1297:. Official Soviet sources blamed the famine on counterrevolutionary efforts by the kulaks, though there is little evidence for this claim. Another contributing factor to the famine suggested by some historians, was poor weather conditions and poor harvests. The famine started in Ukraine in the winter of 1931 and despite the lack of any official reports the news spread by word of mouth rapidly. During that time restrictions on rail travel were set by authorities. Only next year in 1932-33 the famine spread outside of Ukraine to agricultural regions of Russia and Kazakhstan, while the "news blackout continued". The famine led to the introduction of the internal passport system, due to the unmanageable flow of migrants to the cities. The famine finally ended in 1933, after a successful harvest. Collectivization continued. During the second five-year plan Stalin came up with another famous slogan in 1935: "Life has become better, life has become more cheerful." Rationing was lifted. In 1936, due to a poor harvest, fears of another famine led to famously long breadlines. However, no such famine occurred, and these fears proved largely unfounded.
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1348:. The Iowan visited the Soviet Union, where he became friends with Khrushchev, and Garst sold the USSR 5,000 short tons (4,500 t) of seed corn. Garst warned the Soviets to grow the corn in the southern part of the country and to ensure there were sufficient stocks of fertilizer, insecticides, and herbicides. This, however, was not done, as Khrushchev sought to plant corn even in Siberia, and without the necessary chemicals. The corn experiment was not a great success, and he later complained that overenthusiastic officials, wanting to please him, had overplanted without laying the proper groundwork, and "as a result corn was discredited as a
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1651:(1976) that, according to Soviet statistics, one fourth of the value of agricultural production in 1973 was produced on the private plots peasants were allowed (2% of the whole arable land). In the 1980s, 3% of the land was in private plots which produced more than a quarter of the total agricultural output. i.e. private plots produced somewhere around 1600% and 1100% as much as common ownership plots in 1973 and 1980. Soviet figures claimed that the Soviets produced 20–25% as much as the U.S. per farmer in the 1980s.
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the large area allocated to the peasants as pasturage for their private livestock; combined with land used to produce grain for fodder, the pasture and the individual plots total almost 20% of all Soviet farmland. Private farming may also be relatively inefficient, taking roughly 40% of all agricultural labor to produce only 26% of all output by value. Another problem is these criticisms tend to discuss only a small number of consumer products and do not take into account the fact that the
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large-scale family-operated farms in the
Midwest. In the 1950s he sent several delegations to visit farms and land grant colleges, looking at successful farms that utilized high-yielding seed varieties, very large and powerful tractors and other machines, all guided by modern management techniques. Especially after his visit to the United States in 1959, he was keenly aware of the need to emulate and even match American superiority and agricultural technology.
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meat, and butter. Local officials kept
Khrushchev happy with unrealistic pledges of production. These goals were met by farmers who slaughtered their breeding herds and by purchasing meat at state stores, then reselling it back to the government, artificially increasing recorded production. In June 1962, food prices were raised, particularly on meat and butter, by 25–30%. This caused public discontent. In the southern Russian city of
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1316:, one rural soviet chairman imposed fines on kolkhoz members totaling 60,000 rubles in 1935 and 1936: "He imposed the fines on any pretext and at his own discretion - for not showing up for work, for not attending literacy classes, for 'impolite language', for not having dogs tied up... Kolkhoznik M. A. Gorshkov was fined 25 rubles for the fact that 'in his hut the floors were not washed'".
36:
1340:. More than 1.5 million people went to Kazakhstan, the Volga Region, Siberia, and the Ural Mountains. In 1955, Khrushchev advocated an Iowa-style corn belt in the Soviet Union, and a Soviet delegation visited the U.S. state that summer. The delegation chief was approached by farmer and corn seed salesman
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produced mainly grain, cotton, flax, forage, seed, and other non-consumer goods with a relatively low value per unit area. This economist admits to some inefficiency in Soviet agriculture, but claims that the failure reported by most
Western experts was a myth. He believes the above criticisms to be
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Economist Joseph E. Medley. Statistics based on value rather than volume of production may give one view of reality, as public-sector food was heavily subsidized and sold at much lower prices than private-sector produce. Also, the 2–3% of arable land allotted as private plots does not include
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were established with the "lower form" of socialist farm, the kolkhoz, mainly in mind, because they were at first not trusted with ownership of their own capital equipment (too "capitalist") as well as not trusted to know how to use it well without close instruction. Labor productivity (and in turn
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Also, interference in the day-to-day affairs of peasant life often bred resentment and worker alienation across the countryside. The human toll was very large, with millions, perhaps as many as 5.3 million, dying from famine due largely to collectivisation, and much livestock was slaughtered by the
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against the authorities. The revolt was put down by the military. According to Soviet official accounts, 22 people were killed and 87 wounded. In addition, 116 demonstrators were convicted of involvement and seven of them executed. Information about the revolt was completely suppressed in the USSR,
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in charge of agricultural research, with his crackpot ideas that flouted modern genetics science. Lysenko maintained his influence under
Khrushchev, and helped block the adoption of American techniques. In 1959, Khrushchev announced a goal of overtaking the United States in the production of milk,
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had been at the center of
American technology transfer to the Soviet Union in the 1930s; he sent over factory designs, engineers, and skilled craftsmen, as well as tens of thousands of Ford tractors. By the 1940s Khrushchev was keenly interested in American agricultural innovations, especially on
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According to Alan
Bullock, "the total Soviet grain crop was no worse than that of 1931 ... it was not a crop failure but the excessive demands of the state, ruthlessly enforced, that cost the lives of as many as five million Ukrainian peasants." Stalin refused to release large grain reserves
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Drought struck the Soviet Union in 1963; the harvest of 107,500,000 short tons (97,500,000 t) of grain was down from a peak of 134,700,000 short tons (122,200,000 t) in 1958. The shortages resulted in bread lines, a fact at first kept from
Khrushchev. Reluctant to purchase food in the
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It had been the leaders' hope that the peasantry could be made to pay most of the costs of industrialization; the collectivization of peasant agriculture that accompanied the first five-year plan was intended to achieve this effect by forcing peasants to accept low state prices for their goods.
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The theme that the Soviet Union was not getting good enough results out of its farming sector, and that the top leadership needed to take significant actions to correct this, was a theme that permeated Soviet economics for the entire lifespan of the union. In the 1920s through 1940s, the first
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This was despite the fact that the Soviet Union had invested enormously to agriculture. Production costs were very high and the USSR had widespread food shortages even though the country had a large share of the best agricultural soil in the world and a high land/population ratio.
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The private plots were also an important source of income for rural households. In 1977, families of kolkhoz members obtained 72% of their meat, 76% of their eggs and most of their potatoes from private holdings. Surplus products, as well as surplus livestock, were sold to
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by most workers, especially in the later decades of the union, when socialist idealism had become moribund among the rank-and-file. It also tended to be destructive of the state's capital equipment, which was thrashed and soon trashed instead of being well maintained.
1464:", in which the Communist bureaucracy replaced the former landowners. In the new state and collective farms, outside directives failed to take local growing conditions into account, and peasants were often required to supply much of their produce for nominal payment.
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and also to state consumer cooperatives. Statistics may actually under-represent the total contribution of private plots to Soviet agriculture. The only time when private plots were completely banned was during collectivization, when famine took millions of lives.
2227:) (1506). Page 46. "This famine therefore resembled the Irish famine of 1845–1848, but resulted from a litany of natural disasters that combined to the same effect as the potato blight had ninety years before, and in a similar context of substantial food exports."
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was a top expert on agricultural policies and looked especially at collectivism, state farms, liquidation of machine-tractor stations, planning decentralization, economic incentives, increased labor and capital investment, new crops, and new production programs.
1256:. In Soviet propaganda, kulaks were portrayed as counter-revolutionaries and organizers of anti-Soviet protests and terrorist acts. In Ukraine the Turkic name "korkulu" was adopted, which meant "dangerous". The word itself is foreign to Ukraine. According to the
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and lose their state employee benefits and the right to change their jobs, fled to the cities, creating a shortage of skilled operators. The costs of the machinery, plus the costs of building storage sheds and fuel tanks for the equipment, impoverished many
1728:, who would go on to contribute greatly - albeit controversially during Stalin's rule. Vavilov was greatly disliked by Lysenko but after his death was recognised as a hero to Soviet agricultural research and indeed to agricultural science worldwide.
1241:). These collective farms allowed for faster mechanization, and indeed, this period saw widespread use of farming machinery for the first time in many parts of the USSR, and a rapid recovery of agricultural outputs, which had been damaged by the
1355:
Khrushchev sought to abolish the
Machine-Tractor Stations (MTS) which not only owned most large agricultural machines such as combines and tractors but also provided services such as plowing, and transfer their equipment and functions to the
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that could have alleviated the famine, while continuing to export grain; he was convinced that the
Ukrainian peasants had hidden grain away and strictly enforced draconian new collective-farm theft laws in response. Bullock, Alan (1962).
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West, but faced with the alternative of widespread hunger, Khrushchev exhausted the nation's hard currency reserves and expended part of its gold stockpile in the purchase of grain and other foodstuffs.
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finesse, with the idea that smarter technocratic management would fix things. By the 1980s, the final variation of the theme was a bifurcation between people who wanted to substantially shake up the
1513:. Workers in state farms received wages and social benefits, whereas those on the collective farms tended to receive a portion of the net income of their farm, based, in part, on the success of the
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each, Khrushchev ordered a gradual transition—but then ordered that the change take place with great speed. Within three months, over half of the MTS facilities had been closed, and
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The theory behind collectivization included not only that it would be socialist instead of capitalist but also that it would replace the small-scale unmechanized and inefficient
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Khrushchev became a hyper-enthusiastic crusader to grow corn (maize). He established a corn institute in
Ukraine and ordered thousands of hectares to be planted with corn in the
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institutions were inviolable, not to be seized and repurposed even by state agencies. Exceptions could be made rarely and only by the USSR or Republic governments themselves.
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showing that the country's agriculture was never as successful as it ought to have been. The real numbers, however, were treated as state secrets at the time, so accurate
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2198:"he drought of 1931 was particularly severe, and drought conditions continued in 1932. This certainly helped to worsen the conditions for obtaining the harvest in 1932."
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wanted to reorganize Soviet agriculture instead of increasing investments. He claimed that the main reason for inefficiency in the sector could be blamed on the sector's
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During the second five-year plan, under the policy of "cultural revolution" , the Soviet authorities established fines that were collected from farmers. Citing
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to keep farmers tied to the land. The collectivization was a major factor explaining the sector's poor performance. It has been referred to as a form of "neo-
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The Tsar's Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy was taken over during the Revolution and renamed the Moscow Agricultural Institute. (Today known as the
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were being required to buy the equipment, with no discount given for older or dilapidated machines. MTS employees, unwilling to bind themselves to
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ideological and emphasizes "the possibility that socialized agriculture may be able to make valuable contributions to improving human welfare".
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basis. According to Fitzpatrick, the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as
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view of country life. After the fall of Soviet Union, it has been recreated tongue-in-cheek in the albums and videos of the Moldovan group
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of the sector's performance was limited outside the USSR and nearly impossible to assemble within its borders. However, Soviet citizens as
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The term "Stalin's revolution" has been used for this transition, and that conveys well its violent, destructive, and utopian character.
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The Second Socialist Revolution (survey by a Soviet sociologist written in the late 1980s which advocated restructuring of the economy)
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and poor worker productivity. However, Soviet farm performance was not uniformly bad. Organized on a large scale and relatively highly
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1225:). After a grain crisis during 1928, Stalin established the USSR's system of state and collective farms when he moved to replace the
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Davies, R. W.; Wheatcroft, S. G. (2002). "The Soviet Famine of 1932-33 and the Crisis in Agriculture". In Wheatcroft, S. G. (ed.).
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that were then commonplace in the Soviet Union with large-scale mechanized farms that would produce food far more efficiently.
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were also major crops. Such performance showed that underlying potential was not lacking, which was not surprising as the
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The murder of Nikolai Vavilov: The story of Stalin's persecution of one of the great scientists of the twentieth century
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and had the ability to specialize in certain crops. The government tended to supply them with better machinery and
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need to be ferreted out and violently repressed. In the late 1950s through 1970s, the focus shifted to lack of
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Frese, Stephen J. "Comrade Khrushchev and Farmer Garst: East-West Encounters Foster Agricultural Exchange."
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Stephen J. Frese, "Comrade Khrushchev and Farmer Garst: East-West Encounters Foster Agricultural Exchange."
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to make everyone else's performance look bad, but it was generally regarded as dispiriting and a form of
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was traditionally amongst the highest producing in the world, although rural social conditions since the
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but which turned out to be chronically inefficient and lacking in fairness. Under the administrations of
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shifted resources to agriculture, and 1978 saw a record harvest. Conditions were best in the temperate
970:, which was its most productive, remained confined to a limited role. Throughout its later decades the
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954:) were enacted as attempts to defray the inefficiencies of the Stalinist agricultural system. However,
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as a means to improve labor productivity. This system was thrilling to a few workers who had both the
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was a consequence for the entire Soviet period. As in other economic sectors, the government promoted
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The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia. Vol. 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–1933
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2810:(1992). "Fundamental Principles of the Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics on Land".
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Tauger, Mark B. (2001). "Natural Disasters and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933."
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were inefficient, the agricultural sector being weak throughout the history of the Soviet Union.
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which would at least be collective. However, most observers say that despite isolated successes,
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saw private farming as a source of capitalist mentalities and hoped to replace farms with either
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implemented by Stalin after 1928 due to the levels of brutality associated with its enforcement.
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1194:. Other scholars have argued that the economic programme of Trotsky differed from the forced
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1260:, struggle with kulaks in Ukraine was taking place more intensely than anywhere else in the
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and the Opposition bloc had advocated a programme of industrialization which also proposed
1029:, Soviet agriculture was relatively unproductive. Output was hampered in many areas by the
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2690:. Nations Encyclopedia (taustanaan USA:n kongressin kirjaston tutkimusaineisto). May 1989.
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2010:
1968:. Народное хозяйство СССР. Экономико-статистический журнал. pp. 72–91. Archived from
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Hale-Dorrell, Aaron. "The Soviet Union, the United States, and Industrial Agriculture"
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930:, respectively, placed the rural population in a system intended to be unprecedentedly
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Aaron Hale-Dorrell, "The Soviet Union, the United States, and Industrial Agriculture"
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were hardly improved. Grains were mostly produced by the sovkhozes and kolkhozes, but
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Il'ia E. Zelenin, "N. S. Khrushchev's Agrarian Policy and Agriculture in the USSR."
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Hunter, Holland. "Soviet Agriculture with and without Collectivization, 1928-1940."
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Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Agriculture and the peasantry
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Khrushchev and the Development of Soviet Agriculture: Virgin Land Program, 1953-64
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Soviet Union stamp, the seven-year plan, grain; 1959, 20 kop., used, CPA No. 2345.
1209:'s experience as political chief of various regions, carrying out the dictates of
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Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union § Rural life and agriculture
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The socialist offensive: the collectivisation of Soviet agriculture, 1929-1930
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achieved a purge of that troika and began proposing his reforms, of which the
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Corn Crusade: Khrushchev's Farming Revolution in the Post-Stalin Soviet Union
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Corn Crusade: Khrushchev's Farming Revolution in the Post-Stalin Soviet Union
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1364:(state farms). After a successful test involving MTS which served one large
1229:(NEP) with collective farming, which grouped peasants into collective farms (
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2742:"Soviet Agriculture: A Critique of the Myths Constructed by Western Critics"
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peasants for their own consumption. In the collective and state farms, low
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Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy
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were liquidated through class discrimination identifying such elements as
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so much as lack of things to buy with it was the limiting factor in their
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greatly disrupted farm output in the 1920s and 1930s, contributing to the
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2447:(revised ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp.
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now had neither the money nor skilled buyers to purchase new equipment.
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1045:(as in 1972 and 1975) necessitated imports and slowed the economy. The
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2164:"Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933"
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886:, and others) were introduced in the early Soviet period despite the
2644:, p. 22-23, 39, 54-56, 58-59, 68, 71-72, 87, 115, 166-168, 192.
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2016:
The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-famine
1785:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War § Peasants
1120: with: Missing information past Khrushchev era. You can help by
874:. It is often viewed as one of the more inefficient sectors of the
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1966:"Сельское хозяйство СССР за пятнадцать лет диктатуры пролетариата"
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system and those who wanted to double down on its ossification.
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3022:
2497:
The Myth of the Plan: Lessons of the Soviet Planning Experience
1597:
is the most famous. During and after Khrushchev's premiership,
1281:. After the speech on collectivization that Stalin gave to the
3809:
3629:
1104:
29:
1520:
Although accounting for a small share of cultivated area,
2221:
The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies
2171:
The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies
1061:
into the east, spanning the extreme southern portions of
1937:. New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 161.
1456:
Stalin's campaign of forced collectivization relied on
1121:
986:
imports, which has been taken by various authors as an
1632:
which would make the farmers "proletarian" workers or
3004:
Volin, Lazar. "Soviet agriculture under Khrushchev."
1496:
tended to emphasize larger scale production than the
1267:
Coincidentally with the start of First "pyatiletka" (
958:
ideology did not allow for any substantial amount of
2249:
Lazar Volin, "Soviet agriculture under Khrushchev."
922:). A system of state and collective farms, known as
4585:
4537:
4499:
4241:
4115:
4089:
4009:
3923:
3868:
3775:
3738:
3678:
3581:
3543:
3463:
3325:
3316:
3266:
3214:
3205:
3057:
2600:. New York: Harper Collins. pp. 294–5 and 114.
1658:The claims of inefficiency have been criticized by
1277:(People's Commissariat of Land Cultivation) led by
998:were familiar with the fact that foods, especially
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2924:The years of hunger: Soviet agriculture, 1931–1933
2655:
2494:
2440:
1410:and damaged Khrushchev's reputation in the West.
3898:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
2413:
2351:
2203:Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History
1557:Efficiency or inefficiency of collective farming
974:never stopped using substantial portions of the
2942:The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia
2929:Davies, Robert William, and Richard W. Davies.
1436:
1401:), this discontent escalated to a strike and a
1156:
2709:(11 June 1988). "Soviet Agricultural Policy".
1524:produced a substantial share of the country's
1312:, Fitzpatrick wrote: "...in a district in the
4221:
3034:
2158:
2156:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
836:
8:
3013:Khrushchev and the Soviet agricultural scene
2596:Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (1990).
2501:. Essex: Open Court Publishing Co. pp.
2268:Khrushchev and the Soviet agricultural scene
1589:proposed agricultural reforms. But in 1957,
2641:
1989:
1987:
1182:and the formation of collective farms on a
27:Overview of agriculture in the Soviet Union
4228:
4214:
4206:
3929:
3322:
3211:
3041:
3027:
3019:
2688:"Soviet Union - Policy and administration"
2528:"The Private Sector in Soviet Agriculture"
2019:. Oxford University Press. pp. 159–.
1934:Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life
1837:Industrialisation in the Non-Western World
1017:Despite immense land resources, extensive
843:
829:
602:
529:
375:
281:
213:
131:
2598:Soviet Economic Structure and Performance
1248:At the same time, individual farming and
966:, so the private plot fraction of Soviet
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
18:Agricultural research in the Soviet Union
2922:Davies, Robert, and Stephen Wheatcroft.
2878:Medvedev, Roy; Medvedev, Zhores (1978),
2701:
2699:
2697:
1907:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
2401:
2389:
2326:
1826:
712:
670:
605:
445:
415:
378:
334:
304:
284:
237:
134:
3067:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
2736:
2734:
2732:
1910:. Yale University Press. p. 195.
1891:
2209:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 69–91.
1904:Daniels, Robert V. (1 October 2008).
1861:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (22 April 2010).
1509:incomes) tended to be greater on the
950:, many reforms (such as Khrushchev's
7:
2992:Soviet and East European Agriculture
2956:38#1 (2004), pp. 37–65. online.
2617:. Indiana University Press. p.
2611:Zaslavskaya, Tatyana (August 1990).
2585:. New York: Praeger. pp. 116–8.
859:1954 stamp depicting potato planting
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2583:The Soviet Economy: An Introduction
2475:The Economics of Soviet Agriculture
2136:by R.W. Davies and S.G. Wheatcroft"
1805:Passport system in the Soviet Union
1517:and their individual contribution.
1053:(black earth) belt stretching from
870:, with some limited cultivation of
2748:from the original on 14 March 2007
2338:Roy Medvedev and Zhores Medvedev,
1562:variation on the subject was that
25:
2085:. UK. 1 July 2008. Archived from
1780:Agriculture in the Russian Empire
1083:agriculture in the Russian Empire
69:"Agriculture in the Soviet Union"
4190:
4189:
4177:
2970:(2019) PhD dissertation version.
1758:
1108:
1006:, to the point that not lack of
803:
142:
34:
4614:Agriculture in the Soviet Union
2899:Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
2711:Economic & Political Weekly
2315:Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
1766:Agriculture and Agronomy portal
1217:(Red) side of the war (such as
1097:often came from private plots.
864:Agriculture in the Soviet Union
45:needs additional citations for
3015:(U of California Press, 2020).
2880:Khrushchev: The Years in Power
2830:10.1080/10610014.1992.11501971
2340:Khrushchev: The Years in Power
2270:(U of California Press, 2020).
1025:industries, and a large rural
890:that immediately followed the
1:
3730:Political abuse of psychiatry
3522:Congress of People's Deputies
2478:. Macmillan and Co. pp.
1998:Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia
1840:. Routledge. pp. 1–150.
1834:Kemp, Tom (14 January 2014).
1344:, who persuaded him to visit
1258:Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia
758:Political abuse of psychiatry
337:Congress of People's Deputies
2975:Crisis in Soviet agriculture
2472:Hubbard, Leonard E. (1939).
2414:Medvedev & Medvedev 1978
2378:Khrushchev: A Political Life
2352:Medvedev & Medvedev 1978
2068:. "Oxford Press". 1999. p 6.
1724:.) One of its graduates was
1613:, he was able to direct the
1506:Machine and tractor stations
1142:Collectivisation in the USSR
136:Politics of the Soviet Union
3893:Academy of Medical Sciences
1931:Rubenstein, Joshua (2011).
1615:1965 Soviet economic reform
1451:, Introduction, Milestones.
1170:, Introduction, Milestones.
902:against (vaguely defined) "
876:economy of the Soviet Union
297:Central Executive Committee
4635:
3008:49.2 (1959): 15-32 online.
2933:(London: Macmillan, 1980).
2427:Russian Studies in History
2110:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
1800:Famines in Russia and USSR
1429:
1196:policy of collectivisation
1145:
1139:
1065:. In addition to cereals,
878:. A number of food taxes (
4171:
3932:
2902:, W.W. Norton & Co.,
2896:Taubman, William (2003),
2882:, W.W. Norton & Co.,
2526:de Pauw, John W. (1969).
1695:of country mechanization.
1180:agricultural cooperatives
653:Material balance planning
354:1989 Legislative election
3006:American Economic Review
2961:Journal of World History
2300:38#1 (2004), pp. 37–65.
2285:PhD dissertation version
2251:American Economic Review
2238:Journal of World History
2225:University of Pittsburgh
1745:agricultural educational
1581:After Stalin died and a
1388:In the 1940s Stalin put
1320:Khrushchev Era 1955-1963
1287:Soviet famine of 1932–33
1152:Socialism in One Country
1047:1976–1980 five-year plan
1002:, were often noticeably
912:Soviet famine of 1932–33
468:Administrator of Affairs
4184:Soviet Union portal
2963:(2015) 26#2 pp 295–324.
2855:Mandel, Ernest (1995).
2766:Pringle, Peter (2014).
2654:Smith, Hedrick (1976).
2493:Rutland, Peter (1985).
2439:Fainsod, Merle (1970).
2240:(2015) 26#2 pp 295–324.
1647:Hedrick Smith wrote in
896:forced collectivization
810:Soviet Union portal
322:Soviet of Nationalities
4284:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4076:Stalinist architecture
3830:Science and technology
3740:Ideological repression
3668:Soviet Airborne Forces
3606:Destruction battalions
2984:47.2 (1988): 203–216.
2966:Hale-Dorrell, Aaron.
2857:Trotsky as alternative
2813:Statutes and Decisions
2173:. 2001. Archived from
2130:Mark Harrison (2004).
1867:London Review of Books
1696:
1441:
1427:
1160:
860:
753:Ideological repression
643:Science and technology
4619:Agriculture in Russia
4236:Agriculture in Europe
3858:List of metro systems
3411:Collective leadership
2079:"Ukraine's Holodomor"
1775:Agriculture in Russia
1741:agricultural research
1683:
1605:. Once he became the
1595:Virgin Lands Campaign
1564:counter-revolutionary
1425:
962:to coexist alongside
952:Virgin Lands Campaign
914:(most especially the
858:
186:Collective leadership
3820:Net material product
3763:Censorship of images
3680:Political repression
3640:Soviet Border Troops
3573:First Deputy Premier
3157:1965 economic reform
3152:Soviet space program
2954:The History Teacher
2822:Taylor & Francis
2776:Simon & Schuster
2376:William J. Tompson,
2279:Aaron Hale-Dorrell,
1611:Council of Ministers
1352:crop—and so was I".
1148:First five-year plan
763:Political repression
728:Censorship of images
458:First Deputy Premier
196:Presidential Council
54:improve this article
4500:States with limited
3888:Academy of Sciences
3703:Population transfer
3647:Soviet Armed Forces
3510:Congress of Soviets
3491:Presidium/Politburo
3455:Soviet anti-Zionism
3304:West Siberian Plain
3182:Revolutions of 1989
3119:Great Patriotic War
3104:New Economic Policy
2581:Nove, Alec (1966).
2443:How Russia is Ruled
2429:50.3 (2011): 44-70.
2392:, pp. 519–523.
2298:The History Teacher
2253:49.2 (1959): 15-32
1685:Vladimir Krikhatsky
1585:belatedly emerged,
1418:Agricultural labour
1406:but spread through
1235:) and state farms (
1227:New Economic Policy
978:mined each year in
778:Suppressed research
768:Population transfer
638:New Economic Policy
317:Soviet of the Union
287:Congress of Soviets
3533:Military Collegium
3401:Capital punishment
3279:Caucasus Mountains
3192:Post-Soviet states
3072:Russian Revolution
2997:McCauley, Martin.
2990:Karcz, Jerzy, ed.
2808:Gorbachev, Mikhail
2778:. pp. 22–23.
2642:Zaslavskaya (1990)
2416:, pp. 160–61.
2367:(1970) pp 172–180.
2365:The Lysenko Affair
2313:William Taubman,
2066:Everyday Stalinism
1737:experimental plots
1702:presented an agro-
1697:
1676:In popular culture
1470:labor productivity
1449:Everyday Stalinism
1445:Sheila Fitzpatrick
1428:
1346:Garst's large farm
1310:Everyday Stalinism
1289:, better known in
1168:Everyday Stalinism
1164:Sheila Fitzpatrick
1087:October Revolution
1012:standard of living
988:economic indicator
892:October Revolution
861:
512:Procurator General
500:Military Collegium
4601:
4600:
4203:
4202:
4167:
4166:
4159:Hammer and sickle
4101:and their groups
4099:Soviet dissidents
3878:Communist Academy
3795:Economic planning
3771:
3770:
3664:Soviet Air Forces
3583:Security services
3503:General Secretary
3486:Central Committee
3428:Political parties
3360:Brezhnev Doctrine
3355:Foreign relations
3312:
3311:
3253:Autonomous okrugs
3167:Soviet–Afghan War
3147:Sino-Soviet split
3089:Russian Civil War
3001:(Springer, 2016).
2973:Hedlund, Stefan.
2926:(Springer, 2016).
2909:978-0-393-32484-6
2785:978-1-4165-6602-1
2717:(24): 1208–1210.
2662:. Crown. p.
2380:(1995) pp 214–16.
2354:, pp. 86–93.
2180:on 24 August 2012
2112:. Penguin Books.
2026:978-0-19-505180-3
1972:on 5 October 2018
1944:978-0-300-13724-8
1917:978-0-300-13493-3
1847:978-1-317-90133-4
1689:The First Tractor
1591:Nikita Khrushchev
1325:Nikita Khrushchev
1283:Communist Academy
1243:Russian Civil War
1203:Russian Civil War
1188:industrialisation
1138:
1137:
948:Mikhail Gorbachev
940:Nikita Khrushchev
853:
852:
795:
794:
648:Era of Stagnation
590:
589:
475:
474:
363:
362:
269:
268:
240:General Secretary
225:Central Committee
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4626:
4538:Dependencies and
4242:Sovereign states
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4223:
4216:
4207:
4193:
4192:
4182:
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3693:Collectivization
3438:Marxism–Leninism
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2363:David Joravsky,
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2007:
2001:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1928:
1922:
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1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
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1858:
1852:
1851:
1831:
1768:
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1761:
1735:legislation the
1638:collective farms
1452:
1192:collectivisation
1171:
1133:
1130:
1112:
1105:
964:central planning
960:market mechanism
956:Marxist–Leninist
845:
838:
831:
808:
807:
806:
743:Collectivization
603:
567:De-Stalinization
541:Marxism–Leninism
536:Soviet democracy
530:
433:State Committees
376:
282:
214:
146:
132:
125:
118:
114:
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105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
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4604:
4603:
4602:
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4581:
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4519:Northern Cyprus
4501:
4495:
4416:North Macedonia
4237:
4234:
4204:
4199:
4178:
4176:
4163:
4111:
4085:
4005:
3919:
3864:
3836:
3810:Internet domain
3805:Five-year plans
3767:
3734:
3674:
3577:
3539:
3471:Communist Party
3459:
3418:Passport system
3308:
3284:European Russia
3262:
3201:
3142:Khrushchev Thaw
3121:(World War II)
3099:Creation treaty
3053:
3047:
3011:Volin, Lazar/
2919:
2917:Further reading
2910:
2895:
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2740:
2739:
2730:
2707:Ellman, Michael
2705:
2704:
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2685:
2681:
2674:
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2640:
2636:
2629:
2610:
2609:
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2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2544:10.2307/2493038
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2513:
2492:
2491:
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2346:
2342:(1978), p. 85.
2337:
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2154:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2089:on June 1, 2010
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:Fitzpatrick, Sh
2060:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2011:Robert Conquest
2009:
2008:
2004:
1992:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1930:
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1918:
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1771:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1726:Nikolai Vavilov
1718:
1678:
1587:Georgy Malenkov
1559:
1486:apple polishing
1454:
1443:
1434:
1420:
1322:
1314:Voronezh Region
1173:
1162:
1154:
1144:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1118:needs expansion
1103:
1059:southern Russia
1041:, although bad
976:precious metals
944:Leonid Brezhnev
849:
820:
816:Other countries
804:
802:
797:
796:
708:
600:
592:
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563:
527:
517:
516:
485:
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411:
373:
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211:
209:Communist Party
201:
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159:
126:
115:
109:
106:
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39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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4593:European Union
4589:
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4586:Other entities
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4582:
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4540:other entities
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4491:United Kingdom
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4304:Czech Republic
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3848:Railway system
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3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3568:Deputy Premier
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3551:Heads of state
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3519:
3516:Supreme Soviet
3513:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3433:State ideology
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3329:
3327:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3299:Ural Mountains
3296:
3291:
3289:North Caucasus
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3233:
3232:
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3220:
3218:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2937:Figes, Orlando
2934:
2927:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2893:
2889:978-0231039390
2888:
2875:
2870:978-1859840856
2869:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2799:
2784:
2758:
2728:
2693:
2679:
2672:
2646:
2634:
2627:
2603:
2588:
2573:
2518:
2511:
2485:
2464:
2457:
2431:
2418:
2406:
2404:, p. 607.
2394:
2382:
2369:
2356:
2344:
2331:
2329:, p. 373.
2319:
2317:(2003), p 373.
2306:
2289:
2272:
2266:Lazar Volin,
2259:
2242:
2229:
2212:
2191:
2152:
2122:
2100:
2070:
2039:
2025:
2002:
1983:
1950:
1943:
1923:
1916:
1896:
1884:
1853:
1846:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:Trofim Lysenko
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1733:Supreme Soviet
1717:
1714:
1700:Soviet culture
1693:Socialist view
1677:
1674:
1603:infrastructure
1599:Alexei Kosygin
1558:
1555:
1435:
1419:
1416:
1390:Trofim Lysenko
1321:
1318:
1279:Yakov Yakovlev
1155:
1140:Main article:
1136:
1135:
1115:
1113:
1102:
1099:
1019:farm machinery
888:Decree on Land
880:prodrazverstka
851:
850:
848:
847:
840:
833:
825:
822:
821:
819:
818:
812:
799:
798:
793:
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791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
717:
716:
710:
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707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
680:
677:
676:
668:
667:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
633:Kosygin reform
630:
628:Five-Year Plan
625:
623:Consumer goods
620:
612:
611:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:
588:
587:
586:
585:
584:
583:
569:
564:
562:
561:
556:
551:
545:
543:
538:
528:
523:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
509:
507:People's Court
504:
503:
502:
492:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
472:
471:
470:
465:
463:Deputy Premier
460:
452:
451:
443:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
422:
421:
413:
412:
410:
409:
404:
399:
394:
392:Official names
388:
385:
384:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
360:
359:
358:
357:
356:
351:
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331:
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324:
319:
311:
310:
307:Supreme Soviet
302:
301:
300:
299:
291:
290:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
267:
266:
264:
263:
258:
253:
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227:
222:
212:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
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188:
183:
182:
181:
179:Vice President
176:
166:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
139:
138:
128:
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42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4631:
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4609:
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4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
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4555:
4553:
4552:Faroe Islands
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:South Ossetia
4522:
4520:
4517:
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4512:
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4507:
4506:
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4399:
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4387:
4384:
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4379:
4377:
4376:Liechtenstein
4374:
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4364:
4362:
4359:
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4082:
4079:
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4064:
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4059:
4057:
4056:Printed media
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3989:Cyrillisation
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Working class
3955:
3953:
3952:Soviet people
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3922:
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3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Energy policy
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3761:
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3704:
3701:
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3657:
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3649:
3648:
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3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
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3586:
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3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:Supreme Court
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:The Holocaust
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:Slavic Review
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2849:Cited sources
2848:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:New York City
2769:
2762:
2759:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2673:0-8129-0521-0
2669:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2628:0-253-20614-6
2624:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:Slavic Review
2529:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2512:9780812690057
2508:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2458:9780674410008
2454:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2435:
2432:
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2422:
2419:
2415:
2410:
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2403:
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2307:
2303:
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2282:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2195:
2192:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2118:0-14-013564-2
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1897:
1894:, p. 59.
1893:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:"The Old Man"
1857:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
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1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
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1778:
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1767:
1756:
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1612:
1608:
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1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
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1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:private plots
1518:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
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1450:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1399:Rostov Region
1396:
1395:Novocherkassk
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:Roswell Garst
1339:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
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1265:
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1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:war communism
1208:
1207:Joseph Stalin
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1132:
1129:November 2022
1123:
1119:
1116:This section
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
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985:
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977:
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969:
965:
961:
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953:
949:
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941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:private plots
869:
868:collectivized
865:
857:
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
827:
826:
824:
823:
817:
814:
813:
811:
801:
800:
789:
788:Soviet Empire
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65:Find sources:
59:
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48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4529:Transnistria
4175:
3947:Demographics
3937:Antisemitism
3790:Central Bank
3784:
3708:Forced labor
3656:Spetsnaz GRU
3476:organisation
3384:Human rights
3333:Constitution
3216:Subdivisions
3094:Russian SFSR
3050:Soviet Union
3012:
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2750:. Retrieved
2714:
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2658:The Russians
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2538:(1): 63–71.
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2182:. Retrieved
2175:the original
2170:
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2091:. Retrieved
2087:the original
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2030:. Retrieved
2015:
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1970:the original
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1709:Zdob şi Zdub
1707:
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1649:The Russians
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1576:nomenklatura
1572:technocratic
1560:
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1474:Stakhanovism
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1338:Virgin Lands
1335:
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1308:in her book
1306:Stakhanovism
1305:
1299:
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1262:Soviet Union
1247:
1236:
1230:
1200:
1176:Leon Trotsky
1174:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1126:
1122:adding to it
1117:
1023:agrochemical
1016:
972:Soviet Union
863:
862:
748:Human rights
738:Gulag system
713:
684:Demographics
671:
617:
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381:Constitution
379:
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116:
110:October 2023
107:
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76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4567:Isle of Man
4502:recognition
4476:Switzerland
4411:Netherlands
4051:Phraseology
3996:Prohibition
3984:Linguistics
3969:Drug policy
3962:1989 census
3883:Cybernetics
3785:Agriculture
3698:Great Purge
3660:Soviet Navy
3652:Soviet Army
3524:(1989–1991)
3518:(1938–1991)
3512:(1922–1936)
3496:Secretariat
3367:Gun control
3274:Caspian Sea
3258:Closed city
3187:Dissolution
3172:Perestroika
3114:Great Purge
2861:Verso Books
2184:28 December
2145:28 December
1976:25 December
1892:Mandel 1995
1739:/fields of
1691:presents a
1660:Neo-Marxist
1566:subversive
1502:fertilizers
1269:5 year plan
1201:During the
1071:sugar beets
982:to pay for
968:agriculture
866:was mostly
733:Great Purge
699:Phraseology
618:Agriculture
573:Perestroika
448:Premiership
278:Legislature
256:Secretariat
4608:Categories
4446:San Marino
4406:Montenegro
4386:Luxembourg
4366:Kazakhstan
4269:Azerbaijan
4091:Opposition
4081:Television
4061:Propaganda
4034:Literature
3908:Naukograds
3903:Sharashkas
3837:(currency)
3815:Inventions
3758:Censorship
3688:Red Terror
3372:Government
3246:Autonomous
3229:Autonomous
3162:Stagnation
3125:Evacuation
2859:. London:
2752:2007-04-22
2093:19 October
1816:References
1538:vegetables
1430:See also:
1330:Henry Ford
1302:Siegelbaum
1146:See also:
1091:vegetables
1035:mechanized
932:productive
783:Red Terror
773:Propaganda
723:Censorship
714:Repression
428:Ministries
418:Government
372:Governance
158:Leadership
80:newspapers
4557:Gibraltar
4381:Lithuania
4152:Republics
4140:Republics
4128:Republics
3979:Languages
3843:Transport
3725:Holodomor
3618:Militsiya
3556:President
3448:Stalinism
3350:Elections
3224:Republics
3207:Geography
3197:Nostalgia
3109:Stalinism
2947:Macmillan
2838:1061-0014
2824:: 48–69.
2794:892938236
2568:251374755
2552:0037-6779
2083:The Times
2032:16 August
1994:Korkulism
1962:Власов М.
1879:0260-9592
1821:Citations
1642:sovkhozes
1432:Prodnalog
1383:kolkhozes
1379:kolkhozes
1374:kolkhozes
1370:kolkhozes
1362:sovkhozes
1358:kolkhozes
1295:Holodomor
1274:Narkomzem
1215:Bolshevik
1184:voluntary
1051:chernozem
1027:workforce
996:consumers
928:kolkhozes
924:sovkhozes
916:Holodomor
908:Stalinism
900:class war
884:prodnalog
689:Education
658:Transport
554:Stalinism
484:Judiciary
327:Presidium
251:Politburo
169:President
4577:Svalbard
4562:Guernsey
4509:Abkhazia
4461:Slovenia
4456:Slovakia
4431:Portugal
4289:Bulgaria
4195:Category
3748:Religion
3635:Chairmen
3481:Congress
3443:Leninism
3423:Propiska
3318:Politics
3177:Glasnost
3137:Cold War
3077:February
2746:Archived
2141:(Review)
2013:(1987).
1964:(1932).
1751:See also
1716:Research
1704:Romantic
1669:sovkhozy
1665:kolkhozy
1634:kolkhozy
1630:sovkhozy
1607:Chairman
1568:wrecking
1550:sovkhozy
1546:kolkhozy
1511:sovkhozy
1498:kolkhozy
1494:sovkhozy
1480:and the
1458:propiska
1408:Samizdat
1238:sovkhozy
1232:kolkhozy
1075:potatoes
1057:through
1043:harvests
992:analysis
906:" under
704:Religion
580:Glasnost
549:Leninism
525:Ideology
438:Cabinets
220:Congress
4486:Ukraine
4436:Romania
4396:Moldova
4354:Ireland
4349:Iceland
4344:Hungary
4334:Germany
4329:Georgia
4319:Finland
4314:Estonia
4309:Denmark
4294:Croatia
4279:Belgium
4274:Belarus
4264:Austria
4259:Armenia
4254:Andorra
4249:Albania
4116:Symbols
4029:Fashion
4011:Culture
3925:Society
3870:Science
3835:Rouble
3777:Economy
3753:Science
3563:Premier
3544:Offices
3406:Leaders
3326:General
3294:Siberia
3267:Regions
3241:Oblasts
3082:October
3059:History
2977:(1983).
2949:". 2008
2723:4378606
2560:2493038
2283:(2019)
1996:at the
1609:of the
1515:harvest
1462:serfdom
1366:kolkhoz
1293:as the
1291:Ukraine
1250:khutirs
1101:History
1063:Siberia
1055:Ukraine
1039:cereals
1031:climate
980:Siberia
920:Ukraine
673:Culture
608:Economy
599:Society
349:Speaker
261:Orgburo
230:History
164:Leaders
94:scholar
4572:Jersey
4514:Kosovo
4481:Turkey
4471:Sweden
4451:Serbia
4441:Russia
4426:Poland
4421:Norway
4401:Monaco
4371:Latvia
4339:Greece
4324:France
4299:Cyprus
4135:Emblem
4123:Anthem
4071:Sports
4024:Cinema
4019:Ballet
4001:Racism
3974:Family
3464:Bodies
3052:topics
2994:(1967)
2986:online
2906:
2886:
2867:
2836:
2792:
2782:
2721:
2670:
2625:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2509:
2455:
2302:online
2255:online
2116:
2023:
1941:
1914:
1877:
1844:
1731:Under
1583:troika
1536:, and
1482:vanity
1478:talent
1403:revolt
1350:silage
1254:kulaks
1223:Greens
1219:Whites
1077:, and
1067:cotton
1004:scarce
946:, and
904:kulaks
894:. The
694:Family
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4547:Åland
4466:Spain
4391:Malta
4361:Italy
4066:Radio
4044:Opera
4039:Music
3942:Crime
3713:Gulag
3591:Cheka
3236:Krais
2820:(2).
2719:JSTOR
2564:S2CID
2556:JSTOR
2207:(PDF)
2178:(PDF)
2167:(PDF)
2139:(PDF)
1873:(8).
1626:Lenin
1622:farms
1095:herbs
1008:money
1000:meats
984:grain
101:JSTOR
87:books
4147:Flag
4105:List
3913:List
3825:OGAS
3718:List
3601:NKVD
3389:LGBT
3377:List
3343:1977
3338:1936
2904:ISBN
2884:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2834:ISSN
2790:OCLC
2780:ISBN
2668:ISBN
2623:ISBN
2548:ISSN
2507:ISBN
2482:–18.
2453:ISBN
2186:2008
2147:2008
2114:ISBN
2095:2008
2034:2013
2021:ISBN
1978:2013
1939:ISBN
1912:ISBN
1875:ISSN
1842:ISBN
1743:and
1667:and
1640:and
1548:and
1534:eggs
1530:milk
1526:meat
1492:The
1360:and
1221:and
1190:and
1150:and
1093:and
1079:flax
1021:and
936:fair
934:and
926:and
898:and
407:1977
402:1936
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3625:MGB
3613:MVD
3596:GPU
3396:Law
2945:. "
2826:doi
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