Knowledge (XXG)

Agriculture in Australia

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590: 683: 881: 843: 34: 1015: 574: 632: 1356: 1130: 921:. By the mid-90s, there were 2,000 hectares (4,900 acres) of olives, and from 2000 to 2003 passed 20,000 hectares (49,000 acres). By 2014 (Ravetti and Edwards, 2014) there were 2000 plantations, covering over 35,000 hectares (86,000 acres), and producing 93,500 tonnes (92,000 long tons; 103,100 short tons) of olives. 3,000 tonnes (3,000 long tons; 3,300 short tons) were used as table olives and around 5–7,000 tonnes (4.9–6,889.4 long tons; 5.5–7,716.2 short tons) exported to the 161: 58: 22: 1328: 1059: 872:, head of the Australian Dairy Farmers Federation and the Australian Dairy Industry Council. Deregulation ultimately saw 13,000 Australian dairy farmers produce 10 billion litres of milk in comparison to the 5 billion litres of milk produced by 23,000 farmers prior to deregulation, a 30% reduction in farmers with a 55% rise in milk production. As the Australian dairy industry grows, feedlot systems are becoming more popular. 5270: 1342: 719: 5282: 835: 856: 703:, in the world. All states and territories of Australia support cattle breeding in a wide range of climates. Cattle production is a major industry that covers an area in excess of 200 million hectares. The Australian beef industry is dependent on export markets, with over 60% of Australian beef production exported, primarily to the 1230:
Drone technology, Self driver tractors, Online Marketplaces are recent and growing trends. There is little standardisation and no accreditation authorities, though the CSIRO and other independent organisations have evaluated individual developments, the lack of a coordinated approach and lead agency
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GM grains are widely grown in all states and territories in Australia with the exception of Tasmania, which is the last state to maintain a moratorium against GM. GM crops are regulated under a national scheme by the Gene Technology Regulator, through the Gene Technology Act 2000. As of 2022, there
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is mostly arid, the nation is a major agricultural producer and exporter, with over 325,300 people employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing as of February 2015. Agriculture and its closely related sectors earn $ 155 billion a year for a 12% share of GDP. Farmers and grazers own 135,997 farms,
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As of 2021, $ 2.3 billion worth of commodities were produced in Australia by the organic agriculture sector, representing approximately 3% of agricultural output. Australia leads the world with 35 million hectares certified organic, which is 8.8% of Australia's agricultural land and Australia now
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be used to help absorb nutrients around the GBR and other Australian shores, cultivation could also help feed a large part of the world. Even the Chinese, who could be considered far more advanced in seaweed cultivation, are interested in the future of Australian seaweeds. Lastly, the GBR itself,
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Although the Australian wine industry enjoyed a large period of growth during the 1990s, overplanting and oversupply led to a large drop in the value of wine, forcing out of business some winemakers, especially those on contracts to large wine-producing companies. At the time, the future for some
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The agricultural workforce was heavily reliant on international workers, and by the end of 2020, the pandemic resulted in a severe shortage of farm workers across the country. Much produce could not be picked, with losses estimated at $ 22 million, thanks to a backpacker workforce diminished from
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Animal welfare has caused public concern, with exports of live animals particularly scrutinised. The practice of exporting live animals has received strong public opposition (a petition carrying 200,000 signatures of people opposed to live export was tabled in parliament) and opposition from the
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In May, the Australian government proposed an independent investigation of the origin of COVID-19. Shortly afterwards, China placed large restrictions on their imports of a number of Australian agricultural products, as well as coal. Agriculture is one of Australia's most trade-exposed economic
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began, and Australian agriculture was heavily impacted by the resulting supply chain issues. The scarcity of freight space and disruption to Chinese New Year purchases was particularly painful, with China being Australia's largest export market and a particularly large buyer of live seafood.
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Meat exports were very significant in the development of Australian agriculture. By 1925, there were 54 export freezing works, capable of killing 6000 cattle and 90,000 sheep and lambs daily. Initially, the meat for British markets had to be frozen, but later beef could be exported chilled.
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Australian farmers and their spokesman have always considered that life on the land is inherently more virtuous, more healthy, more important and more productive than living in the towns and cities. The farmers complained that something was wrong with an electoral system which produced
750:) beef cattle are often reared on smaller properties as part of a mixed farming or grazing operation, but some properties do specialise in producing cattle. The southern calves are typically reared on pasture and sold as weaners, yearlings or steers at about two years old or older. 639:
In 2005, McDonald's Australia Ltd announced it would no longer source all its potatoes for fries from Tasmanian producers and announced a new deal with New Zealand suppliers. Subsequently, Vegetable and Potato Growers Australia (Ltd.) launched a political campaign advocating
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Climate change has damaged farming productivity, reducing broadacre farm profits by an average of 22% since 2000. In 2023, the Department of Agriculture published a National Statement on Climate Change and Agriculture, exploring resilience in the agriculture sector.
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Australian wine producers seemed uncertain, but by 2015 a national study showed that the industry had recovered and the combined output of grape growing and winemaking were major contributors to the Australian economy's gross output while the associated industry of
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Domestic milk markets were heavily regulated until the 1980s, particularly for milk used for domestic fresh milk sales. This protected smaller producers in the northern states who produced exclusively for their local markets. The Kerin Plan (named after politician
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9,076 million compared to A$ 9,618 million in 2000–01. The gross value of irrigated agricultural production represents around a quarter (23%) of the gross value of agricultural commodities produced in Australia in 2004–05, on less than 1% of agricultural land.
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Water management is a major issue in Australia. The nation is struggling with over-allocation issues and increasing variability. Effectively governing such issues has proven to be problematic. Public institutions responsible for water management include the
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had also expanded. A follow-up report from 2019 demonstrated further consolidation, by which stage wine had become Australia's fifth-largest agricultural export industry, with domestic and international sales contributing AU$ 45.5 billion to gross output.
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Australia has seen a major increase in foreign ownership of agriculture in the 2010s. According to a report in 2020, it was found that the amount of Australian agricultural land in foreign ownership, increased slightly from 13.4 to 13.8 percent.
2184: 589: 1001:. The Australian wool industry was worth $ 3.6 billion in 2022. The total number of sheep is estimated to be 75 million. In the late 1980s, the sheep flock was 180 million. Only 5% of Australia's wool clip is processed onshore. The 54:. The success of Australia in becoming a major agricultural power despite the odds is facilitated by its policies of long-term visions and promotion of agricultural reforms that greatly increased the country's agricultural industry. 1283: 682: 1203:, a procedure used to prevent the animals from becoming fly blown with maggots. In 2004, due to the worldwide attention, AWI proposed to phase out the practice by the end of year 2010; this promise was retracted in 2009. 880: 842: 5245: 5250: 33: 1005:
produces fine wool and was first introduced to Australia in 1797, with the breed being well-suited to the Australian environment. By the 1870s Australia had become the world's greatest wool-growing nation.
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Because of Australia's large deserts and irregular rainfall, irrigation is necessary for agriculture in some parts of the country. The total gross value of irrigated agricultural production in 2004-05 was
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The fisheries in Australia is a very large scale industry. Australia produces many species of fish, including farmed, sustainable and intensive, and wild caught such as tuna and other schooling fish.
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Adults employed in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries as a percentage of the adult population in Australia based upon the 2011 census, divided geographically by statistical local area
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In 2022, the Labor Party committed to ending live exports of sheep, if elected. In 2023, they commenced the process, however, it is not likely to be completed within the government's first term.
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poll found that 87% of respondents were against the Federal Government allowing foreign companies to buy Australian agricultural land a 6% points higher than a similar survey four years ago.
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These responsibilities were merged into a single agricultural department in 1956. Since the merger, the department responsible for agriculture has been renamed and re-structured many times:
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have been variously described as hunter-gatherer-cultivators and proto-farmers, as there is evidence that farming activities were undertaken prior to the arrival of Europeans, including
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A 2022 ABC's Vote Compass Poll found that 88% of Australians want tighter controls on foreign ownership of farm land, which is an increase from Compass poll results in 2013 and 2016.
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A density-equalising map of organic agriculture in Australia based on certified organic hectares. Australia accounts for more than half of the world's certified organic hectares.
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Of the 12,191 GL of water consumed by agriculture in 2004–05, dairy farming accounted for 18% (2,276 GL), pasture 16% (1,928 GL), cotton 15% (1,822 GL) and sugar 10% (1,269 GL).
1742: 1289: 797:(AA Co) manages a cattle herd of more than 585,000 herd. Heytesbury Beef Pty Ltd owns and manages over 200,000 herd of cattle across eight stations spanning the East Kimberley, 4363: 1307: 5240: 1301: 1265: 5255: 3084: 5052: 3272: 1374: 5230: 88:, and large scale pastoral activities involving the grazing of beef cattle and sheep for wool and mutton). An indicator of the viability of agriculture in the state of 2858: 5062: 5042: 4244: 3117: 1271: 1259: 4744: 1151:
are four GM crops approved to be grown in Australia: cotton, safflower, carnations and canola. In particular, 99.5% of cotton growers in Australia use GM cotton.
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200,000 to 52,000. The shortage lingered through 2021, with skilled labour also in short supply, leading to calls to double Australia's skilled migrant uptake.
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will cause decreased precipitation over much of Australia and that this will exacerbate existing challenges to water availability and quality for agriculture.
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settlement, there were no cattle in Australia. The present herd consists principally of British and European breeds (Bos taurus) in the southern regions, with
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Australia's main crops were contrasting in preferred climate: sugar cane (typical of tropical countries), wheat and barley (typical of cold countries).
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breeds predominate along with their crosses. They were introduced to combine the resistance to cattle ticks and greater tolerance to hot weather.
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Pty Limited (NAPCO) is now one of Australia's largest beef cattle producers, with a herd of over 180,000 cattle and fourteen cattle stations in
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Olives have been grown in Australia since the early 1800s. Olive trees were planted by the warden of the self-funded penal settlement on
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because of the delicate corals, has lent itself to utilising seaweed/algae purposely as a nutrient reduction tool in the form of algae.
798: 3571: 2993: 1912: 1068: 953:. China's olive oil consumption is increasing, and Chinese investors have begun to buy Australian olive farms. Olive cultivars include 5207: 5192: 4960: 4737: 4697: 3828: 3808: 2905: 2639: 1664: 5308: 4772: 4239: 4140: 4040: 3960: 3894: 2694: 2048: 1946: 1492: 782: 2472: 1776: 3341: 4880: 3967: 3904: 3889: 3722: 2087: 1581:
Wickins, Peter (1987). "Pastoral proficiency in nineteenth century South Africa and Australia: A case of cultural determinism?".
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Faull, Margaret L. (2014). "Indigenous Australian land management before the European settlement in 1788: a review article".
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losing 30% of its vineyards. Grapes around the country were affected by smoke, with the smell affecting the wine produced.
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The shorelines, especially the Great Barrier Reef, are providing motivation to help the continent by using seaweed (
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Farming is the most dangerous occupation in Australia. 55 farmers died while working in 2022. Accidents involving
774: 3712: 3692: 3031: 989:, Sevillano, UC13A6, and Verdale. Manzanillo, Azapa, Nab Tamri and South Australian Verdale produce table olives. 868:) began the process of deregulation in 1986. The final price supports were removed in 2000 with the assistance of 5225: 5171: 5072: 4980: 4584: 4541: 4489: 4388: 4234: 4202: 4118: 4108: 4076: 3756: 2826:"Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 1072: 5125: 5105: 5057: 4964: 4499: 4484: 4167: 4128: 3955: 26: 3581: 2959: 831:, which revealed that horse and kangaroo meat had been both exported overseas and sold domestically as beef. 5130: 4955: 4649: 4524: 4504: 4479: 4459: 4212: 4182: 4007: 3884: 3813: 3732: 2668: 2504: 2446: 2398: 1240: 1053: 809: 751: 631: 129: 47: 4985: 4925: 4890: 4797: 4556: 4534: 4509: 4474: 4454: 4418: 4256: 4227: 4217: 4192: 4155: 4086: 3923: 3818: 3631: 3611: 3601: 3591: 3552: 3529: 2545: 1384: 1355: 1243:
in 1901, individual state governments bore responsibility for agriculture. As part of the federation, the
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is the largest agricultural enterprise in Australia, and it is the second largest beef exporter, behind
3203:"Few fence-sitters when it comes to foreign ownership of Australian farmland, Vote Compass data shows" 2754: 5161: 5090: 5067: 5001: 4920: 4885: 4753: 4683: 4654: 4576: 4413: 4383: 4319: 4274: 3987: 3982: 3950: 3935: 3791: 3621: 3425: 2699: 2640:"Wool has had its ups and downs over 75 years of ABC Rural reporting, but COVID-19 is simply 'weird'" 2579: 2372: 1717:"New lost crop register reveals million-dollar figure the worker shortage is costing Aussie farmers" 172:
for export and domestic consumption. Australia's production in the first five years was as follows:
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from their homelands which radically changed the dominant practices. After some initial failures,
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parliamentarians who spent money beautifying vampire-cities instead of developing the interior.
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are more commonly used in stud cattle breeding in Australia, but may be used in other herds.
4767: 4711: 4145: 3006: 2881:"Focus on livestock tracing intensifies under new strategy to protect agricultural industry" 2772: 2762: 1959: 1920: 1590: 1555: 1520: 1361: 1347: 802: 93: 51: 4937: 2755:"Is there Public Desire for a Federal Takeover of Water Resource Management in Australia?" 2737:
Rae Wear, "Countrymindedness Revisited," (Australian Political Science Association, 1990)
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Shaw, John H., "Collins Australian Encyclopedia", William Collins Pty Ltd., Sydney, 1984,
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Margetts, D. E. (2007). "National competition policy and the Australian dairy industry".
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have been known to destroy fences and eat cattle feed, sometimes in problematic numbers.
2932:"Farmer reports more than 1,000 kangaroos on property as numbers 'boom' across Victoria" 1783: 1114:, however, much of this is methane of biological origin, rather than from fossil fuels. 1040:, from the 1920s to the 1970s, promulgated its version of agrarianism, which it called " 5025: 5020: 4970: 4589: 3331: 1164: 1100: 930: 813: 778: 766: 676: 480: 85: 3501: 1807: 5302: 2610:"Wool industry explores domestic processing to reduce supply chain and trade 'risks'" 2118: 2067: 1567: 1532: 922: 704: 696: 641: 578: 459:(1.66 million tons). In the same year, the country also produced 1.2 million tons of 145: 1099:, the federal government agency for scientific research in Australia, forecast that 3007:"Review Of Tasmania's Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Moratorium FINAL REPORT" 2294: 2063: 1594: 1524: 3273:"Australia to phase out live sheep export amid opposition from peak farmers body" 3173:"Foreign farmland ownership poll finds almost nine out of 10 Australians opposed" 2767: 1941:
Beattie, William A., Beef Cattle Breeding & Management, Popular Books, 1990,
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Economic Contribution of the Australian Wine Sector 2019. Report 19 August 2019.
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An 80-stand rotary dairy that is fully computerised and records milk production.
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Australian Grape and Wine Authority, 2016. pp. 1, 12-14. Accessible online at
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Economic Contribution of the Australian Wine Sector. Report: 18 December 2015.
1323: 962: 869: 865: 786: 664: 582: 516: 484: 428: 401: 117: 3284: 1878: 1754: 467:, in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, such as 3779: 2996:, Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development, 5(2):70-74. 1219: 1118: 982: 970: 954: 620: 520: 448: 432: 291: 46:
covering 61% of Australia's landmass. Across the country, there is a mix of
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The number of pigs slaughtered (thousands) monthly in Australia since 1972
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dominated in the 19th century and, in the first half of the 20th century,
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had additional responsibilities for sugar agreements, as well as cotton.
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was created to help develop the agricultural industry. The newly created
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zone (cropping (principally winter crops), and the grazing of sheep (for
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Australian wool and sheepskin quarterly exports ($ Millions) since 1969.
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Development of agricultural output of Australia in 2015 US$ since 1961
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Organic Agriculture in Australia: Attaining the Global Majority (51%)
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At the turn of the millennium, Australia produced a large variety of
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increased in its popularity, driven by technological changes like
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Fair dinkum! Hinch calls 'pointy-head Tasmanian' campaign doomed
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The decline in farm employment (thousands of persons) since 1959
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Wahlquist, Calla; Press, Australian Associated (3 March 2023).
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restricts developments and risks Australia's competitiveness.
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In 2022, new regulations for chicken welfare were introduced.
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Chinese investment in WA olive farm a boost for local workers
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Australian cereals quarterly exports ($ Millions) since 1969.
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accounts for more than half (51%) of the world's certified
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Australian meat quarterly exports ($ Millions) since 1969.
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In 2018, Australia was the world's largest producer of
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There are three main zones: the high rainfall zone of
3367:. Australian Wool Growers Association. Archived from 2395:"Nutrient cycling in the Great Barrier Reef Aquarium" 1852:
Wine Australia, 2019. pp. i-iii.Accessible online at
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Effects of global warming on agriculture in Australia
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New reference reveals facts about Australian farming
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Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
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USA: University of Chicago Press. p. 45. 1406:"finder.com.au 2015 Careers in Australia Report" 447:(3.9 million tons), the 9th largest producer of 443:(1.2 million tons), the 5th largest producer of 72:and a narrow coastal zone (used principally for 3140:"Foreign Ownership of Agricultural Land Report" 2954: 2952: 2879:Stanley, Michelle; Varischetti (13 July 2023). 1867:"How bushfires have hit Australia's winemakers" 1191:In 2006, animal rights organisations including 611:are produced on a large scale in Australia for 104:Agriculture in Australia has a lively history. 1777:"Independent Assessment of the Sugar Industry" 1641:(2). ABARE economical: 438 and 439. June 2006. 820:being the most common. In northern Australia, 4738: 3764: 3537: 1296:Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 997:Australia is the world's largest producer of 8: 3108:"How much Aussie farmland is foreign owned?" 2824:Preston, B.L.; Jones, R.N. (February 2006). 2068:Dairy deregulation rolls on despite protests 3517:Agricultural industry strength in Australia 2797: 2795: 2500:"China Feeds Rush for Australian Olive Oil" 2478:. Town and Country Farmer. March–April 2016 1848:Gillespie and Clarke. "Executive Summary." 1278:Department of Primary Industries and Energy 1199:wool, as a protest against the practice of 4745: 4731: 4723: 4442: 4324: 4064: 3928: 3796: 3771: 3757: 3749: 3544: 3530: 3522: 2958:Paull, John & Hennig, Benjamin (2018) 2726:Modern Australia in Documents: 1901 – 1939 1062:Australia's major water drainage divisions 174: 3032:"Office of the Gene Technology Regulator" 2776: 2766: 2155:"SA develops a taste for feedlot systems" 1913:"Agriculture - Beef Industry - Australia" 1814:, Louise Saunders. Accessed 9 August 2011 1583:South African Journal of Economic History 2960:Maps of Organic Agriculture in Australia 2608:Prendergast, Joanna (22 November 2022). 2088:"Deregulation: a star turn in milky way" 1057: 827:In 1981, the industry was shaken by the 20: 3148:. Australian Government. 23 June 2020. 2857:Department of Agriculture (July 2023). 2803:"Drought drives down water consumption" 1919:. Australian Government. Archived from 1396: 1075:, Australia's largest river catchment. 1071:, which manages water resources in the 838:Prime lamb competition, New South Wales 658:List of Australian wine grape varieties 3414: 3412: 2748: 2746: 2603: 2601: 2568: 2566: 2219:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2212: 2135: 2124: 1470: 1459: 1245:Department of Commerce and Agriculture 1112:Australia's total greenhouse emissions 3120:from the original on 28 December 2020 2551:. Australian Plants. 1 September 2017 2518:Sinclair, Hannah (1 September 2017). 7: 5281: 3507:The History Trust of South Australia 3363:Wilkinson, Peter (8 November 2004). 3344:from the original on 10 January 2007 3171:Schwartz, Dominique (20 June 2016). 2962:, Journal of Organics. 5 (1): 29–39. 2546:"A guide to Olive Variety Selection" 2526:. Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) 1960:"Cattle farms lure Australian women" 1865:Williams, David (16 February 2020). 1652:Australia production in 2018, by FAO 1404:Hutchison, Michelle (18 June 2015). 1010:Issues facing Australian agriculture 829:Australian meat substitution scandal 671:Wine producers were impacted by the 16:Overview of agriculture in Australia 3431:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3390:McNaughton, Jane (20 August 2022). 3332:"Pink angers Australian government" 3106:Tracey, Mollie (28 December 2020). 2705:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2648:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2618:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2585:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2350:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2322:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1982:"North Australian Pastoral Company" 1839:Gillespie and Clarke (2015), p. 11. 1823:Gillespie, Rob and Michael Clarke. 1690:"Dollar's decline a mixed blessing" 1027:Historian F.K. Crowley finds that: 25:Climate map of Australia, based on 3152:from the original on 15 April 2021 2638:Becker, Joshua (7 December 2020). 2449:The remarkable story of the Helena 1917:Australian Natural Resources Atlas 673:2019–20 Australian bushfire season 14: 3419:Francis, Annabel (29 July 2023). 3183:from the original on 21 June 2016 1898:Country Leader, 31 January 2011, 1663:Pollard, Emma (3 February 2020). 783:North Australian Pastoral Company 635:Potato farming in rural Victoria. 178:Commodity (in millions of AUD$ ) 5280: 5269: 5268: 3087:from the original on 9 July 2020 1741:May, Natasha (20 October 2021). 1715:Bolton, Meg (11 December 2020). 1354: 1340: 1326: 3490:Australian Bureau of Statistics 2930:Hynninen, Eden (12 July 2023). 1249:Department of Trade and Customs 1180:Australian live export industry 1174:Animal welfare and live exports 1110:Agriculture contributes 13% of 805:regions in Northern Australia. 795:Australian Agricultural Company 777:is the world's largest working 5017:Australian Securities Exchange 3572:Federated States of Micronesia 2573:Taylor, Tegan (3 April 2018). 2420:Newton, John (13 March 2012). 2153:Lush, Deanna (24 April 2003). 1595:10.1080/10113436.1987.10417136 1272:Department of Primary Industry 1260:Department of Primary Industry 1218:accounted for 20 per cent and 1069:Murray–Darling Basin Authority 92:is whether the land is within 1: 3075:Kemp, Daniel (23 June 2020). 1525:10.1080/00664677.2020.1861538 1449:Pratley, Jim; Rowell, Lewis. 76:and beef production); wheat, 5256:Australia–United Kingdom FTA 4860:Australian Capital Territory 3305:Cooper, Lucy (3 June 2022). 3054:"Genetically Modified Crops" 2768:10.1016/j.watres.2023.120861 2673:National Museum of Australia 2473:"Olive growing in Australia" 2240:Life on Australian Seashores 1958:Mercer, Phil (9 June 2008). 1560:10.1080/01433768.2014.981396 915:St Helena Island, Queensland 5231:Australia–United States FTA 5121:National Electricity Market 2092:Australian Financial Review 2041:Kings of the Cattle Country 2022:"Heytesbury Cattle Company" 1900:Farm Facts: Beef is bullish 1782:. p. 5. Archived from 1456:. Charles Sturt University. 1222:for 14 per cent of deaths. 5325: 4976:Minerals Resource Rent Tax 3145:Australian Taxation Office 1775:Hildebrand, Clive (2002). 1185:RSPCA because of cruelty. 1177: 1051: 775:South Australia, Australia 651: 543: 5264: 5246:Trans-Pacific Partnership 5226:Australia–New Zealand FTA 5172:Social class in Australia 4981:Passenger Movement Charge 4677: 4445: 4327: 4141:Intelligence and security 4067: 3931: 3799: 2669:"Merino sheep introduced" 2426:The Sydney Morning Herald 2192:www.dairyaustralia.com.au 1439:Retrieved 30 January 2011 1302:Department of Agriculture 1290:Department of Agriculture 1266:Department of Agriculture 546:Australia–China trade war 523:(138 thousand tons) etc. 5309:Agriculture in Australia 5106:Energy efficiency rating 4961:Goods & Services Tax 3723:Northern Mariana Islands 3456:www.thefarmerslot.com.au 2693:Lee, Tim (9 July 2022). 1855:. Accessed 7 March 2020. 1830:. Accessed 7 March 2020. 451:(33.5 million tons) and 5251:Indonesia–Australia FTA 3688:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3553:Agriculture in Oceania 3485:Agricultural Statistics 2505:The Wall Street Journal 2295:"Seaweed as Human Food" 2026:heytesburycattle.com.au 1610:Diet for a large planet 1241:Federation of Australia 1054:Irrigation in Australia 752:Artificial insemination 734:In southern Australia ( 726:offered for sale at an 439:(9.2 million tons) and 130:agricultural technology 4798:Snowy Mountains Scheme 4773:Banking crisis of 1893 4535:Indigenous Australians 4036:States and territories 2397:. 1988. Archived from 2134:Cite journal requires 2039:Austin, Nigel (1986). 1635:Australian Commodities 1469:Cite journal requires 1385:Gardening in Australia 1226:Information Technology 1195:promoted a boycott of 1155:Foreign land ownership 1134: 1063: 1019: 885: 860: 847: 839: 731: 687: 636: 594: 586: 577:Sunflower crop on the 463:, 1.1 million tons of 165: 106:Aboriginal Australians 65: 38: 30: 3829:Territorial evolution 3666:and other territories 2453:. Treetops Plantation 2255:"Australian Seaweeds" 2234:Davey, Keith (2000). 2043:. Sydney: Bay Books. 1608:Otter, Chris (2020). 1513:Anthropological Forum 1435:11 March 2011 at the 1132: 1061: 1017: 883: 858: 845: 837: 721: 685: 634: 592: 576: 519:(181 thousand tons), 515:(224 thousand tons), 511:(255 thousand tons), 507:(268 thousand tons), 503:(278 thousand tons), 499:(284 thousand tons), 495:(317 thousand tons), 491:(373 thousand tons), 487:(377 thousand tons), 483:(378 thousand tons), 479:(386 thousand tons), 475:(387 thousand tons), 471:(635 thousand tons), 163: 60: 36: 27:Köppen classification 24: 5162:Poverty in Australia 4754:Economy of Australia 4275:Cabinet of Australia 4250:Government ministers 4018:World Heritage Sites 3824:European exploration 3371:on 24 September 2006 3340:. 20 December 2006. 3252:on 23 September 2014 3225:AnimalsAustralia.org 2253:Guiry, M.D. (2015). 2236:"Nutrient Absorbers" 2073:28 July 2016 at the 1146:Genetic modification 1091:Environmental issues 1073:Murray–Darling basin 64:beef cows and calves 5241:Japan–Australia FTA 5236:China–Australia FTA 5221:Australia–Korea FTA 5216:Australia–Chile FTA 5177:Wealth in Australia 5157:Income in Australia 5140:Economic conditions 5036:Regulatory agencies 4995:Banking and Finance 4783:Four pillars policy 4347:Gross state product 3502:SA History - Goyder 2992:Paull, John (2019) 2838:on 25 February 2009 2422:"A Hardy evergreen" 2401:on 20 December 2019 2165:on 13 December 2014 2159:stockjournal.com.au 1140:organic agriculture 902:seaweed cultivation 5063:Corporations power 5012:Official cash rate 4916:Telecommunications 4665:Australian studies 4600:Australian English 4409:Telecommunications 4245:Government leaders 4188:Political ideology 2201:on 9 December 2014 1504:Keen, Ian (2021). 1334:Agriculture portal 1135: 1064: 1020: 965:, Jumbo Kalamata, 886: 861: 848: 840: 791:Northern Territory 771:Anna Creek Station 746:and south-western 732: 688: 637: 595: 587: 531:Late in 2019, the 166: 122:hunting, gathering 66: 39: 31: 5296: 5295: 5116:Green electricity 4845:Western Australia 4814:Australian dollar 4720: 4719: 4673: 4672: 4495:Human trafficking 4432: 4431: 4314: 4313: 4114:Foreign relations 4054: 4053: 3918: 3917: 3865:Asian Australians 3746: 3745: 3738:Wallis and Futuna 3683:Clipperton Island 3641:Associated states 3513:of Goyder's Line. 3452:"The Farmers Lot" 2325:. 13 January 2015 2010:on 29 March 2007. 1923:on 22 August 2011 1789:on 29 August 2017 1619:978-0-226-69710-9 1548:Landscape History 1235:Public governance 1117:Although native, 1042:countrymindedness 803:Barkly Tablelands 748:Western Australia 613:human consumption 533:COVID-19 pandemic 422: 421: 5316: 5284: 5283: 5272: 5271: 5208:Trade agreements 5111:Geothermal power 5007:Financial system 4788:Great Depression 4778:Economic history 4768:Australian pound 4747: 4740: 4733: 4724: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4562:Waste management 4443: 4364:Household income 4325: 4287:Governor-General 4097:Electoral system 4065: 3929: 3797: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3750: 3728:Pitcairn Islands 3698:French Polynesia 3678:Christmas Island 3607:Papua New Guinea 3587:Marshall Islands 3560:Sovereign states 3546: 3539: 3532: 3523: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3416: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3248:. Archived from 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3011: 3003: 2997: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2969: 2963: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2837: 2830: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2799: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2770: 2750: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2728:(1973) pp 77-78. 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2605: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2570: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2550: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2502: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2259:The Seaweed Site 2250: 2244: 2243: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2218: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2200: 2194:. 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4850:South Australia 4830:New South Wales 4823:State economies 4818: 4802: 4756: 4751: 4721: 4716: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4669: 4630:Public holidays 4571: 4515:Life expectancy 4428: 4310: 4261: 4050: 4022: 4008:Protected areas 3914: 3853: 3786: 3777: 3747: 3742: 3665: 3659: 3642: 3636: 3617:Solomon Islands 3555: 3550: 3480:Farm Facts 2011 3476: 3471: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3418: 3417: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2957: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2910:Climate Council 2904: 2903: 2899: 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1993: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1822: 1818: 1810:1 August 2005, 1806: 1802: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1646: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1486: 1482: 1468: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1437:Wayback Machine 1428: 1424: 1414: 1412: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1237: 1228: 1212: 1182: 1176: 1157: 1148: 1127: 1125:Organic farming 1093: 1056: 1050: 1025: 1012: 995: 911: 894: 878: 853: 767:cattle stations 756:embryo transfer 744:South Australia 693: 660: 654:Australian wine 650: 629: 571: 566: 557: 548: 542: 529: 158: 102: 90:South Australia 17: 12: 11: 5: 5322: 5320: 5312: 5311: 5301: 5300: 5294: 5293: 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4105: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3941:Climate change 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3870:Constitutional 3867: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3718:Norfolk Island 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3673:American Samoa 3669: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3643:of New Zealand 3638: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3482: 3475: 3474:External links 3472: 3469: 3468: 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Crowley, 2717: 2685: 2660: 2630: 2597: 2562: 2537: 2510: 2489: 2464: 2438: 2412: 2386: 2364: 2353:. 8 March 2015 2336: 2308: 2286: 2275:. 24 June 2014 2264: 2245: 2226: 2176: 2145: 2136:|journal= 2105: 2079: 2056: 2049: 2031: 2013: 1991: 1973: 1950: 1934: 1904: 1891: 1857: 1841: 1832: 1816: 1800: 1767: 1733: 1707: 1681: 1655: 1644: 1625: 1618: 1600: 1573: 1538: 1496: 1480: 1471:|journal= 1441: 1422: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1351: 1337: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1211: 1208: 1178:Main article: 1175: 1172: 1165:Lowy Institute 1156: 1153: 1147: 1144: 1126: 1123: 1101:climate change 1092: 1089: 1052:Main article: 1049: 1046: 1034: 1033: 1024: 1021: 1011: 1008: 994: 991: 931:European Union 910: 907: 893: 890: 877: 874: 852: 849: 814:Aberdeen Angus 799:Victoria River 779:cattle station 692: 689: 677:Adelaide Hills 649: 646: 628: 625: 617:livestock feed 570: 567: 565: 562: 556: 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5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5058:Corporate law 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4896:Manufacturing 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4793:Privatisation 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 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4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4178:National debt 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3762: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3713:New Caledonia 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3693:Easter Island 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3383: 3370: 3366: 3365:"In the News" 3359: 3356: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3298: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3264: 3251: 3247: 3246:"Live Export" 3241: 3238: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3209:. 5 May 2022. 3208: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3102: 3099: 3086: 3082: 3081:Agri Investor 3078: 3071: 3068: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2923: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2872: 2860: 2853: 2850: 2834: 2827: 2820: 2817: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2686: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2631: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2525: 2523: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2493: 2490: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2452: 2450: 2442: 2439: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2413: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2216: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2106: 2094:. 4 July 2000 2093: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2057: 2052: 2050:1-86256-066-8 2046: 2042: 2035: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1961: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1947:0-7301-0040-5 1944: 1938: 1935: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1902:, Rural Press 1901: 1895: 1892: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1785: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1722: 1718: 1711: 1708: 1696:. 15 May 2012 1695: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1670: 1666: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1629: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493:0-00-217315-8 1490: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1463: 1452: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1411: 1410:finder.com.au 1407: 1400: 1397: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1338: 1335: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1232: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1181: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1154: 1152: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1131: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1095:In 2006, the 1090: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1060: 1055: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1038:Country Party 1030: 1029: 1028: 1022: 1016: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1000: 992: 990: 988: 984: 981:, Pendulino, 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 923:United States 920: 916: 908: 906: 903: 899: 891: 889: 882: 875: 873: 871: 867: 857: 850: 844: 836: 832: 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 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MESA. 1884:19 July 1760:20 July 1726:20 July 1674:20 July 1415:2 April 1163:A 2016 975:Leccino 763:Top End 761:In the 728:auction 675:, with 609:legumes 598:Cereals 509:lentils 461:sorghum 358:Poultry 142:canning 126:fishing 110:tilling 100:History 5186:Unions 5083:Energy 4901:Mining 4712:Portal 4605:Cinema 4547:Racism 4520:People 4379:Mining 4342:Energy 4337:Dollar 4082:Courts 4072:Asylum 4046:Cities 4013:Rivers 3961:issues 3782:  3708:Hawaii 3627:Tuvalu 3509:has a 3283:  3056:. 2022 3034:. 2022 3012:. 2019 2375:. 1988 2297:. 2015 2205:22 May 2117:  2047:  2000:"AACo" 1966:9 June 1945:  1877:  1753:  1616:  1566:  1531:  1491:  1312:2022– 1197:Merino 1003:Merino 987:Picual 951:Greece 929:, the 909:Olives 793:. The 781:. 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Index


Köppen classification

Australia
irrigation
dry-land farming

Murray Grey
Tasmania
dairying
sheep
wool
fertile soils
South Australia
Goyder's Line
Aboriginal Australians
tilling
planting
irrigating
hunting, gathering
fishing
agricultural technology
wool
dairying
canning
refrigeration

primary products
Cattle
Wheat

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