394:
178:
982:
790:, Qadi al-Fadil never held that title. He was nevertheless the closest counsellor and chief secretary of the Ayyubid ruler until Saladin's death. He accompanied Saladin in his campaigns in Syria, but in the sources, he is chiefly associated with Egypt, where most of his career took place. Thus in 1188/89 Saladin renewed Qadi al-Fadil's brief to supervise all affairs of Egypt, while in 1190/91 he was tasked with equipping a fleet to assist Saladin in his
996:
393:
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and "combines richness (perhaps a little less prolix) and suppleness of form with a realistic treatment of the facts, a lesson too often forgotten by later writers, which makes his correspondence a valuable historical source". Al-Isfahani himself praises his contemporary as the "lord of word and pen", and writes that just as the
968:
290:, at this time Qadi al-Fadil's father fell into disgrace because he failed to inform Cairo of the release of an important hostage by the governor of Ascalon. His property was confiscated, and he died, destitute, soon after. According to this account, Qadi al-Fadil had to interrupt his apprenticeship and go on foot to
757:
In 1167/8, Qadi al-Fadil became the new head of the chancery, replacing his old patron Ibn
Khallal. When the latter died on 4 March 1171, he became the secretary to Saladin. From 1170 on, Saladin gradually moved to dismantle the Fatimid regime and replace Isma'ilism with Sunni Islam. The 14th-century
770:
in
September 1171, Qadi al-Fadil played a leading role in carrying out the subsequent changes in the military and fiscal administration of Egypt. Qadi al-Fadil's role in the suppression of a supposed pro-Fatimid conspiracy in April 1174 is unclear. The aftermath included the execution of a number of
886:
Already during his lifetime, Qadi al-Fadil was highly esteemed, chiefly due to the "exceptional quality of his private and official epistolary style", which was praised, held up as a model, and emulated by subsequent generations of writers. This style was similar to that of Imad al-Din al-Isfahani,
748:
This change is not difficult to understand. Although a high official of the
Fatimid state, Qadi al-Fadil was likely a devoted Sunni, as were most of the civilian bureaucracy at the time. His loyalty to the Fatimid dynasty and the Isma'ili sect was therefore dubious at best, and it was not difficult
737:. Qadi al-Fadil's support extended to supporting Shawar's decision to turn to the Crusaders for aid against the Syrian troops. Nevertheless, within a short time, he managed to gain the friendship of Shirkuh and remained in service in the chancery under both him and his nephew and successor,
741:. The sources give different accounts of the background of these events. Modern historians generally consider the truthfulness of these reports doubtful, as they are at pains to exculpate Qadi al-Fadil for his sudden change of allegiance from the Fatimids to the
825:
purge of the early years of
Saladin's rule, which saw Christians evicted and banned from holding posts in the public fiscal administration. At the same time, however, Qadi al-Fadl sponsored a number of Jewish physicians, among them the celebrated philosopher
786:, a friend and collaborator who entered Saladin's service through Qadi al-Din's intercession, writes of him that he was the "principal driving force behind the affairs of Saladin's regime", but his exact duties are unclear. Although often called Saladin's
359:, he sided with the former, and was even imprisoned for a time along with Kamil in August 1163, when Dirgham seized power. After the final victory of Shawar in May 1164, Qadi al-Fadil was released and given many honours, including the epithet of
753:
to puppets. The official sect of Isma'ilism had lost its appeal and was weakened by disputes and schisms, and the dynasty's legitimacy was increasingly challenged by a Sunni resurgence that was partly sponsored by the
Fatimids' own viziers.
911:. Others survive as manuscripts to this day, and the work of editing and publishing them is still ongoing. However, they still represent only a part of the reportedly 100 volumes of official and private correspondence attributed to him.
867:, Saladin's second son, who had seized power there. When the two brothers came into conflict, Qadi al-Fadil managed to mediate a peace between them in 1195. After this he retired, and died on 26 January 1200. He was buried in the
846:
of Cairo, a change of the course of the Nile had exposed large tracts of land that were exceedingly fertile. Qadi al-Fadil bought much of it, and converted these estates into an orchard that supplied the capital with fruit.
926:). It has not survived, apart from several extracts from it that have been included in later histories, notably al-Maqrizi, and is an invaluable source on Saladin's rule in Egypt. According to the 13th-century historian
762:
ascribes to
Saladin and Qadi al-Fadil jointly the common cause of deposing the Fatimid dynasty, and Saladin himself is said to have remarked "I took Egypt not by force of arms but by the pen of Qadi al-Fadil".
841:
From his prominent post, Qadi al-Fadil became a wealthy man: he reportedly received an annual salary of 50,000 gold dinars, and became a successful merchant, trading with India and North Africa. Outside the
797:
At the same time, during
Saladin's absence in the wars against the Crusaders, the government of Egypt was formally left to other members of the Ayyubid clan. Qadi al-Fadil was critical of Saladin's brother,
126:, rising to become head of the fiscal department supervising the army, and receiving the name by which he is known. Despite his prominent position in the Fatimid state, he quickly sided with the fellow
775:. Qadi al-Fadil's account of the extent of the conspiracy is at odds with the limited reprisals, and the affair was likely a settling of old rivalries within the former Fatimid administrative elites.
272:, however, it is unclear whether Qadi al-Fadil also received judicial education at any point. The title was common for officials in the Fatimid administration as a honorific, and under the
137:
In the new
Ayyubid regime, Qadi al-Fadil was an important figure, serving as Saladin's chief counsellor. He was left in charge of the Egyptian administration during Saladin's wars in the
266:, became his patron during his subsequent career. This training included administrative practice and especially the arts of epistolary and secretarial writing. Despite his own title of
1753:
160:. His style was much admired and widely emulated by later generations. The corpus of his letters is also an important historical source for the period. In addition, he founded a
749:
for him to transfer his allegiance to the Sunni
Ayyubids. The Fatimid regime itself was already in decline, challenged by over-mighty viziers who had reduced the
1773:
141:. As a result, historians often attribute to him the title of vizier, which he never held. After Saladin's death in 1193, Qadi al-Fadil served Saladin's son
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1704:
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897:). As a result, many of his chancery epistles were included in the works of other authors, from chroniclers such as al-Isfahani and
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863:, ruler of Damascus. Due to al-Afdal's erratic leadership, he quickly returned to Egypt, where he entered the service of
952:
jurisprudence that he founded in 1184/85 at Cairo, the
Fadiliyya. It included a hall for studying the recitation of the
524:
115:, and quickly distinguished himself for the elegance of his prose style. In the early 1160s, he was patronized by the
335:. In this post he distinguished himself due to the artful language of his dispatches, and was called to Cairo by the
263:
802:. After he left Egypt, Qadi al-Fadil successfully lobbied for al-Adil's replacement by his friend, Saladin's nephew
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law school, but it is again unknown if he attended it. The only available information comes from the later writer
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invalidated all previous laws, so Qadi al-Fadil's style overrode all previous traditions in epistle literature (
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were published in two volumes in Cairo in 1961 and 1969, edited by Ahmad A. Badawi and Ibrahim al-Ibyari.
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per month did not suffice to care for his mother, brother and sister back in Ascalon, but following the
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Qadi al-Fadil's reputation among contemporaries and later generations rests chiefly on his skill as an
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74:'the Excellent Judge'; 3 April 1135 – 26 January 1200) was an official who served the last
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324:, who reports that during his stay in Alexandria, Qadi al-Fadil studied under the two eminent
259:
223:, while another that it hailed from Ascalon, but that Qadi al-Ashraf had previously served as
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Qadi al-Fadil was also active as a poet. Many of his works are included in his epistles. His
332:
1748:
1671:
1562:
Kraemer, Joel L. (2005). "Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait". In Seeskin, Kenneth (ed.).
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355:, Qadi al-Fadil became the secretary to Shawar's son, Kamil. During Shawar's conflicts with
309:
940:
A famous bibliophile, Qadi al-Fadil amassed a large library, much of which he donated to a
930:, however, this diary was actually kept by a different historian, Abu Ghalib al-Shaybani.
806:. For unknown reasons, Qadi al-Fadil was not present at Saladin's greatest victory at the
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131:
48:
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1501:. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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Abu Ali Abd al-Rahim ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Lakhmi al-Baysani al-Asqalani
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in the same year, the rest of his family moved to Egypt. Alexandria was the seat of a
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schools in Cairo where he, as a Sunni, might have acquired the necessary training.
1613:
1693:"Some Preliminary Refections on the Chancery Correspondence of the Qadi al-Fadil"
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927:
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17:
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is notable, who served the Ayyubid rulers of Egypt until his death in 1245/46.
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When Saladin deposed the Fatimid regime outright following the death of caliph
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Qadi al-Fadil received his basic education at his home town, before moving to
1554:
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As head of the chancery, Qadi al-Fadil also kept an official diary (known as
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Qadi al-Fadil's surviving family is mostly obscure. From his many sons, only
199:. His father, known as al-Qadi al-Ashraf (d. 1149/50), was serving as judge (
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Saladin during the latter's vizierate, and supported him in deposing the
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219:'al-Baysani' is unclear: one version holds that the family hailed from
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Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras, Part 1
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TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 24 (Kāânî-i Şîrâzî – Kastamonu)
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general who had invaded Egypt on behalf of his Syrian master,
725:
As a partisan of Shawar, Qadi al-Fadil had originally opposed
342:(vizierate: 1161–1163) and appointed head of the army bureau (
859:
in March 1193, Qadi al-Fadil initially served his oldest son
81:, and became the secretary and chief counsellor of the first
164:
in Cairo, and donated his large library to the institution.
817:
In Christian sources, Qadi al-Fadil is blamed for the anti-
153:, ruler of Egypt. He retired after 1195, and died in 1200.
149:, before switching his allegiance to Saladin's second son,
385:
Switch of allegiance and the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate
1568:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–57.
243:, where, at the initiative of his father, he entered the
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in Cairo. A mausoleum was erected on top of his grave.
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and financial official, Qadi al-Fadil went to study in
1648:
Al-Qāḍi al-Fāḍil, der Wezīr Saladin's. Eine Biographie
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1650:(PhD dissertation) (in German). Leipzig: W. Drugulin.
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as a trainee. The long-serving head of the chancery,
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1699:. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. pp. 207–218.
1624:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 114–115.
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1088:
771:former Fatimid officials, most notably the poet
294:, where by 1153 he had become secretary to the
1754:12th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
111:, the Fatimid capital. He entered the Fatimid
706:
286:According to the 13th-century encyclopaedist
8:
1664:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
810:(1187), nor in the subsequent recapture of
366:
1541:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
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699:
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195:Qadi al-Fadil was born on 2 April 1135 at
1549:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 376–377.
1516:Brockelmann, C. & Cahen, Cl. (1978).
1695:. In Vermeulen, U.; De Smet, D. (eds.).
1018:
1008:
405:
304:, Ibn Hadid. His small salary of three
215:) there. The exact significance of the
29:Chief counsellor to Saladin (1135–1200)
1565:The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides
1403:
1262:
1250:
1041:
43:, better known by the honorific name
7:
1774:12th-century Arabic-language writers
1658:(2019). "Saladin's 'Spin Doctors':
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830:, whom he defended from charges of
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1764:12th-century Arabic-language poets
1734:Officials of the Fatimid Caliphate
882:Writings and patronage of learning
25:
1789:Egypt under the Ayyubid Sultanate
1744:People from the Ayyubid Sultanate
994:
980:
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773:Umara ibn Abi al-Hasan al-Yamani
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1589:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
279:Fatimid regime, there were no
134:, which was achieved in 1171.
1:
834:, and who dedicated his book
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207:) and financial comptroller (
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1467:Brockelmann & Cahen 1978
1089:Brockelmann & Cahen 1978
1253:, pp. 276–277, 280ff..
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1646:Helbig, Adolph H. (1908).
1622:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
376:the Excellent/Virtuous One
173:Service under the Fatimids
1676:10.1017/S0080440119000033
907:literature, most notably
855:After Saladin's death at
381:), by which he is known.
1620:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
988:Fatimid Caliphate portal
836:On Poisons and Antidotes
554:Battle of Belvoir Castle
1784:Muslims of the Crusades
1769:Medieval letter writers
1612:Şeşen, Ramazan (2001).
1497:Brett, Michael (2017).
784:Imad al-Din al-Isfahani
642:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
627:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad
652:Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush
192:
1241:, pp. 17–19, 78.
1229:, pp. 18–19, 21.
1115:, pp. 14–15, 19.
851:Final years and death
779:Service under Saladin
549:Siege of Jacob's Ford
513:Taking power in Egypt
181:Political map of the
180:
1739:People from Ashkelon
1691:Jackson, D. (1995).
1583:Lev, Yaacov (1999).
632:Baha al-Din Qaraqush
574:Capture of Jerusalem
544:Battle of Marj Ayyun
539:Battle of Montgisard
518:Battle of the Blacks
1656:Hillenbrand, Carole
1469:, pp. 376–377.
1418:, pp. 189–190.
758:Egyptian historian
675:Cultural depictions
508:Battle of al-Babein
463:Ismat ad-Din Khatun
401:Part of a series on
329:Abu Tahir al-Silafi
1519:"al-Ḳāḍī al-Fāḍil"
1499:The Fatimid Empire
1457:, pp. 25, 43.
1166:, pp. 14, 20.
193:
1631:978-975-389-451-7
1575:978-0-521-52578-7
1508:978-0-7486-4076-8
1352:, pp. 22–23.
1325:, pp. 29–30.
1313:, pp. 86–94.
1277:, pp. 84–86.
1205:, pp. 20–21.
1178:, pp. 16–17.
1154:, pp. 19–20.
1142:, pp. 15–16.
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120:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i
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531:Wars with the
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528:
527:
522:
521:
520:
510:
500:Service under
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
481:
479:Al-Zahir Ghazi
476:
474:Al-Aziz Uthman
468:
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457:
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428:
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398:
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345:diwan al-jaysh
241: 1148/49
174:
171:
169:
166:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1801:
1790:
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1759:Sunni Muslims
1757:
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1706:90-6831-683-4
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1432:
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1398:
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1368:
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1339:
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1324:
1319:
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1312:
1307:
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1300:
1295:
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1288:
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1228:
1223:
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1217:, p. 21.
1216:
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1199:
1196:
1193:, p. 17.
1192:
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1129:
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1103:, p. 14.
1102:
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1021:, p. 31.
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792:Siege of Acre
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670:Cairo Citadel
668:
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647:Qadi al-Fadil
645:
643:
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637:Ibn al-Tuwayr
635:
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628:
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623:
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589:Siege of Acre
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579:Siege of Tyre
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53:القاضي الفاضل
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
27:
19:
1779:Bibliophiles
1696:
1667:
1663:
1659:
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1234:
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1019:Kraemer 2005
1002:Egypt portal
939:
932:
917:Mutajaddidat
913:
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873:
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840:
835:
816:
796:
782:
765:
756:
747:
724:
646:
350:
285:
231:
229:at Baysan.
194:
155:
136:
94:
44:
40:
37:Mujir al-Din
36:
33:Muhyi al-Din
32:
31:
26:
1729:1200 deaths
1724:1135 births
1532:Pellat, Ch.
928:Ibn al-Adim
804:Taqi al-Din
322:al-Mundhiri
306:gold dinars
264:Ibn Khallal
190: 1140
145:, ruler of
1718:Categories
1545:Volume IV:
1404:Şeşen 2001
1263:Brett 2017
1251:Brett 2017
1042:Şeşen 2001
960:References
844:city walls
828:Maimonides
760:al-Maqrizi
735:Nur al-Din
502:Nur ad-Din
447:Turan-Shah
302:Alexandria
292:Alexandria
1684:211952166
1670:: 65–77.
1555:758278456
1528:Lewis, B.
923:Majarayat
899:Abu Shama
812:Jerusalem
685:Mausoleum
533:Crusaders
452:Tughtakin
314:Crusaders
258:) of the
58:romanized
1605:39633589
1547:Iran–Kha
1538:(eds.).
1482:Lev 1999
1455:Lev 1999
1443:Lev 1999
1431:Lev 1999
1416:Lev 1999
1379:Lev 1999
1367:Lev 1999
1350:Lev 1999
1338:Lev 1999
1323:Lev 1999
1311:Lev 1999
1299:Lev 1999
1287:Lev 1999
1275:Lev 1999
1239:Lev 1999
1227:Lev 1999
1215:Lev 1999
1203:Lev 1999
1191:Lev 1999
1176:Lev 1999
1164:Lev 1999
1152:Lev 1999
1140:Lev 1999
1128:Lev 1999
1113:Lev 1999
1101:Lev 1999
942:madrasah
861:al-Afdal
857:Damascus
832:apostasy
743:Ayyubids
484:Al-Afdal
469:Children
437:Siblings
362:al-Fadil
274:Isma'ili
254:al-insha
245:chancery
162:madrasah
147:Damascus
143:al-Afdal
113:chancery
95:Born in
1749:Saladin
1491:Sources
950:Shafi'i
865:al-Aziz
800:al-Adil
768:al-Adid
751:caliphs
739:Saladin
731:Kurdish
727:Shirkuh
617:Al-Adid
442:Al-Adil
431:Shirkuh
407:Saladin
370:
357:Dirgham
333:Ibn Awf
326:jurists
312:to the
217:epithet
197:Ascalon
151:al-Aziz
117:viziers
97:Ascalon
90:Saladin
83:Ayyubid
79:caliphs
76:Fatimid
72:
60::
1703:
1682:
1628:
1603:
1593:
1572:
1553:
1534:&
1505:
946:Maliki
889:Sharia
821:dhimmi
788:vizier
729:, the
664:Legacy
611:People
416:Family
353:Shawar
337:vizier
318:Maliki
221:Baysan
183:Levant
139:Levant
124:Shawar
86:sultan
49:Arabic
1680:S2CID
1522:. In
954:Quran
904:insha
894:insha
281:Sunni
277:Shi'a
251:diwan
234:Cairo
211:nazir
128:Sunni
109:Cairo
99:to a
1701:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1601:OCLC
1591:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1551:OCLC
1503:ISBN
948:and
944:for
496:Life
458:Wife
367:lit.
331:and
297:qadi
269:qadi
226:qadi
203:qadi
168:Life
122:and
103:qadi
70:lit.
35:(or
1672:doi
1662:".
920:or
794:.
348:).
300:of
236:in
185:in
92:.
1720::
1678:.
1668:29
1666:.
1616:.
1599:.
1543:.
1530:;
1526:;
1474:^
1423:^
1386:^
1357:^
1330:^
1183:^
1120:^
1049:^
1026:^
1011:^
814:.
745:.
238:c.
187:c.
88:,
67:,
55:,
51::
39:)
1709:.
1686:.
1674::
1634:.
1607:.
1578:.
1557:.
1511:.
714:e
707:t
700:v
379:'
373:'
365:(
247:(
47:(
20:)
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