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146:(authoritative, ideological, didactic, utilitarian), authorship (qualifications, style), readership (education level, background, interests, capabilities), and the technologies available for their production and distribution (hand-written manuscripts, small or large print runs, Internet). As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts, printed versions found a prominent place in
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1455:(3.0, 3.1 or 95/98) application on a CD-ROM disc. The user would execute the encyclopedia's software program to see a menu that allowed them to start browsing the encyclopedia's articles, and most encyclopedias also supported a way to search the contents of the encyclopedia. The article text was usually
1015:
Financial, commercial, legal, and intellectual factors changed the size of encyclopedias. Middle classes had more time to read and encyclopedias helped them to learn more. Publishers wanted to increase their output so some countries like
Germany started selling books missing alphabetical sections, to
179:
Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so
603:
In practice, however, the distinction is not concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference between factual, "encyclopedic" information and linguistic information such as appear in dictionaries. Thus encyclopedias may contain material that is also found in dictionaries, and vice versa. In particular,
599:
information about words themselves, while encyclopedias focus more on the things for which those words stand. Thus, while dictionary entries are inextricably fixed to the word described, encyclopedia articles can be given a different entry name. As such, dictionary entries are not fully translatable
1167:
since 1768, although the company has changed ownership seven times. The encyclopaedia is maintained by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. Since
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that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the
1487:, launched in 1993, was a landmark example as it had no printed equivalent. Articles were supplemented with video and audio files as well as numerous high-quality images. After sixteen years, Microsoft discontinued the Encarta line of products in 2009. Other examples of CD-ROM encyclopedia are
145:
Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years and have evolved considerably during that time as regards language (written in a major international or a vernacular language), size (few or many volumes), intent (presentation of a global or a limited range of knowledge), cultural perspective
594:
There are some broad differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries. Most noticeably, encyclopedia articles are longer, fuller and more thorough than entries in most general-purpose dictionaries. There are differences in content as well. Generally speaking, dictionaries provide
1217:
In March 2012, it announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus instead on the online version. Britannica has been assessed as being more politically centrist compared to
Knowledge (XXG), which is considered to have a more left-leaning orientation.
969:
Before the advent of the printing press, encyclopedic works were all hand-copied and thus rarely available, beyond wealthy patrons or monastic men of learning: they were expensive, and usually written for those extending knowledge rather than those using it. During the
1183:, in three volumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size; the second edition was 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810), it had expanded to 20 volumes. Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875–1889) and
1016:
publish faster. Also, publishers could not afford all the resources by themselves, so multiple publishers would come together with their resources to create better encyclopedias. Later, rivalry grew, causing copyright to occur due to weak underdeveloped laws.
395:. In addition to defining and listing synonymous terms for the topic, the article can treat the topic's more extensive meaning in more depth and convey the most relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also often includes many
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In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical
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250:), meaning 'education, rearing of a child'; together, the phrase literally translates as 'complete instruction' or 'complete knowledge'. However, the two separate words were reduced to a single word due to a scribal error by copyists of a
1622:, which was started in 2001, became the world's largest encyclopedia in 2004 at the 300,000 article stage. By late 2005, Knowledge (XXG) had produced over two million articles in more than 80 languages with content licensed under the
1347:
from 1966, the current 21st thirty-volume edition contains about 300,000 entries on about 24,000 pages, with about 40,000 maps, graphics and tables. It is the largest German-language printed encyclopedia in the 21st century.
1402:
ad said, "You are holding your family's future in your hands right now," while showing a feminine hand holding an order form. As of the 1990s, two of the most prominent encyclopedias published in the United States were
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that encyclopedia salespeople were so common that they became the butt of jokes. He describes their sales pitch saying, "They were selling not books but a lifestyle, a future, a promise of social mobility." A 1961
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2006:
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that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come.
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in the 18th century; this lineage can be seen in the alphabetical order of print encyclopedias. Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been compiled by well-educated, well-informed content
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1123:. In the first publication, seventeen folio volumes were accompanied by detailed engravings. Later volumes were published without the engravings, in order to better reach a wide audience within Europe.
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1024:– to give its full title. Organized alphabetically, its content does indeed contain an explanation not merely of the terms used in the arts and sciences, but of the arts and sciences themselves.
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Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning
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As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, new methods have emerged for the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. Projects such as
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To address those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically not limited to simple definitions, and is not limited to defining an individual word, but provides a more extensive meaning for a
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Some systematic methods of organization are essential to making an encyclopedia usable for reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopedias: the
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words and those related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary, giving no obvious place for in-depth treatment. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited
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became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule. In the 21st century, the
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1471:. In the CD-ROM age, the video clips had usually a low resolution, often 160x120 or 320x240 pixels. Such encyclopedias which made use of photos, audio and video were also called
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2239:
274:, which in turn came into English. Because of this compounded word, fifteenth-century readers since have often, and incorrectly, thought that the Roman authors Quintillian and
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An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words.
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Encyclopédies aim was "to change the way people think" and for people to be able to inform themselves and to know things. He and the other contributors advocated for the
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1629:. As of August 2009, Knowledge (XXG) had over 3 million articles in English and well over 10 million combined articles in over 250 languages. Today, Knowledge (XXG) has
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In the United States, the 1950s and 1960s saw the introduction of several large popular encyclopedias, often sold on installment plans. The best known of these were
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859:, a massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, had 30,000 entries, many drawings from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval
538:
becomes simpler. The method of production for an encyclopedia historically has been supported in both for-profit and non-profit contexts, such was the case of the
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55:
1187:(1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the
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565:
495:, however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer new capabilities for search,
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The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa.
2001:
1633:
articles in
English, over 60 million combined articles in over 300 languages, and over 250 million combined pages including project and discussion pages.
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In addition, sometimes books or reading lists are compiled from a compendium of articles (either wholly or partially taken) from a specific encyclopedia.
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The e-volution of information communication technology in cultural heritage: where hi-tech touches the past: risks and challenges for the 21st century
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It was also the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors, and it was the first general encyclopedia to describe the
996:. This work followed the traditional scheme of liberal arts. However, Valla added the translation of ancient Greek works on mathematics (firstly by
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suggests the importance of the structure of an encyclopedia: "What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection."
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was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the
English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in the Scottish capital of
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1648:(2008–2012) in English. Some MediaWiki-based encyclopedias have appeared, usually under a license compatible with Knowledge (XXG), including
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1966:
449:. There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the
357:, but they are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic work that primarily focuses on an alphabetical listing of
1821:
657:, was one of the first classical manuscripts to be printed in 1470, and has remained popular ever since as a source of information on the
445:
are well-known examples). General encyclopedias may contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and
411:. An encyclopedia is, theoretically, not written to convince, although one of its goals is indeed to convince its reader of its veracity.
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Lexicon
Technicum: Or, A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves
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after its first edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper nouns.
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has remained steady, with about 40 million words on half a million topics. Though published in the United States since 1901, the
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compilers. The text was arranged alphabetically with some slight deviations from common vowel order and placed in the Greek alphabet.
1920:
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Four major elements define an encyclopedia: its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production:
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Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an encyclopedia of
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Some works entitled "dictionaries" are similar to encyclopedias, especially those concerned with a particular field (such as the
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and hoped that the text could disseminate all this information to the public and future generations. Thus, it is an example of
39:
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Glossary of
Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.
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has said that the goal of an encyclopedia should be to provide "the sum of all human knowledge, but sum meaning summary."
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between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations. It had many writers, known as the
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website format), has vastly expanded the accessibility, authorship, readership, and variety of encyclopedia entries.
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media group. After more than 200 years, the distribution of the
Brockhaus encyclopedia ceased completely in 2014.
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1600:, would be a "generic" resource. The concept was very similar to Interpedia, but more in line with Stallman's
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outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. Over 70 years, the size of the
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to which anyone could submit content that would be freely accessible. Early projects in this vein included
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for 'Encyclopedia, or a
Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts'), better known as
1436:. This was the usual way computer users accessed encyclopedic knowledge from the 1980s and 1990s. Later,
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Notable encyclopedias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: nine predecessors of the
Encyclopédie
2204:. University of Michigan Library: Scholarly Publishing Office and DLXS. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.
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or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in
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There were many great encyclopedists throughout
Chinese history, including the scientist and statesman
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concerning the subject named in the article's title; this is unlike dictionary entries, which focus on
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categories. The former method is today the more common, especially for general works. The fluidity of
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method (consisting of several separate articles, organized in alphabetical order) and organization by
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908:(960–1279), was a massive literary undertaking for the time. The last encyclopedia of the four, the
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Lexicography at a Crossroads: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow
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Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field (the English-language
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891:, a Jain monk. It is unique because rather than employing alphabets, it is composed entirely in
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is often credited with introducing the now-familiar alphabetic format in 1704 with his English
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855:(543–560) dedicated to the Christian divinity and the seven liberal arts. The encyclopedia of
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allowed a wider diffusion of encyclopedias and every scholar could have his or her copy. The
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Notable encyclopedias of the late eighteenth century: eleven successors of the Encyclopédie
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An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of
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2010:
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Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias
1522:, also called an Internet encyclopedia, is a digital encyclopedia accessible through the
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dictionary entries often contain factual information about the thing named by the word.
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shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American market.
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737:, "practically everything that it is necessary to know". Among the areas covered were:
216:
88:
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clips (for example in articles about historical speeches or musical instruments), and
476:. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on the
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653:, geology, and all aspects of the world around him. This work became very popular in
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and searchable. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most
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ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America site
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3147:"Knowledge (XXG) Passes 300,000 Articles making it the worlds largest encyclopedia"
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statesman living in the 1st century AD. He compiled a work of 37 chapters covering
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The business of enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800
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Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History
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Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias
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contributed his only published work on chemistry to the second volume of 1710.
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2971:"Encyclopaedia Britannica: After 244 years in print, only digital copies sold"
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3507:. Vol. 5 – Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
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2295:, copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word,
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Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
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Needham, Joseph (1986). "Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic".
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C. Codoner, S. Louis, M. Paulmier-Foucart, D. Hüe, M. Salvat, A. Llinares,
883:(Kannada: ಸಿರಿಭೂವಲಯ), dated between 800 A.D. to 15th century, is a work of
3756:, articles and illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89, and 10th ed., 1902–03.
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3607:
Anglo-American general encyclopedias: a historical bibliography, 1703–1967
1689:
1553:"💕" redirects here. For the website that uses the term as its motto, see
1202:
suffered first from competition with the digital multimedia encyclopaedia
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Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture
3535:"Can History Be Open Source? Knowledge (XXG) and the Future of the Past"
2392:"Transcript for Jimmy Wales: Knowledge (XXG) | Lex Fridman Podcast #385"
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Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture
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3038:"How Two Artists Turn Old Encyclopedias Into Beautiful, Melancholy Art"
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The earliest encyclopedic work to have survived to modern times is the
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Hunter, Dan; Lobato, Ramon; Richardson, Megan; Thomas, Julian (2013).
1108:. Diderot wanted to incorporate all of the world's knowledge into the
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1664:(2007–) in English, the latter of which had become inactive by 2014.
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that a stable 💕 project was able to be established on the Internet.
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of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume
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The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a three-part structure: a 12-volume
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237:
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Are libraries obsolete? an argument for relevance in the digital age
320:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
63:, 1541 edition, one of the first books to use a variant of the word
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3727:
University of Wisconsin – Stout listing by category
1354:
and the discontinuation of the printed editions. The rights to the
3008:"Knowledge (XXG) Or Encyclopædia Britannica: Which Has More Bias?"
1559:
1448:
865:
801:
778:
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in 1470. The copyists took this phrase to be a single Greek word,
251:
236:), meaning 'circular, recurrent, required regularly, general' and
54:
3170:
1350:
In February 2008, F. A. Brockhaus announced the changeover to an
264:, with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the
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1428:
By the late 20th century, encyclopedias were being published on
1098:. According to Denis Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the
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Diderot, Denis" entry in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
2322:. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 8.
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1498:
Digital encyclopedias enable "Encyclopedia Services" (such as
1444:
were dominant and replaced disc-based software encyclopedias.
1437:
1008:, printed in 1503, was a complete encyclopedia explaining the
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544:
mentioned above which was entirely state-sponsored, while the
473:
396:
285:
2942:"Encyclopaedia Britannica Goes Out of Print, Won't Be Missed"
2913:"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses"
2319:
Reading the world: encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age
2296:
245:
231:
210:
2755:"After 244 Years, Encyclopædia Britannica Stops the Presses"
2416:
2414:
2412:
385:, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge.
3684:– Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original
3076:(2nd ed.). Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. p. 23.
2785:"History of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica Online"
2056:
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language
3715:"Digital encyclopedias put the world at your fingertips"
3118:"Encyclopedia Service Are About To Become A Huge Market"
2882:"Knowledge (XXG) Is the Last Best Place on the Internet"
680:
Isidore of Seville author of Etymologiae (10th. century
600:
into other languages, but encyclopedia articles can be.
2815:"History of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica.com"
1234:
of long articles (two to 310 pages), and a single
309:
107:
by article name or by thematic categories, or else are
2167:
Amateur Media: Social, Cultural and Legal Perspectives
1781:. In Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A. (eds.).
3299:
Bergenholtz, H.; Nielsen, S.; Tarp, S., eds. (2009).
2847:"Knowledge (XXG) Didn't Kill Britannica. Windows Did"
115:. Generally speaking, encyclopedia articles focus on
3365:
The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I
2125:
The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I
1502:) to facilitate programmatic access to the content.
3678:– Biographical errors in encyclopedias and almanacs
3628:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
2349:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
1320:encyclopedia which until 2009 was published by the
1094:is most famous for representing the thought of the
692:was the first Christian writer to try to compile a
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2845:
1776:
1775:Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A. (2015) .
1333:published by Renatus Gotthelf Löbel and Franke in
590:Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries
3347:Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout the Ages
1873:
1871:
1869:
937:of 1088; the statesman, inventor, and agronomist
849:Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum
534:are examples of new forms of the encyclopedia as
3099:Important Notice: MSN Encarta to be Discontinued
2505:"Long before Google, there was the encyclopedia"
2346:Encyclopaedism from antiquity to the Renaissance
904:, compiled by the 11th century during the early
1596:, an online encyclopedia which, similar to the
898:The enormous encyclopedic work in China of the
719:.). This encyclopedia—the first such Christian
177:
1440:discs replaced CD-ROMs, and by the mid-2000s,
1168:2016, it has been published exclusively as an
381:the meaning, significance or limitations of a
51:) and in an online encyclopedia (wikimini.org)
3322:. New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
8:
2701:University of the State of New York (1893).
2467:
2465:
2463:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1342:
1303:
1047:
3416:Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998).
3293:L'Encyclopédisme. Actes du Colloque de Caen
3199:. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Company.
2717:Denis Diderot as quoted in Kramnick, p. 17.
2571:
2569:
2567:
2421:Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998).
2076:Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998).
1878:Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998).
1564:List of other 💕s, from Enciclopedia Libre.
1263:
1257:
1247:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1144:
1071:), was a general encyclopedia published in
924:(completed 1408) comprised 11,095 volumes.
724:
630:
582:Australia's national dictionary, became an
566:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
269:
259:
3349:(2nd ed.). New York, London: Hafner.
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2498:
2496:
1636:Since 2002, other 💕s appeared, including
1576:in 1993, which outlined an Internet-based
1155:for 'British Encyclopaedia') is a
548:was supported as a for-profit institution.
2606:MacFarlane 1980:4; MacFarlane translates
2117:
2115:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1915:
1913:
1785:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
348:The modern encyclopedia evolved from the
336:Learn how and when to remove this message
2704:Annual Report of the Regents, Volume 106
2655:, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 151.
2282:According to some accounts, such as the
2190:Denis Diderot; Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
1000:), newly discovered and translated. The
38:
3128:from the original on September 27, 2021
3048:from the original on September 23, 2019
2691:Denis Diderot as quoted in Hunt, p. 611
2476:. Oxford University Press. p. 31.
2128:. Oxford University Press. p. 22.
2071:
2069:
2067:
1767:
847:Another Christian encyclopedia was the
3260:from the original on December 16, 2010
2666:"Encyclopédie | French reference work"
2269:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
2246:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
2044:from the original on December 16, 2010
2013:, pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press.
1838:
1836:
511:on the title page of the 18th century
3436:from the original on January 14, 2021
2969:Kearney, Christine (March 14, 2012).
2441:from the original on January 14, 2021
1292:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1135:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1066:
1039:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
7:
2880:Cooke, Richard (February 17, 2020).
2743:, (Cambridge University Press, 2015)
2028:
2026:
1791:10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001
1447:CD-ROM encyclopedias were usually a
1327:The first edition originated in the
988:was posthumously printed in 1501 by
711:), also known by classicists as the
154:and other educational institutions.
3650:from the original on April 16, 2014
3382:from the original on April 15, 2021
2765:from the original on March 14, 2012
2373:(Cambridge: University Press, 2001
1568:The concept of a 💕 began with the
1262:; readers are advised to study the
911:Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau
224:, meaning 'general education' from
3236:from the original on March 8, 2021
2576:Nobel, Justin (December 9, 2015).
2503:Grossman, Ron (December 7, 2017).
1371:Encyclopedias in the United States
47:('love') in a paper encyclopedia (
25:
3609:. New York: Bowker. p. 270.
3505:Science and Civilization in China
3195:Herring, Mark Youngblood (2014).
2987:from the original on May 31, 2019
2939:McArdle, Megan (March 15, 2012).
2623:of Isidore appended to Isidore's
2578:"Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules"
1730:History of science and technology
1644:(2006–) in Chinese, and Google's
1276:has for the most part maintained
3736:, 1728, with the 1753 supplement
3698:– First Renaissance encyclopedia
3695:De expetendis et fugiendis rebus
2911:Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012).
2753:Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012).
1965:Bocco, Diana (August 30, 2022).
1688:
1674:
1511:This section is an excerpt from
1175:Printed for 244 years, the
981:De expetendis et fugiendis rebus
953:. Song Yingxing was termed the "
290:
159:digital and open-source versions
3480:. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.
3453:. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.
3345:Collison, Robert Lewis (1966).
3036:Onion, Rebecca (June 3, 2016).
2844:Carmody, Tim (March 14, 2012).
2653:A Dictionary of Critical Theory
2642:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 102.
1844:"What are Reference Resources?"
957:of China" by British historian
914:, amounted to 9.4 million
3476:Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1994).
3449:Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1981).
3295:, A. Becq (dir.), Paris, 1991.
2730:. London: Thames & Hudson.
2390:Fridman, Lex (June 18, 2023).
1783:New Oxford American Dictionary
1627:GNU Free Documentation License
1391:. Jack Lynch says in his book
1083:and, until 1759, co-edited by
918:in 1,000 written volumes. The
735:quaecunque fere sciri debentur
1:
3102:. MSN Encarta. Archived from
2976:The Christian Science Monitor
2819:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2789:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2629:, heavily indebted itself to
2427:. Routledge. pp. 48–49.
2369:As explained by Richard Yeo,
2316:Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012).
1810:– via Oxford Reference.
1705:Bibliography of encyclopedias
1165:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
705:
560:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
161:in the 21st century, such as
103:or entries that are arranged
32:Encyclopedia (disambiguation)
3401:. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
3362:Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009).
2302:
2285:American Heritage Dictionary
2227:, 1.10.1, at Perseus Project
2122:Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009).
1652:(2002–2021) in Spanish and
1491:Multimedia Encyclopedia and
1358:trademark were purchased by
1206:, and later with the online
1114:democratization of knowledge
941:(active 1290–1333) with his
698:of universal knowledge, the
278:described an ancient genre.
238:
226:
220:
3671:Encyclopaedia and Hypertext
3582:. Budapest: Archaeolingua.
3578:Ioannides, Marinos (2006).
3539:Journal of American History
3368:. Oxford University Press.
3277:. Oxford University Press.
3230:Online Etymology Dictionary
3171:"List of Wikipedias - Meta"
3152:September 27, 2007, at the
2542:"History of Encyclopaedias"
1848:Eastern Illinois University
1387:. As many as 90% were sold
1163:. It has been published by
414:Knowledge (XXG) co-founder
316:the claims made and adding
260:
3791:
3605:Walsh, S. Padraig (1968).
3419:Dictionary of Lexicography
2424:Dictionary of Lexicography
2297:
2079:Dictionary of Lexicography
2009:December 30, 2016, at the
1967:"What is an Encyclopedia?"
1881:Dictionary of Lexicography
1552:
1510:
1291:
1246:outline of knowledge. The
1134:
1104:of learning away from the
1038:
649:, architecture, medicine,
625:, 1669 edition, title page
611:
246:
232:
211:
43:Entry for the French word
29:
3676:Internet Accuracy Project
3122:www.stillwatercurrent.com
2219:February 9, 2021, at the
2082:. Routledge. p. 49.
1884:. Routledge. p. 48.
553:Encyclopedic dictionaries
541:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
452:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3622:Yeo, Richard R. (2001).
3395:Darnton, Robert (1979).
2291:August 19, 2017, at the
2059:words and phrases stand.
1473:multimedia encyclopedias
1278:British English spelling
901:Four Great Books of Song
733:in its time it was said
614:History of encyclopedias
608:Pre-modern encyclopedias
3753:Encyclopædia Britannica
3273:Béjoint, Henri (2000).
3254:Encyclopædia Britannica
3023:Harvard Business School
2728:Books: a living history
2671:Encyclopædia Britannica
2472:Béjoint, Henri (2000).
2271:A Greek–English Lexicon
2248:A Greek–English Lexicon
2200:April 29, 2011, at the
2038:Encyclopædia Britannica
2000:Béjoint, Henri (2000).
1710:Biographical dictionary
1620:English Knowledge (XXG)
1541:Encyclopædia Britannica
1147:Encyclopædia Britannica
1137:Encyclopædia Britannica
1129:Encyclopædia Britannica
1085:Jean le Rond d'Alembert
584:encyclopedic dictionary
436:Encyclopædia Britannica
95:providing summaries of
3741:Encyclopædia Americana
3708:July 18, 2001, at the
3318:Blom, Phillip (2004).
2265:March 8, 2021, at the
2242:March 8, 2021, at the
1745:Lists of encyclopedias
1715:Encyclopedic knowledge
1565:
1442:internet encyclopedias
1412:Encyclopedia Americana
1406:Collier's Encyclopedia
1362:, a subsidiary of the
1344:Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
1343:
1314:Brockhaus Encyclopedia
1305:Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
1304:
1294:Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
1286:Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
1264:
1258:
1256:and as a guide to the
1248:
1236:
1228:
1222:
1145:
1048:
1002:Margarita Philosophica
887:literature written by
876:
725:
685:
661:world, and especially
631:
626:
572:Black's Law Dictionary
270:
254:manuscript edition of
182:
68:
52:
27:Type of reference work
2343:König, Jason (2013).
1977:on September 27, 2022
1931:on September 29, 2022
1563:
1419:Digital encyclopedias
1330:Conversations-Lexikon
1068:[ɑ̃siklɔpedi]
965:Printed encyclopedias
949:(1587–1666) with his
931:(1031–1095) with his
869:
679:
621:
536:information retrieval
458:Encyclopaedia Judaica
58:
42:
3725:Encyclopedias online
3106:on October 27, 2009.
2626:De viris illustribus
2273:, at Perseus Project
2250:, at Perseus Project
1854:on November 22, 2022
1598:GNU operating system
1500:Wikimedia Enterprise
1394:You Could Look It Up
1252:was meant for quick
1170:online encyclopaedia
688:The Spanish scholar
578:Macquarie Dictionary
165:(combining with the
30:For other uses, see
3775:Works about history
3717: –
3275:Modern Lexicography
3006:Blanding, Michael.
2795:on October 20, 2006
2588:on December 5, 2022
2515:on October 22, 2022
2474:Modern Lexicography
2225:Institutio Oratoria
2096:on January 14, 2021
2003:Modern Lexicography
1971:Language Humanities
1898:on January 14, 2021
1755:Speculum literature
1578:online encyclopedia
1534:from 2000 to 2009,
1526:. Examples include
1520:online encyclopedia
1513:Online encyclopedia
1352:online encyclopedia
1339:Der Große Brockhaus
1337:1796–1808. Renamed
1079:. It was edited by
921:Yongle Encyclopedia
873:Yongle Encyclopedia
425:Four major elements
3573:on April 25, 2010.
3175:meta.wikimedia.org
3160:, 2004 Julich y 7.
2918:The New York Times
2759:The New York Times
2726:Lyons, M. (2013).
2552:on October 6, 2022
1828:on August 3, 2007.
1650:Enciclopedia Libre
1566:
1459:and also included
1434:personal computers
1010:seven liberal arts
974:, the creation of
916:Chinese characters
877:
726:Naturalis Historia
690:Isidore of Seville
686:
633:Naturalis Historia
627:
623:Naturalis Historiæ
301:possibly contains
157:The appearance of
126:information about
69:
53:
49:Larousse Universel
3635:978-0-521-65191-2
3514:978-0-521-30358-3
3487:978-0-7294-0467-9
3460:978-0-7294-0256-9
3429:978-0-415-14143-7
3408:978-0-674-08785-9
3375:978-0-415-14143-7
3329:978-1-4039-6895-1
3310:978-3-03911-799-4
3284:978-0-19-829951-6
3206:978-0-7864-7356-4
2483:978-0-19-829951-6
2434:978-0-415-14143-7
2379:978-0-521-15292-1
2356:978-1-107-03823-3
2214:Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία
2177:978-0-415-78265-4
2142:on April 15, 2021
2135:978-0-415-14143-7
2089:978-0-415-14143-7
1891:978-0-415-14143-7
1682:Literature portal
1607:It was not until
1453:Microsoft Windows
1384:Funk and Wagnalls
1242:volume to give a
1204:Microsoft Encarta
1159:English-language
1157:general knowledge
934:Dream Pool Essays
671:Roman engineering
346:
345:
338:
303:original research
221:enkyklios paideia
212:ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία
206:) comes from the
16:(Redirected from
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1780:
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1725:Fictitious entry
1698:
1696:Education portal
1693:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1590:Richard Stallman
1538:since 2001, and
1528:Encyclopedia.com
1346:
1324:printing house.
1307:
1267:
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1241:
1233:
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1026:Sir Isaac Newton
893:Kannada numerals
879:From India, the
810:public buildings
728:
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707:
667:Roman technology
636:
493:electronic media
341:
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3710:Wayback Machine
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3531:Rosenzweig, Roy
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3109:
3089:
3082:
3059:
3028:
2998:
2961:
2931:
2900:
2872:
2836:
2821:Archived from
2806:
2791:Archived from
2776:
2745:
2732:
2719:
2710:
2707:. p. 266.
2693:
2684:
2657:
2651:Ian Buchanan,
2644:
2635:
2612:
2599:
2563:
2526:
2492:
2482:
2459:
2433:
2408:
2382:
2362:
2355:
2335:
2328:
2308:
2298:ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία
2275:
2252:
2229:
2223:, Quintilian,
2206:
2183:
2176:
2156:
2134:
2111:
2088:
2063:
2022:
1988:
1942:
1921:"Encyclopedia"
1909:
1890:
1865:
1832:
1822:"Encyclopedia"
1813:
1799:
1778:"encyclopedia"
1766:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
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1712:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1685:
1669:
1666:
1550:
1547:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1425:
1424:Physical media
1422:
1420:
1417:
1372:
1369:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1210:encyclopaedia
1141:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1102:secularization
1045:
1037:
1035:
1030:
966:
963:
959:Joseph Needham
951:Tiangong Kaiwu
945:of 1313; and
889:Kumudendu Muni
881:Siribhoovalaya
802:physical world
709: 600–625
612:Main article:
609:
606:
591:
588:
554:
551:
550:
549:
516:
481:
462:
426:
423:
344:
343:
298:
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289:
283:
280:
217:transliterated
176:
174:
171:
105:alphabetically
89:reference work
59:Title page of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3787:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Encyclopedias
3768:
3767:
3765:
3755:
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3750:
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3595:
3591:
3589:963-8046-73-2
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3545:(1): 117–46.
3544:
3540:
3536:
3533:(June 2006).
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
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3489:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:. Routledge.
3421:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3366:
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3316:
3312:
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3297:
3294:
3290:
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3280:
3276:
3271:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3158:Linux Reviews
3155:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3132:September 27,
3127:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3083:0-89774-744-5
3079:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3068:Kister, K. F.
3063:
3060:
3052:September 23,
3047:
3043:
3039:
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3029:
3024:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2986:
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2943:
2935:
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2876:
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2861:
2857:
2853:
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2824:
2820:
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2810:
2807:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:Robert Audi,
2736:
2733:
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2711:
2706:
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2697:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2673:
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2609:
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2587:
2583:
2579:
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2551:
2547:
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2533:
2531:
2527:
2514:
2510:
2506:
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2468:
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2464:
2460:
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2440:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2415:
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2409:
2397:
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2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2329:9780226260709
2325:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2303:enkyklopaedia
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
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2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2170:. Routledge.
2169:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2116:
2112:
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2095:
2091:
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2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:0-19-829951-6
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
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1910:
1897:
1893:
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1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1853:
1849:
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1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1802:
1800:9780195392883
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1788:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Encyclopedism
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1660:(2006–), and
1659:
1655:
1654:Conservapedia
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:proposed the
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1501:
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1490:
1486:
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1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:for use with
1431:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1254:fact-checking
1250:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:peer-produced
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:In 1933, the
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:11th editions
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1161:encyclopaedia
1158:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1096:Enlightenment
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:Denis Diderot
1078:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:Gregor Reisch
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:Giorgio Valla
983:
982:
977:
973:
964:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:Song Yingxing
944:
940:
936:
935:
930:
925:
923:
922:
917:
913:
912:
907:
903:
902:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
874:
868:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
722:
718:
715:(abbreviated
714:
703:
702:
697:
696:
691:
683:
678:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
634:
624:
620:
615:
607:
605:
601:
598:
589:
587:
585:
581:
579:
574:
573:
568:
567:
562:
561:
552:
547:
543:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
444:
443:
438:
437:
432:
431:
430:
424:
422:
419:
417:
412:
410:
406:
403:, as well as
402:
401:illustrations
398:
394:
393:
386:
384:
380:
379:understanding
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
340:
337:
329:
319:
315:
311:
305:
304:
299:This section
297:
288:
287:
281:
279:
277:
272:
271:encyclopaedia
267:
262:
261:enkyklopaedia
257:
253:
242:
241:
228:
222:
218:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
189:
187:
181:
172:
170:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
143:
141:
137:
136:pronunciation
133:
129:
125:
121:
119:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:encyclopaedia
78:
74:
66:
62:
61:Lucubrationes
57:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Encyclopedist
3752:
3740:
3732:
3694:
3687:Encyclopédie
3685:
3652:. Retrieved
3624:
3606:
3579:
3571:the original
3542:
3538:
3504:
3477:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3418:
3397:
3384:. Retrieved
3364:
3346:
3319:
3300:
3292:
3274:
3262:. Retrieved
3253:
3238:. Retrieved
3229:
3196:
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3174:
3165:
3157:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3121:
3112:
3104:the original
3098:
3092:
3072:
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3041:
3031:
3021:– via
3015:. Retrieved
3011:
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2974:
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2948:The Atlantic
2946:
2934:
2922:. Retrieved
2916:
2891:. Retrieved
2885:
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2851:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2823:the original
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2793:the original
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2758:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2713:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2669:
2660:
2652:
2647:
2638:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2592:December 17,
2590:. Retrieved
2586:the original
2582:The Atlantic
2581:
2554:. Retrieved
2550:the original
2545:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:the original
2508:
2487:
2473:
2450:
2443:. Retrieved
2423:
2399:. Retrieved
2395:
2385:
2370:
2365:
2345:
2338:
2318:
2311:
2284:
2278:
2270:
2255:
2247:
2232:
2224:
2209:
2193:Encyclopédie
2192:
2186:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2144:. Retrieved
2140:the original
2124:
2105:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:the original
2078:
2055:
2053:
2046:. Retrieved
2037:
2002:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:the original
1970:
1935:December 17,
1933:. Retrieved
1929:the original
1924:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1880:
1858:December 17,
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1847:
1826:the original
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1782:
1770:
1735:Lexicography
1658:Scholarpedia
1640:(2005–) and
1635:
1617:
1606:
1604:philosophy.
1572:proposal on
1567:
1539:
1530:since 1998,
1497:
1492:
1482:
1477:
1446:
1427:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1389:door to door
1382:
1376:
1374:
1355:
1341:in 1928 and
1338:
1328:
1326:
1313:
1299:
1285:
1273:
1269:
1244:hierarchical
1216:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1176:
1174:
1142:
1128:
1111:
1110:Encyclopédie
1099:
1092:Encyclopédie
1091:
1089:
1059:Encyclopédie
1057:
1046:
1041:Encyclopédie
1033:Encyclopédie
1032:
1021:
1014:
1001:
990:Aldo Manuzio
979:
968:
950:
942:
932:
926:
919:
909:
906:Song dynasty
899:
897:
878:
871:
848:
846:
782:philosophers
734:
730:
716:
712:
699:
693:
687:
628:
622:
602:
593:
576:
570:
564:
558:
556:
545:
539:
513:Encyclopédie
512:
489:hierarchical
485:alphabetical
456:
450:
440:
434:
428:
420:
413:
405:bibliography
389:
387:
347:
332:
323:
300:
203:
199:
195:encyclopedia
193:
191:
183:
178:
156:
144:
116:
113:dictionaries
80:
73:encyclopedia
72:
70:
67:in the title
65:encyclopedia
64:
60:
48:
44:
36:
3733:Cyclopaedia
2608:Etymologiae
2556:December 9,
2519:December 9,
2396:Lex Fridman
1981:January 24,
1806:January 30,
1662:Citizendium
1642:Baidu Baike
1588:. In 1999,
1582:Everything2
1544:since 2016.
1469:video clips
1461:photographs
1457:hyperlinked
1364:Bertelsmann
1018:John Harris
972:Renaissance
853:Cassiodorus
826:agriculture
747:mathematics
731:Etymologiae
701:Etymologiae
684:manuscript)
520:Everything2
439:and German
416:Jimmy Wales
390:subject or
371:information
363:definitions
256:Quintillian
208:Koine Greek
140:grammatical
138:, use, and
134:, meaning,
120:information
109:hyperlinked
3764:Categories
3731:Chambers'
3386:August 17,
3218:References
3180:August 20,
2546:Britannica
2146:August 17,
2107:knowledge.
1611:and later
1570:Interpedia
1493:Britannica
1400:World Book
1378:World Book
1274:Britannica
1270:Britannica
1259:Macropædia
1249:Micropædia
1230:Macropædia
1223:Micropædia
1200:Britannica
1196:Britannica
1189:Britannica
1177:Britannica
998:Archimedes
597:linguistic
546:Britannica
470:philosophy
447:gazetteers
409:statistics
392:discipline
367:Synonymous
361:and their
350:dictionary
326:April 2022
310:improve it
124:linguistic
93:compendium
3654:April 15,
3598:218599120
3559:1945-2314
3355:220101699
2893:March 30,
2860:1059-1028
2769:March 13,
2677:March 15,
2619:Braulio,
2237:ἐγκύκλιος
1750:Thesaurus
1656:(2006–),
1631:6,884,862
1586:Open Site
1479:Microsoft
1356:Brockhaus
1181:Edinburgh
939:Wang Zhen
861:Christian
806:geography
786:languages
775:heretical
759:astronomy
729:. Of the
663:Roman art
655:Antiquity
651:geography
442:Brockhaus
314:verifying
266:Neo-Latin
233:ἐγκύκλιος
227:enkyklios
192:The word
173:Etymology
148:libraries
132:etymology
97:knowledge
3744:, 1851,
3706:Archived
3648:Archived
3644:45828872
3523:59245877
3496:30787125
3469:10645788
3440:July 27,
3434:Archived
3380:Archived
3338:57669780
3264:July 27,
3258:Archived
3234:Archived
3150:Archived
3126:Archived
3070:(1994).
3046:Archived
3017:July 25,
2985:Archived
2865:July 15,
2763:Archived
2445:July 27,
2439:Archived
2401:June 18,
2289:Archived
2263:Archived
2240:Archived
2217:Archived
2198:Archived
2100:July 27,
2048:July 27,
2042:Archived
2007:Archived
1902:July 27,
1668:See also
1624:copyleft
1594:GNUPedia
1524:Internet
1265:Propædia
1238:Propædia
976:printing
943:Nong Shu
929:Shen Kuo
763:medicine
751:geometry
743:rhetoric
713:Origines
682:Ottonian
505:epigraph
497:indexing
466:medicine
375:analysis
101:articles
3721:article
3567:4486062
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