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of the instrument panel (like most
Cessnas, such as the 152 and 172), and in some the roll is controlled by sliding the whole yoke to the left and right (like the Cessna 162). Centre sticks also vary between aircraft. Some are directly connected to the control surfaces using cables, others (fly-by-wire airplanes) have a computer in between which then controls the electrical actuators.
434:
321:, because these various combined-purpose control surfaces control rotation about the same three axes in space, the aircraft's flight control system will still be designed so that the stick or yoke controls pitch and roll conventionally, as will the rudder pedals for yaw. The basic pattern for modern flight controls was pioneered by French aviation figure
147:
465:, which only had a hinged/pivoting rudder in addition to the warping-operated pitch and roll controls. A manual flight control system uses a collection of mechanical parts such as pushrods, tension cables, pulleys, counterweights, and sometimes chains to transmit the forces applied to the cockpit controls directly to the control surfaces.
525:
help to overcome these limitations. With hydraulic flight control systems, the aircraft's size and performance are limited by economics rather than a pilot's muscular strength. At first, only-partially boosted systems were used in which the pilot could still feel some of the aerodynamic loads on the
504:
that provide aerodynamic assistance. Servo tabs are small surfaces hinged to the control surfaces. The flight control mechanisms move these tabs, aerodynamic forces in turn move, or assist the movement of the control surfaces reducing the amount of mechanical forces needed. This arrangement was used
293:
also vary greatly among aircraft. There are yokes where roll is controlled by rotating the yoke clockwise/counterclockwise (like steering a car) and pitch is controlled by moving the control column towards or away from the pilot, but in others the pitch is controlled by sliding the yoke into and out
650:
In most current systems the power is provided to the control actuators by high-pressure hydraulic systems. In fly-by-wire systems the valves, which control these systems, are activated by electrical signals. In power-by-wire systems, electrical actuators are used in favour of hydraulic pistons. The
580:
With purely mechanical flight control systems, the aerodynamic forces on the control surfaces are transmitted through the mechanisms and are felt directly by the pilot, allowing tactile feedback of airspeed. With hydromechanical flight control systems, the load on the surfaces cannot be felt and
793:
systems, forces in vehicles occur via circulation control, in which larger and more complex mechanical parts are replaced by smaller, simpler fluidic systems (slots which emit air flows) where larger forces in fluids are diverted by smaller jets or flows of fluid intermittently, to change the
348:
In some aircraft, the control surfaces are not manipulated with a linkage. In ultralight aircraft and motorized hang gliders, for example, there is no mechanism at all. Instead, the pilot just grabs the lifting surface by hand (using a rigid frame that hangs from its underside) and moves it.
655:
flight control system are power-by-wire. The actuators in such an electro-hydrostatic actuation (EHA) system are self-contained hydraulic devices, small closed-circuit hydraulic systems. The overall aim is towards more- or all-electric aircraft and an early example of the approach was the
480:
Increases in the control surface area, and the higher airspeeds required by faster aircraft resulted in higher aerodynamic loads on the flight control systems. As a result, the forces required to move them also become significantly larger. Consequently, complicated mechanical
404:, controlled by a switch or a mechanical lever or in some cases are fully automatic by computer control, which alter the shape of the wing for improved control at the slower speeds used for take-off and landing. Other secondary flight control systems may include
444:
Mechanical or manually operated flight control systems are the most basic method of controlling an aircraft. They were used in early aircraft and are currently used in small aircraft where the aerodynamic forces are not excessive. Very early aircraft, such as the
683:
at each control surface to provide the expected response. Commands from the computers are also input without the pilot's knowledge to stabilize the aircraft and perform other tasks. Electronics for aircraft flight control systems are part of the field known as
383:
In addition to the primary flight controls for roll, pitch, and yaw, there are often secondary controls available to give the pilot finer control over flight or to ease the workload. The most commonly available control is a wheel or other device to control
544:, which has hydraulic pumps, reservoirs, filters, pipes, valves and actuators. The actuators are powered by the hydraulic pressure generated by the pumps in the hydraulic circuit. The actuators convert hydraulic pressure into control surface movements. The
505:
in early piston-engined transport aircraft and in early jet transports. The Boeing 737 incorporates a system, whereby in the unlikely event of total hydraulic system failure, it automatically and seamlessly reverts to being controlled via servo-tab.
552:
The pilot's movement of a control causes the mechanical circuit to open the matching servo valve in the hydraulic circuit. The hydraulic circuit powers the actuators which then move the control surfaces. As the actuator moves, the
674:
A fly-by-wire (FBW) system replaces manual flight control of an aircraft with an electronic interface. The movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals transmitted by wires (hence the term
477:
are often used on parked aircraft with mechanical systems to protect the control surfaces and linkages from damage from wind. Some aircraft have gust locks fitted as part of the control system.
581:
there is a risk of overstressing the aircraft through excessive control surface movement. To overcome this problem, artificial feel systems can be used. For example, for the controls of the
297:
180:. This article centers on the operating mechanisms of the flight controls. The basic system in use on aircraft first appeared in a readily recognizable form as early as April 1908, on
517:
Hydromechanical designs, consisting of a mechanical circuit and a hydraulic circuit, were used to reduce the complexity, weight, and limitations of mechanical flight controls systems.
841:
461:
where no conventionally hinged control surfaces were used on the wing, and sometimes not even for pitch control as on the Wright Flyer I and original versions of the 1909
605:
of this device was moved in proportion to the square of the air speed (for the elevators) to give increased resistance at higher speeds. For the controls of the
American
537:, which links the cockpit controls with the hydraulic circuits. Like the mechanical flight control system, it consists of rods, cables, pulleys, and sometimes chains.
67:
651:
power is carried to the actuators by electrical cables. These are lighter than hydraulic pipes, easier to install and maintain, and more reliable. Elements of the
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1416:
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warplanes, a 'bob-weight' was used in the pitch axis of the control stick, giving force feedback that was proportional to the airplane's normal acceleration.
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effort. Notable efforts have also been made by FlexSys, who have conducted flight tests using flexible aerofoils retrofitted to a Gulf stream III aircraft.
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953:
1383:
1189:
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In flexible wings, also known as "morphing aerofoils", much or all of a wing surface can change shape in flight to deflect air flow much like an
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901:
634:
is a device that is attached to the control column in some hydraulic aircraft. It shakes the control column when the aircraft is approaching
177:
169:, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkages, and the necessary operating mechanisms to control an aircraft's direction in flight.
114:
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The complexity and weight of mechanical flight control systems increase considerably with the size and performance of the aircraft.
133:
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are equipped with a back-up electrical power supply that can be activated to enable the stick shaker in case of hydraulic failure.
731:(for faster, stronger control response), complexity (mechanically simpler, fewer moving parts or surfaces, less maintenance), and
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100:
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71:
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This arrangement was found in the older-designed jet transports and in some high-performance aircraft. Examples include the
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direction of vehicles. In this use, active flow control promises simplicity and lower mass, costs (up to half less), and
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Several technology research and development efforts exist to integrate the functions of flight control systems such as
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in order to reduce the forces required from the pilots. This arrangement can be found on bigger or higher performance
31:
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supersonic interceptor (both 1950s-era designs), the required force feedback was achieved by a spring device. The
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1137:"C-141 and C-130 power-by-wire flight control systems - IEEE Conference Publication". May 1991: 535–539 vol.2.
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170:
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388:, so that the pilot does not have to maintain constant backward or forward pressure to hold a specific pitch
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1324:"The flapless air vehicle integrated industrial research (FLAVIIR) programme in aeronautical engineering"
305:, the first flightworthy aircraft design to have the initial form of modern flight controls for the pilot
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1051:"Regarding Pilot Usage of Display Technologies for Improving Awareness of Aircraft System States"
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Proceedings of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering
1272:. Ann Arbor, MI; Dayton, OH, U.S.A.: FlexSys Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory. Archived from
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into wings to perform the aerodynamic purpose with the advantages of less: mass, cost, drag,
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on some very early aircraft designs) when turned or deflected left and right, and moves the
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Kota, Sridhar; Osborn, Russell; Ervin, Gregory; Maric, Dragan; Flick, Peter; Paul, Donald.
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1950:
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400:, are common on larger aircraft but may also appear on smaller ones). Many aircraft have
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337:. Flight control has long been taught in such fashion for many decades, as popularized in
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monoplane in April 1908, and standardizing the format on the July 1909 Channel-crossing
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linkage - one that stops movement of the control surface at the desired position.
1098:"Review on signal-by-wire and power-by-wire actuation for more electric aircraft"
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1479:, Erin, Ontario, Canada: Boston Mills Press 1980 (revised edition 2004).
1477:
Avro Arrow: the story of the Avro Arrow from its evolution to its extinction
1447:
680:
660:. Serious consideration was given to using the approach on the Airbus A380.
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Touchdown: the
Development of Propulsion Controlled Aircraft at NASA-Dryden
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Generally, the primary cockpit flight controls are arranged as follows:
2120:
1771:
1753:
1678:
1267:"Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing – Design, Fabrication and Flight Test"
850:
795:
728:
708:
1475:
The
Arrowheads (Richard Organ, Ron Page, Don Watson, Les Wilkinson).
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Even when an aircraft uses variant flight control surfaces such as a
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268:
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is a typical example of an aircraft that uses this type of system.
329:
popularizing
Esnault-Pelterie's control format initially on Louis'
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1211:
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1494:. 1988. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. Airlife Publishing Ltd.
774:
652:
594:
482:
1540:
1507:
USAF & NATO Report RTO-TR-015 AC/323/(HFM-015)/TP-1 (2001).
271:; the left foot forward will move the rudder left for instance.
582:
43:
802:, which flew for the first time in the UK in September 2010.
747:. Two promising approaches are flexible wings, and fluidics.
1415:. London: Associated Newspapers Limited. 28 September 2010.
1334:(4). London: Mechanical Engineering Publications: 355–363.
1039:
The
Arrowheads, pages 57-58, 83-85 (for CF-105 Arrow only).
679:), and flight control computers determine how to move the
173:
are also considered flight controls as they change speed.
30:"Flight Control" redirects here. For the iPhone game, see
529:
A hydro-mechanical flight control system has two parts:
233:(the latter two also colloquially known as a control or
896:. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 21 & 22.
176:
The fundamentals of aircraft controls are explained in
150:
A typical aircraft's primary flight controls in motion
1409:"Demon UAV jets into history by flying without flaps"
921:
469:
are often used to adjust control cable tension. The
2416:
2395:
2328:
2224:
2059:
1925:
1762:
1578:
950:"Control surfaces directly controlled using cables"
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
842:List of airliner crashes involving loss of control
798:and response times. This was demonstrated in the
263:, or the earlier, pre-1919 "rudder bar", control
1492:The Air Pilot's Manual 4-The Aeroplane-Technical
485:arrangements were developed to extract maximum
1552:
8:
1781:
500:Some mechanical flight control systems use
1524:Airbus A380 cockpit - a 360-degree Panorama
1384:"Showcase UAV Demonstrates Flapless Flight"
1186:"A380: 'More Electric' Aircraft - Avionics"
999:
997:
894:Blériot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft
1559:
1545:
1537:
1023:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
769:are a military and commercial effort. The
341:instructional books such as the 1944 work
1347:
1121:
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
884:
1464:, London: Universal Books Ltd., 1990.
1210:Scott, William B. (27 November 2006),
1167:
1156:
869:, an early method for controlling roll
638:conditions. Some aircraft such as the
548:control the movement of the actuators.
523:Hydraulically powered control surfaces
1096:Maré, Jean-Charles; Fu, Jian (2017).
915:
913:
7:
1216:Aviation Week & Space Technology
72:adding citations to reliable sources
1386:. BAE Systems. 2010. Archived from
923:, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1990,
225:(also known as a control column),
25:
695:, is a further development using
281:, which controls engine speed or
257:when moved backwards or forwards.
83:"Aircraft flight control system"
48:
1419:from the original on 2011-08-23
1222:from the original on 2011-04-26
1192:from the original on 2018-08-12
1078:from the original on 2017-06-27
1027:Federal Aviation Administration
956:from the original on 2017-02-02
59:needs additional citations for
2469:In-flight entertainment system
2166:Horizontal situation indicator
1102:Chinese Journal of Aeronautics
546:electro-hydraulic servo valves
188:pioneer-era monoplane design.
159:aircraft flight control system
1:
822:Flight with disabled controls
691:Fly-by-optics, also known as
526:control surfaces (feedback).
325:, with fellow French aviator
2449:Environmental control system
1058:NASA Langley Research Center
771:X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing
739:. These may be used in many
664:Fly-by-wire control systems
32:Flight Control (video game)
27:How aircraft are controlled
2526:
2126:Course deviation indicator
1817:Electro-hydraulic actuator
1143:10.1109/NAECON.1991.165802
1072:"Power-By-Wire - Avionics"
1029:. 2016-08-24. p. 6-2.
847:Matthew Piers Watt Boulton
827:Helicopter flight controls
817:Flight envelope protection
754:
743:(UAVs) and 6th generation
667:
623:
557:is closed by a mechanical
440:elevator and rudder cables
392:(other types of trim, for
356:
237:), governs the aircraft's
39:Helicopter flight controls
36:
29:
2357:Conventional landing gear
1240:"FlexSys Inc.: Aerospace"
1123:10.1016/j.cja.2017.03.013
2141:Flight management system
1340:10.1243/09544100JAERO580
919:Langewiesche, Wolfgang.
767:Adaptive compliant wings
741:unmanned aerial vehicles
599:Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow
171:Aircraft engine controls
37:Not to be confused with
2444:Emergency oxygen system
2206:Turn and slip indicator
2001:Leading-edge droop flap
1971:Drag-reducing aerospike
1946:Adaptive compliant wing
1941:Active Aeroelastic Wing
812:Dual control (aviation)
640:McDonnell Douglas DC-10
576:Artificial feel devices
438:de Havilland Tiger Moth
323:Robert Esnault-Pelterie
167:flight control surfaces
2510:Flight control systems
2484:Passenger service unit
2285:Self-sealing fuel tank
2181:Multi-function display
1166:Cite journal requires
518:
441:
424:Flight control systems
306:
214:
151:
2464:Ice protection system
2382:Tricycle landing gear
2372:Landing gear extender
1589:Aft pressure bulkhead
1444:The Avionics Handbook
1003:Taylor, 1990. p. 118.
982:Taylor, 1990. p. 116.
516:
493:aircraft such as the
436:
371:Spoiler (aeronautics)
300:
285:for powered aircraft.
205:Cockpit controls and
204:
149:
2429:Auxiliary power unit
1837:Flight control modes
892:Crouch, Tom (1982).
862:Weight-shift control
837:Kite control systems
773:was a US Air Force,
487:mechanical advantage
418:variable-sweep wings
367:Air brake (aircraft)
68:improve this article
2408:Escape crew capsule
2315:War emergency power
2186:Pitot–static system
2031:Variable-sweep wing
1739:Vertical stabilizer
1518:Airbus A380 cockpit
1114:2017ChJAn..30..857M
791:active flow control
785:Active Flow Control
733:radar cross section
379:Variable-sweep wing
303:Issy-les-Moulineaux
2116:Attitude indicator
2096:Airspeed indicator
2091:Aircraft periscope
1462:The Lore of Flight
1460:Taylor, John W.R.
991:Thom,1988. p. 153.
849:, inventor of the
697:fiber-optic cables
535:mechanical circuit
519:
442:
375:Leading edge slats
353:Secondary controls
311:V-tail ruddervator
307:
215:
152:
2497:
2496:
2424:Aircraft lavatory
2161:Heading indicator
2106:Annunciator panel
2086:Air data computer
1996:Leading-edge cuff
1442:Spitzer, Cary R.
1012:Thom,1988. p. 86.
973:Thom,1988. p. 87.
937:978-0-07-036240-6
903:978-0-87474-345-6
542:hydraulic circuit
457:used a system of
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
2517:
2479:Navigation light
2459:Hydraulic system
2434:Bleed air system
2362:Drogue parachute
2036:Vortex generator
1654:Interplane strut
1561:
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1428:
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1368:. Archived from
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1312:
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1295:
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1288:
1286:
1284:
1279:on 22 March 2012
1278:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1242:. Archived from
1236:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1212:"Morphing Wings"
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1188:. October 2001.
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857:Thrust vectoring
745:fighter aircraft
509:Hydro-mechanical
455:Fokker Eindecker
343:Stick and Rudder
301:Blériot VIII at
207:instrument panel
197:Primary controls
192:Cockpit controls
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
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52:
44:
21:
18:Aircraft control
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2454:Flight recorder
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2305:Thrust reversal
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2191:Radar altimeter
2156:Head-up display
2066:
2055:
1951:Anti-shock body
1933:
1921:
1782:Artificial feel
1764:Flight controls
1758:
1624:Fabric covering
1574:
1570:components and
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1322:P John (2010).
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363:Flap (aircraft)
357:Main articles:
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249:(or activating
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178:flight dynamics
154:A conventional
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2396:Escape systems
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1609:Cruciform tail
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1604:Crack arrestor
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1513:
1512:External links
1510:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1490:Thom, Trevor.
1488:
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1375:
1372:on 2018-05-17.
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1168:|journal=
1129:
1108:(3): 857–870.
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755:Main article:
752:
751:Flexible wings
749:
704:
701:
668:Main article:
665:
662:
647:
644:
624:Main article:
621:
618:
614:A-7 Corsair II
577:
574:
570:Lockheed SR-71
566:Antonov An-225
550:
549:
538:
510:
507:
471:Cessna Skyhawk
447:Wright Flyer I
430:
427:
425:
422:
354:
351:
287:
286:
272:
267:by moving the
258:
245:by moving the
198:
195:
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165:) consists of
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2417:Other systems
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2403:Ejection seat
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2347:Arrestor hook
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2342:Aircraft tire
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2146:Glass cockpit
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2081:Air data boom
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1862:Rudder pedals
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1719:Trailing edge
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1699:Stressed skin
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1539:
1533:
1532:by Tom Tucker
1531:
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1501:
1500:1-85310-017-X
1497:
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1485:1-55046-047-1
1482:
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1471:
1470:0-9509620-1-5
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1456:0-8493-8348-X
1453:
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1390:on 2011-07-07
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757:Flexible wing
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646:Power-by-wire
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387:
386:elevator trim
380:
376:
372:
368:
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352:
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346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:Louis Blériot
324:
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280:
276:
273:
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266:
262:
261:Rudder pedals
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182:Louis Blériot
179:
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106:
102:
99:
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92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
2439:Deicing boot
2367:Landing gear
2310:Townend ring
2300:Thrust lever
2275:NACA cowling
2240:Autothrottle
2232:fuel systems
2230:devices and
2021:Stall strips
1991:Krueger flap
1961:Channel wing
1907:Wing warping
1897:Stick shaker
1892:Stick pusher
1812:Dual control
1797:Centre stick
1763:
1664:Leading edge
1634:Flying wires
1594:Cabane strut
1529:
1491:
1476:
1461:
1443:
1436:Bibliography
1423:29 September
1421:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1378:
1370:the original
1331:
1327:
1317:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1274:the original
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:the original
1234:
1224:, retrieved
1215:
1205:
1194:. Retrieved
1180:
1159:cite journal
1132:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1080:. Retrieved
1074:. May 2001.
1066:
1057:
1044:
1035:
1022:
1017:
1008:
987:
978:
969:
958:. Retrieved
944:
893:
887:
867:Wing warping
788:
760:
706:
693:fly-by-light
692:
690:
676:
673:
649:
632:stick shaker
629:
626:Stick shaker
620:Stick shaker
612:and the LTV
610:F-8 Crusader
579:
563:
551:
541:
534:
528:
520:
499:
479:
463:Etrich Taube
459:wing warping
443:
382:
347:
331:Blériot VIII
308:
289:The control
288:
275:Thrust lever
251:wing warping
227:centre stick
223:control yoke
216:
186:Blériot VIII
175:
162:
158:
153:
130:
124:October 2009
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
2387:Tundra tire
2270:Intake ramp
2201:Transponder
1986:Gurney flap
1927:Aerodynamic
1842:Fly-by-wire
1724:Triple tail
1413:Metro.co.uk
763:ornithopter
677:fly-by-wire
670:Fly-by-wire
658:Avro Vulcan
587:Avro Vulcan
555:servo valve
467:Turnbuckles
2377:Oleo strut
2265:Inlet cone
2260:Gascolator
2226:Propulsion
2216:Yaw string
2211:Variometer
2067:instrument
2046:Wing fence
1981:Gouge flap
1956:Blown flap
1912:Yaw damper
1887:Stabilator
1872:Side-stick
1807:Dive brake
1694:Stabilizer
1669:Lift strut
1659:Jury strut
1394:2010-12-22
1308:2022-01-22
1299:"FlexFoil"
1226:2011-04-26
1196:2018-08-12
1082:2018-08-09
960:2017-01-25
874:References
502:servo tabs
475:Gust locks
451:Blériot XI
429:Mechanical
414:air brakes
402:wing flaps
335:Blériot XI
231:side-stick
211:Cessna 182
156:fixed-wing
94:newspapers
2352:Autobrake
2280:NACA duct
2255:Fuel tank
2245:Drop tank
2228:controls,
2111:Astrodome
2101:Altimeter
1966:Dog-tooth
1931:high-lift
1882:Spoileron
1867:Servo tab
1847:Gust lock
1802:Deceleron
1787:Autopilot
1744:Wing root
1729:Twin tail
1714:Tailplane
1649:Hardpoint
1619:Empennage
1582:structure
1448:CRC Press
1358:0954-4100
1349:1826/5579
1151:109026952
800:Demon UAV
725:flaperons
713:elevators
681:actuators
495:Fokker 50
491:propeller
339:ab initio
315:flaperons
255:elevators
213:D Skylane
2504:Category
2320:Wet wing
2295:Throttle
2041:Vortilon
1902:Trim tab
1832:Flaperon
1822:Elevator
1777:Airbrake
1749:Wing tip
1674:Longeron
1644:Fuselage
1580:Airframe
1568:Aircraft
1417:Archived
1366:56205932
1283:26 April
1250:26 April
1220:archived
1190:Archived
1076:Archived
954:Archived
806:See also
709:ailerons
703:Research
686:avionics
593:and the
568:and the
559:feedback
410:spoilers
398:ailerons
390:attitude
359:Trim tab
279:throttle
247:ailerons
235:joystick
2330:Landing
2121:Compass
2069:systems
2061:Avionic
2051:Winglet
1934:devices
1877:Spoiler
1772:Aileron
1754:Wingbox
1679:Nacelle
1629:Fairing
1572:systems
1303:FlexSys
1110:Bibcode
851:aileron
796:inertia
737:stealth
729:inertia
717:elevons
603:fulcrum
483:gearing
319:elevons
108:scholar
2065:flight
2026:Strake
1857:Rudder
1827:Elevon
1792:Canard
1734:V-tail
1709:T-tail
1639:Former
1599:Canopy
1498:
1483:
1468:
1454:
1364:
1356:
1149:
935:
927:
900:
853:(1868)
779:Boeing
777:, and
723:, and
607:Vought
591:bomber
394:rudder
377:, and
283:thrust
269:rudder
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
2250:FADEC
2136:EICAS
2011:Slats
1852:HOTAS
1704:Strut
1362:S2CID
1277:(PDF)
1270:(PDF)
1147:S2CID
1054:(PDF)
879:Notes
832:HOTAS
721:flaps
636:stall
406:slats
317:, or
291:yokes
243:pitch
209:of a
115:JSTOR
101:books
2332:and
2196:TCAS
2176:ISIS
2131:EFIS
2076:ACAS
2063:and
2016:Slot
1976:Flap
1929:and
1917:Yoke
1689:Spar
1614:Dope
1496:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1425:2010
1354:ISSN
1285:2011
1252:2011
1172:help
933:ISBN
925:ISBN
898:ISBN
775:NASA
735:for
653:F-35
595:RCAF
589:jet
540:The
533:The
453:and
416:and
396:and
241:and
239:roll
163:AFCS
87:news
2171:INS
2151:GPS
2006:LEX
1684:Rib
1344:hdl
1336:doi
1332:224
1139:doi
1118:doi
789:In
597:'s
585:'s
583:RAF
277:or
265:yaw
229:or
184:'s
70:by
2506::
1450:,
1446:,
1411:.
1360:.
1352:.
1342:.
1330:.
1326:.
1301:.
1218:,
1214:,
1163::
1161:}}
1157:{{
1145:.
1116:.
1106:30
1104:.
1100:.
1056:.
1025:.
996:^
952:.
931:,
912:^
765:.
719:,
715:,
711:,
699:.
688:.
630:A
572:.
497:.
449:,
420:.
412:,
408:,
373:,
369:,
365:,
361:,
345:.
313:,
221:A
1560:e
1553:t
1546:v
1520:.
1487:.
1472:.
1427:.
1397:.
1346::
1338::
1311:.
1287:.
1254:.
1199:.
1174:)
1170:(
1153:.
1141::
1126:.
1120::
1112::
1085:.
1060:.
963:.
939:.
906:.
161:(
137:)
131:(
126:)
122:(
112:·
105:·
98:·
91:·
64:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
