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such as variation in the size of the herbivore population at the start of the bloom. In extending the
Sverdrup model to all parts of the ocean, a typology of plankton cycles is necessary that describes a continuum from strongly seasonal regions with seasonal recharge of photic zone nutrients to weakly seasonal regions where nutrient renewal of the photic zone is slow or episodic and where productivity is largely fuelled by internal nutrient regeneration. Along this continuum, phytoplankton and zooplankton exhibit characteristic features of ecological structure and function that arise as outcomes of systemic behaviour.
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may be made about the characteristic features of any region. Here, the definition of the region is crucial since it determines the scale of the biological seascape. By placing the typology of seasonal plankton cycles into the context of regional oceanography, characteristic features of ecology can be discerned at two hierarchical scales. The higher level comprises a small number of large compartments (biomes), and the lower level comprises a large number of smaller compartments (provinces), each designated with a unique
120:(5 March 1925 – 7 December 2023) was a British-born Canadian oceanographer who invented the Longhurst-Hardy Plankton Recorder, and is widely known for his contributions to the primary scientific literature, together with his numerous monographs, most notably the "Ecological Geography of the Sea". He led an effort that produced the first estimate of global primary production in the oceans using satellite imagery, and also quantified vertical carbon flux through the planktonic ecosystem via the
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middle of this early period, he took a job for less than a year in
Wellington at the Fishery Department of New Zealand and worked on racial differences in snappers. Subsequently, he focused on the trophic structure and flux of energy through the pelagic ecosystems of the eastern Pacific Ocean (1963–1971), the Barents Sea (1973), the eastern Canadian Arctic (1983–1989) and the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (1978–1994). He coordinated the international
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229:"Ecological Geography of the Sea" is a book on the regional geography of the world ocean for ecologists. According to Longhurst, regional oceanographic processes are paramount in moulding the characteristics of regional ecosystems. A central argument of this book is that spatial bounds to ocean ecosystems can be set by reference to features of the physical circulation of the oceans rather than to the distribution of individual species.
162:, Nova Scotia (1977–1979). His final administrative appointment was as Director-General of that Institute (1980–1986). He later turned down the position of Assistant Deputy Minister of Science at the national headquarters of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Government of Canada) in favour of going "back to the bench" as a research scientist.
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A full exposition of this organisational scheme into a rational partition of the global ocean was a landmark in many respects. In essence, this ecological geography addresses the fundamental issues of pelagic ecology and biogeography, which distil to whether, at some level of probability, a deduction
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Early in his career, Longhurst studied the ecology of benthic communities and demersal fish on the continental shelf of the Gulf of Guinea (1954–1963) during service at the West
African Fisheries Research Institute in Freetown, Sierra Leone and the Federal Fisheries Service in Lagos, Nigeria. In the
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for the induction of phytoplankton growth forced by local mixing and light is the starting point for the seasonal evolution of primary production, and this is very much related to regional oceanography. However, the accumulation or loss of phytoplankton biomass is influenced by secondary processes,
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Li WKW. 2014. Plankton ecology at the
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1962-2012. In: Nettleship DN, Gordon DC, Lewis CFM, Latremouille MP 2014. Voyage of Discovery: Fifty Years of Marine Research at Canada's Bedford Institute of Oceanography, BIO-Oceans Association, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia,
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Alan
Longhurst was born in Plymouth, England, the son of a naval dental surgeon. He spent four years in the British army, graduating from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst at the end of the war (1945). He then went to take part in the Allied occupation of Austria, ending up in Somalia and
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An initial proof-of-concept for the
Ecological Geography of the Sea was demonstrated by estimating global primary production using satellite radiometer data partitioned into biogeochemical domains and provinces. This influential work was published in 1995 with co-authors
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in La Jolla, California (1967–1971). Returning to
England in 1971, he accepted a position as the Deputy Director of the Institute for Marine Environmental Research in Plymouth. Later, in Canada, he was Director of the Marine Ecology Laboratory at the
221:"in recognition of sustained excellence in the study of marine food webs and biogeography, and of outstanding leadership in the development of international collaboration and in the administration of world-renowned oceanographic programs".
280:, amongst others. The second edition (2007) included considerations of the strong coupling between benthic and pelagic processes that occur over continental shelves, and between plankton and larger pelagic organisms.
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After the war, he returned to London for a degree in entomology and then a doctoral degree in zoology (1952) at the
Bedford College of the University of London (England) on the ecology and taxonomy of
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Longhurst AR, Harrison WG. 1988. Vertical nitrogen flux from the oceanic photic zone by diel migrant zooplankton and nekton. Deep-Sea
Research 35:881-889. DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(88)90065-9
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The root of this approach to a global organisation of the biological seascape is by construction of a typology for seasonal cycles of pelagic production and consumption. The well-known
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Longhurst AR, Reith AD, Bower RE, Seibert DLR. 1966. A new system for the collection of multiple serial plankton samples. Deep-Sea
Research 13:213-222. DOI:10.1016/0011-7471(66)91101-6
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Longhurst, A. and Williams, R. 1979. Materials for plankton modelling: Vertical distribution of Atlantic zooplankton in summer. Journal of Plankton Research 1(1):1-28.
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Longhurst, A.; Sathyendranath, S.; Platt, T.; Caverhill, C. (1995). "An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data".
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261:. Parenthetically, the first paper in the first issue of the first volume of this journal which appeared in 1979 was also authored by Longhurst.
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Smith SL. 1999. Organizing pelagic ecosystems. Science 8 January 1999: Vol. 283, Issue 5399, pp. 180-181. DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5399.180
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124:. In later life he offered several critical reviews of several aspects of fishery management science and climate change science.
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The first edition of the Ecological Geography of the Sea (1998) dealt only with the planktonic ecosystem. It was reviewed in
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Longhurst AR, Harrison WG. 1989. The biological pump: Profiles of plankton production. Progress in Oceanography 22:47-123.
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Longhurst AR. 1955. A review of the Notostraca. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology. 3:1-57
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Dandonneau Y. 1999. A provincial setting for the oceans. Nature 400, 423-424 (29 July 1999) doi:10.1038/22698
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Longhurst A. 1995. Seasonal cycles of pelagic production and consumption. Progress in Oceanography 36:77-167.
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expeditions in the 1960s and was the first Director of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center of the US
185:" from a personal perspective. After retirement in 1995, he and his wife Françoise opened and operated
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for his cumulative influence in the development of Canadian oceanography. In 1997, he received the
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Li W. 2015 Alan Longhurst celebrates his 90th birthday at Bedford Institute of Oceanography.
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Longhurst has published more than 80 research papers and his most recent books are "
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Pauly D. 1999. Longhurst areas. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14(3):118
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257:, and Carla Caverhill, and stands as the most highly cited paper in the
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189:, a not-for-profit gallery of contemporary art in Cajarc, France.
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Banse K. 1998. Book review. Limnology and Oceanography 43(7):1763
468:"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography"
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Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
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Biological oceanography, Marine ecology, Fisheries science
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Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada
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Longhurst died on 7 December 2023, at the age of 98.
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209:. In 1991, he was awarded the Gold Medal by the
205:In 1988, Longhurst was elected a Fellow of the
16:British-born Canadian oceanographer (1925–2023)
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177:" (1st edition 1998, 2nd edition 2007) and "
169:Milestones in the career of Alan Longhurst
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215:A.C. Redfield Lifetime Achievement Award
133:Abyssinia with the East African forces.
418:NOAA-Technical Memorandum-NMFS-SWFC-134
384:"A corporate endeavour that has a soul"
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590:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
431:Canadian Ocean Science Newsletter 81:6
382:Sherin, Andy; Longhurst, Alan (2014).
183:Doubt and Certainty in Climate Science
635:20th-century British earth scientists
416:Vlymen LL. 1989. The first 25 years.
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310:. Amsterdam Boston: Academic Press.
181:" (2010). He has also written on "
107:Southwest Fisheries Science Center
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600:Alumni of Bedford College, London
179:Mismanagement of Marine Fisheries
160:Bedford Institute of Oceanography
155:National Marine Fisheries Service
104:Bedford Institute of Oceanography
610:21st-century Canadian scientists
605:20th-century Canadian scientists
615:21st-century British scientists
443:"Monsieur Alan Reece Longhurst"
308:Ecological Geography of the Sea
278:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
234:Sverdrup critical depth concept
225:Ecological Geography of the Sea
175:Ecological Geography of the Sea
80:Ecological Geography of the Sea
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336:Journal of Plankton Research
259:Journal of Plankton Research
640:People from Plymouth, Devon
620:Scientists from Nova Scotia
595:British emigrants to Canada
306:Longhurst, Alan R. (2007).
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274:Limnology and Oceanography
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348:10.1093/plankt/17.6.1245
128:Early life and education
585:Canadian oceanographers
207:Royal Society of Canada
580:British oceanographers
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251:Shubha Sathyendranath
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118:Alan Reece Longhurst
625:Canadian ecologists
501:Canada. pp. 77-86.
630:British ecologists
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507:978-0-9936443-0-6
317:978-0-12-455521-1
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86:Scientific career
37:Longhurst in 2015
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100:Institutions
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70:(2023-12-07)
53:5 March 1925
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575:2023 deaths
570:1925 births
452:10 December
564:Categories
284:References
138:Notostraca
49:1925-03-05
447:Ladepeche
391:Voicepipe
217:from the
151:EASTROPAC
59:, England
472:aslo.org
57:Plymouth
270:Science
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276:, and
266:Nature
201:Awards
144:Career
92:Fields
387:(PDF)
193:Death
503:ISBN
479:2016
454:2023
312:ISBN
65:Died
43:Born
344:doi
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