1172:
172:
182:('The Dawn of the Blind' or 'Daybreak for the Night-Blind regarding the Composition of Chancery Documents'); a fourteen-volume encyclopedia completed in 1412, is an administrative manual on geography, political history, natural history, zoology, mineralogy, cosmography, and time measurement. Based on the
221:
and sets of letters which cannot occur together in one word. Kahn therefore cited it as the first work in human history that described cryptology, because it described both cryptography and cryptanalysis. Al-Qalqashandi quoted the text relevant to cryptology from the work of
312:
Heba el-Toudy and Tarek Galal
Abdelhamid (eds), Selections from Ṣubḥ al-A‘shā by al-Qalqashand ī, Clerk of the Mamluk Court: Egypt: “Seats of Government ” and “Regulations of the Kingdom ”, from Early Islam to the Mamluks', Al-Masāq: Journal of the Medieval Mediterranean
1191:
1855:
1180:
1226:
3291:
595:
887:
2223:
226:(1312–1361) that was once considered lost. Later discoveries in Istanbul‟s Sulaimaniyyah Ottoman Archives did not just find the work by Ibn Duraihim, but also works of
527:
1995:
531:
194:
administrative literature". Selections on "Seats of
Government " and "Regulations of the Kingdom " from Early Islam to the Mamluks' have been published separately.
470:
578:
1860:
625:
549:
3286:
1457:
546:
Christian and Jewish
Religious Dignitaries in Mamluk Egypt and Syria: Qalqashandi's Information on their Hierarchy, Titulature, and Appointment (I &II)
2348:
1171:
2516:
3281:
2170:
1312:
587:
2243:
1233:
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2338:
1065:
290:
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1091:
969:
1152:
1116:
1034:
620:
3246:
3241:
571:
338:
2135:
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3296:
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2130:
1540:
1395:
1111:
2248:
2025:
1495:
1450:
1595:
1014:
3201:
1070:
1029:
2865:
1890:
1885:
1792:
1205:
882:
2496:
1830:
3276:
2373:
2055:
892:
826:
564:
610:
2253:
2100:
1327:
2185:
731:
650:
2120:
2990:
2160:
2105:
1840:
1787:
1443:
1297:
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1024:
994:
771:
685:
395:
205:
as the first published discussion of the substitution and transposition of ciphers, and the first description of a
3176:
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979:
378:
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736:
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330:
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2015:
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726:
223:
191:
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111:
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2010:
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1727:
1240:
1212:
953:
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1514:
1055:
974:
928:
615:
409:
382:
214:
122:
2085:
17:
3020:
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2835:
2737:
2727:
2707:
2652:
2501:
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2195:
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1975:
1930:
1600:
1530:
1086:
902:
660:
374:
259:
44:
Shihāb al-Dīn Abū 'l-Abbās Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī ibn Aḥmad ‘Abd Allāh al-Fazārī al-Shāfiʿī
2549:
1870:
454:
3060:
3005:
2965:
2895:
2770:
2722:
2559:
2521:
2491:
2403:
2298:
2080:
2070:
2040:
1990:
1935:
1707:
1665:
1620:
1590:
1560:
1545:
1198:
1142:
897:
862:
791:
154:
98:
2955:
2875:
2732:
2647:
2511:
2486:
2448:
2438:
2393:
2318:
2308:
2293:
2288:
2258:
2210:
2145:
2115:
1940:
1850:
1625:
1479:
1106:
933:
806:
776:
751:
746:
134:
50:
417:
2481:
2383:
2358:
2278:
2110:
1980:
1910:
1762:
1757:
1101:
989:
857:
816:
766:
721:
716:
640:
210:
119:
2825:
2418:
2378:
2283:
1985:
1605:
872:
811:
630:
230:
in the 9th century that is now considered the oldest work on cryptology.
227:
126:
2353:
2215:
1905:
1317:
2790:
1640:
353:
Kathryn A. Schwartz (2009): Charting Arabic
Cryptology's Evolution∗,
142:
1435:
190:, it has been called "one of the final expressions of the genre of
150:
146:
213:
letter is assigned more than one substitution. The exposition on
3081:
2590:
1682:
1512:
1477:
1439:
1192:
The
Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing
560:
97:
Shihāb al-Dīn Abū 'l-Abbās Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī ibn Aḥmad ‘Abd Allāh
1254:
1227:
2751:
2603:
2535:
2462:
2209:
1821:
1695:
1388:
1362:
1336:
1285:
1264:
1179:
1135:
1079:
1043:
962:
916:
835:
699:
603:
594:
82:
74:
66:
58:
39:
32:
27:Egyptian polymath and mathematician (1355/56–1418)
283:Essays in Arabic Literary Biography II: 1350-1850
510:; Ibn Jbir, Muammad ibn Amad, 1299-1378 (1871).
501:. Vol. 6. Al-Qhirah al-Maba'ah al-Amryah.
487:. Vol. 1. Al-Qhirah al-Maba'ah al-Amryah.
326:Passwords: Philology, Security, Authentication
281:. In Roger M. A. Allen; Terri DeYoung (eds.).
157:is the voluminous administrative encyclopedia
1451:
572:
285:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 331–40.
118:; 1355 or 1356 – 1418), was a medieval
8:
3292:Encyclopedists of the medieval Islamic world
550:International Journal of Middle East Studies
526:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3078:
2600:
2587:
1692:
1679:
1509:
1474:
1458:
1444:
1436:
600:
579:
565:
557:
530:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
469:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
396:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
29:
1313:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din
588:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
438:Die Geographie und Verwaltung von Ägypten
404:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 509–511.
245:
170:
116:شهاب الدين أحمد بن علي بن أحمد القلقشندي
238:
1234:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
519:
462:
266:. Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 629.
78:Encyclopedist, Polymath, Mathematician
516:. Iskandariyah Al-Maba'ah al-Waaryah.
7:
184:Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣar
137:, he became a Scribe of the Scroll (
3084:National literatures of Arab states
115:
3287:Scholars from the Mamluk Sultanate
180:Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshá fī Ṣināʿat al-Inshāʾ
25:
264:Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature
262:, eds. (1998). "al-Qalqashandi".
3282:Medieval Egyptian mathematicians
1170:
506:Damanhr, Amad ibn Abd al-Munim;
410:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3832
175:Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā, published 1193 AH
1496:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions
1596:Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri
513:Sabl al-rashd ilá naf' al-'ibd
217:included the use of tables of
1:
1793:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi
1206:Principles of Hindu Reckoning
3262:15th-century Egyptian people
3252:14th-century Egyptian people
3267:15th-century mathematicians
3257:14th-century mathematicians
2254:Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib
1396:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
1328:University of al-Qarawiyyin
493:Qalqashandī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī
479:Qalqashandī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī
451:Qalqashandī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī
433:Qalqashandī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī
3318:
1788:Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni
1298:Al-Mustansiriya University
1277:Islamic geometric patterns
1025:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
508:Qalqashandī Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī
277:Maaike van Berkel (2009).
3090:
3077:
2796:Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar
2599:
2586:
1691:
1678:
1521:
1508:
1486:
1473:
1168:
3247:15th-century Arab people
3242:14th-century Arab people
2186:Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli
1051:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
1010:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
331:Harvard University Press
3302:Egyptian cryptographers
3297:Medieval cryptographers
3272:Egyptian encyclopedists
2555:Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi
2006:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
1861:Abu'l-Qasimbal-Maghribi
1646:Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith
1541:Al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād
1420:History of trigonometry
1415:Trigonometric functions
1409:Western Arabic numerals
1405:Eastern Arabic numerals
970:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
2061:Abu Muhammad al-Anbari
2051:Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya
1566:Al-Nu'man ibn Humaydah
1344:Babylonian mathematics
1035:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
1020:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1015:al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
939:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
868:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
611:'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
323:Lennon, Brian (2018).
258:Meisami, Julie Scott;
176:
2801:Abdur Rahman Kashgari
2633:Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi
2334:Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad
2151:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani
1713:Abd al-Hamid al-Katib
1703:Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi
1526:Abu Layla al-Muhalhel
1370:Byzantine mathematics
1158:Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi
985:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
949:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
459:. Vol. 1. Cairo.
207:polyalphabetic cipher
174:
2976:Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi
2936:Mohamed Said Raihani
2821:Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal
2668:Suleyman al-Boustani
2497:'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya
2046:Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur
1971:Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa
1951:Abu Mansur al-Azhari
1846:Abu Firas al-Hamdani
1808:Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a
1798:Dhu Jadan al-Himyari
1778:Qutayla ukht al-Nadr
1651:Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma
1556:Al-Khirniq bint Badr
1375:European mathematics
1323:Maragheh observatory
1148:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
1127:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
1000:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
908:Muhammad al-Baghdadi
443:Ferdinand Wüstenfeld
103:better known by the
18:Ahmad al-Qalqashandi
3277:Egyptian scientists
3051:Jabra Ibrahim Jabra
2906:Ihsan Abdel Quddous
2638:Ahmad Faris Shidyaq
2021:Abu Nasr al-Jawhari
1896:Baha' al-din Zuhair
1768:Layla al-Akhyaliyya
1636:Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya
1586:Antarah ibn Shaddad
1576:'Amir ibn al-Tufayl
1293:Al-Azhar University
1220:The Book of Healing
626:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
498:Kitab subh al-a'shá
484:Kitab subh al-a'shá
141:), or clerk of the
2861:Abdul Rahman Munif
2831:Fayeq Abdul-Jaleel
2806:Muhammad al-Maghut
2781:Ahlam Mosteghanemi
2507:Hamdallah Mustawfi
2472:Ahmad ibn Arabshah
2091:Abu Ahmad Monajjem
1926:Al-Hariri of Basra
1921:Al-Fath ibn Khaqan
1866:Arib al-Ma'muniyya
1803:Dorayd bin Al Soma
1733:Maysun bint Bahdal
1571:'Alqama ibn 'Abada
1491:Namara inscription
1425:History of algebra
1380:Indian mathematics
1354:Indian mathematics
1303:House of Knowledge
757:Brethren of Purity
651:Banū Mūsā brothers
375:"al-Ḳalḳas̲h̲andī"
219:letter frequencies
177:
133:. A native of the
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3026:Ibrahim Nasrallah
2986:Ibrahim al-Mazini
2886:Saadallah Wannous
2683:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi
2673:Butrus al-Bustani
2628:Ibrahim al-Yaziji
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2454:Ibn Abi al-Khisal
2339:ibn Hani al-Azdi
2181:Usama ibn Munqidh
2156:Sharif al-Murtaza
2141:Al-Sharif al-Radi
2101:Al-Sarī al-Raffā’
1901:Bashshar ibn Burd
1773:Suraqah al-Bariqi
1723:Hassan ibn Thabit
1674:
1673:
1611:Laila bint Lukaiz
1536:Afira bint 'Abbad
1504:
1503:
1467:Arabic literature
1433:
1432:
1349:Greek mathematics
1272:Alhazen's problem
1166:
1165:
787:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
737:Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ
553:, 3:1, 3:2 (1972)
292:978-3-447-05933-6
94:
93:
16:(Redirected from
3309:
3079:
3046:Mourid Barghouti
3001:Nazik Al-Malaika
2931:Abdellatif Laabi
2851:Ghassan Kanafani
2776:Sonallah Ibrahim
2761:Nawal El Saadawi
2688:Abdallah Marrash
2678:Ahmad Zaki Pasha
2658:Qustaki al-Himsi
2601:
2588:
2329:Lubna of Córdoba
2234:Maria Alphaizuli
2121:Laylā bint Ṭarīf
1876:Ahmad al-Tifashi
1748:Jarir ibn Atiyah
1743:Suraqa bin Malik
1738:Jamil ibn Ma'mar
1693:
1680:
1661:Aktham ibn Saifi
1656:Zuhayr ibn Janab
1510:
1475:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1248:Tabula Rogeriana
1174:
1122:Sibt al-Maridini
782:Sinan ibn Thabit
691:Abu Said Gorgani
681:Thābit ibn Qurra
671:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
656:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
601:
581:
574:
567:
558:
535:
525:
517:
502:
488:
474:
468:
460:
446:
441:. Translated by
421:
358:
351:
345:
344:
320:
314:
310:
304:
303:
301:
299:
279:"al-QALQASHANDĪ"
274:
268:
267:
255:
249:
243:
209:, in which each
117:
85:
30:
21:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3086:
3065:
2926:Mohammed Bennis
2916:Mohamed Choukri
2856:Ghada al-Samman
2786:Mahmoud Darwish
2747:
2743:Tawfiq al-Hakim
2698:Maryana Marrash
2693:Francis Marrash
2623:Nasif al-Yaziji
2618:Maruf al Rusafi
2595:
2574:
2570:Ahmed Ben Triki
2531:
2458:
2213:
2205:
2166:Yaqut al-Hamawi
2036:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
2016:Yunus ibn Habib
1961:ibn al-Mudabbir
1817:
1783:Waddah al-Yaman
1753:Ka'b bin Zuhayr
1718:Fadl Ashsha'ira
1687:
1670:
1616:Mahd al-Aadiyya
1581:Amr ibn Kulthum
1517:
1500:
1482:
1469:
1464:
1434:
1429:
1401:Arabic numerals
1384:
1358:
1332:
1308:House of Wisdom
1281:
1260:
1182:
1175:
1162:
1131:
1075:
1061:Ibn al-Durayhim
1039:
958:
924:Jabir ibn Aflah
912:
843:Abu Nasr Mansur
831:
727:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
695:
590:
585:
542:
540:Further reading
518:
505:
491:
477:
461:
449:
431:
428:
391:Bosworth, C. E.
371:Bosworth, C. E.
369:
366:
361:
352:
348:
341:
322:
321:
317:
311:
307:
297:
295:
293:
276:
275:
271:
257:
256:
252:
244:
240:
236:
224:Ibn al-Durayhim
188:Shihab al-Umari
169:
83:
54:
48:
46:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3056:Samih al-Qasim
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Omar Abu Risha
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2961:Youssef Rzouga
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Leila Abouzeid
2918:
2913:
2911:Alaa Al Aswany
2908:
2903:
2901:Leila Aboulela
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:Colette Khoury
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:Abbās al-Aqqād
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2766:Naguib Mahfouz
2763:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2643:Naoum Mokarzel
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2527:Al-Qalqashandi
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:Ibn al-Kattani
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2264:Ibn Abd Rabbih
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2191:Ibn al-Shajari
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:Rabia of Basra
2008:
2003:
2001:Aban al-Lahiqi
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:Abu al-Atahiya
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1841:Ibn al-Mu'tazz
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1728:Ibn Abi Hasina
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1241:Toledan Tables
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1213:Book of Optics
1209:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
966:
964:
960:
959:
957:
956:
954:Ibn al-Yasamin
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
920:
918:
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
853:Kushyar Gilani
850:
845:
839:
837:
833:
832:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
797:Nazif ibn Yumn
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
703:
701:
697:
696:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
676:Na'im ibn Musa
673:
668:
666:Yusuf al-Khuri
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
636:Qusta ibn Luqa
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
607:
605:
598:
596:Mathematicians
592:
591:
586:
584:
583:
576:
569:
561:
555:
554:
541:
538:
537:
536:
503:
489:
475:
447:
427:
426:External links
424:
423:
422:
379:van Donzel, E.
365:
362:
360:
359:
357:,33:4, 297-304
346:
339:
333:. p. 26.
315:
305:
291:
269:
250:
248:, p. 509.
237:
235:
232:
168:
163:
108:al-Qalqashandī
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
49:
43:
41:
37:
36:
34:Al-Qalqashandi
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3314:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:Yusuf al-Khal
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Elia Abu Madi
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Waciny Laredj
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Zakaria Tamer
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Ibrahim Tuqan
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Nizar Qabbani
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Kahlil Gibran
2716:
2714:
2713:Mikhail Naimy
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Hafez Ibrahim
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Ibn al-Wannan
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Ibn Al Ouardy
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Ibn al-Yayyab
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Ibn al-Khatib
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Ibn al-Zaqqaq
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Al-Rumaikiyya
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Al Suhrawardi
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Ibn al-Anbari
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Bint al-Mahdī
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:Early Islamic
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:Imru' al-Qais
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1173:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:Ibn al-Shatir
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:Ibn al-Banna'
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:Ahmad al-Buni
973:
971:
968:
967:
965:
961:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
915:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
838:
834:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
702:
698:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
616:Sanad ibn Ali
614:
612:
609:
608:
606:
602:
599:
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486:
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466:
458:
457:
456:Ṣuhḥ al-aishā
452:
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340:9780674985377
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294:
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273:
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265:
261:
260:Starkey, Paul
254:
251:
247:
246:Bosworth 1978
242:
239:
233:
231:
229:
225:
220:
216:
215:cryptanalysis
212:
208:
204:
201:was cited by
200:
199:Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
173:
167:
166:Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā
164:
162:
160:
159:Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshá
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:Katib al-Darj
136:
132:
131:mathematician
128:
124:
123:encyclopedist
121:
113:
109:
106:
102:
100:
90:
89:Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshá
87:
81:
77:
75:Occupation(s)
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
42:
38:
31:
19:
3232:1350s births
3177:Saudi Arabia
3120:Copto-Arabic
3021:Saadi Yousef
2996:Safa Khulusi
2981:Hasan Tawfiq
2951:Alifa Rifaat
2946:Tahar Djaout
2846:Emile Habibi
2836:Sinan Antoon
2753:Contemporary
2738:Taha Hussein
2728:Jurji Zaydan
2708:Ahmed Shawqi
2653:Ameen Rihani
2526:
2502:Ibn al-Wardi
2389:al-Shushtari
2364:Umm Al-Kiram
2269:Ibn al-Abbar
2249:Al-Rukuniyya
2196:Ibn al-Nafis
2126:Al-Tha'alibi
2076:Ibn Qutaybah
1976:Al-Mutanabbi
1956:ibn al-Mahdi
1931:Ibn al-Farid
1886:ibn al-'Amid
1836:Ibn al-Ahnaf
1601:Hatim al-Tai
1531:Adi ibn Zayd
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1181:Mathematical
1136:16th century
1087:Ibn al-Majdi
1080:15th century
1044:14th century
963:13th century
917:12th century
903:Omar Khayyam
836:11th century
732:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
700:10th century
661:Al-Khwarizmi
548:
545:
512:
497:
483:
455:
445:. Dieterich.
437:
401:
394:
354:
349:
325:
318:
308:
296:. Retrieved
282:
272:
263:
253:
241:
198:
196:
183:
179:
178:
165:
158:
145:chancery in
138:
107:
96:
95:
88:
84:Notable work
47:1355 or 1356
3237:1418 deaths
3061:Fadwa Tuqan
3006:Ahmed Matar
2991:al-Jawahiri
2971:Amal Donqol
2966:Salah Jahin
2896:Tayeb Salih
2771:Yusuf Idris
2723:Farah Antun
2663:al-Kawakibi
2560:Hanna Diyab
2537:Ottoman era
2522:Ibn Khaldun
2492:Ibn Battuta
2404:Ibn al-Arif
2299:Ibn Khafaja
2081:Dik al-Jinn
2071:Al-Qasabani
2041:Al-Mubarrad
2026:Al-Farahidi
1996:Al-Armanazi
1936:Ibn al-Rumi
1916:Al-Isfahani
1891:Al-Hamadani
1856:Al-Mudabbir
1823:Abbasid era
1813:al-Mufaddal
1708:Al-Farazdaq
1666:Al-Munakhal
1561:Al-Shanfara
1546:Al-Hujayjah
1515:Pre-Islamic
1199:De Gradibus
1153:Taqi ad-Din
1143:Al-Birjandi
1117:al-Qalaṣādī
898:Al-Isfizari
863:Ibn al-Samh
792:Al-Isfahani
772:al-Uqlidisi
742:al-Khojandi
707:Abu al-Wafa
646:al-Dinawari
604:9th century
387:Pellat, Ch.
355:Cryptologia
155:magnum opus
67:Nationality
3226:Categories
3152:Mauritania
2956:Ali Douagi
2876:Hanna Mina
2866:Al Gosaibi
2733:May Ziadeh
2648:Ahmad Rida
2613:El Baroudy
2545:Al-Nabulsi
2517:al-Nafzawi
2512:Ibn Nubata
2487:Ibn Manzur
2464:Mamluk era
2449:Ibn Tufayl
2439:Ibn Jubayr
2409:Ibn Wahbun
2394:Abu Madyan
2324:Ibn Zaydún
2319:Ibn Zamrak
2309:Ibn Quzman
2294:Ibn Juzayy
2289:Ibn Bassam
2259:Ibn Hamdis
2224:Abu Ja'far
2211:Al-Andalus
2201:Ibn 'Adlan
2146:Ibn Hayyus
2136:al-Tawhīdī
2131:Al-Daylami
2116:Al-Tughrai
2096:Ibn Bakkar
2031:Al-Shafi'i
1966:Al-Ma'arri
1941:Ibn Duraid
1851:Abu Tammam
1626:Al-Nabigha
1363:Influenced
1337:Influences
1107:Ali Qushji
1066:Al-Khalili
934:Al-Khazini
929:Al-Kharaqī
888:al-Zarqālī
878:al-Jayyānī
822:al-Majriti
807:Abu al-Jud
777:Al-Battani
752:Al-Saghani
747:Al-Nayrizi
686:al-Marwazi
621:al-Jawharī
400:Volume IV:
234:References
203:David Kahn
135:Nile Delta
101:al-Shāfiʿī
51:Nile Delta
3167:Palestine
3016:al-Sayyab
3011:Al-Bayati
2482:Al-Busiri
2429:al-Fazazi
2414:Ibn Abdun
2384:Ibn Arabi
2374:Yusuf III
2369:Yusuf III
2359:Al-Tutili
2279:Ibn Amira
2244:Buthaina
2239:Ibn Ammar
2176:Al-Hallaj
2111:Niftawayh
2056:Al-Zahiri
1981:Abu Nuwas
1946:al-Zajjaj
1911:Al-Busiri
1871:Al-Asma'i
1763:Kuthayyir
1758:Al-Khansa
1685:Classical
1551:Al-Ḥurqah
1112:al-Wafa'i
1102:Ulugh Beg
1005:al-Abhari
990:Ibn Adlan
980:Ibn Munim
944:al-Hassar
883:al-Nasawī
858:Al-Biruni
827:al-Jabali
817:Al-Karaji
767:Ibn Yunus
722:Abu Kamil
717:Al-Qabisi
712:al-Khazin
641:Al-Mahani
522:cite book
465:cite book
418:758278456
383:Lewis, B.
211:plaintext
99:al-Fazārī
3110:Djibouti
2826:Said Akl
2419:Avempace
2399:al-Rundi
2379:Ibn Hazm
2314:Ibn Sahl
2284:Ibn Baqi
2161:Al Uyuni
1991:Shāriyah
1986:Al-Jahiz
1621:Mu'aqqir
1591:Al-A'sha
1265:Concepts
1097:al-Kāshī
1071:al-Umawi
873:Avicenna
812:Al-Sijzi
762:Ibn Sahl
631:Al-Kindi
495:(1913).
481:(1913).
453:(1903).
435:(1879).
402:Iran–Kha
393:(eds.).
373:(1978).
298:30 March
228:al-Kindi
127:polymath
120:Egyptian
70:Egyptian
3197:Tunisia
3182:Somalia
3157:Morocco
3142:Lebanon
3105:Comoros
3100:Bahrain
3095:Algeria
2871:Echebbi
2424:al-Baji
2354:Qasmuna
2216:Maghreb
2106:Al-Suli
1906:Buhturi
1389:Related
1318:Madrasa
1286:Centers
1092:al-Rūmī
995:al-Urdi
893:ibn Hud
848:Alhazen
802:al-Qūhī
364:Sources
105:epithet
53:, Egypt
3202:U.A.E.
3137:Kuwait
3132:Jordan
2791:Adunis
2593:Modern
2550:Fuzûlî
2349:Nazhun
1641:Tarafa
416:
389:&
337:
313:(2017)
289:
192:Arabic
153:. His
143:Mamluk
112:Arabic
3207:Yemen
3192:Syria
3187:Sudan
3172:Qatar
3147:Libya
3115:Egypt
2605:Nahda
2344:Muhya
2086:‘Inān
1606:Labīd
1183:works
377:. In
151:Egypt
147:Cairo
3162:Oman
3127:Iraq
2214:and
532:link
528:link
471:link
414:OCLC
335:ISBN
300:2013
287:ISBN
197:The
129:and
62:1418
59:Died
40:Born
1480:Old
1255:Zij
406:doi
186:of
3228::
1407:,
524:}}
520:{{
467:}}
463:{{
412:.
398:.
385:;
381:;
329:.
161:.
149:,
125:,
114::
1459:e
1452:t
1445:v
1411:)
1403:(
580:e
573:t
566:v
534:)
473:)
420:.
408::
343:.
302:.
110:(
20:)
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