Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

693: 887:. Split systems are preferred and widely used worldwide except in North America. In North America, split systems are most often seen in residential applications, but they are gaining popularity in small commercial buildings. Split systems are used where ductwork is not feasible or where the space conditioning efficiency is of prime concern. The benefits of ductless air conditioning systems include easy installation, no ductwork, greater zonal control, flexibility of control, and quiet operation. In space conditioning, the duct losses can account for 30% of energy consumption. The use of minisplits can result in energy savings in space conditioning as there are no losses associated with ducting. 685:

costly and maintenance-requiring mechanical systems. Old-fashioned clinical areas with high ceilings and large windows provide the greatest protection. Natural ventilation costs little and is maintenance free, and is particularly suited to limited-resource settings and tropical climates, where the burden of TB and institutional TB transmission is highest. In settings where respiratory isolation is difficult and climate permits, windows and doors should be opened to reduce the risk of airborne contagion. Natural ventilation requires little maintenance and is inexpensive.

1125:, is used. SEER ratings are based on seasonal temperature averages instead of a constant 35 °C (95 °F) outdoor temperature. The current industry minimum SEER rating is 14 SEER. Engineers have pointed out some areas where efficiency of the existing hardware could be improved. For example, the fan blades used to move the air are usually stamped from sheet metal, an economical method of manufacture, but as a result they are not aerodynamically efficient. A well-designed blade could reduce the electrical power required to move the air by a third. 1037:, California, in 1913 would require a large amount of energy due to the extreme difference between inside and outside air temperatures. A metre below the earth's surface, however, the ground remains at a relatively constant temperature. Utilizing this large source of relatively moderate temperature earth, a heating or cooling system's capacity can often be significantly reduced. Although ground temperatures vary according to latitude, at 1.8 metres (6 ft) underground, temperatures generally only range from 7 to 24 °C (45 to 75 °F). 232:(DC) network, or a combined DHC network. In such cases, the operating and maintenance aspects are simplified and metering becomes necessary to bill for the energy that is consumed, and in some cases energy that is returned to the larger system. For example, at a given time one building may be utilizing chilled water for air conditioning and the warm water it returns may be used in another building for heating, or for the overall heating-portion of the DHC network (likely with energy added to boost the temperature). 65: 165:(the "V" in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior air. Methods for ventilating a building are divided into 942:

will need to have the filters changed more often than buildings without these dirt loads. Failure to replace these filters as needed will contribute to a lower heat exchange rate, resulting in wasted energy, shortened equipment life, and higher energy bills; low air flow can result in iced-over evaporator coils, which can completely stop airflow. Additionally, very dirty or plugged filters can cause overheating during a heating cycle, which can result in damage to the system or even fire.

616: 559: 420:, such as environmental air, exhaust air from a building, or from the ground. Heat pumps transfer heat from outside the structure into the air inside. Initially, heat pump HVAC systems were only used in moderate climates, but with improvements in low temperature operation and reduced loads due to more efficient homes, they are increasing in popularity in cooler climates. They can also operate in reverse to cool an interior. 567: 38: 496:

blood's ability to transport oxygen. The primary health concerns associated with carbon monoxide exposure are its cardiovascular and neurobehavioral effects. Carbon monoxide can cause atherosclerosis (the hardening of arteries) and can also trigger heart attacks. Neurologically, carbon monoxide exposure reduces hand to eye coordination, vigilance, and continuous performance. It can also affect time discrimination.

1159: 668:: the hourly rate of ventilation divided by the volume of the space. For example, six air changes per hour means an amount of new air, equal to the volume of the space, is added every ten minutes. For human comfort, a minimum of four air changes per hour is typical, though warehouses might have only two. Too high of an air change rate may be uncomfortable, akin to a 1471:. Training for HVAC technicians includes classroom lectures and hands-on tasks, and can be followed by an apprenticeship wherein the recent graduate works alongside a professional HVAC technician for a temporary period. HVAC techs who have been trained can also be certified in areas such as air conditioning, heat pumps, gas heating, and commercial refrigeration. 2979: 739:

return air. Then the mixture air enters an indoor or outdoor heat exchanger section where the air is to be cooled down, then be guided to the space creating positive air pressure. The percentage of return air made up of fresh air can usually be manipulated by adjusting the opening of this vent. Typical fresh air intake is about 10% of the total supply air.

4827: 777: 1117:) has traditionally been used to characterize the performance of many HVAC systems. EER is the Energy Efficiency Ratio based on a 35 °C (95 °F) outdoor temperature. To more accurately describe the performance of air conditioning equipment over a typical cooling season a modified version of the EER, the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio ( 382: 720:, through the use of a built-in LED UV light. like a vigilant guardian, it emits a gentle glow across the evaporator, ensuring thorough coverage. As the cross-flow fan circulates the room air, any unwelcome viruses are guided through the sterilization module’s irradiation range, rendering them instantly inactive. 945:

Because an air conditioner moves heat between the indoor coil and the outdoor coil, both must be kept clean. This means that, in addition to replacing the air filter at the evaporator coil, it is also necessary to regularly clean the condenser coil. Failure to keep the condenser clean will eventually

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With the split system, the evaporator coil is connected to a remote condenser unit using refrigerant piping between an indoor and outdoor unit instead of ducting air directly from the outdoor unit. Indoor units with directional vents mount onto walls, suspended from ceilings, or fit into the ceiling.

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Some systems include an "economizer mode", which is sometimes called a "free-cooling mode". When economizing, the control system will open (fully or partially) the outside air damper and close (fully or partially) the return air damper. This will cause fresh, outside air to be supplied to the system.

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as a chartered engineer, engineers must also attain an Honours Degree and a master's degree in a relevant engineering subject. CIBSE publishes several guides to HVAC design relevant to the UK market, and also the Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong. These guides include various

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Clean air delivery rate (CADR) is the amount of clean air an air cleaner provides to a room or space. When determining CADR, the amount of airflow in a space is taken into account. For example, an air cleaner with a flow rate of 30 cubic metres (1,000 cu ft) per minute and an efficiency of

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All modern air conditioning systems, even small window package units, are equipped with internal air filters. These are generally of a lightweight gauze-like material, and must be replaced or washed as conditions warrant. For example, a building in a high dust environment, or a home with furry pets,

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Central, "all-air" air-conditioning systems (or package systems) with a combined outdoor condenser/evaporator unit are often installed in North American residences, offices, and public buildings, but are difficult to retrofit (install in a building that was not designed to receive it) because of the

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for all or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open windows would work against the system intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions. Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into the system by a vent into a mix air chamber for mixing with the space

492:, and other combustion byproducts. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen; the inputs are fuels containing various contaminants and the outputs are harmful byproducts, most dangerously carbon monoxide, which is a tasteless and odorless gas with serious adverse health effects. 308:

Multiple inventions within this time frame preceded the beginnings of the first comfort air conditioning system, which was designed in 1902 by Alfred Wolff (Cooper, 2003) for the New York Stock Exchange, while Willis Carrier equipped the Sacketts-Wilhems Printing Company with the process AC unit the

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Photovoltaic solar panels offer a new way to potentially decrease the operating cost of air conditioning. Traditional air conditioners run using alternating current, and hence, any direct-current solar power needs to be inverted to be compatible with these units. New variable-speed DC-motor units

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of buildings as the building sector consumes the largest percentage of global energy. Since the 1980s, manufacturers of HVAC equipment have been making an effort to make the systems they manufacture more efficient. This was originally driven by rising energy costs, and has more recently been driven

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Warm air systems distribute the heated air through ductwork systems of supply and return air through metal or fiberglass ducts. Many systems use the same ducts to distribute air cooled by an evaporator coil for air conditioning. The air supply is normally filtered through air filters to remove dust

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Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control the temperature or remove any combination of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. Ventilation often refers to the intentional delivery of the outside air to

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The three major functions of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are interrelated, especially with the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality within reasonable installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can be used in both domestic and commercial

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Demand-controlled kitchen ventilation (DCKV) is a building controls approach to controlling the volume of kitchen exhaust and supply air in response to the actual cooking loads in a commercial kitchen. Traditional commercial kitchen ventilation systems operate at 100% fan speed independent of the

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Natural ventilation is a key factor in reducing the spread of airborne illnesses such as tuberculosis, the common cold, influenza, meningitis or COVID-19. Opening doors and windows are good ways to maximize natural ventilation, which would make the risk of airborne contagion much lower than with

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building environment standards. It establishes the general principles of building environment design. It takes into account the need to provide a healthy indoor environment for the occupants as well as the need to protect the environment for future generations and promote collaboration among the

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Ground source, or geothermal, heat pumps are similar to ordinary heat pumps, but instead of transferring heat to or from outside air, they rely on the stable, even temperature of the earth to provide heating and air conditioning. Many regions experience seasonal temperature extremes, which would

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that switches from heating in winter to cooling in summer. By reversing the flow of refrigerant, the heat pump refrigeration cycle is changed from cooling to heating or vice versa. This allows a facility to be heated and cooled by a single piece of equipment by the same means, and with the same

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Without proper ventilation, carbon monoxide can be lethal at concentrations of 1000 ppm (0.1%). However, at several hundred ppm, carbon monoxide exposure induces headaches, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, forming carboxyhemoglobin, reducing the

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of these functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally estimate the capacity and type of system needed and then design the system, selecting the appropriate refrigerant and various components needed. For larger buildings, building service

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The HVAC industry is a worldwide enterprise, with roles including operation and maintenance, system design and construction, equipment manufacturing and sales, and in education and research. The HVAC industry was historically regulated by the manufacturers of HVAC equipment, but regulating and

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Ventilation is measured in terms of Air Changes Per Hour (ACH). As of 2023, the CDC recommends that all spaces have a minimum of 5 ACH. For hospital rooms with airborne contagions the CDC recommends a minimum of 12 ACH. The challenges in facility ventilation are public unawareness, ineffective

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Air cleaning and filtration removes particles, contaminants, vapors and gases from the air. The filtered and cleaned air then is used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Air cleaning and filtration should be taken in account when protecting our building environments. If present,

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50% has a CADR of 15 cubic metres (500 cu ft) per minute. Along with CADR, filtration performance is very important when it comes to the air in our indoor environment. This depends on the size of the particle or fiber, the filter packing density and depth, and the airflow rate.

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Free cooling systems can have very high efficiencies, and are sometimes combined with seasonal thermal energy storage so that the cold of winter can be used for summer air conditioning. Common storage mediums are deep aquifers or a natural underground rock mass accessed via a cluster of

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Although ventilation is an integral component of maintaining good indoor air quality, it may not be satisfactory alone. A clear understanding of both indoor and outdoor air quality parameters is needed to improve the performance of ventilation in terms of ... In scenarios where outdoor

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Energy efficiency can be improved even more in central heating systems by introducing zoned heating. This allows a more granular application of heat, similar to non-central heating systems. Zones are controlled by multiple thermostats. In water heating systems the thermostats control

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The Philippine Society of Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers (PSVARE) along with Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers (PSME) govern on the codes and standards for HVAC / MVAC (MVAC means "mechanical ventilation and air conditioning") in the Philippines.

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small-diameter, heat-exchanger-equipped boreholes. Some systems with small storages are hybrids, using free cooling early in the cooling season, and later employing a heat pump to chill the circulation coming from the storage. The heat pump is added-in because the storage acts as a

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engineers analyze, design, and specify the HVAC systems. Specialty mechanical contractors and suppliers then fabricate, install and commission the systems. Building permits and code-compliance inspections of the installations are normally required for all sizes of buildings.

653:), causing cool outside air to be drawn into low building openings. Natural ventilation schemes can use very little energy, but care must be taken to ensure comfort. In warm or humid climates, maintaining thermal comfort solely via natural ventilation might not be possible. 1215:

The starting point in carrying out an estimate both for cooling and heating depends on the exterior climate and interior specified conditions. However, before taking up the heat load calculation, it is necessary to find fresh air requirements for each area in detail, as

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or International Mechanical Code. In certain states, counties, or cities, either of these codes may be adopted and amended via various legislative processes. These codes are updated and published by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials

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because of their lower temperature (and propensity for damp floors and walls). In food retailing establishments, large open chiller cabinets are highly effective at dehumidifying the internal air. Conversely, a humidifier increases the humidity of a building.

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It is imperative that the air conditioning horsepower is sufficient for the area being cooled. Underpowered air conditioning systems will lead to power wastage and inefficient usage. Adequate horsepower is required for any air conditioner installed.

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Split systems are more efficient and the footprint is typically smaller than the package systems. On the other hand, package systems tend to have a slightly lower indoor noise level compared to split systems since the fan motor is located outside.

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bulky air ducts required. (Minisplit ductless systems are used in these situations.) Outside of North America, packaged systems are only used in limited applications involving large indoor space such as stadiums, theatres or exhibition halls.

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In the case of heated water or steam, piping is used to transport the heat to the rooms. Most modern hot water boiler heating systems have a circulator, which is a pump, to move hot water through the distribution system (as opposed to older

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or evaporator. As the liquid refrigerant evaporates it absorbs heat from the inside air, returns to the compressor, and repeats the cycle. In the process, heat is absorbed from indoors and transferred outdoors, resulting in cooling of the

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Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhausts to control odors and sometimes humidity. Factors in the design of such systems include the flow rate (which is a function of the fan speed and exhaust vent size) and noise level.

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volume of cooking activity and DCKV technology changes that to provide significant fan energy and conditioned air savings. By deploying smart sensing technology, both the exhaust and supply fans can be controlled to capitalize on the

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The Air Conditioning and Mechanical Contractors Association of Australia (AMCA), Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating (AIRAH), Australian Refrigeration Mechanical Association and CIBSE are responsible.

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Natural ventilation is not practical in much of the infrastructure because of climate. This means that the facilities need to have effective mechanical ventilation systems and or use Ceiling Level UV or FAR UV ventilation systems.

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provide the constraints concerning sustainability issues from the initial stage of the design process, with building and plant life cycle to be considered together with owning and operating costs from the beginning of the design

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Room pressure can be either positive or negative with respect to outside the room. Positive pressure occurs when there is more air being supplied than exhausted, and is common to reduce the infiltration of outside contaminants.

1318: 1581:, as well as many others. These all help to make buildings comfortable and healthy places to live and work in. Building Services is part of a sector that has over 51,000 businesses and employs represents 2–3% of the 4283: 1875: 1052:

allow solar power to more easily run them since this conversion is unnecessary, and since the motors are tolerant of voltage fluctuations associated with variance in supplied solar power (e.g., due to cloud cover).

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result in harm to the compressor because the condenser coil is responsible for discharging both the indoor heat (as picked up by the evaporator) and the heat generated by the electric motor driving the compressor.

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assess the proposed design with rational criteria for indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustical comfort, visual comfort, energy efficiency, and HVAC system controls at every stage of the design process;

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Chenari, B., Dias Carrilho, J. and Gameiro da Silva, M., 2016. Towards sustainable, energy-efficient and healthy ventilation strategies in buildings: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59,

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recommended design criteria and standards, some of which are cited within the UK building regulations, and therefore form a legislative requirement for major building services works. The main guides are:

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of the air, as is frequently done in climates where humidity is more of an issue. In both cases, the outside air must be less energetic than the return air for the system to enter the economizer mode.

2757: 907:, moisture in the air condenses on the evaporator coil tubes. This moisture is collected at the bottom of the evaporator in a pan and removed by piping to a central drain or onto the ground outside. 597:

and table/floor fans circulate air within a room for the purpose of reducing the perceived temperature by increasing evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants. Because hot air rises,

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The Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE) was established to promote the HVAC industry in India. ISHRAE is an associate of ASHRAE. ISHRAE was founded at

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HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment buildings, hotels, and senior living facilities; medium to large industrial and office buildings such as

582:, odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in humid climates more energy is required to remove excess moisture from ventilation air. 309:

same year. Coyne College was the first school to offer HVAC training in 1899. The first residential AC was installed by 1914, and by the 1950s there was "widespread adoption of residential AC".

1376:) respectively, on a 3-year code development cycle. Typically, local building permit departments are charged with enforcement of these standards on private and certain public properties. 570:

An axial belt-drive exhaust fan serving an underground car park. This exhaust fan's operation is interlocked with the concentration of contaminants emitted by internal combustion engines.

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who specializes in heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. HVAC technicians in the US can receive training through formal training institutions, where most earn

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by increased awareness of environmental issues. Additionally, improvements to the HVAC system efficiency can also help increase occupant health and productivity. In the US, the

4263: 1480: 692: 2370:, Morawska, L, Allen, J, Bahnfleth, W et al. (36 more authors) (2021) A paradigm shift to combat indoor respiratory infection. Science, 372 (6543). pp. 689-691. ISSN 0036-8075 5006: 672:

which has thousands of changes per hour. The highest air change rates are for crowded spaces, bars, night clubs, commercial kitchens at around 30 to 50 air changes per hour.

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The HVAC components that dehumidify the ventilation air deserve careful attention because outdoor air constitutes most of the annual humidity load for nearly all buildings.

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When the outside air is cooler than the demanded cool air, this will allow the demand to be met without using the mechanical supply of cooling (typically chilled water or a

251:. By utilizing natural sources that can be used for HVAC systems it can make a huge difference for the environment and help expand the knowledge of using different methods. 2893: 1025:

require large-capacity heating and cooling equipment to heat or cool buildings. For example, a conventional heat pump system used to heat a building in Montana's −57

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environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces. The means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as

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also use outside air to condition spaces, but do so using fans, ducts, dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate.

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Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without using fans or other mechanical systems. It can be via operable windows, louvers, or

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requirements are GCSEs (A-C) / Standard Grades (1-3) in Maths and Science, which are important in measurements, planning and theory. Employers will often want a

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various parties involved in building environmental design for sustainability. ISO16813 is applicable to new construction and the retrofit of existing buildings.

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is another method of controlling building heating by calculating the demand for heating energy that should be supplied to the building in each time unit.

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Asian architectural temperature-control have different priorities than European methods. For example, Asian heating traditionally focuses on maintaining

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Other indoor units mount inside the ceiling cavity so that short lengths of duct handle air from the indoor unit to vents or diffusers around the rooms.

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Solar District Heating Experiences from Denmark. Energy Systems in the Alps - storage and distribution … Energy Platform Workshop 3, Zurich - 13/2 2014

4406: 1333:). ASHRAE regularly organizes two annual technical committees and publishes recognized standards for HVAC design, which are updated every four years. 4273: 4205: 2894:"Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics" 903:

Dehumidification (air drying) in an air conditioning system is provided by the evaporator. Since the evaporator operates at a temperature below the

442:, hot water coils (hydro-air), or other heat exchangers. The radiators may be mounted on walls or installed within the floor to produce floor heat. 221: 68:

The control circuit in a household HVAC installation. The wires connecting to the blue terminal block on the upper-right of the board lead to the

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inside the vents which selectively block the flow of air. In this case, the control system is very critical to maintaining a proper temperature.

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ECOHEATCOOL (WP5) Possibilities with more district cooling in Europe, final report from the project. Final Rep. Brussels: Euroheat & Power.

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Codes such as the UMC and IMC do include much detail on installation requirements, however. Other useful reference materials include items from

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government oversight, poor building codes that are based on comfort levels, poor system operations, poor maintenance, and lack of transparency.

316:, and new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly being introduced by companies and inventors worldwide. 4873: 4078: 2654:

Guidance for Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks

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in 1981 and a chapter was started in Bangalore in 1989. Between 1989 & 1993, ISHRAE chapters were formed in all major cities in India.

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The liquid refrigerant is returned to another heat exchanger where it is allowed to evaporate, hence the heat exchanger is often called an

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is an air-conditioner-like device that controls the humidity of a room or building. It is often employed in basements that have a higher

867:"DX" unit), thus saving energy. The control system can compare the temperature of the outside air vs. return air, or it can compare the 476:

The use of furnaces, space heaters, and boilers as a method of indoor heating could result in incomplete combustion and the emission of

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for motor energy savings, reduce makeup air heating and cooling energy, increasing safety, and reducing ambient kitchen noise levels.

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when the system is in cooling (as opposed to charging) mode, causing the temperature to gradually increase during the cooling season.

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Basing HVAC on a larger network helps provide an economy of scale that is often not possible for individual buildings, for utilizing

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from exhausted air. This is done by transfer of energy from the stale air inside the home to the incoming fresh air from outside.

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The refrigeration cycle uses four essential elements to cool, which are compressor, condenser, metering device, and evaporator.

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the building indoor space. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings.

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At the inlet of a compressor, the refrigerant inside the system is in a low pressure, low temperature, gaseous state. The

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and hospitals; vehicles such as cars, trains, airplanes, ships and submarines; and in marine environments, where safe and

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Rezaie, Behnaz; Rosen, Marc A. (2012). "District heating and cooling: Review of technology and potential enhancements".

1096: 884: 1113:(COP) measures performance, but this dimensionless measure has not been adopted. Instead, the Energy Efficiency Ratio ( 4119: 3921: 3432: 3367: 3285: 3197: 3061: 2841: 2465: 1201: 1068: 971:

In the past, water heating was more efficient for heating buildings and was the standard in the United States. Today,

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may be used to keep a room warmer in the winter by circulating the warm stratified air from the ceiling to the floor.

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Many HVAC engineers are members of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (

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has imposed tighter restrictions over the years. There are several methods for making HVAC systems more efficient.

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tables and directly warming people, as opposed to the Western focus, in modern periods, on designing air systems.

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Some benefits of forced air systems, which are now widely used in churches, schools, and high-end residences, are

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standards organizations such as HARDI (Heating, Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Distributors International),

750:. The heat transfer medium is a refrigeration system, such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are referred to as 4970: 4489: 4392: 4368: 4190: 3886: 3486: 3265: 3156: 3141: 2729: 754:. A refrigerant is employed either in a heat pump system in which a compressor is used to drive thermodynamic 416:

The heat pump gained popularity in the 1950s in Japan and the United States. Heat pumps can extract heat from

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Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for the building. This can be done via

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Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed through

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In more complex schemes, warm air is allowed to rise and flow out high building openings to the outside (

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defined Natural ventilation as the flow of air through open windows, doors, grilles, and other planned

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ECOHEATCOOL (WP4) Possibilities with more district heating in Europe. Euroheat & Power, Brussels.

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vent. These are installed throughout a building to move air in or out of rooms. In the middle is a

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conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.

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A drawback is the installation cost, which can be slightly higher than traditional HVAC systems.

747: 439: 274: 108: 1844: 2441: 4555: 3876: 3831: 3586: 3581: 3511: 3407: 3243: 3046: 2953:(August 2003) by Althouse, Turnquist, and Bracciano, Goodheart-Wilcox Publisher; 18th edition. 2421: 2299: 2041: 1963: 1341: 1162: 915: 743: 640: 2989: 2346:

Dr. Edward A. Nardell Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School

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have been established to support the industry and encourage high standards and achievement. (

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or condenser) where it loses heat to the outside, cools, and condenses into its liquid phase.

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Many U.S. states have licensing for boiler operation. Some of these are listed as follows:

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underground headquarters), the equipment involved is in some cases an extension of a larger

4740: 2842:"Subchapter 13 - Licensing of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Service, Repair and/or Installers" 2828:"Ohio Admin. Code 1301:3-5-10 - Boiler operator and steam engineer experience requirements" 2483: 1309:

Finally, some U.S. cities may have additional labor laws that apply to HVAC professionals.

45: 4965: 4945: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4843: 4835: 4632: 4525: 4458: 4423: 4415: 4338: 4310: 3952: 3866: 3861: 3806: 3796: 3786: 3716: 3656: 3571: 3556: 3377: 3372: 3347: 3342: 3212: 3136: 1895: 1851: 1832: 1756: 1699: 1651: 1512: 1060: 836: 823:(also called metering device) regulates the refrigerant liquid to flow at the proper rate. 789: 781: 558: 477: 413:. Electrical heaters are often used as backup or supplemental heat for heat pump systems. 358: 338: 325: 302: 294: 270: 144: 120: 104: 2348: 696:

Alpha Black Edition - Sirair Airconditioner with UVC (Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation)

2125: 2110:"European residential ventilation: Investigating the impact on health and energy demand" 1803: 4883: 4745: 4735: 4088: 3985: 3761: 3741: 3706: 3641: 3561: 3402: 3392: 3301: 3151: 3121: 3076: 3071: 2294: 2267: 1681: 1427: 1400: 1217: 1072: 793: 566: 530: 278: 116: 37: 883:

An alternative to packaged systems is the use of separate indoor and outdoor coils in

646:, and as being driven by natural and/or artificially produced pressure differentials. 5000: 4985: 4484: 4170: 4021: 3916: 3881: 3651: 3646: 3601: 3596: 3442: 3417: 3412: 3387: 3357: 3227: 3126: 3106: 3086: 2997: 2611: 2076:"Characteristic of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning in Northwest Iran- Tabriz" 2020: 1709: 1671: 1170:

contaminants can come out from the HVAC systems if not removed or filtered properly.

1141: 1080: 1076: 734:

An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling and/or

526: 435: 128: 124: 57: 2945:(2012 (Second Printing)) by the International Code Council, Thomson Delmar Learning. 1573:

and oversee the installation and maintenance of the essential services such as gas,

4955: 4348: 4026: 3926: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3821: 3756: 3636: 3606: 3546: 3541: 3516: 3427: 3306: 3222: 3146: 3131: 3116: 2005: 1811: 1566: 1034: 911: 849: 650: 632: 624: 485: 410: 370: 286: 266: 244: 240: 239:

sources such as solar heat, winter's cold, the cooling potential in some places of

2349:"If We're Going to Live With COVID-19, It's Time to Clean Our Indoor Air Properly" 2134: 2109: 2284: 220:

Although HVAC is executed in individual buildings or other enclosed spaces (like

4960: 4596: 4358: 4000: 3957: 3931: 3871: 3851: 3846: 3721: 3681: 3666: 3611: 3536: 3506: 3501: 3317: 3182: 3101: 1574: 1516: 1492: 1443: 1158: 1084: 1001: 751: 669: 620: 598: 575: 513: 290: 96: 49: 4940: 4914: 4705: 4114: 4036: 3967: 3936: 3811: 3781: 3711: 3661: 3631: 3616: 3591: 3496: 3296: 3192: 3111: 3051: 2381: 1729: 1247:

iterate decisions and evaluations of the design throughout the design process.

1153: 1030: 997: 972: 931: 658: 362: 282: 151: 73: 69: 2667: 2045: 1991: 4663: 4653: 4530: 4073: 3751: 3746: 3696: 3671: 3526: 3322: 1661: 1628: 1464: 1439: 904: 856: 446: 417: 366: 350: 81: 77: 17: 2652: 2535:

Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance

2303: 2220:. A Design Guide for Energy-Efficient Research Laboratories. Archived from 590:

fans are available for many applications and can reduce maintenance needs.

312:

The invention of the components of HVAC systems went hand-in-hand with the

2978: 2334:"Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities" 4798: 4793: 4750: 4592: 4560: 4517: 4438: 4056: 3990: 3491: 3291: 3091: 3066: 3041: 2730:"010.01.02 Ark. Code R. § 002 - Chapter 13 - Restricted Lifetime License" 2151:"Outdoor PM2. 5 air filtration: optimising indoor air quality and energy" 1578: 1508: 1496: 1319:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

868: 713: 579: 406: 100: 4826: 2363:"A Paradigm Shift to Combat Indoor Respiratory Infection - 21st century" 2096:

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

1095:

The performance of vapor compression refrigeration cycles is limited by

60:

to open and close the vent to allow more or less air to enter the space.

4803: 4755: 4730: 4720: 4701: 4696: 4613: 4565: 4545: 3566: 3238: 2386: 2075: 1607: 1488: 1447: 1026: 2917: 1889:

Solar District Heating with Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage in Germany

529:

would deteriorate indoor air quality, other treatment devices such as

4775: 4770: 4678: 4585: 4580: 4494: 4448: 4243: 3995: 3801: 3551: 2035: 1773: 1570: 1451: 1353: 1330: 1193: 1189: 717: 708:

is a function used in modern air conditioners which reduces airborne

636: 342: 103:, and purity of the air in an enclosed space. Its goal is to provide 2019:

Iain Staffell; Dan Brett; Nigel Brandon; Adam Hawkes (30 May 2014).

1109:

do not appropriately describe the performance of these devices. The

776: 664:

An important component of natural ventilation is air change rate or

2709:"Building environment design—Indoor environment—General principles" 2243:"Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings" 2167: 2150: 1487:

that allow buildings to operate. It includes the electrotechnical,

4808: 4715: 4575: 4384: 4258: 3691: 1500: 1369: 1357: 1157: 1122: 775: 709: 691: 614: 380: 63: 44: 36: 2266:

Escombe, A. R.; Oeser, C. C.; Gilman, R. H.; et al. (2007).

2181:

Ventilation and Infiltration chapter, Fundamentals volume of the

1531:

Guide B: Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration

405:, normally heating ribbons composed of high resistance wire (see 373:

are used to heat single rooms and only consist of a single unit.

4570: 4469: 3766: 3686: 1337: 1267:

In the United States, federal licensure is generally handled by

398: 394: 390: 381: 4388: 2993: 2626:"Technology Profile: Demand Control Kitchen Ventilation (DCKV)" 4673: 4618: 2268:"Natural ventilation for the prevention of airborne contagion" 1898:. European Sustainable Energy Week, Brussels. 18–22 June 2012. 1582: 975:

systems can double for air conditioning and are more popular.

807:

pumps the refrigerant gas up to high pressure and temperature.

780:

A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1)

481: 657:

systems are used, either as backups or supplements. Air-side

353:

to heat water, steam, or air in a central location such as a

2442:"What are Air Ducts? The Homeowner's Guide to HVAC Ductwork" 1212:

as an omnibus agency is not specific to the HVAC industry.)

438:). The heat can be transferred to the surrounding air using 2800:"Chapter 90 - BOILERS, PRESSURE VESSELS, AND REFRIGERATION" 2484:"The Pros and Cons of Ductless Mini Split Air Conditioners" 1569:

sector, it is the job of the building services engineer to

2037:

Edmonton's green home guide : you're gonna love green

1984:"History of Heating, Air Conditioning & Refrigeration" 810:

From there it enters a heat exchanger (sometimes called a

72:. The fan enclosure is directly behind the board, and the 1515:

in a branch of engineering, such as building environment

1103:

heat rather than convert it from one form to another, so

445:

The use of water as the heat transfer medium is known as

409:). This principle is also used for baseboard heaters and 80:

switch is at the bottom left. In the lower middle is the

1909:"How Renewable Energy Is Redefining HVAC | AltEnergyMag" 27:

Technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

2078:. International Journal of Injury Control and Promotion 536:

Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into

1937:

HVAC-Talk: Heating, Air & Refrigeration Discussion

2659:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

1962:. Homewood, Illinois: American Technical Publishers. 1325:

Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute

578:(AHU) and used to control indoor air quality. Excess 574:

Mechanical, or forced, ventilation is provided by an

1481:

Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

1236:

The building environmental design standard aims to:

635:

when spaces are small and the architecture permits.

554:

Ventilation (architecture) § Mechanical systems

361:

in a large building. The heat can be transferred by

265:

HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by

131:" is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation as 95:) is the use of various technologies to control the 41:

Rooftop HVAC unit with view of fresh-air intake vent

4892: 4834: 4784: 4687: 4644: 4631: 4606: 4516: 4468: 4457: 4431: 4422: 4331: 4297: 4224: 4128: 3976: 3479: 3165: 3027: 2646: 2644: 2559:"Sustainable Facilities Tool: HVAC System Overview" 1433: 1421: 1416: 1406: 1394: 1389: 389:Heaters exist for various types of fuel, including 202:In modern buildings, the design, installation, and 2196:"Air Change Rates for typical Rooms and Buildings" 1196:, ACCA (Air Conditioning Contractors of America), 1165:, used for heating, cooling, and filtering the air 30:"HVAC" redirects here. The term may also refer to 2331:Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2316:Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2382:"Building Ventilation What Everyone Should Know" 1959:HVAC: heating, ventilating, and air conditioning 1363:American design standards are legislated in the 1271:(for installation and service of HVAC devices). 954:HVAC is significantly responsible for promoting 562:HVAC ventilation exhaust for a 12-story building 2063:. New York: Lewis Publishers. pp. 107–112. 1770:Designer's Guide to Ceiling-Based Air Diffusion 1561:Guide M: Maintenance Engineering and Management 1099:. These air conditioning and heat pump devices 835:In variable climates, the system may include a 4400: 3005: 2814:"Article 33.1-14 - North Dakota Boiler Rules" 2744:"Boiler Professionals Training and Licensing" 330:"Heater" redirects here. For other uses, see 8: 1552:Guide J: Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data 1537:Guide D: Transportation systems in Buildings 1384: 2702: 2700: 111:. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of 5007:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 4849:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 4641: 4465: 4428: 4407: 4393: 4385: 3772:High efficiency glandless circulating pump 3021:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 3012: 2998: 2990: 1178:Possible circulation of harmful substances 89:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 2950:Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 2666: 2293: 2283: 2166: 2149:Belias, Evangelos; Licina, Dusan (2022). 2133: 2108:Belias, Evangelos; Licina, Dusan (2024). 1604:temperatures of objects such as the floor 1000:, and in forced air systems they control 4206:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation 1747: 1745: 565: 557: 2248:. World Health Organization (WHO), 2009 1741: 1543:Guide F: Energy Efficiency in Buildings 2510:"Ductless Mini-Split Air Conditioners" 2419: 2185:, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, 2005 1495:, air conditioning, refrigeration and 1383: 4079:Programmable communicating thermostat 2006:"What is HVAC? A Comprehensive Guide" 1372:) or the International Code Council ( 1129:Demand-controlled kitchen ventilation 143:(as in the designation of HACR-rated 139:, or "ventilation" is dropped, as in 7: 4201:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 2319:"Improving Ventilation In Buildings" 1752:Ventilation and Infiltration chapter 1483:is a body that covers the essential 207:designers, mechanical engineers, or 2061:Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Systems 76:can be seen at the top. The safety 4062:Minimum efficiency reporting value 1876:Integrating Solar & Heat Pumps 1546:Guide G: Public Health Engineering 706:Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation 25: 4104:Standard temperature and pressure 3817:Packaged terminal air conditioner 3353:Passive daytime radiative cooling 3082:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 2786:"Subchapter 24.122.5 - Licensing" 2021:"A review of domestic heat pumps" 1760:, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 2005 1555:Guide K: Electricity in Buildings 1549:Guide H: Building Control Systems 772:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 401:. Another type of heat source is 4825: 3173:Absorption-compression heat pump 2977: 2684:"Building environment standards" 2466:"Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pumps" 1933:""Lake Source" Heat Pump System" 1540:Guide E: Fire Safety Engineering 1360:, and technical trade journals. 32:high-voltage alternating current 4068:Normal temperature and pressure 3448:Vapor-compression refrigeration 2098:, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, US 1220:is an important consideration. 982:Better air conditioning effects 627:, applied to schoolrooms (1899) 261:Air conditioning § History 249:seasonal thermal energy storage 247:, and the enabling function of 2584:"Heating and Air Conditioning" 1843:Dalin P., Rubenhag A. (2006). 1812:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.020 1485:Service (systems architecture) 1228:ISO 16813:2006 is one of the 985:Energy savings of up to 15–20% 1: 4216:Testing, adjusting, balancing 4160:Building information modeling 4155:Building services engineering 3732:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 3260:Demand controlled ventilation 3208:Building insulation materials 2942:International Mechanical Code 2135:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113839 1874:Wong B., Thornton J. (2013). 1754:, Fundamentals volume of the 1528:Guide A: Environmental Design 1263:Section 608 EPA Certification 1202:International Mechanical Code 1135:Demand controlled ventilation 623:system, by impulsion, or the 115:, based on the principles of 3777:High-pressure cut-off switch 3328:Ice storage air conditioning 3249:Dedicated outdoor air system 2285:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040068 4120:Thermostatic radiator valve 3922:Thermostatic radiator valve 3433:Underfloor air distribution 3368:Radiant heating and cooling 3286:Energy recovery ventilation 3198:Automobile air conditioning 3062:Domestic energy consumption 1336:Another popular society is 1148:Air filtration and cleaning 1069:energy recovery ventilation 1056:Ventilation energy recovery 463:Underfloor air distribution 341:. Such a system contains a 5043: 4269:Institute of Refrigeration 4150:Architectural technologist 3622:Electrostatic precipitator 2426:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 1878:. Renewable Heat Workshop. 1862:Nielsen, Jan Erik (2014). 1720:Ventilation (architecture) 1505:building services engineer 1322: 1316: 1260: 1151: 1132: 1111:Coefficient of performance 1063:systems sometimes utilize 1044: 1017: 929: 847: 769: 727: 608: 551: 506:Ventilation (architecture) 503: 490:volatile organic compounds 456: 329: 323: 258: 195: 29: 4923: 4823: 4322:Volatile organic compound 4181:Environmental engineering 4145:Architectural engineering 3947:Ultra-low particulate air 3532:Automatic balancing valve 3460:Variable refrigerant flow 3312:Heat recovery ventilation 3255:Deep water source cooling 2470:U.S. Department of Energy 2198:. The Engineering ToolBox 1695:Outdoor wood-fired boiler 1647:Architectural engineering 1065:heat recovery ventilation 4976:The House for the Future 4971:INTEGER Millennium House 4369:Template:Home automation 4191:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 3887:Solar-assisted heat pump 3487:Air conditioner inverter 3266:Displacement ventilation 3157:Vapour pressure of water 3142:Thermal destratification 2870:"ASHRAE Handbook Online" 2668:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2003136 2059:Bearg, David W. (1993). 1956:Swenson, S. Don (1995). 533:may also be necessary. 4966:House navigation system 4854:Lighting control system 4761:Universal powerline bus 4500:Universal powerline bus 4364:World Refrigeration Day 4211:Refrigerant reclamation 4140:Architectural acoustics 4084:Programmable thermostat 4016:Clean air delivery rate 3912:Thermal expansion valve 3827:Pressurisation ductwork 3737:Ground source heat pump 3178:Absorption refrigerator 2758:"Michigan Boiler Rules" 1887:Pauschinger T. (2012). 1725:World Refrigeration Day 1715:Uniform Mechanical Code 1606:or furnishings such as 1558:Guide L: Sustainability 1534:Guide C: Reference Data 1365:Uniform Mechanical Code 1198:Uniform Mechanical Code 1091:Air conditioning energy 1014:Ground source heat pump 332:Heater (disambiguation) 5022:Mechanical engineering 4354:Glossary of HVAC terms 4316:Sick building syndrome 4196:Mechanical engineering 3907:Smoke exhaust ductwork 3338:Mixed-mode ventilation 2607:Keeping cool and green 2368:. University of Leeds. 2351:. Time. February 2022. 2218:"Room Air Change Rate" 2074:Dianat, I; Nazari, I. 1705:Sick building syndrome 1690:Mechanical engineering 1677:Glossary of HVAC terms 1521:Engineering Council UK 1183:Industry and standards 1166: 1047:Solar air conditioning 1041:Solar air conditioning 796: 697: 628: 571: 563: 468:and pollen particles. 386: 113:mechanical engineering 85: 61: 42: 4874:Thermostat automation 4374:Template:Solar energy 4052:Intelligent buildings 4011:Carbon dioxide sensor 3398:Room air distribution 3218:Central solar heating 2588:www.nuclear-power.net 2155:Building & Cities 1577:, water, heating and 1161: 875:Packaged split system 779: 695: 618: 569: 561: 552:Further information: 459:Room air distribution 384: 314:Industrial Revolution 186:room air distribution 67: 48: 40: 5017:Building engineering 4981:Ubiquitous computing 4659:Bluetooth Low Energy 4536:Bluetooth Low Energy 4444:Hardware controllers 4176:Duct leakage testing 4166:Deep energy retrofit 4110:Thermographic camera 4047:Infrared thermometer 3522:Air source heat pump 3471:Water heat recycling 3037:Air changes per hour 2986:at Wikimedia Commons 2401:CDC (June 1, 2020). 2114:Energy and Buildings 1913:www.altenergymag.com 1686:Hotel electric power 1657:Auxiliary power unit 1121:), or in Europe the 1106:thermal efficiencies 1071:systems that employ 1020:Geothermal heat pump 666:air changes per hour 548:Mechanical or forced 385:Central heating unit 4951:Home energy monitor 4936:Building automation 4042:HVAC control system 4032:Home energy monitor 4006:Building automation 3792:Inverter compressor 3454:Variable air volume 3363:Passive ventilation 3333:Kitchen ventilation 3233:Constant air volume 3203:Autonomous building 2615:17 July 2010, p. 83 2321:. 11 February 2020. 2126:2024EneBu.30413839B 2034:(Alta.), Edmonton. 1994:on August 28, 2016. 1804:2012ApEn...93....2R 1386: 766:Refrigeration cycle 756:refrigeration cycle 619:Ventilation on the 611:Passive ventilation 593:In summer, ceiling 436:gravity-fed systems 198:HVAC control system 4931:Home of the future 4305:Indoor air quality 4249:ASTM International 4186:Hydronic balancing 3963:Wood-burning stove 3842:Radiator reflector 3627:Evaporative cooler 3438:Underfloor heating 3423:Thermal insulation 2651:Howard, J (2003), 1894:2016-10-18 at the 1850:2012-10-15 at the 1831:2015-09-24 at the 1824:Werner S. (2006). 1423:Education required 1167: 797: 698: 629: 625:'plenum' principle 572: 564: 387: 275:Rolla C. Carpenter 192:Individual systems 109:indoor air quality 86: 62: 43: 4994: 4993: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4627: 4626: 4382: 4381: 4298:Health and safety 3877:Scroll compressor 3832:Process duct work 3587:Convection heater 3582:Condensing boiler 3512:Air-mixing plenum 3408:Solar combisystem 3244:Cross ventilation 3047:Building envelope 2982:Media related to 2958:The Cost of Cool. 1969:978-0-8269-0675-5 1469:associate degrees 1457: 1456: 1163:Air handling unit 988:Even conditioning 956:energy efficiency 950:Energy efficiency 916:relative humidity 746:, convection, or 680:Airborne diseases 641:building envelope 538:mechanical/forced 365:, conduction, or 305:and many others. 241:lakes or seawater 216:District networks 209:building services 167:mechanical/forced 16:(Redirected from 5034: 5012:Building biology 4829: 4711:C-Bus (protocol) 4642: 4466: 4459:Interconnection 4429: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4386: 4344:Building science 4099:Smart thermostat 4094:Room temperature 3677:Fireplace insert 3383:Radon mitigation 3281:Electric heating 3276:District heating 3271:District cooling 3188:Air conditioning 3014: 3007: 3000: 2991: 2981: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2880: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2704: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2622: 2616: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2594: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2555: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2537:. December 2013. 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2377: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2297: 2287: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2247: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2216:Bell, Geoffrey. 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2192: 2186: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1990:. Archived from 1980: 1974: 1973: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1905: 1899: 1885: 1879: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1841: 1835: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1787: 1781: 1772:, Rock and Zhu, 1767: 1761: 1749: 1667:Electric heating 1642:Air speed (HVAC) 1408:Activity sectors 1387: 899:Dehumidification 865:direct expansion 828:evaporating coil 790:evaporating coil 736:humidity control 730:Air conditioning 724:Air conditioning 655:Air conditioning 411:portable heaters 357:in a home, or a 237:renewable energy 230:district cooling 226:district heating 156:healthy building 145:circuit breakers 50:Ventilation duct 21: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5031: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4946:Home automation 4919: 4905:Mesh networking 4888: 4844:Audio and video 4830: 4813: 4786: 4780: 4689: 4683: 4647:interconnection 4646: 4636: 4634: 4623: 4602: 4526:Radio frequency 4512: 4460: 4453: 4418: 4416:Home automation 4413: 4383: 4378: 4339:ASHRAE Handbook 4327: 4311:Passive smoking 4293: 4226: 4220: 4132: 4130: 4124: 3978: 3972: 3953:Whole-house fan 3867:Run-around coil 3862:Reversing valve 3807:Mechanical room 3797:Kerosene heater 3787:Infrared heater 3717:Gasoline heater 3657:Fan filter unit 3572:Condensate pump 3557:Centrifugal fan 3475: 3378:Radiant heating 3373:Radiant cooling 3348:Passive cooling 3343:Microgeneration 3213:Central heating 3161: 3137:Thermal comfort 3029: 3023: 3018: 2984:Climate control 2974: 2937: 2935:Further reading 2932: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2900: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2878: 2876: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2698: 2689: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2605: 2601: 2592: 2590: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2448: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2418: 2411: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2336:. 22 July 2019. 2332: 2330: 2326: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2227: 2225: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2183:ASHRAE Handbook 2180: 2176: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2081: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1941: 1939: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1915: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1896:Wayback Machine 1886: 1882: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1852:Wayback Machine 1842: 1838: 1833:Wayback Machine 1823: 1819: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1768: 1764: 1757:ASHRAE Handbook 1750: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1700:Radiant cooling 1652:ASHRAE Handbook 1637: 1625: 1616: 1600: 1591: 1499:industries. To 1477: 1461:HVAC technician 1436: 1424: 1409: 1397: 1396:Occupation type 1385:HVAC Technician 1382: 1350: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1265: 1259: 1254: 1226: 1185: 1180: 1156: 1150: 1137: 1131: 1093: 1077:enthalpy wheels 1073:heat exchangers 1061:Energy recovery 1058: 1049: 1043: 1022: 1016: 969: 952: 939: 934: 928: 901: 877: 852: 846: 837:reversing valve 820:expansion valve 812:condensing coil 786:expansion valve 782:condensing coil 774: 768: 732: 726: 682: 613: 607: 556: 550: 508: 502: 482:nitrogen oxides 478:carbon monoxide 474: 465: 457:Main articles: 455: 431: 426: 418:various sources 379: 359:mechanical room 339:central heating 335: 328: 326:Central heating 322: 295:William Rankine 271:Michael Faraday 263: 257: 218: 204:control systems 200: 194: 181: 161:Ventilating or 121:fluid mechanics 107:and acceptable 105:thermal comfort 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5040: 5038: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 4999: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4884:Smart home hub 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4639: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4522: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4487: 4482: 4474: 4472: 4463: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4435: 4433: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4389: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4089:Psychrometrics 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3986:Air flow meter 3982: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3762:Heating system 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3742:Heat exchanger 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3707:Gas compressor 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3642:Expansion tank 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3562:Ceramic heater 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3403:Solar air heat 3400: 3395: 3393:Renewable heat 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3304: 3302:Forced-air gas 3299: 3294: 3289: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3152:Thermodynamics 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3122:Psychrometrics 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3077:Gas compressor 3074: 3072:Fluid dynamics 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2973: 2972:External links 2970: 2969: 2968: 2961: 2954: 2946: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2918:"About ISHRAE" 2909: 2885: 2874:www.ashrae.org 2861: 2847: 2833: 2819: 2805: 2791: 2777: 2763: 2749: 2735: 2721: 2696: 2674: 2640: 2617: 2599: 2575: 2550: 2540: 2526: 2501: 2490:. 28 July 2018 2488:Home Reference 2475: 2457: 2433: 2393: 2372: 2354: 2339: 2324: 2309: 2258: 2234: 2208: 2187: 2174: 2168:10.5334/bc.153 2161:(1): 186–203. 2141: 2100: 2088: 2066: 2051: 2026: 2011: 1997: 1975: 1968: 1948: 1924: 1900: 1880: 1867: 1855: 1836: 1817: 1792:Applied Energy 1782: 1762: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1684: 1682:Head-end power 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1476: 1475:United Kingdom 1473: 1455: 1454: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1428:Apprenticeship 1425: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1381: 1378: 1349: 1346: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1261:Main article: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1225: 1222: 1218:pressurization 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1152:Main article: 1149: 1146: 1133:Main article: 1130: 1127: 1097:thermodynamics 1092: 1089: 1057: 1054: 1045:Main article: 1042: 1039: 1018:Main article: 1015: 1012: 990: 989: 986: 983: 968: 967:Heating energy 965: 951: 948: 938: 935: 930:Main article: 927: 926:Humidification 924: 900: 897: 876: 873: 848:Main article: 845: 842: 833: 832: 824: 815: 808: 770:Main article: 767: 764: 728:Main article: 725: 722: 681: 678: 609:Main article: 606: 603: 549: 546: 518: 517: 504:Main article: 501: 498: 473: 470: 454: 451: 430: 427: 425: 422: 378: 375: 324:Main article: 321: 318: 279:Willis Carrier 256: 253: 217: 214: 193: 190: 180: 177: 117:thermodynamics 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5039: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5002: 4987: 4986:Xanadu Houses 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4910:Organizations 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4859:Other systems 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635:technologies, 4630: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4485:Optical fiber 4483: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227:organizations 4223: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4171:Duct cleaning 4169: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4022:Control valve 4020: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3942:Turning vanes 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3917:Thermal wheel 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3882:Solar chimney 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3652:Fan coil unit 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3597:Cooling tower 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3443:Vapor barrier 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3418:Solar heating 3416: 3414: 3413:Solar cooling 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3388:Refrigeration 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3358:Passive house 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3228:Chilled water 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3127:Sensible heat 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3107:Noise control 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3087:Heat transfer 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2710: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2686:. www.iso.org 2685: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2612:The Economist 2608: 2603: 2600: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2548:pp.1426-1447. 2544: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2412:September 13, 2408: 2404: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2373: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2224:on 2011-11-17 2223: 2219: 2212: 2209: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2077: 2070: 2067: 2062: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1988:Coyne College 1985: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1952: 1949: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1710:Uniform Codes 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1672:Fan coil unit 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1622: 1620: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1595: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 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