Human nose - Knowledge (XXG)

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ectodermal structure called the nasal fin. The nasal fin separates the sac from the oral cavity. Within the fin, vacuoles develop that fuse with the nasal sac. This enlarges the nasal sac and at the same time thins the fin to a membrane - the oronasal membrane that separates the nasal pits from the oral cavity. During the seventh week the oronasal membrane ruptures and disintegrates to form an opening - the single primitive choana. The intermaxillary segment extends posteriorly to form the primary palate, which makes up the floor of the nasal cavity. During the eighth and ninth weeks, a pair of thin extensions form from the medial walls of the maxillary process. These extensions are called the palatine shelves that form the secondary palate. The secondary palate will endochondrally ossify to form the hard palate - the end-stage floor of the nasal cavity. During this time, ectoderm and

2080: 1687:- the maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal, develop from the nasal cavity as invaginations extending into their named bones. Two pairs of sinuses form during prenatal development and two pairs form after birth. The maxillary sinuses are the first to appear during the fetal third month. They slowly expand within the maxillary bones and continue to expand throughout childhood. The maxillary sinuses form as invaginations from the nasal sac. The ethmoid sinuses appear in the fetal fifth month as invaginations of the middle meatus. The ethmoid sinuses do not grow into the ethmoid bone and do not completely develop until puberty. 840: 1528:. The axons are in varying stages of maturity, reflecting the constant turnover of neurons in the olfactory epithelium. A plexiform network is formed in the lamina propria, by the bundles of axons that are surrounded by olfactory ensheathing cells. In as many as twenty branches, the bundled axons cross the cribriform plate and enter the overlying olfactory bulb ending as glomeruli. Each branch is enclosed by an outer dura mater that becomes continuous with the nasal periosteum. 1601:, paired mandibular processes and paired maxillary processes. The nose is largely formed by the fusion of these five facial prominences. The frontonasal process gives rise to the bridge of the nose. The medial nasal processes provide the crest and the tip of the nose, and the lateral nasal processes form the alae or sides of the nose. The frontonasal process is a proliferation of mesenchyme in front of the brain vesicles, and makes up the upper border of the stomadeum. 1186: 65: 1746:, and the resulting conditioning of the air before it reaches the lungs is important in maintaining the internal environment and proper functioning of the lungs. The turbulence created by the conchae and meatuses optimises the warming, moistening, and filtering of the mucosa. A major protective role is thereby provided by these structures of the upper respiratory tract, in the passage of air to the more delicate structures of the lower respiratory tract. 1959: 395: 701:. The compressor naris muscle compresses the nostrils and may completely close them. The alar part, the dilator naris mainly consists of the dilator naris posterior, and a much smaller dilator naris anterior, and this muscle flares the nostrils. The dilator naris helps to form the upper ridge of the philtrum. The anterior, and the posterior dilator naris, (the alar part of the nasalis muscle), give support to the nasal valves. 1616:. The nasal placodes are also known as the olfactory placodes. This development is induced by the ventral part of the forebrain. In the sixth week, the ectoderm in each nasal placode invaginates to form an indented oval-shaped pit, which forms a surrounding raised ridge of tissue. Each nasal pit forms a division between the ridges, into a lateral nasal process on the outer edge, and a medial nasal process on the inner edge. 1194: 1022: 1088: 56: 1708: 6044: 988:

that allows optimum contact with the respiratory epithelium for the necessary warming, moisturising, and filtering. The turbulence also allows movement of the air to pass over the olfactory epithelium and transfer odour information. The angle of the valve between the septum and the sidewall needs to be sufficient for unobstructed airflow, and this is normally between 10 and 15 degrees.

1777: 403: 6032: 5973: 1152:. The pug nose is characterised by excess tissue from the apex that is out of proportion to the rest of the nose. A low and underdeveloped nasal bridge may also be evident. A saddle nose deformity involving the collapse of the bridge of the nose is mostly associated with trauma to the nose but can be caused by other conditions including 528: 1693:

The frontal sinuses only develop in the fifth or sixth year of childhood, and continue expanding throughout adolescence. Each frontal sinus is made up of two independent spaces that develop from two different sources; one from the expansion of ethmoid sinuses into frontal bone, and the other develops

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The skin of the nose varies in thickness along its length. From the glabella to the bridge (the nasofrontal angle), the skin is thick, fairly flexible, and mobile. It tapers to the bridge where it is thinnest and least flexible as it is closest to the underlying bone. From the bridge until the tip of

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of the mouth. As are all of the facial muscles, the muscles of the nose are innervated by the facial nerve and its branches. Although each muscle is independent, the muscles of the nose form a continuous layer with connections between all the components of the muscles and ligaments, in the nasal part

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nose lifts" in the form of re-usable cosmetic items have become popular and are sold in many Asian countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Sri Lanka and Thailand. A high-bridged nose has been a common beauty ideal in many Asian cultures dating back to the beauty ideals of ancient China

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are thin, U-shaped plates of cartilage on each side of the nose that form the lateral and medial walls of the vestibule, known as the medial and lateral crura. The medial crura are attached to the septal cartilage, forming fleshy parts at the front of the nostrils on each side of the septum, called

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drain into regions of the nasal cavity. The sinuses are air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity into the cranial bones. The frontal sinuses are located in the frontal bone; the sphenoidal sinuses in the sphenoid bone; the maxillary sinuses in the maxilla; and the ethmoidal sinuses in the ethmoid

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In the sixth week, the nasal pits deepen as they penetrate into the underlying mesenchyme. At this time, the medial nasal processes migrate towards each other and fuse forming the primordium of the bridge of the nose and the septum. The migration is helped by the increased growth of the maxillary

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and is the primary site of nasal resistance. The valves regulate the airflow and resistance. Air breathed in is forced to pass through the narrow internal nasal valve, and then expands as it moves into the nasal cavity. The sudden change in the speed and pressure of the airflow creates turbulence

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At the end of the sixth week, the nasal pits have deepened further and they fuse to make a large ectodermal nasal sac. This sac will be above and to the back of the intermaxillary process. Leading into the seventh week, the nasal sac floor and posterior wall grow to form a thickened plate-like

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Multiple arteries supply blood to the nose; the nasal septum, shown here is supplied by the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries at top; the sphenopalantine artery at the back, and the anterior ethoidal artery and the superior labial artery over the cartilage. These arteries join at

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Badly positioned alar cartilages lack proper support, and can affect the function of the external nasal valve. This can cause breathing problems particularly during deep inhalation. The surgical procedure to correct breathing problems due to disorders in the nasal structures is called a

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of the frontonasal process produce the midline septum. The septum grows down from the roof of the nasal cavity and fuses with the developing palates along the midline. The septum divides the nasal cavity into two nasal passages opening into the pharynx through the definitive choanae.

925:, or passage. Sometimes when the superior concha is narrow, a fourth supreme nasal concha is present situated above and sharing the space with the superior concha. The term concha refers to the actual bone; when covered by soft tissue and mucosa, and functioning, a concha is termed a 1275:

The sphenopalatine artery and the ethmoid arteries supply the outer walls of the nasal cavity. There is additional supply from a branch of the facial artery – the superior labial artery. The sphenopalantine artery is the artery primarily responsible for supplying the nasal mucosa.

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Because of the special nature of the blood supply to the human nose and surrounding area, it is possible for retrograde infections from the nasal area to spread to the brain. For this reason, the area from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose, including the nose and

386:. The bones and cartilages provide strong protection for the internal structures of the nose. There are several muscles that are involved in movements of the nose. The arrangement of the cartilages allows flexibility through muscle control to enable airflow to be modified. 704:

The depressor septi nasi may sometimes be absent or rudimentary. The depressor septi pulls the columella, the septum, and the tip of the nose downwards. At the start of inspiration, this muscle tenses the nasal septum and with the dilator naris widens the nostrils.

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the tip-defining points of the nose, separated by a notch. They then fold outwards, above and to the side of the nostrils forming the lateral crura. The major alar cartilages are freely moveable and can respond to muscles to either open or constrict the nostrils.

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from each of the paranasal sinuses allows drainage into the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinus is the largest of the sinuses and drains into the middle meatus. Most of the ostia open into the middle meatus and the anterior ethmoid, that together are termed the

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the nose the skin is thin. The tip is covered in skin that is as thick as the top section, and has many large sebaceous glands. The thickness of the skin varies but is still separated from the underlying bones and cartilage by four layers – a superficial

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The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi divides into a medial and a lateral slip. The medial slip blends into the perichondrium of the major alar cartilage and its overlying skin. The lateral slip blends at the side of the upper lip with the

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that resists internal collapse from airflow pressure generated by normal breathing. This structure is formed by the junction between the lateral and major cartilages. Their edges interlock by one scrolling upwards and one scrolling inwards.

717:. The lateral slip raises the upper lip and deepens and increases the curve above the nasolabial furrow. The medial slip pulls the lateral crus upwards and modifies the curve of the furrow around the alae, and dilates the nostrils. 1385:

In the nasal cavity, the nasal mucosa is divided in terms of nerve supply into a back lower part (posteroinferior), and a frontal upper part (anterosuperior). The posterior part is supplied by a branch of the maxillary nerve – the

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are found where there is no support from cartilage; these include an area around the sides of the septum – the paraseptal area – an area around the lateral cartilages, an area at the top of the nostril, and an area in the alae.

1742:. The internal structures and cavities, including the conchae and paranasal sinuses form an integrated system for the conditioning of the air breathed in through the nose. This functioning also includes the major role of the 1573: 1078:

in the ostia. The cilia in the sinuses beat towards the openings into the nasal cavity. The increased numbers of cilia and the narrowness of the sinus openings allow for an increased time for moisturising, and warming.

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Variations in shape of the nose have been hypothesised to possibly be adaptive to regional differences in temperature and humidity, though they may also have been driven by other factors such as sexual selection.

2277:. Therefore, Todd C. Rae concludes that the design of the large and wide Neanderthal nose was evolved for the hotter climate of the Middle East and Africa and remained unchanged when they entered Europe. 1920:

help to flare the nostrils and keep the airway open. Nasal flaring, is usually seen in children when breathing is difficult. Most conditions of nasal congestion also cause a loss of the sense of smell (

1624:, and this is continuous with the rostral part of the nasal septum. The tips of the maxillary processes also grow and fuse with the intermaxillary process. The intermaxillary process gives rise to the 675:(SMAS). The SMAS is continuous from the nasofrontal process to the nasal tip. It divides at level of the nasal valve into superficial and deep layers, each layer having medial and lateral components. 5451:

Komotar, RJ; Starke, RM; Raper, DM; Anand, VK; Schwartz, TH (February 2012). "Endoscopic endonasal compared with microscopic transsphenoidal and open transcranial resection of craniopharyngiomas".

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as a method of classifying ethnic groups. The index is based on the ratio of the breadth of the nose to its height. The nasal dimensions are also used to classify nasal morphology into five types:

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commonly presents a small nose with a flattened nasal bridge. This can be due to the absence of one or both nasal bones, shortened nasal bones, or nasal bones that have not fused in the midline.

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having an index of more than 100. Variations in nose size between ethnicities may be attributed to differing evolutionary adaptations to local temperatures and humidity. Other factors such as

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Visitors to Kyoto used to be shown the Minizuka or Ear Tomb, which contained, it was said, the noses of those 38,000, sliced off, suitably pickled, and sent to Kyoto as evidence of victory.

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Coordes, A; Loose, SM; Hofmann, VM; Hamilton GS, 3rd; Riedel, F; Menger, DJ; Albers, AE (February 2018). "Saddle nose deformity and septal perforation in granulomatosis with polyangiitis".

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and the nasal cavity proper. The nasal vestibule is the frontmost part of the nasal cavity, enclosed by cartilages. The vestibule is lined with skin, hair follicles, and a large number of

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countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand and Bangladesh, rhinoplasties are commonly carried out to create a more developed nose bridge or a "high nose". Similarly, "

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The borders of each nasal cavity are a roof, floor, medial wall (the septum), and lateral wall. The middle part of the roof of the nasal cavity is composed of the horizontal, perforated

5533: 1560:. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are distributed to the blood vessels of the nose. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres derived from the pterygopalatine ganglion provide the 798:) is the lower lateral surface of the external nose, shaped by the alar cartilage and covered in dense connective tissue. The alae flare out to form a rounded eminence around the 1620:

prominences medially, which compresses the medial nasal processes towards the midline. Their merging takes place at the surface, and also at a deeper level. The merge forms the

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The nasal cavity is divided into two cavities by the nasal septum, and each is accessed by an external nostril. The division into two cavities enables the functioning of the

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The sphenoid sinuses are extensions of the ethmoid sinuses into the sphenoid bones. They begin to develop around two years of age, and continue to enlarge during childhood.

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supply the roof, upper bony septum, and ethmoidal and frontal sinuses. The anterior ethmoidal artery also helps to supply the lower septal cartilage. Another branch is the

6860: 1265: 6410: 2292:" is an "adaptation to a cold and dry environment", since it contributes to warming and moisturizing the air and the "recovery of heat and moisture from expired air". 1764:

is a reflex brought on by different stimuli such as bright lights. The nose is also able to provide sense information as to the temperature of the air being breathed.

2236:", is also mildly taboo and can result in the spreading of infections as well. Habitual as well as fast or rough nose wiping may also result in a crease (known as a 3818: 2024:. In rare cases a polyp can form inside a bullosa. Usually a concha bullosa is small and without symptoms but when large can cause obstruction to sinus drainage. 1428: 1322:. This plexus is made up of large thin-walled veins with little soft tissue such as muscle or fiber. The mucosa of the plexus is thin with very few structures. 5548: 975:, and posteriorly by the nasal sill. The internal nasal valve is bounded laterally by the caudal border of the upper lateral cartilage, medially by the dorsal 174: 663: 605:. The rhinion is the midline junction where the nasal bone meets the septal cartilage. From the rhinion to the apex, or tip, the framework is of cartilage. 1338:

drains from the anterior half of the nasal cavity, including both the medial and lateral walls, to join that of the external nasal skin to drain into the

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is critical because the newborn infant breathes through the nose for the first six weeks, and any nasal blockage will need emergency treatment to clear.

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Persico, N; et al. (March 2012). "Nasal bone assessment in fetuses with trisomy 21 at 16-24 weeks of gestation by three-dimensional ultrasound".

1416:, (a branch of the nasociliary nerve). The external branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve also supplies areas of skin between the root and the alae. 555:

cartilages. The major and minor cartilages are also known as the greater and lesser alar cartilages. There is a narrow strip of cartilage called the

1912:. Chronic nasal obstruction resulting in breathing through the mouth can greatly impair or prevent the nostrils from flaring. One of the causes of 4911:

Trimarchi, M; Bussi, M; Sinico, RA; Meroni, P; Specks, U (February 2013). "Cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions - an autoimmune disease?".

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Zaidi, Arslan A., Brooke C. Mattern, Peter Claes, Brian McEcoy, Cris Hughes, and Mark D. Shriver. "Investigating the case of human nose shape and

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in the midline, posteriorly. It then passes along the floor of the nasal cavity. The septum is quadrangular–the upper half is attached to the two

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or Bowman's glands, which help in olfaction. The nasal conchae also help in olfaction function, by directing air-flow to the olfactory region.

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The topmost bony part of the nose is formed by the nasal part of the frontal bone, which lies between the brow ridges, and ends in a serrated

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said primate and arctic animal studies have shown sinus size reduction in areas of extreme cold rather than enlargement in accordance with

625:. The lobule contains the tip of the nose and its base contains the nostrils. At the peaks of the folds of the medial crura, they form the 55: 2605: 5665: 578:, which are fused to the dorsal septum in the midline. The septum is laterally attached, with loose ligaments, to the bony margin of the 6350: 5634: 1475: 473: 5951: 5934: 4307:

Van Cauwenberge, P; Sys, L; De Belder, T; Watelet, JB (February 2004). "Anatomy and physiology of the nose and the paranasal sinuses".

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Crowe, TP; Greenlee, MHW; Kanthasamy, AG; Hsu, WH (15 February 2018). "Mechanism of intranasal drug delivery directly to the brain".

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monument enshrines the mutilated noses of at least 38,000 Koreans killed during the Japanese invasions of Korea from 1592 to 1598.

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García-Moreno, J. M. (January 2006). "Photic sneeze reflex or autosomal dominant compelling helio-ophthalmic outburst syndrome".

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Feron, VJ; Arts, JH; Kuper, CF; Slootweg, PJ; Woutersen, RA (May 2001). "Health risks associated with inhaled nasal toxicants".

3428:"Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review with Emphasis on Emerging Histologic Subtypes and the Role of Human Papillomavirus" 6396: 5588: 4093:

Hu, KS; Kwak, J; Koh, KS; Abe, S; Fontaine, C; Kim, HJ (July 2007). "Topographic distribution area of the infraorbital nerve".

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Sonek, JD; Cicero, S; Neiger, R; Nicolaides, KH (November 2006). "Nasal bone assessment in prenatal screening for trisomy 21".

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Silva, EN (February 2019). "The Relation Between the Lower Lateral Cartilages and the Function of the External Nasal Valve".

4236: 2127: 1597:. By the end of the fourth week, the first pair of pharyngeal arches form five facial prominences or processes - an unpaired 4989: 4858: 886:

that slows down the conditioning process of the inhaled air. At the back of the nasal cavity there are two openings, called

307:. The hollow cavities of the paranasal sinuses act as sound chambers that modify and amplify speech and other vocal sounds. 2681: 507:

The two maxilla bones join at the base of the nose at the lower nasal midline between the nostrils, and at the top of the

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Some non-nasal surgeries can also be carried out through the use of an endoscope that is entered through the nose. These

2141:. These procedures aim to restore sinus ventilation, mucociliary clearance, and maintain the health of the sinus mucosa. 2099:

when it is commonly called a "nose job". For surgical procedures of rhinoplasty, the nose is mapped out into a number of

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The shape of the nose varies widely due to differences in the nasal bone shapes and formation of the bridge of the nose.

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or groove) running across the nose, and can lead to permanent physical deformity observable in childhood and adulthood.

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make up the bony-cartilaginous framework of the nose, and the internal structure. The nose is also made up of types of

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produces wrinkling over the bridge of the nose, and is active in concentration and frowning. It is a prime target for

659: 3477:"The sinonasal tract: another potential "hot spot" for carcinomas with transcriptionally-active human papillomavirus" 867:

separates the vestibule from the rest of the nasal cavity and marks the change from the skin of the vestibule to the

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is produced with pressure from the lungs. This can be modified using airflow through the nose in a process called

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Schreiber, BE; Twigg, S; Marais, J; Keat, AC (April 2014). "Saddle-nose deformities in the rheumatology clinic".

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Rodrigo Tapia, JP; Alvarez Alvarez, I; Casas Rubio, C; Blanco Mercadé, A; Díaz Villarig, JL (August 1999). "".

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by allowing air to escape from both the nose and the mouth. Nasal airflow is also used to produce a variety of

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that drains the side of the nose, receiving lateral nasal veins from the alae. The angular vein joins with the

710: 575: 2864:"An anatomical study of the nasal superficial musculoaponeurotic system: surgical applications in rhinoplasty" 952:. This region is about 5 square cm, covering the superior concha, the cribriform plate, and the nasal septum. 5566: 3037:

Wolfram-Gabel, R; Sick, H (February 2002). "Microvascularization of the mucocutaneous junction of the nose".

7703: 6355: 6116: 3613:"A systematic review of the nasal index and the significance of the shape and size of the nose in rhinology" 2281: 2237: 1866: 1757: 1253: 1231: 1223: 1199: 972: 579: 544: 262: 249:, shell-like bones in the walls of the cavities, play a major part in this process. Filtering of the air by 93: 6036: 5815: 7688: 7476: 7381: 7233: 6242: 6227: 6111: 3737:

Roe, J. O. (1 February 1989). "The Deformity Termed 'Pug Nose' and Its Correction by a Simple Operation".

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Infections or other conditions that may result in destruction of, or damage to a part of the nose include

1932:. A blocked sinus ostium, an opening from a paranasal sinus, will cause fluid to accumulate in the sinus. 1929: 1723:. Its main respiratory function is the supply and conditioning, by warming, moisturising and filtering of 1621: 1553: 1391: 1030: 941: 872: 868: 598: 567: 540: 516: 181: 157: 141: 5486:

Ye, T; Zhou, B (February 2015). "Update on surgical management of adult inferior turbinate hypertrophy".

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in each cavity provide four grooves as air passages, along which the air is circulated and moved to the

1257: 980: 918: 910: 556: 493: 472:, is made up of bone inside and cartilage closer to the tip of the nose. The bony part is formed by the 407: 89: 31: 5214:

Menick, F (November 2014). "Primary intranasal lining injury cause, deformities, and treatment plan".

1668:(faulty or incomplete development) or extremely rarely polyrrhinia the formation of a duplicate nose. 1314:

In the posterior region of the cavity, specifically in the posterior part of the inferior meatus is a

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is the border between the root and the tip of the nose, which in profile can be variously shaped. The

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Roof of the mouth showing position of palatine bones making up the floor of the nose, and forming the

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Wagenmann, M; Naclerio, RM (September 1992). "Anatomic and physiologic considerations in sinusitis".

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Air enters the upper respiratory tract through the nose. The nasal conchae can be seen in this image.

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In the early development of the embryo, neural crest cells migrate to form the mesenchymal tissue as

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is innervated by the buccal branch, and sometimes by the zygomatic branch, of the facial nerve. The

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available to correct various structural defects or to change the shape of the nose. Defects may be

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Oshima J, Martin GM, Hisama FM (2002-12-02) . Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al. (eds.).

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of the frontonasal process becomes thickened at its sides and also increases in size, forming the

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join with the nasal part of the frontal bone at either side; and these at the side with the small

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Dhulqarnain, AO; Mokhtari, T; Rastegar, T; Mohammed, I; Ijaz, S; Hassanzadeh, G (December 2020).

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Schünke, Michael; Ross, Lawrence M.; Schulte, Erik; Lamperti, Edward D.; Schumacher, Udo (2007).

2347: 2040: 1720: 1447: 1424: 1387: 1045:, and its anatomy is recognised as being unique and complex. Four paired paranasal sinuses – the 203: 4805:

Tüzün, Y; Wolf, R; Kutlubay, Z; Karakuş, O; Engin, B (October 2014). "Rosacea and rhinophyma".

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supply to the nasal mucous glands, and are distributed via branches of the maxillary nerves.

582:, while the inferior ends of the lateral cartilages are free (unattached). The three or four 7619: 7126: 7109: 6990: 6940: 6935: 6610: 6541: 6318: 6291: 6252: 6247: 6105: 5946: 5907: 5744: 5495: 5460: 5423: 5413: 5372: 5364: 5317: 5280: 5270: 5223: 5180: 5145: 5081: 5071: 5030: 5020: 4955: 4920: 4885: 4814: 4570: 4501: 4424: 4389: 4351: 4316: 4102: 4034: 3962: 3927: 3784: 3746: 3709: 3699: 3624: 3583: 3575: 3536: 3496: 3488: 3447: 3439: 3392: 3383:

Fischer, H; Gubisch, W (November 2006). "Nasal valves--importance and surgical procedures".

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and lower zygomatic branches; a supply from the buccal branch has also been described. The

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Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

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Sahin-Yilmaz, A; Naclerio, RM (March 2011). "Anatomy and physiology of the upper airway".

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chambers that modify, and amplify speech and other vocal vibrations passing through them.

1842: 1838: 1809: 1657: 1594: 1517: 1491: 1435: 1375: 1287:

a branch of the ophthalmic artery, and the infraorbital branch of the maxillary arteries.

1159: 1058: 1004: 860: 683: 679: 651: 497: 458: 411: 394: 379: 363: 331: 323: 311: 300: 289: 6559: 4285: 3750: 2274: 2204: 1283:. The skin of the outer parts of the alae and the dorsum of the nose are supplied by the 261:

to expel unwanted particles from the nose that irritate the mucosal lining. Sneezing can

7504: 7394: 7238: 7216: 7189: 7035: 6890: 6816: 6726: 6674: 6531: 6365: 5706: 5428: 5401: 5377: 5352: 5285: 5258: 5136:

Jones, N (23 September 2001). "The nose and paranasal sinuses physiology and anatomy".

5086: 5059: 5035: 5008: 4818: 3714: 3687: 3588: 3563: 3501: 3476: 3452: 3427: 3313: 3280: 3014: 2989: 2243: 2184: 2123: 2021: 2014: 1936: 1613: 1590: 1471: 1455: 1050: 968: 690: 655: 647: 5149: 4393: 4320: 2057:

can transmit infections carried in the expelled droplets. This route is called either

1520:. Olfactory nerves are bundles of very small unmyelinated axons that are derived from 1454:

are supplied by anterior and posterior ethmoid branches of the nasociliary nerve. The

1021: 590:

membrane, that connects the lateral cartilages to the frontal process of the maxilla.

461:. Below and behind the cribriform plate, sloping down at an angle, is the face of the 7683: 7667: 7647: 7487: 7312: 7300: 7287: 7271: 7025: 6960: 6751: 6741: 6328: 6323: 6232: 5978: 4506: 4489: 4254:

Congenital Anomalies of the Nose: Their Embryology, Diagnosis, and Management (SIPAC)

3665: 3629: 3612: 3540: 2932: 2176: 1882: 1753: 1735: 1451: 1443: 1315: 1215: 1169: 1110: 1100: 1092: 1054: 1046: 492:

of the roof of the mouth. The two horizontal plates join at the midline and form the

481: 462: 438: 5596: 5515: 5337: 5200: 4975: 4444: 4122: 3982: 3804: 3066: 2133:

Several nasal procedures of the nose and paranasal sinuses can be carried out using

1193: 1087: 245:

carries out the necessary conditioning of inhaled air by warming and moistening it.

7632: 6955: 6903: 6736: 6283: 6268: 6210: 6184: 6143: 5737: 5243: 5009:"A patient presenting with concha bullosa in another concha bullosa: a case report" 4054: 3646: 3412: 2289: 2217: 2156: 1830: 1805: 1743: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1561: 1467: 1308: 1304: 1296: 1071: 996: 984: 976: 945: 930: 922: 906: 856: 852: 834: 807: 775: 763: 571: 469: 450: 423: 383: 375: 319: 304: 246: 238: 227: 219: 37:

This article is about noses in humans. For the article about noses in general, see

5651:

Sexual Life in Ancient India: A Study in the Comparative History of Indian Culture

4859:"Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Patient Version" 4737: 1362:

The nerve supply to the nose and paranasal sinuses comes from two branches of the

1107:, and the nasal index is a recognised anthropometric index used in nasal surgery. 445:. The internal roof of the nasal cavity is composed of the horizontal, perforated 5911: 5499: 5227: 4924: 4889: 3704: 3005: 7560: 7409: 7389: 7204: 7199: 7139: 6821: 6746: 6647: 6509: 6494: 6338: 6099: 5402:"Minimally invasive (endoscopic-computer assisted) surgery:Technique and review" 2626: 2266: 2192: 2172: 2126:

can result from trauma. Minor fractures may heal on their own. Surgery known as

2112: 2100: 2092: 2074: 2036: 1978: 1962: 1917: 1870: 1846: 1834: 1739: 1724: 1707: 1397:

The frontal upper part is supplied from a branch of the ophthalmic nerve – the

1149: 895: 883: 746: 489: 430: 351: 322:, or result from nasal disorders or from trauma. These procedures are a type of 315: 296: 105: 5464: 4840: 3931: 3579: 2224:

habit. Medical risks include the spread of infections, nosebleeds and, rarely,

617:. The medial crura meet at the midline below the end of the septum to form the 7468: 7307: 7256: 7161: 6869: 6791: 6664: 6615: 6441: 6433: 6427: 6419: 6237: 5549:"DIY Plastic Surgery: Can You Change Your Face Without Going Under the Knife?" 5321: 5275: 5184: 4355: 4106: 4038: 3863: 3492: 3443: 3353: 3296: 3249: 3050: 2880: 2863: 2310: 2247: 2083: 2010: 1974: 1728: 811: 739: 594: 434: 359: 355: 250: 211: 5680: 5418: 5007:

Cukurova, I; Yaz, A; Gumussoy, M; Yigitbasi, OG; Karaman, Y (26 March 2012).

4428: 4267: 3361: 3304: 3257: 3210: 2708: 2051:. This, in turn, can lead to more widespread collapse of the nasal skeleton. 2020:

A common anatomic variant is an air-filled cavity within a concha known as a

1924:). This may also occur in other conditions, for example following trauma, in 1731:

in the nostrils traps large particles preventing their entry into the lungs.

1498:

is innervated by zygomatic and superior buccal branches of the facial nerve.

7431: 7226: 7007: 6763: 6642: 6479: 6054: 6043: 4290: 3337: 3233: 2325: 2207:. However it is now generally confined to certain traditional celebrations. 2138: 1940: 1897: 1862: 1850: 1797: 1781: 1776: 1645: 1513: 1342:. The rest of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses all drain to the upper 822: 347: 281: 234: 162: 6838: 5919: 5507: 5472: 5437: 5386: 5329: 5294: 5235: 5192: 5157: 5122: 5095: 5076: 5044: 5025: 4967: 4959: 4932: 4897: 4826: 4471: 4436: 4401: 4363: 4328: 4114: 4046: 3974: 3939: 3873: 3848: 3796: 3723: 3638: 3597: 3510: 3461: 3404: 3369: 3322: 3279:

Murthy, V. Ashok; Reddy, R. Raghavendra; Pragadeeswaran, K. (August 2013).

3265: 3058: 3023: 2889: 2043:. The septal cartilage can be destroyed through the repeated inhalation of 1877:. A smaller proportion of nosebleeds that tend to be nontraumatic occur in 825:

is predominantly seen in wider left-sided nasal and other facial features.

402: 17: 6048: 6031: 5960: 5952:

10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199705)103:1<103::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-X

5935:"Fueguian cranial morphology: The adaptation to a cold, harsh environment" 5864:

Neanderthals and modern humans: an ecological and evolutionary perspective

4515: 4068:

Moore, Keith L.; Agur, A. M. R.; Dalley (Ii), Arthur F. (September 2017).

3758: 3548: 3396: 3218: 2990:"Laterality and Left-sidedness in the Nose, Face, and Body: A New Finding" 1272:

and its branches – the superior anterior and posterior alveolar arteries.

7607: 7570: 7565: 7492: 7364: 6945: 6930: 6908: 6771: 6691: 6526: 6459: 6388: 4025:

Chiu, TW; Shaw-Dunn, J; McGarry, GW (October 2008). "Woodruff's plexus".

2316: 2211: 2200: 2179:, such as in the nostril, septum, or bridge, are also common. In certain 2006: 1994: 1901: 1633: 1625: 1609: 1483: 1412:

Most of the external nose – the dorsum, and the apex are supplied by the

1334:

run with the veins, and deep lymphatic vessels travel with the arteries.

1163: 767: 759: 508: 274: 254: 69:

Cross-section of the interior of a nose showing parts involved in smell (

5259:"Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary" 1869:, a vascular plexus in the lower front part of the septum involving the 806:

is evident in the larger nose of the male. This is due to the increased

593:

The nasal bones in the upper part of the nose are joined by the midline

187: 7637: 7555: 7532: 7436: 7426: 7421: 7359: 7342: 7295: 7000: 6950: 6925: 6706: 6652: 6598: 6588: 6474: 6372: 6342: 6163: 5058:

Erkan, AN; Canbolat, T; Ozer, C; Yilmaz, I; Ozluoglu, LN (8 May 2006).

2339: 2309:, a nose crippled by excessive resection of the inferior and/or middle 2285: 2062: 2048: 1998: 1948: 1921: 1913: 1153: 1133:

is a short, broad nose with an index of 85–99·9. The fifth type is the

799: 570:, extends from the nasal bones in the midline, to the bony part of the 419: 266: 223: 5368: 3788: 921:. Below each concha is a corresponding superior, middle, and inferior 7592: 7587: 7522: 7517: 7463: 7399: 7347: 7266: 7156: 7144: 7099: 7058: 7053: 6995: 6920: 6721: 6696: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6564: 6504: 6484: 6168: 5060:"Polyp in concha bullosa: a case report and review of the literature" 2988:

Hafezi, F; Javdani, A; Naghibzadeh, B; Ashtiani, AK (December 2017).

2232:. The wiping of the nose with the hand, commonly referred to as the " 2054: 1874: 1826: 1821: 1749: 1641: 1227: 1075: 887: 771: 367: 258: 84: 4876:

Woods, CR (June 2009). "Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence".

4415:

Songu, M; Cingi, C (June 2009). "Sneeze reflex: facts and fiction".

3966: 2964:"Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness Testosterone" 2148:

are used to remove tumours from the front of the base of the skull.

1037:. The nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses are referred to as the 758:

The nasal root is the top of the nose that attaches the nose to the

3688:"Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation" 905:

On the outer wall of each cavity are three shell-like bones called

855:

is the large internal space of the nose, and is in two parts – the

527: 7602: 7597: 7482: 7209: 7116: 7017: 6975: 6965: 6914: 6801: 6781: 6731: 6711: 6701: 6657: 6603: 6593: 6579: 6536: 6464: 2577:"Anterior nasal spine fracture | Radiology Case | Radiopaedia.org" 2221: 2196: 2078: 1957: 1861:

One of the most common medical conditions involving the nose is a

1775: 1706: 1572: 1571: 1335: 1192: 1184: 1086: 1020: 838: 560: 526: 501: 477: 401: 393: 371: 253:

in the nostrils prevents large particles from entering the lungs.

129: 112: 3998:"Woodruff plexus | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org" 2130:

may be carried out on more severe breaks that cause dislocation.

1249:

a terminal branch that supplies the skin of the alae and dorsum.

7369: 7104: 6980: 6898: 6806: 6796: 6786: 6716: 6569: 6551: 6469: 6454: 6449: 5357:

GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery

4994:

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

2938:(5th. Harper international ed.). Harper & Row. p. 2642:

Clinical Anatomy of the Nose, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

2551:

Gray's Anatomy E-Book: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice

2180: 1886: 1649: 1000: 454: 343: 100: 38: 6842: 6392: 6058: 5530:"Miss Universe Malaysia pageant contestants 'look too western'" 2525:

Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice

1694:

from invagination. They never coalesce so drain independently.

1166:, causes a "bird-like" appearance due to pinching of the nose. 937:

where they drain into the inferior meatus in the nasal cavity.

7404: 7221: 6985: 6811: 6776: 6683: 6521: 6516: 6499: 5898:

Rae, T.C. (2011). "The Neanderthal face is not cold adapted".

4634:

Anatomy & physiology : the unity of form and function

4139:(32nd ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. 2 May 2011. p. 1254. 3170:

Anatomy & physiology : the unity of form and function

2862:

Saban, Y; Andretto Amodeo, C; Hammou, JC; Polselli, R (2009).

1939:. The nose is one of the exposed areas that is susceptible to 1580:

at about four weeks. The olfactory pit can be seen at the top.

871:

of the rest of the nasal cavity. This area is also known as a

5488:

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery

1849:. The large, hollow cavities of the paranasal sinuses act as 1536:

The nasal mucosa in the nasal cavity is also supplied by the

940:

Most of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is lined with

5257:

Tellier, R; Li, Y; Cowling, BJ; Tang, JW (31 January 2019).

3285:

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery

2904:"Nasion definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary" 2280:

Miquel Hernández of the Department of Animal Biology at the

1303:. Some small veins from the dorsum of the nose drain to the 1206:

The blood supply to the nose is provided by branches of the

1121:

is a very long, narrow nose with a nasal index of 40 to 55.

2709:"Columella | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org" 1833:. This involves the lowering of the soft palate to produce 1419:

The alae of the nose are supplied by nasal branches of CN V

1033:

that lines the nasal cavity extends into its chambers, the

5400:

Kumar, A; Yadav, N; Singh, N; Chauhan, N (December 2016).

3086:, Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers, pp. 12–, 1390:, which reaches the septum. Lateral nasal branches of the 983:. The internal nasal valve is the narrowest region of the 2269:

noses were an adaptation to the cold, Todd C. Rae of the

1916:

is nasal obstruction, and anti-snoring devices such as a

693:

consists of two main parts: a transverse part called the

3109:

The Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses: Surgical Anatomy

2009:

and other toxins. The nose may be stimulated to grow in

1760:

to expel unwanted particles through the mouth and nose.

1466:

The muscles of the nose are supplied by branches of the

1141:

may also account for ethnic differences in nose shape.

3336:

Fraioli, Rebecca E.; Pearlman, Steven J. (2013-09-01).

948:. In the roof of each cavity is an area of specialised 4181:. Lippincott William & Wilkins. pp. 280–284. 2732:

Ballenger's Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery

1125:

describes a long, narrow nose with an index of 55–70.

967:. The external nasal valve is bounded medially by the 686:

in the forehead to remove the lines between the eyes.

468:

The wall separating the two cavities of the nose, the

4689:(Eighth ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp. 864–869. 2804:(Eighth ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp. 963–973. 1350:. The back of the nasal floor probably drains to the 295:

The nose is also involved in the function of speech.

4571:"The Phonetics of Nasal Phonology:Theorems and Data" 4268:"Polyrrhinia (Concept Id: C4274730) - MedGen - NCBI" 4256:. Alexandria VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology. 3080:

Thomas Hummel; Antje Welge-Lüssen (1 January 2006),

2527:(Forty-first ed.). Elsevier. pp. 556–565. 1889:

lying in the posterior part of the inferior meatus.

1230:

in and under the nasal mucosa. In the septal region

1144:

Some deformities of the nose are named, such as the

586:

are adjacent to the lateral cartilages, held in the

7618: 7541: 7503: 7380: 7323: 7282: 7247: 7188: 7125: 7085: 7076: 7044: 7016: 6889: 6880: 6762: 6682: 6673: 6578: 6550: 6440: 6426: 6337: 6304: 6282: 6261: 6177: 6151: 6142: 6092: 5933:Hernández, M.; Fox, C. L.; Garcia-Moro, C. (1997). 1900:, or other inflammation of the nasal lining called 1279:The skin of the alae is supplied by the septal and 168: 156: 140: 128: 123: 111: 99: 83: 78: 48: 5736: 4382:Otolaryngologia Polska = the Polish Otolaryngology 4302: 4300: 4298: 3739:Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 2931: 2427:Textbook of anatomy head, neck and brain. Volume 3 1652:. Problems at this stage of development can cause 418:The bony structure of the nose is provided by the 314:procedures that can be done on the nose, known as 288:, in the upper nasal cavity, contains specialised 4738:"Nasal flaring: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 4685:Moore, Keith; Dalley, Arthur; Agur, Anne (2018). 2800:Moore, Keith; Dalley, Arthur; Agur, Anne (2018). 2729:Ballenger, John Jacob; Snow, James Byron (2003). 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 5707:"Greetings! Hongi Style! – polynesia.com | blog" 5623:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 88. 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2346:word for nose and the name of some hills in the 1442:from the maxillary and infraorbital nerves. The 4309:Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 3238:Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America 3172:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 593–595. 2994:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open 2429:(Second ed.). Elsevier. pp. 251–263. 2383:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 633–636. 1896:, usually a symptom of infection, particularly 1458:is supplied by the posterior ethmoidal nerves. 979:, and inferiorly by the anterior border of the 929:. Excessive moisture as tears collected in the 480:below. The floor of the nose is made up of the 4494:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 4375: 4373: 3529:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2683:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: Head and Neuroanatomy 1804:in the upper nasal cavity, contains a type of 646:The muscles of the nose are a subgroup of the 633:There is a reinforcing structure known as the 210:. The shape of the nose is determined by the 6854: 6404: 6070: 3920:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 3686:Zaidi, Arslan; et al. (March 16, 2017). 1780:The cells lining the nose involved in smell ( 1429:internal nasal branches of infraorbital nerve 1330:From different areas of the nose superficial 1252:Branches of the maxillary artery include the 8: 5683:. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 4532:." PLoS genetics 13, no. 3 (2017): e1006616. 4344:Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 3830: 3828: 3522: 3520: 2724: 2722: 2095:, and this is also the procedure used for a 1792:. It contains an area of specialised cells, 814:and the bridge of the nose making it wider. 4483: 4481: 4417:Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 4380:Betlejewski, S; Betlejewski, A (2008). "". 4231:. Churchill Livingstone. pp. 365–371. 3817:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3342:JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 3281:"Internal Nasal Valve and Its Significance" 2925: 2923: 1640:At ten weeks, the cells differentiate into 1281:lateral nasal branches of the facial artery 7082: 6886: 6861: 6847: 6839: 6679: 6411: 6397: 6389: 6148: 6077: 6063: 6055: 4636:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 856. 4222: 4220: 4218: 3770: 3768: 3147:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 480. 3138: 3136: 2228:. When it becomes compulsive it is termed 2175:) to change the appearance of their nose. 2151:Swollen conchae can cause obstruction and 1935:In children, the nose is a common site of 1788:The nose also plays the major part in the 1608:increase in size and at the same time the 1431:that supply the septum and the vestibule. 5950: 5939:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5427: 5417: 5376: 5284: 5274: 5085: 5075: 5034: 5024: 4505: 4490:"Nasal anatomy, physiology, and function" 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 3868:. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 3713: 3703: 3628: 3587: 3568:Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery 3500: 3451: 3312: 3112:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3013: 2879: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 1129:is a medium nose with an index of 70–85. 206:. It is also the principal organ in the 4878:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 4598:Laver, John; John, Laver (12 May 1994). 4137:Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary 3660: 3658: 3656: 2857: 2855: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2420: 1478:. It may also be supplied by one of the 1237:Branches of the ophthalmic artery – the 1103:studies have importantly contributed to 821:of the nose have been noted in studies. 5893: 5891: 5351:Kühnel, T. S.; Reichert, T. E. (2015). 4020: 4018: 3338:"A Patient With Nasal Valve Compromise" 3106:Navarro, Joao A. C. (6 December 2012). 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2358: 1987:paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer 673:superficial muscular aponeurotic system 486:horizontal plates of the palatine bones 474:perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone 382:, and in the mucous membrane there are 5977:This article incorporates text in the 5792: 4680: 4678: 4661:(13th. ed.). Wiley. p. 875. 4659:Principles of anatomy & physiology 4027:The Journal of Laryngology and Otology 3900: 3890: 3810: 2825:Gubisch, Wolfgang (10 November 2017). 1865:(epistaxis). Most nosebleeds occur in 1074:. Adults have a high concentration of 770:, forming an indentation known as the 398:Bones of the nose and septal cartilage 280:Another major function of the nose is 233:The nose has an important function in 185: 45: 6006:Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art 5687:from the original on 8 September 2017 2155:, and may be treated surgically by a 2115:is the specific surgery to correct a 2013:, a condition caused by an excess of 1496:levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 1488:temporal branches of the facial nerve 664:levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 330:to change a nose shape are a type of 7: 5773:Nonprescription Product Therapeutics 5654:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 433. 4072:. Wolters Kluwer. pp. 865–867. 3751:10.1001/archotol.1989.01860260030010 2934:Principles of anatomy and physiology 2930:Tortora, G; Anagnostakos, N (1987). 1679:Development of the paranasal sinuses 774:at the frontonasal suture where the 6351:Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube 5111:Acta Otorrinolaringologica Espanola 1715:The nose is the first organ of the 5547:Strochlic, Nina (6 January 2014). 4819:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.05.024 3611:Leong, SC; Eccles, R (June 2009). 3199:Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica 2868:Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 2602:"Glossary: nasal spine (anterior)" 2548:Standring, Susan (7 August 2015). 2284:said the "high and narrow nose of 2271:American Museum of Natural History 284:, the sense of smell. The area of 25: 5777:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 4788:"Frostbite - Symptoms and causes" 1346:, either directly or through the 1268:; the pharyngeal branch; and the 426:, and a number of smaller bones. 6042: 6030: 6009:. Riverhead Books. p. 304. 5971: 5816:"White Line on Nose in Children" 5668:from the original on 2018-05-02. 5637:from the original on 2018-05-02. 5577:from the original on 2017-12-06. 5567:"Connecting People Through News" 5536:from the original on 2016-09-22. 3630:10.1111/j.1749-4486.2009.01905.x 3193:Sulsenti, G.; Palma, P. (1989). 1991:granulomatosis with polyangiitis 1262:posterior lateral nasal arteries 1234:is a common site of nosebleeds. 845:Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue 241:lining the nasal cavity and the 63: 54: 5826:from the original on 2012-06-22 5717:from the original on 2017-09-18 5406:Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery 5013:Journal of Medical Case Reports 4769:from the original on 2008-12-20 4095:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 3880:from the original on 2017-01-18 3837:Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal 3232:Hamilton, Grant S. (May 2017). 3039:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 2608:from the original on 2017-03-01 2226:perforation of the nasal septum 1756:initiated by irritation of the 1446:is supplied by branches of the 1266:posterior septal nasal branches 443:frontal process of each maxilla 303:are produced in the process of 292:responsible for this function. 5814:Mitali Ruths (June 14, 2011). 5735:Sansom, George Bailey (1961). 5679:Derby, Mark (September 2013). 5138:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 4948:Critical Reviews in Toxicology 4604:. Cambridge University Press. 2828:Mastering Advanced Rhinoplasty 2246:(or nasophilia) is the sexual 2146:endoscopic endonasal surgeries 1295:Veins of the nose include the 1162:, a condition associated with 863:. A mucous ridge known as the 762:. The nasal root is above the 738:; a deep fatty layer, and the 697:, and an alar part termed the 1: 5739:A History of Japan, 1334–1615 5620:Ethnic Identity in Tang China 5150:10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00172-7 4460:Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain) 4394:10.1016/S0030-6657(08)70263-4 4321:10.1016/S0889-8561(03)00107-3 2625:Dory, Miri (March 13, 2014). 1222:. Branches of these arteries 894:), that give entrance to the 843:Anatomy of the nasal cavity. 496:that gives attachment to the 5912:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.10.003 5500:10.1097/MOO.0000000000000130 5228:10.1097/PRS.0000000000000694 4925:10.1016/j.autrev.2012.08.009 4890:10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ac8a69 4548:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 4507:10.1016/0091-6749(83)90518-3 4252:Hengerer AS, Oas RE (1987). 4179:Langman's Medical Embryology 3705:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616 3541:10.1016/0091-6749(92)90161-t 3006:10.1097/GOX.0000000000001590 2554:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 1892:Another common condition is 1660:(absent or closed passage), 1558:nerve of the pterygoid canal 1382:), and branches from these. 1243:posterior ethmoidal arteries 5985:of the 20th edition of 5648:Johann Jakob Meyer (1989). 4687:Clinically oriented anatomy 4542:Bluestone, Charles (2002). 4488:Geurkink, N (August 1983). 4070:Clinically Oriented Anatomy 3426:Lewis JS, Jr (March 2016). 2802:Clinically oriented anatomy 2167:Some people choose to have 2003:recreational use of cocaine 1953:danger triangle of the face 1752:is an important protective 1604:During the fifth week, the 1542:Postganglionic nerve fibers 1348:retropharyngeal lymph nodes 778:meets the nasal bones. The 601:at a junction known as the 7725: 5900:Journal of Human Evolution 5868:Cambridge University Press 5465:10.1016/j.wneu.2011.07.011 3932:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.11.042 3580:10.1007/s12663-019-01314-w 3234:"The External Nasal Valve" 3083:Taste and Smell: An Update 2072: 2033:drug delivery to the brain 1819: 1794:olfactory receptor neurons 1550:preganglionic nerve fibers 1522:olfactory receptor neurons 1505: 1407:posterior ethmoidal nerves 1065:A narrow opening called a 1014: 832: 563:and the septal cartilage. 410:for the attachment of the 202:is the first organ of the 36: 29: 6086:Anatomy of the human nose 5617:Marc S. Abramson (2011). 5322:10.1007/s00266-018-1195-x 5310:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 5276:10.1186/s12879-019-3707-y 5185:10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.025 4863:National Cancer Institute 4632:Saladin, Kenneth (2012). 4356:10.1513/pats.201007-050RN 4107:10.1007/s00276-007-0227-z 4039:10.1017/S002221510800176X 3493:10.1007/s12105-013-0514-4 3444:10.1007/s12105-016-0692-y 3354:10.1001/jamaoto.2013.4163 3297:10.1007/s12070-013-0618-x 3250:10.1016/j.fsc.2016.12.010 3168:Saladin, Kenneth (2012). 3051:10.1007/s00276-002-0009-6 2908:www.collinsdictionary.com 2881:10.1001/archfaci.10.2.109 2523:Standring, Susan (2016). 2086:from 17th century Europe. 1881:. Woodruff's plexus is a 1401:, and its branches – the 1394:supply the lateral wall. 1344:deep cervical lymph nodes 1340:submandibular lymph nodes 1311:at the root of the nose. 1176:Blood supply and drainage 1007:into the cranial cavity. 971:, laterally by the lower 269:are created in which the 180: 62: 53: 27:Feature of the human face 5799:: CS1 maint: location ( 5771:Pray, W. Steven (2005). 5419:10.4103/2231-0746.200348 5064:Head & Face Medicine 4545:Pediatric otolaryngology 4429:10.1177/1753465809340571 2627:"Cephalometric analysis" 2335:Obligate nasal breathing 2109:aesthetic nasal segments 2105:aesthetic nasal subunits 1538:autonomic nervous system 1440:superior alveolar nerves 1260:and its branches – the 711:levator labii superioris 576:lateral nasal cartilages 488:, and this makes up the 378:. In the skin there are 6356:Salpingopharyngeal fold 5353:"Trauma of the midface" 5263:BMC Infectious Diseases 4845:British Skin Foundation 4601:Principles of Phonetics 3777:Clinical Otolaryngology 3617:Clinical Otolaryngology 3481:Head and Neck Pathology 3432:Head and Neck Pathology 2667:"Vomeronasal cartilage" 2639:Lang, Johannes (1989). 2604:. ArchaeologyInfo.com. 2425:Singh, Vishram (2014). 2282:University of Barcelona 2238:transverse nasal crease 1717:upper respiratory tract 1585:Development of the nose 1254:greater palatine artery 973:lateral nasal cartilage 955:The nasal cavity has a 580:anterior nasal aperture 94:greater palatine artery 7313:Lymphoid immune system 6882:Musculoskeletal system 6420:Human regional anatomy 6243:Ethmoidal infundibulum 6228:Sphenoethmoidal recess 6047:Quotations related to 6003:Nestor, James (2020). 5077:10.1186/1746-160X-2-11 5026:10.1186/1752-1947-6-87 4960:10.1080/20014091111712 4841:"Basal Cell Carcinoma" 4807:Clinics in Dermatology 3385:Facial Plastic Surgery 2203:originating among the 2117:nasal septum deviation 2087: 1970: 1785: 1712: 1622:intermaxillary segment 1581: 1554:greater petrosal nerve 1516:is transmitted by the 1392:greater palatine nerve 1203: 1190: 1096: 1026: 942:respiratory epithelium 919:inferior nasal conchae 873:mucocutaneous junction 869:respiratory epithelium 848: 615:medial crural footpods 568:septal nasal cartilage 559:that lies between the 532: 517:cephalometric landmark 415: 399: 324:reconstructive surgery 222:, which separates the 182:Anatomical terminology 7301:Myeloid immune system 7087:Cardiovascular system 6361:Salpingopalatine fold 6204:Inferior nasal concha 6194:Superior nasal concha 5862:Finlayson, C (2004). 3397:10.1055/s-2006-954845 2101:subunits and segments 2082: 2073:Further information: 2059:airborne transmission 1961: 1885:of large thin-walled 1857:Clinical significance 1779: 1734:The three positioned 1710: 1575: 1258:sphenopalatine artery 1196: 1188: 1090: 1024: 999:, through which pass 842: 610:major alar cartilages 597:. They join with the 584:minor alar cartilages 557:vomeronasal cartilage 530: 494:posterior nasal spine 433:. A left and a right 408:posterior nasal spine 405: 397: 90:Sphenopalatine artery 32:Nose (disambiguation) 7653:Islets of Langerhans 7513:Genitourinary system 7249:Integumentary system 6189:Supreme nasal concha 6039:at Wikimedia Commons 5711:polynesia.com | blog 4990:"Acromegaly | NIDDK" 4913:Autoimmunity Reviews 4763:"Foreign Body, Nose" 4272:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 3291:(Suppl 2): 400–401. 2220:is a common, mildly 2199:") is a traditional 2035:, and these include 2029:nasally administered 1983:basal-cell carcinoma 1910:nonallergic rhinitis 1867:Kiesselbach's plexus 1796:responsible for the 1508:Vomeronasal receptor 1414:infratrochlear nerve 1301:superior labial vein 1232:Kiesselbach's plexus 1200:Kiesselbach's plexus 1105:craniofacial surgery 1091:Nose shapes used in 965:internal nasal valve 961:external nasal valve 950:olfactory epithelium 660:depressor septi nasi 513:anterior nasal spine 476:at the top, and the 286:olfactory epithelium 118:External nasal nerve 30:For other uses, see 7694:Human head and neck 7543:Reproductive system 7262:Subcutaneous tissue 7031:Cartilaginous joint 6199:Middle nasal concha 5849:The Free Dictionary 5216:Plast Reconstr Surg 4657:Tortora, G (2011). 3143:Saladin, K (2011). 2379:Saladin, K (2011). 2307:Empty nose syndrome 2163:Society and culture 2069:Surgical procedures 1967:congenital syphilis 1930:Parkinson's disease 1606:maxillary processes 1599:frontonasal process 1546:deep petrosal nerve 1474:is supplied by the 1352:parotid lymph nodes 1285:dorsal nasal artery 1270:infraorbital artery 1247:dorsal nasal artery 1072:ostiomeatal complex 817:Differences in the 734:continued from the 732:fibromuscular layer 453:through which pass 328:Elective procedures 263:transmit infections 7325:Respiratory system 7078:Circulatory system 6319:Sphenoidal sinuses 5453:World Neurosurgery 4865:. 8 November 2019. 4530:climate adaptation 4227:Larsen, W (2001). 4177:Sadler, T (2006). 3955:Prenatal Diagnosis 3535:(3 Pt 2): 419–23. 3205:(Suppl 22): 1–25. 2348:Scottish Highlands 2195:, nose pressing (" 2135:minimally-invasive 2088: 2045:recreational drugs 2041:topical treatments 2027:Some drugs can be 1971: 1951:, is known as the 1786: 1721:respiratory system 1713: 1683:The four pairs of 1628:of the upper lip. 1582: 1480:zygomatic branches 1448:supraorbital nerve 1425:infraorbital nerve 1388:nasopalatine nerve 1326:Lymphatic drainage 1218:– branches of the 1204: 1191: 1097: 1027: 981:inferior turbinate 935:nasolacrimal ducts 898:, and rest of the 892:posterior nostrils 849: 810:that thickens the 782:also known as the 533: 416: 400: 310:There are several 204:respiratory system 7661: 7660: 7184: 7183: 7174:Glymphatic system 7072: 7071: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6386: 6385: 6378:Pharyngeal recess 6373:Pharyngeal tonsil 6306:Paranasal sinuses 6300: 6299: 6274:Vomeronasal organ 6035:Media related to 5881:978-0-521-82087-5 5754:978-0-8047-0525-7 5661:978-81-208-0638-2 5630:978-0-8122-0101-7 5369:10.3205/cto000121 4555:978-0-7216-9197-8 3887:– via NCBI. 3789:10.1111/coa.12977 3475:Lewis, J (2014). 3093:978-3-8055-8123-3 2322:Neti (Hatha Yoga) 2302:Dried nasal mucus 2230:rhinotillexomania 2103:. This uses nine 1926:Kallmann syndrome 1906:allergic rhinitis 1879:Woodruff's plexus 1685:paranasal sinuses 1595:pharyngeal arches 1399:nasociliary nerve 1332:lymphatic vessels 1320:Woodruff's plexus 1035:paranasal sinuses 1025:Paranasal sinuses 1017:Paranasal sinuses 1011:Paranasal sinuses 959:that includes an 900:respiratory tract 804:Sexual dimorphism 595:internasal suture 588:connective tissue 243:paranasal sinuses 196: 195: 191: 16:(Redirected from 7716: 7699:Olfactory system 7620:Endocrine system 7382:Digestive system 7127:Lymphatic system 7110:Lymphatic vessel 7083: 6887: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6840: 6680: 6611:Vertebral column 6413: 6406: 6399: 6390: 6292:Olfactory mucosa 6253:Maxillary hiatus 6248:Semilunar hiatus 6149: 6106:nasal cartilages 6079: 6072: 6065: 6056: 6046: 6034: 6020: 5975: 5974: 5965: 5964: 5954: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5895: 5886: 5885: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5798: 5790: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5742: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5595:. Archived from 5585: 5579: 5578: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5431: 5421: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5380: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5288: 5278: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5089: 5079: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5038: 5028: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4712:"Snoring Causes" 4707: 4701: 4700: 4682: 4673: 4672: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4539: 4533: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4485: 4476: 4475: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4304: 4293: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4229:Human Embryology 4224: 4193: 4192: 4174: 4151: 4150: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4022: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3996:Solomon, Atyam. 3993: 3987: 3986: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3832: 3823: 3822: 3816: 3808: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3717: 3707: 3698:(14): e1006616. 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3662: 3651: 3650: 3632: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3591: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3504: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3455: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3316: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3017: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2966:. Archived from 2960: 2954: 2953: 2937: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2883: 2859: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2797: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2726: 2717: 2716: 2707:Bell, Daniel J. 2704: 2698: 2697: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2636: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2613: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2520: 2441: 2440: 2422: 2395: 2394: 2376: 2263:Gibraltar Museum 2169:cosmetic surgery 2153:nasal congestion 2097:cosmetic surgery 1894:nasal congestion 1843:click consonants 1810:olfactory glands 1802:Olfactory mucosa 1790:olfactory system 1784:) are shown here 1727:of inhaled air. 1532:Autonomic supply 1526:olfactory mucosa 1518:olfactory nerves 1368:ophthalmic nerve 1364:trigeminal nerve 1220:carotid arteries 1189:Carotid arteries 1139:sexual selection 1135:hyperplatyrrhine 1119:Hyperleptorrhine 1043:sinonasal region 993:cribriform plate 957:nasal valve area 933:travel down the 877:microvasculature 875:and has a dense 861:sebaceous glands 792:wing of the nose 715:orbicularis oris 695:compressor naris 684:Botox procedures 668:orbicularis oris 599:septal cartilage 537:nasal cartilages 531:Nasal cartilages 447:cribriform plate 380:sebaceous glands 332:cosmetic surgery 301:nasal consonants 226:and divides the 218:, including the 216:nasal cartilages 208:olfactory system 188:edit on Wikidata 67: 58: 46: 21: 7724: 7723: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7679:Facial features 7664: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7614: 7576:Seminal vesicle 7537: 7499: 7449:Small intestine 7376: 7319: 7278: 7243: 7180: 7121: 7068: 7046:Muscular system 7040: 7012: 6891:Skeletal system 6876: 6867: 6837: 6828: 6758: 6669: 6574: 6546: 6436: 6422: 6417: 6387: 6382: 6333: 6314:Maxillary sinus 6296: 6278: 6257: 6173: 6159:Nasal vestibule 6138: 6088: 6083: 6027: 6017: 6002: 5999: 5997:Further reading 5972: 5968: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5829: 5827: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5791: 5787: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5755: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5720: 5718: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5681:"Ngā mahi tika" 5678: 5677: 5673: 5662: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5631: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5602: 5600: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5553:The Daily Beast 5546: 5545: 5541: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4772: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4742:medlineplus.gov 4736: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4718:. 26 April 2015 4710: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4684: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4306: 4305: 4296: 4283: 4279: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4196: 4189: 4176: 4175: 4154: 4147: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4024: 4023: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3967:10.1002/pd.2938 3952: 3951: 3947: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3899: 3889: 3883: 3881: 3865:Werner Syndrome 3861: 3860: 3856: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3809: 3774: 3773: 3766: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3654: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3526: 3525: 3518: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3036: 3035: 3031: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2912: 2910: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2861: 2860: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2799: 2798: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2624: 2620: 2611: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2581:radiopaedia.org 2574: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2522: 2521: 2444: 2437: 2424: 2423: 2398: 2391: 2378: 2377: 2360: 2356: 2344:Scottish Gaelic 2330:nasal cleansing 2298: 2265:said the large 2259:Clive Finlayson 2256: 2234:allergic salute 2165: 2084:Prosthetic nose 2077: 2071: 1859: 1824: 1818: 1774: 1762:Photic sneezing 1705: 1700: 1681: 1666:nasal dysplasia 1658:choanal atresia 1587: 1578:developing head 1570: 1534: 1510: 1504: 1492:depressor septi 1486:is supplied by 1476:buccal branches 1464: 1452:ethmoid sinuses 1438:is supplied by 1436:maxillary sinus 1422: 1381: 1376:maxillary nerve 1373: 1360: 1328: 1293: 1216:facial arteries 1183: 1178: 1164:premature aging 1160:Werner syndrome 1085: 1059:maxillary sinus 1039:sinonasal tract 1019: 1013: 1005:olfactory nerve 857:nasal vestibule 837: 831: 788:ala of the nose 756: 745:Other areas of 723: 713:, and with the 680:procerus muscle 644: 525: 498:musculus uvulae 459:olfactory nerve 412:musculus uvulae 392: 364:mucous membrane 340: 312:plastic surgery 290:olfactory cells 192: 149: 74: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7722: 7720: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7704:Sensory organs 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7666: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7547: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7505:Urinary system 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7427:Laryngopharynx 7424: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7395:Salivary gland 7386: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7329: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7292: 7290: 7288:immune systems 7284:Haematopoietic 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7264: 7259: 7253: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7234:Somatic system 7231: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7217:Sensory system 7214: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7194: 7192: 7190:Nervous system 7186: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7169:CNS equivalent 7166: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7131: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7091: 7089: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7050: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7036:Synovial joint 7033: 7028: 7022: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6895: 6893: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6843: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6688: 6686: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6585: 6583: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6452: 6446: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6393: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6366:Torus tubarius 6363: 6358: 6347: 6345: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6040: 6026: 6025:External links 6023: 6022: 6021: 6016:978-0735213616 6015: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5988:Gray's Anatomy 5967: 5966: 5945:(1): 103–117. 5925: 5906:(2): 234–239. 5887: 5880: 5854: 5836: 5820:LiveStrong.com 5806: 5786:978-0781734981 5785: 5763: 5753: 5727: 5713:. 2016-03-24. 5698: 5671: 5660: 5640: 5629: 5609: 5580: 5558: 5539: 5532:. 2018-11-28. 5521: 5478: 5443: 5412:(2): 159–164. 5392: 5343: 5316:(1): 175–183. 5300: 5249: 5222:(5): 1045–56. 5206: 5163: 5128: 5101: 5050: 4999: 4981: 4938: 4919:(4): 496–500. 4903: 4868: 4850: 4832: 4797: 4779: 4754: 4729: 4702: 4695: 4674: 4667: 4649: 4642: 4624: 4610: 4590: 4561: 4554: 4534: 4521: 4477: 4450: 4407: 4369: 4334: 4294: 4277: 4259: 4244: 4237: 4194: 4187: 4152: 4145: 4128: 4085: 4078: 4060: 4033:(10): 1074–7. 4014: 3988: 3945: 3926:(5): 1219–30. 3910: 3854: 3843:(4–5): E45-7. 3824: 3783:(1): 291–299. 3764: 3745:(2): 156–157. 3729: 3678: 3652: 3603: 3574:(4): 596–602. 3554: 3516: 3467: 3418: 3375: 3348:(9): 947–950. 3328: 3271: 3244:(2): 179–194. 3224: 3185: 3179:978-0073378251 3178: 3160: 3153: 3132: 3118: 3098: 3092: 3072: 3029: 2980: 2955: 2949:978-0063507296 2948: 2919: 2895: 2851: 2837: 2817: 2810: 2755: 2741: 2718: 2699: 2692: 2672: 2658: 2651: 2631: 2618: 2593: 2575:Knipe, Henry. 2567: 2560: 2540: 2533: 2442: 2435: 2396: 2389: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2337: 2332: 2319: 2314: 2304: 2297: 2294: 2255: 2252: 2250:for the nose. 2244:Nose fetishism 2177:Nose piercings 2164: 2161: 2070: 2067: 2065:transmission. 2022:concha bullosa 2015:growth hormone 1937:foreign bodies 1858: 1855: 1820:Main article: 1817: 1814: 1798:sense of smell 1773: 1772:Sense of smell 1770: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1680: 1677: 1614:nasal placodes 1591:ectomesenchyme 1586: 1583: 1569: 1566: 1533: 1530: 1514:sense of smell 1503: 1500: 1472:nasalis muscle 1463: 1460: 1456:sphenoid sinus 1420: 1379: 1371: 1359: 1356: 1327: 1324: 1292: 1289: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1113:developed the 1101:Anthropometric 1084: 1081: 1051:sphenoid sinus 1015:Main article: 1012: 1009: 1001:sensory fibres 909:, arranged as 833:Main article: 830: 827: 766:and below the 755: 752: 722: 719: 691:nasalis muscle 648:facial muscles 643: 640: 524: 521: 455:sensory fibres 439:lacrimal bones 391: 388: 339: 336: 194: 193: 184: 178: 177: 172: 166: 165: 160: 154: 153: 144: 138: 137: 132: 126: 125: 121: 120: 115: 109: 108: 103: 97: 96: 87: 81: 80: 76: 75: 68: 60: 59: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7721: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7689:Human anatomy 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7488:Biliary tract 7486: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7272:Mammary gland 7270: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7026:Fibrous joint 7024: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6870:Human systems 6864: 6859: 6857: 6852: 6850: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6402: 6400: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6329:Ethmoid sinus 6327: 6325: 6324:Frontal sinus 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6233:Ethmoid bulla 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6185:Nasal conchae 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6117:Lateral nasal 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093:External nose 6091: 6087: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6068: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5979:public domain 5970: 5969: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5731: 5728: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5644: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5613: 5610: 5599:on 2017-06-05 5598: 5594: 5590: 5589:"Nose Shaper" 5584: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5459:(2): 329–41. 5458: 5454: 5447: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5173:Life Sciences 5167: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5144:(1–3): 5–19. 5143: 5139: 5132: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4954:(3): 313–47. 4953: 4949: 4942: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4755: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4696:9781496347213 4692: 4688: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4668:9780470646083 4664: 4660: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4643:9780073378251 4639: 4635: 4628: 4625: 4613: 4611:9780521456555 4607: 4603: 4602: 4594: 4591: 4579: 4572: 4569:Ohala, John. 4565: 4562: 4557: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4423:(3): 131–41. 4422: 4418: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4286:Nasal Anatomy 4281: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4188:9780781790697 4184: 4180: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4146:9781416062578 4142: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4086: 4081: 4079:9781496347213 4075: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3906: 3894: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3692:PLOS Genetics 3689: 3682: 3679: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3391:(4): 266–80. 3390: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3186: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3161: 3156: 3154:9780071222075 3150: 3146: 3145:Human anatomy 3139: 3137: 3133: 3121: 3119:9783642568299 3115: 3111: 3110: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3000:(12): e1590. 2999: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2981: 2970:on 2007-11-30 2969: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2874:(2): 109–15. 2873: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2840: 2838:9783319675374 2834: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2811:9781496347213 2807: 2803: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2744: 2742:9781550091977 2738: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2700: 2695: 2693:9781588904416 2689: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2652:9783137384014 2648: 2644: 2643: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2561:9780702068515 2557: 2553: 2552: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2534:9780702052309 2530: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436:9788131237274 2432: 2428: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2390:9780071222075 2386: 2382: 2381:Human anatomy 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328:technique of 2327: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1981:particularly 1980: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1883:venous plexus 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1800:(olfaction). 1799: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1778: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754:reflex action 1751: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736:nasal conchae 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1709: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1662:facial clefts 1659: 1655: 1654:birth defects 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1509: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:frontal sinus 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1369: 1365: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1316:venous plexus 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1195: 1187: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1170:Down syndrome 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:Paul Topinard 1108: 1106: 1102: 1094: 1089: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1055:ethmoid sinus 1052: 1048: 1047:frontal sinus 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1023: 1018: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 953: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 847:labelled NALT 846: 841: 836: 828: 826: 824: 820: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 754:External nose 753: 751: 748: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 720: 718: 716: 712: 706: 702: 700: 699:dilator naris 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 676: 674: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 641: 639: 636: 631: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 529: 522: 520: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 482:incisive bone 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 463:sphenoid bone 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 413: 409: 404: 396: 389: 387: 385: 381: 377: 376:blood vessels 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 337: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 316:rhinoplasties 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 293: 291: 287: 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 247:Nasal conchae 244: 240: 236: 231: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 189: 183: 179: 176: 173: 171: 167: 164: 161: 159: 155: 152: 148: 145: 143: 139: 136: 133: 131: 127: 122: 119: 116: 114: 110: 107: 104: 102: 98: 95: 91: 88: 86: 82: 77: 72: 66: 61: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 7475: 7443: 7416: 7337: 7168: 7151: 7134: 7094: 6560:Adam's apple 6489: 6284:Nasal mucosa 6269:Nasal septum 6211:Nasal meatus 6178:Lateral wall 6144:Nasal cavity 6112:Septal nasal 6104: 6085: 6051:at Wikiquote 6004: 5990: 5976: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5903: 5899: 5863: 5857: 5848: 5845:"nasophilia" 5839: 5828:. Retrieved 5819: 5809: 5772: 5766: 5758: 5738: 5730: 5719:. Retrieved 5710: 5701: 5689:. Retrieved 5674: 5650: 5643: 5619: 5612: 5601:. Retrieved 5597:the original 5592: 5583: 5570: 5561: 5552: 5542: 5524: 5494:(1): 29–33. 5491: 5487: 5481: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5117:(6): 490–2. 5114: 5110: 5104: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5016: 5012: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4884:(6): 536–7. 4881: 4877: 4871: 4862: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4813:(1): 35–46. 4810: 4806: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4771:. Retrieved 4757: 4745:. Retrieved 4741: 4732: 4720:. Retrieved 4715: 4705: 4686: 4658: 4652: 4633: 4627: 4615:. Retrieved 4600: 4593: 4581:. Retrieved 4578:berkeley.edu 4577: 4564: 4544: 4537: 4524: 4500:(2): 123–8. 4497: 4493: 4466:(1): 26–33. 4463: 4459: 4453: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4388:(3): 321–5. 4385: 4381: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4312: 4308: 4284: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4247: 4228: 4178: 4136: 4131: 4101:(5): 383–8. 4098: 4094: 4088: 4069: 4063: 4030: 4026: 4005:. Retrieved 4001: 3991: 3961:(3): 240–4. 3958: 3954: 3948: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3882:. Retrieved 3864: 3857: 3840: 3836: 3813:cite journal 3780: 3776: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3669:. Retrieved 3623:(3): 191–8. 3620: 3616: 3606: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3532: 3528: 3487:(3): 241–9. 3484: 3480: 3470: 3438:(1): 60–67. 3435: 3431: 3421: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3169: 3163: 3144: 3123:. Retrieved 3108: 3101: 3082: 3075: 3045:(1): 27–32. 3042: 3038: 3032: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2972:. Retrieved 2968:the original 2958: 2933: 2911:. Retrieved 2907: 2898: 2871: 2867: 2842:. Retrieved 2831:. Springer. 2827: 2820: 2801: 2746:. Retrieved 2735:. PMPH-USA. 2731: 2712: 2702: 2682: 2675: 2661: 2641: 2634: 2621: 2610:. Retrieved 2596: 2584:. Retrieved 2580: 2570: 2550: 2543: 2524: 2426: 2380: 2290:Neanderthals 2279: 2275:Allen's rule 2257: 2254:Neanderthals 2242: 2218:Nose picking 2216: 2209: 2205:Māori people 2190: 2166: 2157:turbinectomy 2150: 2143: 2132: 2121: 2108: 2104: 2089: 2053: 2037:nasal sprays 2031:, including 2026: 2019: 1979:skin cancers 1972: 1945: 1934: 1904:, including 1891: 1860: 1847:nasal clicks 1835:nasal vowels 1831:nasalisation 1825: 1787: 1766: 1758:nasal mucosa 1748: 1744:nasal mucosa 1733: 1725:particulates 1714: 1692: 1689: 1682: 1670: 1639: 1630: 1618: 1603: 1588: 1562:secretomotor 1556:to form the 1535: 1511: 1468:facial nerve 1465: 1433: 1418: 1411: 1396: 1384: 1366:(CN V): the 1361: 1358:Nerve supply 1329: 1313: 1309:frontal vein 1297:angular vein 1294: 1278: 1274: 1251: 1236: 1205: 1168: 1158: 1145: 1143: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1109: 1098: 1095:nasal index. 1067:sinus ostium 1066: 1064: 1042: 1038: 1028: 997:ethmoid bone 990: 985:nasal cavity 977:nasal septum 954: 946:nasal mucosa 939: 931:lacrimal sac 926: 923:nasal meatus 904: 891: 881: 864: 853:nasal cavity 850: 835:Nasal cavity 829:Nasal cavity 816: 808:testosterone 795: 791: 790:(ala nasi, " 787: 783: 780:nasal dorsum 779: 776:frontal bone 757: 744: 724: 707: 703: 688: 677: 645: 635:nasal scroll 634: 632: 626: 622: 618: 614: 607: 602: 592: 565: 534: 511:to form the 506: 470:nasal septum 467: 451:ethmoid bone 428: 424:frontal bone 417: 384:nasal glands 341: 309: 305:nasalisation 297:Nasal vowels 294: 279: 273:can harbour 239:nasal mucosa 232: 228:nasal cavity 220:nasal septum 199: 197: 151:A01.1.00.009 147:A06.1.01.001 134: 43: 7643:Parathyroid 7343:Nasopharynx 7205:Spinal cord 7140:Bone marrow 6909:Collar bone 6262:Medial wall 6132:Vomeronasal 6100:Ala of nose 6037:Human noses 5870:. pp. 5691:8 September 5571:PressReader 4792:Mayo Clinic 4716:Mayo Clinic 4617:27 November 4583:27 November 4350:(1): 31–9. 4315:(1): 1–17. 4007:26 November 4002:Radiopaedia 3901:|work= 2713:Radiopaedia 2313:of the nose 2267:Neanderthal 2193:New Zealand 2188:and India. 2173:rhinoplasty 2124:broken nose 2113:septoplasty 2093:rhinoplasty 2075:Rhinoplasty 1963:Saddle nose 1918:nasal strip 1871:convergence 1806:nasal gland 1740:nasopharynx 1703:Respiration 1673:development 1568:Development 1548:join with 1150:saddle nose 1131:Platyrrhine 1123:Leptorrhine 1115:nasal index 896:nasopharynx 884:nasal cycle 784:nasal ridge 747:soft tissue 728:fatty layer 721:Soft tissue 490:hard palate 431:nasal notch 352:soft tissue 212:nasal bones 124:Identifiers 106:Facial vein 18:Ala of nose 7668:Categories 7422:Oropharynx 7162:Lymph node 7095:peripheral 6941:Metatarsus 6936:Metacarpus 6915:Thigh bone 6911:(clavicle) 6727:Fingernail 6238:Agger nasi 6213:: (Supreme 6127:Minor alar 6122:Major alar 5830:2012-11-25 5775:. p. 221: 5721:2017-09-18 5603:2017-05-22 5269:(1): 101. 4773:2008-12-16 4238:0443065837 3884:2017-08-31 3125:30 October 2974:2007-06-18 2913:2019-11-06 2686:. Thieme. 2645:. Thieme. 2612:2017-02-28 2586:24 October 2354:References 2311:turbinates 2248:partialism 2171:(called a 2011:acromegaly 1975:rhinophyma 1851:resonating 1839:consonants 1729:Nasal hair 1506:See also: 1305:nasal arch 1224:anastomose 1208:ophthalmic 1127:Mesorrhine 1093:Topinard's 1083:Nose shape 865:limen nasi 812:brow ridge 794:"; plural 740:periosteum 666:, and the 627:alar domes 553:minor alar 549:major alar 523:Cartilages 478:vomer bone 435:nasal bone 348:cartilages 320:congenital 265:, because 251:nasal hair 230:into two. 200:human nose 49:Human nose 7709:Rhinology 7628:Pituitary 7477:accessory 7432:Esophagus 7152:secondary 7064:Diaphragm 7008:Cartilage 6956:Phalanges 6643:Genitalia 6222:inferior) 5795:cite book 5363:: Doc06. 5179:: 44–52. 4291:eMedicine 3903:ignored ( 3893:cite book 3362:2168-6181 3305:2231-3796 3258:1558-1926 3211:0392-100X 2326:Ayurvedic 2139:endoscopy 2128:reduction 1941:frostbite 1898:sinusitis 1863:nosebleed 1782:olfaction 1646:cartilage 1552:from the 1544:from the 1318:known as 1212:maxillary 969:columella 963:, and an 927:turbinate 823:Asymmetry 619:columella 360:epithelia 338:Structure 282:olfaction 275:pathogens 235:breathing 71:olfaction 7608:Placenta 7571:Testicle 7566:Prostate 7493:Pancreas 7454:Appendix 7444:lower GI 7417:upper GI 7365:Bronchus 7308:Lymphoid 6991:Vertebra 6946:Ossicles 6931:Mandible 6772:Buttocks 6692:Shoulder 6527:Mandible 6460:Forehead 6216:superior 6152:Openings 5983:page 992 5920:21183202 5824:Archived 5715:Archived 5685:Archived 5666:Archived 5635:Archived 5575:Archived 5534:Archived 5516:13199768 5508:25565284 5473:22501020 5438:28299251 5387:26770280 5338:49865947 5330:30019240 5295:30704406 5236:25347637 5201:46813008 5193:29277310 5158:11516776 5123:10502705 5096:16681852 5045:22448660 4976:41349877 4968:11405443 4933:22940554 4898:19483520 4827:24314376 4767:Archived 4472:16525923 4445:38183174 4437:19617285 4402:18652158 4364:21364219 4329:15062424 4123:27511642 4115:17585363 4047:18289456 3983:23326973 3975:22430721 3940:16615922 3878:Archived 3874:20301687 3849:24817241 3805:24357553 3797:28881107 3724:28301464 3639:19531167 3598:33071509 3511:24338611 3462:26830402 3405:17131269 3370:24051751 3323:24427685 3266:28340649 3067:19353809 3059:12197007 3024:29632770 2890:18347238 2844:17 March 2748:17 March 2629:, Cephx. 2606:Archived 2317:Nasothek 2296:See also 2212:Hanazuka 2201:greeting 2107:and six 2055:Sneezing 2047:such as 2007:chromium 1995:syphilis 1902:rhinitis 1875:arteries 1873:of four 1750:Sneezing 1698:Function 1656:such as 1634:mesoderm 1626:philtrum 1610:ectoderm 1484:procerus 1462:Movement 1403:anterior 1291:Drainage 1239:anterior 1228:plexuses 1226:to form 1148:and the 1146:pug nose 1057:and the 911:superior 819:symmetry 768:glabella 760:forehead 652:procerus 539:are the 509:philtrum 484:and the 441:and the 354:such as 342:Several 271:droplets 267:aerosols 255:Sneezing 224:nostrils 214:and the 7648:Adrenal 7638:Thyroid 7556:Scrotum 7533:Urethra 7528:Bladder 7437:Stomach 7360:Trachea 7296:Myeloid 7135:primary 7001:Sternum 6951:Patella 6926:Humerus 6917:(femur) 6817:Toenail 6707:Forearm 6653:Scrotum 6599:Midriff 6589:Abdomen 6582:(Trunk) 6532:Occiput 6475:Eyebrow 6343:pharynx 6164:Nostril 5961:9185954 5429:5343621 5378:4702055 5286:6357359 5244:2757858 5087:1471777 5036:3338398 4747:15 June 4722:15 June 4516:6350406 4055:2866097 3759:2643972 3715:5354252 3671:9 April 3647:6384770 3589:7524939 3549:1527330 3502:4126925 3453:4746138 3413:6294780 3314:3738809 3219:2741675 3015:5889430 2286:Eskimos 2261:of the 2063:aerosol 2049:cocaine 1999:leprosy 1949:maxilla 1922:anosmia 1914:snoring 1845:called 1808:called 1719:in the 1671:Normal 1593:of the 1524:in the 1374:), the 1307:of the 1154:leprosy 1003:of the 995:of the 907:conchae 888:choanae 800:nostril 656:nasalis 642:Muscles 603:rhinion 545:lateral 500:in the 457:of the 449:of the 420:maxilla 368:muscles 79:Details 7633:Pineal 7593:Vagina 7588:Uterus 7583:Female 7523:Ureter 7518:Kidney 7464:Rectum 7400:Tongue 7348:Larynx 7267:Breast 7239:Tissue 7157:Spleen 7145:Thymus 7100:Artery 7059:Tendon 7054:Muscle 7018:Joints 6996:Pelvis 6971:Tarsus 6961:Radius 6921:Fibula 6904:Carpus 6874:organs 6752:Little 6742:Middle 6722:Finger 6697:Axilla 6638:Pelvis 6631:Nipple 6626:Breast 6621:Thorax 6565:Throat 6542:Temple 6505:Tongue 6485:Eyelid 6219:middle 6169:Choana 6013: 5991:(1918) 5959: 5918: 5878: 5783: 5751: 5658: 5627: 5593:Shybuy 5514: 5506: 5471: 5436: 5426: 5385: 5375: 5336: 5328: 5293: 5283: 5242: 5234: 5199: 5191: 5156: 5121: 5094: 5084: 5070:: 11. 5043: 5033: 5019:: 87. 4974: 4966: 4931: 4896: 4825: 4693: 4665: 4640: 4608: 4552: 4514: 4470: 4443: 4435: 4400: 4362: 4327: 4235: 4185: 4143: 4121: 4113: 4076: 4053: 4045: 3981: 3973: 3938: 3872: 3847: 3803: 3795: 3757: 3722: 3712: 3645: 3637: 3596: 3586: 3547: 3509: 3499: 3460: 3450: 3411: 3403: 3368: 3360: 3321: 3311: 3303: 3264: 3256: 3217: 3209: 3176: 3151: 3116: 3090: 3065: 3057: 3022: 3012: 2946: 2888: 2835: 2808: 2739: 2690: 2649: 2558: 2531: 2433: 2387: 2342:, the 2137:nasal 1827:Speech 1822:Speech 1816:Speech 1648:, and 1642:muscle 1482:. 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