37:
503:
Jacques
Ryckmans, La persécution des chrétiens himyarites au sixième siècle, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Inst. in het Nabije Oosten, 1956 pp. 1–24; A. Jamme, W.F., Sabaean and Ḥasaean Inscriptions from Saudi Arabia, Instituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente: Università di Roma, Rome 1966, p.
409:
revolted against Sumūyafa Ashwa and seized power, declaring himself King of Himyar. After several unsuccessful military campaigns sent by Negus Kālēb to overthrow the new king, Abrǝhā remained in power in exchange for a
397:
was crowned King of Himyar, soon after
Christian churches were rebuilt and Christians who were forcibly converted to Judaism were allowed to revert to Christianity.
312:, but the friendly relations between the two kingdoms did not last long, as in the second decade of the 6th century AD, the Jewish Himyarites began to persecute the
703:
346:Ḥayyān. The initial military campaign was successful and the Aksumites brought to power a Himyar Christian by the name of Maʿdīkarib Yaʿfur. However, in 522
444:
D. W. Phillipson (2012). Foundations of an
African Civilisation: Aksum and the Northern Horn, 1000 BC – 1300 AD. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 204.
366:
and ordered his troops to slaughter the whole city for refusing to convert to
Judaism, and news of the massacres rapidly spread across the region.
718:
453:
P. Yule (2013). "A Late
Antique Christian king from Ḥimyar, southern Arabia, Antiquity, 87". Antiquity Bulletin. Antiquity Publications: 1134.
698:
713:
531:
Migration
Histories of the Medieval Afroeurasian Transition Zone: Aspects of Mobility between Africa, Asia and Europe, 300–1500 C.E
389:, and Negus Kālēb decided to lead his armies in person into another invasion in 525. The Aksumite army was reinforced by the
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and soon after established diplomatic relations with the
Aksumite Kingdom, the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire.
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sent by the
Byzantine emperor Justin I. Following the defeat of Yūsuf Dhū Nuwās, another Himyar Christian by the name of
319:
A severe drought in the 6th century weakened the
Himyarite kingdom and contributed to its eventual conquest by Aksum.
297:, as the Aksumites had occupied relatively peripheral areas in the region and formed alliances with the local tribes.
293:
During the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, the
Southern part of Arabia, known in antiquity as Arabia Felix, had experienced
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and began to persecute Christians once again by setting fire to churches and attacking Christian communities in
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304:, and a Jewish kingdom known as Himyar was established. During the reign of Himyarite King
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142:
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545:
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Africans in Arabia Felix: Aksumite Relations with Himyar in the Sixth Century C.E. Vol. 1
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579:"New Research Links Sixth-century Droughts to the Rise of Islam : UMass Amherst"
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308:, the Aksumites established diplomatic relations with the Himyarite capital city of
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Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes; Reinfandt, Lucian; Stouraitis, Yannis (2020).
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consisted of a series of two invasions from 518 to 525 fought between the
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465:"Religious statecraft: Constantinianism in the figure of Nagashi Kaleb"
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Christian Julien Robin,'Arabia and Ethiopia,'in Scott Johnson (ed.)
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During the late 4th century AD, the local population converted to
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The Himyarite Kingdom in 525 AD, just before King Kaleb's conquest
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362:. In 524, Yūsuf Dhū Nuwās besieged the Christian city of
16:
518–528 invasion of Himyarite Kingdom by Aksumite Empire
685:
Emperor Kaleb & The First Crusade (~500AD-~535AD)
405:
In 535, a Christian Aksumite general by the name of
546:"The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Kingdom in Arabia"
625:Oxford University Press, 2012, pp.247-333.p.282
277:with the ultimate goal of establishing an anti-
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639:Preiser-Kapeller et al. (2020) p. 308.
622:The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity,
568:Preiser-Kapeller et al. (2020) p. 307.
350:declared himself king in a successful
314:Christian community of Southern Arabia
672:Preiser-Kapeller et al. (2020) p. 308
269:waged by the former on behalf of the
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376:massacres of Christians by Dhū Nuwās
704:Wars involving the Kingdom of Aksum
199:70 ships during the invasion of 525
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211:120,000 soldiers at the Siege of
382:sent a call to arms through the
239:Massacre of Christians in Najran
660:Jeffreys et al. (1986):433–434
1:
533:. Leiden: Brill. p. 306.
544:Bowersock, Glen W. (2011),
249:Aksumite invasion of Himyar
22:Aksumite invasion of Himyar
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699:Military history of Yemen
329:persecution of Christians
265:. The wars functioned as
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719:Ethiopia–Yemen relations
378:, the Byzantine emperor
370:Aksumite invasion of 525
323:Aksumite invasion of 518
113:South Arabian Christians
463:Rukuni, Rugare (2020).
384:Patriarch of Alexandria
342:to Arabia Felix led by
75:Aksumite victory on 525
514:Hatke, George (2011),
482:10.4102/hts.v76i4.5885
425:Book of the Himyarites
152:Commanders and leaders
219:Casualties and losses
226:12,500-14,000 killed
205:Roman reinforcements
124:Eastern Roman Empire
714:Roman–Sasanian Wars
469:Theological Studies
374:In response to the
340:punitive expedition
327:In response to the
601:Rukuni (2020) p. 5
550:Historical Studies
306:Yanuf Dhu Shanatir
275:Roman-Persian Wars
29:Roman–Persian Wars
709:Himyarite Kingdom
263:Himyarite Kingdom
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229:11,000 prisoners
133:Himyarite Kingdom
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90:annexed by the
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271:Roman Empire
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102:Belligerents
518:, p. 4
352:coup d'état
273:during the
82:Territorial
693:Categories
588:2022-07-17
432:References
391:Roman army
387:Timothy IV
289:Background
267:proxy wars
491:225161400
401:Aftermath
253:Christian
475:(4): 5.
418:See also
380:Justin I
281:bloc in
258:and the
191:Strength
169:Justin I
58:Location
27:Part of
555:14 July
412:tribute
344:general
302:Judaism
279:Sasanid
235:Unknown
183:†
84:changes
53:518–525
489:
407:Abrǝhā
364:Najran
360:Tihāma
260:Jewish
213:Najran
179:
165:Ḥayyān
70:Result
487:S2CID
356:Ẓafār
336:Kālēb
333:Negus
310:Ẓafār
557:2022
358:and
247:The
50:Date
477:doi
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665:^
644:^
630:^
581:.
548:,
504:40
485:.
473:76
471:.
467:.
331:,
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493:.
479::
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