71:
draws the liquid up into the tip. The instrument is then moved to the desired dispensing location. The plunger is again depressed to the first stop, and then to the second stop, or 'blowout', position. This action will fully evacuate the tip and dispense the liquid. In an adjustable pipette, the volume of liquid contained in the tip is variable; it can be changed via a dial or other mechanism, depending on the model. Some pipettes include a small window which displays the currently selected volume. The plastic pipette tips are designed for aqueous solutions, and are not recommended for use with organic solvents that may dissolve the plastics of the tips or even the pipettes.
503:
561:
625:
recommended for extremely low-volume pipette calibration, in the 2 microliter range, because the inherent uncertainties of the gravimetric method, performed with standard laboratory balances, becomes excessive. Properly calibrated microbalances, capable of reading in the range of micrograms (10 g) can also be used effectively for gravimetric analysis of low-volume micropipettes, but only if environmental conditions are under strict control. Six-place balances and environmental controls dramatically increase the cost of such calibrations.
649:
613:'s GMP/GLP regulations generally benefit from quarterly calibration, or every three months. Critical applications may require monthly service, while research and educational institutions may need only annual service. These are general guidelines and any decision on the appropriate calibration interval should be made carefully and include considerations of the pipette in question (some are more reliable than others), the conditions under which the pipette is used, and the operators who use it.
637:
280:. Depending on the size of the pipette, the user needs specific tip sizes like: 10 μL, 100 μL, 200 μL, 1,000 μL, other non-standard sizes, such as 5,000 μL (5 mL) or 10,000 μL (10 mL). The majority of tips have a color code for easy spotting like natural (colorless) for low volumes (0.1–10 μL), yellow (10–100 μL), or blue (100–1,000 μL). The corresponding pipette has the same
217:
19:
43:
248:
571:
617:
accurate indication of the volume dispensed. Relative humidity, ambient temperature, and barometric pressure are factors in the accuracy of the measurement, and are usually combined in a complex formula and computed as the Z-factor. This Z-factor is then used to modify the raw mass data output of the balance and provide an adjusted and more accurate measurement.
557:
are avoided. The lock mechanism is typically a mechanical toggle close to the pipette setting controls that interferes with the setting mechanism to prevent movement. Some pipettes, however, feature dials for setting the individual volume digits that can only be adjusted when unlocked by depressing and twisting the plunger.
556:
Some air displacement pipettes can additionally feature a locking mechanism (referred to as "locking pipettes") to allow better changing of volume yet preserving accuracy. By locking the set volume while performing several identical pipetting actions, accidental changes to the pipette volume setting
59:
displacement. A vacuum is generated by the vertical travel of a metallic or ceramic piston within an airtight sleeve. The upward movement of the piston, driven by the depression of the plunger, creates a vacuum in the space left vacant by the piston. To fill the vacuum, air from the tip rises, which
547:
Repeaters are specialized pipettes, optimized for repeated working steps like dispensing several times a specific volume like 20 μL from a single aspiration of a larger volume. In general, they have specific tips which do not fit on normal pipettes. Some electronic pipettes are able to perform this
46:
Schematic diagram of an air displacement pipette. The "Digital volume indicator" is a dial display that indicates the digits (i.e. unrelated to electronic). The components vary between brands and different volume sizes have different components, for example the piston in a P2 is needle-like and can
259:
With regard to the volume transferred, the smallest pipette that can handle the required volume should be selected. This is important because accuracy decreases when the set volume is close to the pipette's minimum capacity. For example, if 50 μl are dispensed using a 5,000 μl pipette, the results
70:
The plunger is depressed to both draw up and dispense the liquid. Normal operation consists of depressing the plunger button to the first stop while the pipette is held in the air. The tip is then submerged in the liquid to be transported and the plunger is released in a slow and even manner. This
66:
prevents liquid from coming into contact with the pipette itself. Instead, the liquid is drawn into and dispensed from a disposable pipette tip that is discarded after transferring fluid and a new pipette tip is used for the next transfer. Depressing the tip ejector button removes the tip, that is
616:
Calibration is generally accomplished through means of gravimetric analysis. This entails dispensing samples of distilled water into a receiving vessel perched atop a precision analytical balance. The density of water is a well-known constant, and thus the mass of the dispensed sample provides an
188:
The most common type of pipettes can be set to a certain volume within its operational range and are called adjustable. These pipettes commonly have a label with their volume range like "10–100 μL". These limits are indeed the limits as overwinding these limits would result in damage of the
624:
is used to measure the color difference before and after aspiration of the sample, providing a very accurate reading. This method is more expensive than the more common gravimetric method, given the cost of the colored reagents, and is recommended when optimal accuracy is required. It is also
596:
and volatile liquids tend to emit vapors which ascend into the pipette shaft even under proper operating conditions and may corrode the metal piston and springs, or the seals and o-rings that provide an air-tight seal between the piston and the surrounding
298:
In general, all tips are stored in 8 × 12 boxes for 96 pieces in an upright position. The spacing of tips in these boxes is usually standardised for multichannel pipette compatibility from a number of different suppliers.
255:
For optimal usage, every pipette supplier offers a broad range of different capacities. A small volume range of a pipette like 10–100 μL results in a much higher accuracy than a broad range from 0.1–1,000 μL per pipette.
604:
The accuracy required by the instrument. Applications requiring maximum accuracy also demand more frequent calibration. Instruments used for purely research applications or in educational settings generally require less frequent
34:, which are tools to handle volumes of liquid in the microliter scale. They are more commonly used in biology and biochemistry, and less commonly in chemistry; the equipment is susceptible to damage from many organic solvents.
67:
cast off without being handled by the operator and disposed of safely in an appropriate container. This also prevents contamination of or damage to the calibrated measurement mechanism by the substances being measured.
600:
Proper and careful handling. Pipettes that are frequently dropped, are subjected to careless handling or horseplay, or that are not properly stored in a vertical position, will tend to degrade in accuracy over
494:
Depending on the number of pistons in a pipette, there is a differentiation between single-channel pipettes and multi-channel pipettes. For manual high-throughput applications like filling up a 96-well
817:
499:
most researchers prefer a multi-channel pipette. Instead of handling well by well, a row of 8 wells can be handled in parallel as this type of pipette has 8 pistons in parallel.
757:
531:. Whereas manual pipettes need a movement of the thumb (up to 3 cm), electronic pipettes have a main button. The programming of the pipette is generally done by a control
181:
Micropipettes can take a minimum volume of 0.2 μL and maximum volume of 10,000 μL (10 mL). They thus are used for smaller-scale transfers than equipment such as
684:
189:
pipetting system. The fixed volume pipette cannot be changed. As there are less moving parts, the mechanism is less complex, resulting in more accurate volume measurement.
609:
Under average conditions, most pipettes can be calibrated semi-annually (every six months) and provide satisfactory performance. Institutions that are regulated by the
2317:
720:
523:
To improve the ergonomics of pipettes by reducing the necessary force, electronic pipettes were developed. The manual movement of the piston is replaced by a small
970:
2199:
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589:
The skill and training of the operators. Skilled operators tend to operate the instrument more correctly and make fewer accuracy-robbing mistakes.
515:
Some manufacturers offer adjustable tip spacing pipettes. These allow to transfer multiple samples in parallel between different labware formats.
1814:
47:
be separated with ease from the piston assembly whereas in a P10ML it is drum-like and over 1 cm in diameter and is enclosed in plastic.
930:
193:
963:
746:
620:
The colorimetric method uses precise concentrations of colored water to affect the measurement and determine the volume dispensed. A
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is then replaced by the liquid that is drawn up into the tip and thus available for transport and dispensing elsewhere.
535:
and some further buttons. All settings are displayed on a small display. Electronic pipettes can decrease the risk of
871:
260:
will be rather poor. Using a 300 μl pipette will give better results, whereas using a 50 μl pipette would be ideal.
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200:) enhanced the fixed-volume pipette, developing the pipette with a variable volume. Warren Gilson founded
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For special applications, there are filter-tips available. These tips have a little piece of
1592:
1557:
1547:
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1498:
1408:
1315:
1218:
1110:
506:
Adjustable tip spacing pipette transferring samples from a 384 well plate to a 96 well plate
496:
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For sustained accuracy and consistent and repeatable operation, pipettes should be
31:
2163:
1991:
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For the pipetting process there are two components necessary: The pipette and
2259:
2057:
1707:
1320:
1135:
1095:
1037:
593:
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486:, depending on the shape of the contact point of the pipettes and the tip.
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at periodic intervals. These intervals vary depending on several factors:
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2017:
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41:
17:
1748:
1047:
810:"Are you using the right type of micropipette? [How-to]"
288:
2130:
1949:
1769:
1429:
990:
952:
786:. The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.
564:
Volume dials on EVOLVE manual pipette from INTEGRA Biosciences
251:
Three air-displacement pipettes that handle different volumes.
211:
56:
106:
Several different type of air displacement pipettes exist:
276:-made tools for single-use. In general, they are made of
902:
University of
Pittsburgh Environmental Health and Safety
228:
872:"Danger: You Might be Pipetting Yourself Out of a Job"
2237:
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2141:
2097:
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2010:
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185:, which come in 5, 10, 25 and 50 mL volumes.
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291:plastic in the upper conus to prevent sample
8:
1924:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument
2151:
2138:
2127:
1959:
1946:
1779:
1766:
1439:
1426:
998:
987:
971:
957:
949:
710:"Volumetric Measurement in the Laboratory"
490:Single-channel and multi-channel pipettes
2289:Instruments used in medical laboratories
1805:Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device
665:
632:
2318:Molecular biology laboratory equipment
1853:Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
923:"EVOLVE Well Balanced Manual Pipettes"
790:from the original on 26 December 2009
592:The liquid dispensed by the pipette.
95:Attachment point for a disposable tip
7:
840:"Ergonomic benefits of LTS pipettes"
726:from the original on 11 October 2016
478:Two major tip systems exist, called
820:from the original on 10 August 2022
763:from the original on 20 August 2016
654:Different volumes of micropipettes.
303:Commonly available pipette volumes
1848:Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
690:from the original on 4 August 2016
14:
845:. 28 January 2002. Archived from
1893:Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)
1703:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
933:from the original on 4 July 2017
647:
635:
569:
215:
511:Adjustable tip spacing pipettes
466:
390:
371:
194:University of Wisconsin–Madison
192:In 1972, several people of the
642:Oxford Single-Channel Pipettes
548:function using standard tips.
447:
409:
333:
1:
611:Food and Drug Administration
428:
75:Main parts of a micropipette
747:"How to Use a Micropipette"
352:
295:contaminating the pipette.
2339:
284:, printed on the pipette.
196:(mainly Warren Gilson and
177:Adjustable or fixed volume
51:These pipettes operate by
2286:
2154:
2137:
2126:
2048:Time-domain reflectometer
1958:
1945:
1815:Liquid chromatograph (LC)
1778:
1765:
1438:
1425:
997:
986:
782:Zinnen, Tom (June 2004).
316:
204:based on this invention.
28:air displacement pipettes
784:"The Micropipette Story"
89:Digital volume indicator
1883:Melting-point apparatus
1264:Cryogenic storage dewar
898:"Ergonomics: Pipetting"
2323:Volumetric instruments
2313:Microbiology equipment
1820:Mass spectrometer (MS)
1810:Gas chromatograph (GC)
674:"Use of Micropipettes"
565:
507:
252:
139:adjustable tip spacing
86:Volume adjustment dial
48:
23:
22:Micropipette in action
2195:Acid-resistant gloves
1876:differential scanning
563:
505:
250:
45:
21:
2308:Laboratory equipment
1772:Analytical chemistry
1274:Laminar flow cabinet
980:Laboratory equipment
2144:Personal protective
1053:Meker–Fisher burner
927:INTEGRA Biosciences
852:on 30 November 2010
816:. 18 January 2018.
814:INTEGRA Biosciences
519:Electronic pipettes
304:
272:tips. The tips are
1987:Function generator
1970:Bench power supply
1909:Analytical balance
1670:Ostwald viscometer
1665:Graduated cylinder
1404:Inoculation needle
929:. 4 October 2016.
878:. 23 November 2011
566:
508:
302:
253:
227:. You can help by
183:graduated pipettes
83:Tip ejector button
49:
24:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2255:Fire extinguisher
2245:Biosafety cabinet
2233:
2232:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2053:Transistor tester
2043:Spectrum analyzer
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1633:Measuring devices
1455:Soxhlet extractor
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1369:Spectrophotometer
1364:Pipeclay triangle
1116:Mortar and pestle
629:Additional images
622:spectrophotometer
552:Locking mechanism
476:
475:
314:Max. volume (μL)
311:Min. volume (μL)
245:
244:
64:Sterile technique
2330:
2152:
2139:
2128:
2033:Network analyzer
1960:
1947:
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1767:
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1409:Inoculation loop
1279:Microtiter plate
1219:Test tube holder
1111:Magnetic stirrer
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681:buffalostate.edu
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651:
639:
573:
539:-type injuries.
497:microtiter plate
317:Color on Gilson
305:
240:
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148:cylindrical tips
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2270:Solvent cabinet
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2200:Eyewash station
2183:
2148:
2146:equipment (PPE)
2145:
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2114:
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2006:
1997:Pulse generator
1963:Control devices
1954:
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1863:Thermochemistry
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1645:Conical measure
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1394:Test tube brush
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1289:Picotiter plate
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1234:Lab drying rack
1193:Extension clamp
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876:bitesizebio.com
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2225:Safety goggles
2222:
2220:Safety glasses
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2215:Nitrile gloves
2212:
2210:Medical gloves
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2105:Alligator clip
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2023:Logic analyzer
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1553:Vacuum (Dewar)
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1224:Test tube rack
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1199:Funnel support
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1106:Liquid whistle
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1071:Vacuum dry box
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1033:Heating mantle
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1018:Alcohol burner
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889:
863:
831:
801:
774:
745:Henry, Kelli.
737:
701:
664:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
646:
644:
641:
634:
630:
627:
607:
606:
602:
598:
590:
578:
575:
553:
550:
544:
541:
525:electric motor
520:
517:
512:
509:
491:
488:
474:
473:
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467:
465:
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459:
455:
454:
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356:
353:
351:
348:
345:
341:
340:
337:
334:
332:
329:
326:
322:
321:
320:tip size (μL)
318:
315:
312:
309:
265:
262:
243:
242:
222:
220:
209:
206:
178:
175:
174:
173:
168:
159:
150:
141:
136:
126:Single-channel
123:
117:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:Plunger button
76:
73:
39:
36:
30:are a type of
26:Piston-driven
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2335:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2290:
2285:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2179:Safety shower
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2089:Wire stripper
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Spiral plater
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
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1818:
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1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:Compositional
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1714:
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1704:
1701:
1699:
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1668:
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1631:
1625:
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1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
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1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
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1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
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1537:
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1506:
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1497:
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1467:
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1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1410:
1407:
1405:
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1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
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1377:
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1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:Balance brush
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:Weighing dish
1300:
1298:Weighing boat
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
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1260:
1257:
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1254:
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1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:Burette clamp
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
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1129:
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1049:
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1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Bunsen burner
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
996:
989:
985:
981:
974:
969:
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962:
960:
955:
954:
951:
932:
928:
924:
918:
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903:
899:
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890:
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867:
864:
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841:
835:
832:
819:
815:
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754:mcdb.ucla.edu
748:
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558:
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542:
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534:
530:
527:powered by a
526:
518:
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468:
463:
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285:
283:
279:
278:Polypropylene
275:
271:
263:
261:
257:
249:
239:
236:December 2009
230:
226:
223:This section
221:
218:
214:
213:
207:
205:
203:
199:
195:
190:
186:
184:
176:
172:
169:
167:
163:
160:
158:
154:
151:
149:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
131:
130:multi-channel
127:
124:
121:
118:
116:
112:
109:
108:
107:
101:
99:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
74:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
54:
44:
37:
35:
33:
29:
20:
16:
2250:Fire blanket
2188:Eye and hand
2174:Rubber apron
2038:Oscilloscope
2002:Potentiostat
1929:Plate reader
1825:pH indicator
1795:CHN analyzer
1790:AutoAnalyzer
1583:Round-bottom
1476:Boston round
1339:Filter paper
1294:Refrigerator
1211:Retort stand
1179:Clamp holder
1175:Beaker clamp
1141:Vortex mixer
1136:Stirring rod
1131:Static mixer
1061:Teclu burner
935:. Retrieved
926:
917:
905:. Retrieved
901:
892:
880:. Retrieved
875:
866:
856:15 September
854:. Retrieved
847:the original
834:
822:. Retrieved
813:
804:
792:. Retrieved
777:
765:. Retrieved
753:
740:
728:. Retrieved
716:
704:
692:. Retrieved
680:
668:
619:
615:
608:
605:calibration.
580:
567:
555:
546:
522:
514:
493:
483:
479:
477:
297:
286:
267:
258:
254:
233:
229:adding to it
224:
191:
187:
180:
171:manufacturer
170:
165:
161:
156:
152:
147:
144:conical tips
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
119:
114:
110:
105:
98:
69:
62:
50:
32:micropipette
27:
25:
15:
2238:Other items
2164:Face shield
2011:Measurement
1992:Galvanostat
1952:Electronics
1902:Other items
1888:Thermometer
1871:Calorimeter
1800:Colorimeter
1744:Gas syringe
1727:Other items
1655:Eye dropper
1530:Watch glass
1515:Evaporating
1494:Cold finger
1309:Other items
1215:Screw clamp
1207:Pinch clamp
1196:Flask clamp
1146:Wash bottle
1101:Homogenizer
907:29 November
882:29 November
794:14 December
577:Calibration
484:cylindrical
202:Gilson Inc.
198:Henry Lardy
2302:Categories
2169:Respirator
2110:Test probe
2028:Multimeter
1840:Microscopy
1660:Eudiometer
1624:Separatory
1593:Volumetric
1558:Erlenmeyer
1486:Condensers
1450:Dean–Stark
1399:Wire brush
1359:Microscope
1354:Centrifuge
1329:Cork borer
1284:Petri dish
1259:Agar plate
1246:Containers
1229:Wire gauze
1066:Water bath
1028:Desiccator
660:References
583:calibrated
282:color code
270:disposable
166:electronic
111:adjustable
2260:Fume hood
2205:Glove box
2058:Voltmeter
1443:Apparatus
1432:Glassware
1321:Autoclave
1316:Aspirator
1269:Incubator
1203:Iron ring
1126:Sonicator
1096:Chemostat
1038:Hot plate
824:20 August
594:Corrosive
543:Repeaters
442:500/1000
38:Operation
2159:Lab coat
2084:Tweezers
2074:Heat gun
1830:pH meter
1739:Bell jar
1619:Dropping
1573:Florence
1563:Fernbach
1525:Syracuse
1384:Scoopula
1334:Crucible
1043:Lab oven
931:Archived
818:Archived
788:Archived
758:Archived
721:Archived
717:brand.de
685:Archived
293:aerosols
153:standard
134:repeater
55:-driven
2098:General
2018:Ammeter
1718:Thistle
1675:Pipette
1650:Cuvette
1640:Burette
1609:Büchner
1602:Funnels
1588:Schlenk
1568:Fleaker
1548:Büchner
1469:Bottles
1389:Spatula
1379:Stopper
1349:Forceps
1249:Storage
1166:Holders
1086:Shakers
1057:Striker
1005:Heaters
992:General
937:28 July
767:19 June
694:19 June
597:sleeve.
529:battery
480:conical
458:P10000
450:Purple
412:Yellow
393:Salmon
336:Orange
274:plastic
157:locking
122:handled
2132:Safety
1734:Beaker
1713:Thiele
1698:Cragie
1693:Drying
1614:Hirsch
1578:Retort
1540:Flasks
1508:Dishes
1499:Liebig
1460:Kipp's
1374:Splint
1184:Tripod
1162:Clamps
1158:Stands
1121:Shaker
1083:Mixers
1008:Dryers
730:6 July
472:10000
464:10000
439:P5000
420:P1000
374:Lemon
208:Volume
162:manual
120:volume
102:Models
53:piston
2067:Tools
1685:Tubes
1520:Petri
850:(PDF)
843:(PDF)
761:(PDF)
750:(PDF)
724:(PDF)
713:(PDF)
688:(PDF)
677:(PDF)
601:time.
533:wheel
461:1000
453:5000
445:5000
434:1000
431:Blue
426:1000
401:P200
382:P100
308:Name
115:fixed
92:Shaft
1749:Vial
1708:Test
1344:File
1048:Kiln
939:2021
909:2023
884:2023
858:2009
826:2020
796:2009
769:2016
732:2016
696:2016
469:Sky
423:200
415:200
407:200
396:200
388:100
377:200
363:P20
355:Red
344:P10
328:0.2
289:foam
264:Tips
537:RSI
482:or
404:50
385:20
369:20
358:10
350:10
339:10
325:P2
231:.
164:or
155:or
146:or
132:or
128:or
113:or
57:air
2304::
925:.
900:.
874:.
812:.
756:.
752:.
719:.
715:.
683:.
679:.
366:2
347:1
331:2
972:e
965:t
958:v
941:.
911:.
886:.
860:.
828:.
798:.
771:.
734:.
698:.
238:)
234:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
