systems define a specific age for when an individual is allowed or obliged to do particular activities. These age specifications include
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of health problems become more prevalent as people get older. These include mental health problems as well as physical health problems, especially
2227:"Optimizing future well-being with artificial intelligence: self-organizing maps (SOMs) for the identification of islands of emotional stability"
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years since birth. Even in Westernized societies such as the United States, age in terms of years since birth did not begin until the mid-1800s.
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others find the stage in life that one has reached (adulthood, independence, marriage, retirement, career success) to be more important.
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Sargent-Cox, Kerry; Anstey, Kaarin; Luszcz, Mary (2008). "Determinants of Self-Rated Health Items With Different Points of Reference".
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touch of social skills because they may have trouble keeping up with fast-paced or hearing different pitched voices in conversation.
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for the relationship between social support and perceived health in the elderly and may positively influence coping in the elderly.
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1450:"Perceived Social Control as a Mediator of the Relationships Among Social Support, Psychological Weil-Being, and Perceived Health"
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is a multidimensional variable; while participation in religious activities in the sense of participation in formal and organised
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per year between 1996 and 2000. This would suggest that the impact of ageing populations on health care costs is not inevitable.
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grows up at one's birthday. In parts of Tibet, age is counted from conception i.e. one is usually 9 months old when one is born.
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Rodin, Judith; Langer, Ellen J. (1977). "Long-term effects of a control-relevant intervention with the institutionalized aged".
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In a world increasingly relying on digital technologies, older adults face higher risks of social exclusion and prejudices (see
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Self-rated life satisfaction in eight domains, namely marriage, income-related work, children, friendship and social contacts,
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1205:"The Role of Perceived Control in Explaining Depressive Symptoms Associated with Driving Cessation in a Longitudinal Study"
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Idler, Ellen L (1993). "Age differences in self-assessments of health: Age changes, cohort difference, or survivorship?".
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Williamson, JD; Fried, LP (1996). "Characterization of older adults who attribute functional decrements to "old age"".
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1715:"Walking Difficulty, Walking Speed, and Age as Predictors of Self-Rated Health: The Women's Health and Aging Study"
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may decline, it may become a more informal, but still important aspect of life such as through personal or private
82:
1276:"The Effects of Interpersonal and Personal Agency on Perceived Control and Psychological Well-Being in Adulthood"
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Cattaneo, M. Alejandra; Wolter, Stefan C. (June 2009). "Are the elderly a threat to educational expenditures?".
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and thus should not be held liable for a crime. Many courts recognise that defendants who are considered to be
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The interpretation of facial expressions and mouthing can be difficult to understand when an individual has a
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in the elderly include social relationships (possibly relationships with pets as well as humans), and health.
160:", "twentysomething", "thirtysomething", etc. as well as "vicenarian", "tricenarian", "quadragenarian", etc.
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1559:"Discussion: Gender Differences in Self-Rated Health, in Mortality, and in the Relationship Between the Two"
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Developmental Regulation in Adulthood: Age-Normative and Sociostructural Constraints as Adaptive Challenges
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are commonly referred to as personal amplifying systems, which can generally improve hearing by about 50%.
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Vincent, John A. (2005). "Understanding generations: Political economy and culture in an ageing society".
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A greater number of people self-report successful ageing than those that strictly meet these criteria.
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Loos, E. F., L. Haddon & E. Mante-Meijer (2012), Generational use of new media. Farnham: Ashgate.
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Galkin, Fedor; Kochetov, Kirill; Keller, Michelle; Zhavoronkov, Alex; Etcoff, Nancy (2022-06-20).
2059:"Exploring the Factors Influencing Kaohsiung Residents' Intentions to Choose Age-Friendly Housing"
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could be above $ 100 per day as of July 2007, while typical inmates cost $ 33 per day. Most State
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Mindel, CH; Vaughan, CE (1978). "A multidimensional approach to religiosity and disengagement".
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Smith, G. C.; Kohn, S. J.; Savage-Stevens, S. E.; Finch, J. J.; Ingate, R.; Lim, Y.-O. (2000).
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1595:"Self-Rated Health, Gender, and Mortality in Older Persons: Introduction to a Special Section"
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Wu, Kun-Kuang; Lee, Chun-Chang; Liang, Chih-Min; Yeh, Wen-Chih; Yu, Zheng (November 2020).
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Wejbrandt A (2014). "Defining aging in cyborgs: A bio-techno-social definition of aging".
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was not historically present in Ancient China, and another difference is the ageing day:
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Windsor, T. D.; Anstey, K. J.; Butterworth, P.; Luszcz, M. A.; Andrews, G. R. (2007).
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questions as well as links to obtain respondent data from the originating surveys.
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Health, illness, and optimal aging: biological and psychosocial perspectives
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describes the possible societal outcomes if ageing is successfully treated.
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Successful ageing may be viewed an interdisciplinary concept, spanning both
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1952:"Does the Aging of the Population Really Drive the Demand for Health Care?"
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Good subjective health assessment (i.e. good self-ratings of one's health);
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Jylhรค, Marja; Guralnik, Jack M; Balfour, Jennifer; Fried, Linda P (2001).
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ChinaKnowledge.de: A Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art.
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500:. One of them is balding, suggesting vigorous activity at an advanced age.
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argues that, at the time a law was broken, they were not liable for their
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922:"Successful Aging and Well-Being: Self-Rated Compared with Rowe and Kahn"
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Education tends to lose political significance for people as they age.
96: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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diminish the hair cells which with increasing age will not grow back.
285:. Admission to a movie for instance, may depend on age according to a
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grows up at the Spring Festival (aka. Chinese New Year's Day), while
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Seniors at a San Francisco Day Care Center in Chinatown, late 1970s
1491:"Points of Connection: Gerontology and the Psychology of Religion"
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No physical disability over the age of 75 as rated by a physician;
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Featherman, David L.; Smith, Jacqui; Peterson, James G. (1993).
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Rowe, J.; Kahn, R. (1987). "Human aging: Usual and successful".
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refer to both social and physical aspects of the aging process.
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Cornwell Benjamin; Laumann Edward O.; Schumm L. Philip (2008).
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582:, community service activities, religion and recreation/sports.
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As Taiwan heads into an ageing society, a study in the city of
2475:"The Social Connectedness of Older Adults: A National Profile"
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Arbitrary divisions set to mark periods of life may include:
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Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences
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Benyamini, Y.; Blumstein, T.; Lusky, A.; Modan, B. (2003).
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Strawbridge, W. J.; Wallhagen, M. I.; Cohen, R. D. (2002).
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516:, could be attributed exclusively to age and research in
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2117:"Taiwan woman faces execution over fire that killed 46"
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Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality
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Six suggested dimensions of successful ageing include:
2430:"A Single-Issue Political Party for Longevity Science"
2179:"Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood"
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How Old Are You? Age Consciousness in American Culture
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of the mother as a point of beginning. Alternatively,
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Theobald, U. (2010). Sui ๆญฒ, the traditional lunar age
359:, active engagement with life and having an internal
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Display of healthy communication between the elderly
202:(่ๆญฒ) with respect to common ageing which is called
2537:. New York, NY: HarperCollins College Publishers.
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2410:"Advocacy & Research for Unlimited Lifespans"
2200:. In Baltes, Paul B.; Baltes, Margret M. (eds.).
1158:(1996). "A life span model of successful aging".
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523:Successful ageing consists of three components:
42:are often socially significant. The concepts of
2034:Aging Prisoners: Crisis in American Corrections
457:In United States prisons, medical costs for an
379:one's social relationships, shows support as a
2204:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50โ93.
1993:"Trends in Medical Spending by Age, 1963-2000"
1016:Developing Destinies: A Mayan Midwife and Town
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156:. More casual terms may include "teenagers", "
1033:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
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2198:"Successful aging in a post-retired society"
1991:Meara, E.; White, C.; Cutler, D. M. (2004).
1415:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1370:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1249:Diane F. Gilmer; Aldwin, Carolyn M. (2003).
2385:"Scientists' Open Letter on Aging Research"
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674:and possible depression in elderly people.
206:(ๅจๆญฒ). According to Luo Zhufeng (1991), the
1791:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
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2450:The Psychology of Ageing: An Introduction
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2441:
2439:
2260:
2242:
2092:
2074:
2008:
1967:
1730:
1654:
1610:
1574:
1465:
1448:Bisconti, T. L.; Bergeman, C. S. (1999).
1381:
1291:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1220:
1171:
1122:
937:
889:
845:
702:Societal effects of negligible senescence
351:in the elderly. Various factors, such as
321:at least different, political influence.
112:Learn how and when to remove this message
1909:International Journal of Health Services
966:The Cultural Nature of Human Development
2452:. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
779:
198:uses a different ageing method, called
1343:Panek, Paul E.; Hayslip, Bert (1989).
1320:Aging well: quality of life in old age
296:, the defence of infancy is a form of
1489:McFadden, Susan H. (24 August 2005).
1110:European Journal of Political Economy
7:
1593:Deeg, D. J. H.; Bath, P. A. (2003).
1253:. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
530:High cognitive and physical function
527:The avoidance of illness and disease
94:adding citations to reliable sources
1347:. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
1803:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb04066.x
991:Growing Up in a Culture of Respect
478:of a dilapidated apartment block.
14:
872:Rowe, J. W.; Kahn, R. L. (1997).
695:Political struggle against ageing
1649:(3): 396โ405, discussion 372โ5.
804:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2005.00084.x
792:The British Journal of Sociology
533:Social and productive engagement
292:Similarly, in many countries in
190:is different from that found in
70:
2387:. March 2, 2006. Archived from
81:needs additional citations for
1843:. Cambridge University Press.
1501:. Guiliford. pp. 162โ76.
1133:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2008.10.002
271:age of criminal responsibility
1:
2448:Stuart-Hamilton, Ian (2006).
993:. University of Texas Press.
2572:10.1016/j.jaging.2014.09.003
2479:American Sociological Review
989:Bolin, Inge (January 2006).
287:motion picture rating system
168:seems older than one who is
22:has a significant impact on
2533:Adult development and aging
1921:10.2190/AUL1-4LAM-4VNB-3YH0
1866:Journal of Aging and Health
1497:; Park, Crystal L. (eds.).
1427:10.1037/0022-3514.35.12.897
1345:Adult development and aging
1322:. : Open University Press.
1079:. Paris: OECD. p. 31.
968:. Oxford University Press.
830:"The Power of Global Aging"
196:Traditional Chinese culture
2621:
2529:Willis, Sherry L. (1996).
2491:10.1177/000312240807300201
1692:10.1037/0882-7974.15.3.511
1392:10.1037/0022-3514.34.2.191
1182:10.1037/0003-066X.51.7.702
1029:Chudacoff, Howard (1989).
1018:. Oxford University Press.
561:Length of undisabled life;
485:
416:which have controlled for
16:Impact of aging on society
1950:Reinhardt, U. E. (2003).
1732:10.1093/gerona/56.10.m609
847:10.1007/s12126-010-9051-6
828:Powell, Jason L. (2010).
615:due to the similarities.
413:self-perception of health
2560:Journal of Aging Studies
2032:Aday, Ronald H. (2003).
2010:10.1377/hlthaff.23.4.176
1878:10.1177/0898264308321035
1768:10.1093/geronj/48.6.s289
1073:Maddison, Angus (2006).
1014:Rogoff, Barbara (2011).
964:Rogoff, Barbara (2003).
708:Social science of ageing
667:Non-verbal communication
594:Ageing and communication
283:mandatory retirement age
229:is normally measured in
188:East Asian age reckoning
2156:10.1126/science.3299702
1969:10.1377/hlthaff.22.6.27
1656:10.1093/geront/43.3.396
1612:10.1093/geront/43.3.369
1576:10.1093/geront/43.3.372
1536:10.1093/geronj/33.1.103
1293:10.1093/geront/40.4.458
1222:10.1093/geront/47.2.215
939:10.1093/geront/42.6.727
891:10.1093/geront/37.4.433
2076:10.3390/ijerph17217793
1756:Journal of Gerontology
1719:Journal of Gerontology
1524:Journal of Gerontology
1495:Paloutzian, Raymond F.
1467:10.1093/geront/39.1.94
729:
721:
628:
603:
501:
341:
63:
38:, age of majority, or
2244:10.18632/aging.204061
1557:Idler, E. L. (2003).
1318:Bowling, Ann (2005).
1160:American Psychologist
727:
715:
626:
601:
495:
335:
328:Coping and well-being
61:
1680:Psychology and Aging
834:Ageing International
734:Disengagement theory
676:Macular degeneration
418:socioeconomic status
227:prenatal development
90:improve this article
2148:1987Sci...237..143R
496:Two men practising
54:Cultural variations
2123:. 21 January 2022.
2121:The Times of India
874:"Successful Aging"
730:
722:
629:
604:
502:
381:moderator variable
342:
233:, taking the last
64:
2544:978-0-673-99402-8
2459:978-1-84310-426-1
2237:(12): 4935โ4958.
2211:978-0-521-43582-6
2183:Human Development
2043:978-0-275-97123-6
1833:Heckhausen, Jutta
1797:(12): 1429โ1434.
1643:The Gerontologist
1599:The Gerontologist
1563:The Gerontologist
1508:978-1-57230-922-7
1454:The Gerontologist
1354:978-0-06-045012-0
1329:978-0-335-21509-6
1280:The Gerontologist
1260:978-0-7619-2259-9
1209:The Gerontologist
1156:Heckhausen, Jutta
1154:Schulz, Richard;
1086:978-92-64-02261-4
1076:The World Economy
1040:978-0-691-04768-3
1000:978-0-292-71298-0
926:The Gerontologist
878:The Gerontologist
762:Other definitions
754:Continuity theory
663:visual impairment
657:Visual impairment
506:successful ageing
488:Successful ageing
482:Successful ageing
431:social comparison
424:Paradox of ageing
407:Self-rated health
241:, beginning from
239:fertilisation age
122:
121:
114:
2612:
2584:
2583:
2555:
2549:
2548:
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2526:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2470:
2464:
2463:
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2434:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:on March 2, 2006
2381:
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2365:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2340:
2331:
2327:
2308:
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2298:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2246:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2177:Papalia, Diane.
2174:
2168:
2167:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2078:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2012:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1842:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1710:
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1703:
1675:
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1624:
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1512:
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1051:
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1044:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1005:
1004:
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980:
979:
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952:
951:
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917:
904:
903:
893:
869:
860:
859:
849:
825:
816:
815:
787:
361:locus of control
279:age of candidacy
275:marriageable age
166:in her 20th year
150:middle adulthood
117:
110:
106:
103:
97:
74:
66:
62:An elderly woman
44:successful aging
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2447:
2446:
2437:
2432:. 27 July 2012.
2428:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2185:. Mc-Graw Hill.
2176:
2175:
2171:
2142:(4811): 143โ9.
2133:
2132:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2031:
2030:
2026:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1762:(6): S289-300.
1753:
1752:
1748:
1725:(10): M609-17.
1712:
1711:
1707:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1421:(12): 897โ902.
1412:
1411:
1407:
1383:10.1.1.314.4934
1367:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1248:
1247:
1238:
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1197:
1173:10.1.1.559.9580
1153:
1152:
1148:
1124:10.1.1.522.9169
1106:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1061:Retrieved from
1052:
1048:
1041:
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1027:
1023:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1001:
988:
987:
983:
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955:
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918:
907:
871:
870:
863:
827:
826:
819:
789:
788:
781:
776:
764:
745:Activity theory
710:
697:
685:
659:
621:
596:
504:The concept of
490:
484:
471:
439:
426:
409:
389:
376:retirement home
366:quality of life
355:, religion and
330:
318:
267:age of majority
251:
231:gestational age
192:Western culture
146:early adulthood
118:
107:
101:
98:
87:
75:
56:
28:age of majority
17:
12:
11:
5:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2550:
2543:
2514:
2485:(2): 185โ203.
2465:
2458:
2435:
2421:
2401:
2376:
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2332:
2309:
2299:
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2188:
2169:
2126:
2108:
2049:
2042:
2024:
1997:Health Affairs
1983:
1956:Health Affairs
1942:
1899:
1872:(6): 739โ761.
1856:
1849:
1824:
1781:
1746:
1705:
1686:(3): 511โ526.
1670:
1626:
1582:
1569:(3): 372โ375.
1549:
1514:
1507:
1481:
1440:
1405:
1360:
1353:
1335:
1328:
1307:
1266:
1259:
1236:
1195:
1146:
1117:(2): 225โ236.
1099:
1085:
1065:
1046:
1039:
1021:
1006:
999:
981:
974:
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778:
777:
775:
772:
763:
760:
759:
758:
751:
748:
742:
709:
706:
696:
693:
689:digital ageism
684:
681:
658:
655:
620:
617:
595:
592:
584:
583:
576:
573:social support
569:
562:
559:
556:
535:
534:
531:
528:
486:Main article:
483:
480:
470:
467:
438:
435:
425:
422:
408:
405:
388:
385:
353:social support
347:have examined
329:
326:
317:
314:
263:age of consent
250:
247:
245:can be taken.
154:late adulthood
138:preadolescence
120:
119:
78:
76:
69:
55:
52:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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2221:
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2199:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
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2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2003:(4): 176โ83.
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:(4): 719โ46.
1914:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1850:9780521581448
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1841:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
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1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1605:(3): 369โ71.
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1460:(1): 94โ103.
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
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1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1356:
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1336:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1314:
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1308:
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1299:
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1289:
1286:(4): 458โ68.
1285:
1281:
1277:
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1267:
1262:
1256:
1252:
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1243:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1215:(2): 215โ23.
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1166:(7): 702โ14.
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1100:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1050:
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1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1002:
996:
992:
985:
982:
977:
975:9780195131338
971:
967:
960:
958:
954:
949:
945:
940:
935:
932:(6): 727โ33.
931:
927:
923:
916:
914:
912:
910:
906:
901:
897:
892:
887:
884:(4): 433โ40.
883:
879:
875:
868:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
822:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:(4): 579โ99.
797:
793:
786:
784:
780:
773:
771:
769:
761:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
735:
732:
731:
726:
719:
714:
707:
705:
703:
694:
692:
690:
683:Digital world
682:
680:
677:
673:
668:
664:
656:
654:
651:
646:
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638:
633:
625:
618:
616:
614:
610:
600:
593:
591:
588:
581:
577:
574:
570:
567:
566:mental health
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
547:
543:
538:
532:
529:
526:
525:
524:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
499:
494:
489:
481:
479:
476:
468:
466:
464:
460:
459:ageing inmate
455:
451:
449:
443:
436:
434:
432:
423:
421:
419:
414:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
386:
384:
382:
377:
373:
369:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:coping skills
346:
345:Psychologists
339:
334:
327:
325:
322:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:jurisprudence
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
243:fertilisation
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
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217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
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177:
173:
171:
167:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
116:
113:
105:
95:
91:
85:
84:
79:This section
77:
73:
68:
67:
60:
53:
51:
49:
48:healthy aging
45:
41:
37:
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