189:
234:
The Alawa tribe, like many others in the Roper River region, were hunted down in an extermination policy developed by the pastoral company that took over the
Hodgson Downs in 1903, and remnants took refuge from the killing teams by seeking the protection of pastoralists who would employ them, or on
221:
was shown in 1922 a refuge cave they maintained at
Mountain Creek well stocked with buried stores of water lily seeds, and roots, which were first sun-dried, then rubbed with red ochre before being wrapped and packed in paperbark sheets. After the loss of their lands they specialized in working as
216:
The traditional lifestyle of the Alawa consisted of harvesting and hunting the abundant food resources provided by their land, which was rich in species of turtle, duck, crocodiles and fish. They had a technique of conserving foods for considerable periods.
458:
451:
1501:
1443:
444:
1478:
1471:
1436:
350:"Sedentary topography: the impact of Christian Mission Society's 'civilising' agenda on the spatial structure of life in the Roper Region of northern Australia"
1450:
1464:
1457:
422:
392:
365:
338:
414:
406:
205:
196:
Traditional Alawa territory covered some 1,600 square miles (4,100 km) and extended from the southern tributaries of the
357:
833:
177:
1078:
192:
Map showing the traditional lands of the
Aboriginal tribes in the Roper River area of Northern Territory, Australia
137:
384:
248:
173:
133:
79:
172:). That number was reduced to 12 by 2013. The speakers of Alawa are mainly adults, and most of the Alawa speak
411:
Aboriginal Tribes of
Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
188:
467:
117:
153:
903:
91:
532:
165:
973:
471:
125:
56:
436:
1155:
1085:
847:
418:
388:
361:
349:
334:
328:
428:
376:
1022:
987:
889:
861:
770:
75:
1303:
1289:
875:
826:
777:
749:
546:
1373:
1275:
1184:
1029:
812:
784:
679:
623:
602:
402:
218:
161:
149:
71:
1495:
1261:
1064:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1015:
1001:
742:
686:
201:
157:
1401:
1387:
1324:
1127:
994:
959:
952:
931:
819:
721:
630:
525:
497:
1366:
1408:
1310:
1268:
1219:
1141:
966:
763:
616:
197:
168:, though this is now contested. It had only 18 speakers in a report dated 1991 (
121:
36:
1338:
1212:
1205:
1191:
1057:
938:
924:
798:
707:
672:
588:
539:
518:
1331:
1317:
1296:
1282:
1247:
1106:
1071:
896:
882:
868:
854:
735:
728:
700:
651:
574:
567:
504:
223:
129:
50:
1380:
1345:
1198:
1169:
1134:
1008:
945:
714:
658:
581:
1415:
1359:
1352:
1254:
1177:
1148:
1113:
1099:
980:
917:
910:
756:
665:
644:
609:
560:
483:
244:
103:
1394:
1240:
1233:
1120:
1092:
840:
805:
693:
637:
595:
553:
511:
1226:
1162:
791:
187:
440:
204:
west to Roper valley; south to Mason Bluff (Mount
Mueller) and
379:. In Bowern, Claire; Evans, Bethwyn; Miceli, Luisa (eds.).
381:
Morphology and
Language History: In Honour of Harold Koch
176:, though there are Alawa language revival efforts at the
354:
Transgressions: Critical
Australian Indigenous Histories
377:"Alawa and its Neighbours: Enigma Variations 1 and 2"
282:
280:
97:
85:
65:
44:
26:
247:people, the descendants of the Alawa have laid a
352:. In Macfarlane, Ingereth; Hannah, Mark (eds.).
452:
160:as one of three of a subgroup, together with
8:
1502:Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory
208:; east to the headwaters of Mountain Creek.
21:
459:
445:
437:
20:
310:
286:
264:
298:
271:
7:
415:Australian National University Press
45:Regions with significant populations
330:Aboriginal People and Their Plants
14:
140:north, is named in their honour.
200:upstream from the mouth of the
180:School in the Alawa community.
358:Australian National University
1:
348:Edmonds, Angelique (2007).
1518:
327:Clarke, Philip A. (2011).
1425:
478:
385:John Benjamins Publishing
375:Sharpe, Margaret (2008).
102:
90:
80:Australian Kriol language
70:
49:
31:
333:. Rosenberg Publishing.
251:to the Cox River block.
32:possibly several hundred
403:Tindale, Norman Barnett
226:on pastoral stations.
193:
1431:By state or territory
191:
154:Pama-Nyungan language
118:Indigenous Australian
98:Related ethnic groups
35:(Less than 1% of the
904:Mantjintjarra Ngalia
360:. pp. 193–209.
92:Aboriginal mythology
313:, pp. 194–195.
23:
1444:Northern Territory
472:Northern Territory
387:. pp. 59–70.
249:native title claim
243:Together with the
194:
126:Northern Territory
57:Northern Territory
1489:
1488:
1479:Western Australia
431:on 20 March 2020.
424:978-0-7081-0741-6
394:978-90-272-4814-5
367:978-1-921313-43-1
340:978-1-921719-73-8
235:church missions.
110:
109:
1509:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1213:Ritharngu/Diakui
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
890:Makarrwanhalmirr
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
591:
584:
577:
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563:
556:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
486:
461:
454:
447:
438:
432:
427:. Archived from
398:
371:
344:
314:
308:
302:
296:
290:
284:
275:
269:
156:, classified by
132:. The suburb of
60:
40:
27:Total population
24:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1458:South Australia
1456:
1449:
1442:
1437:New South Wales
1435:
1430:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1367:Yan-nhaŋu/Nango
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
474:
470:peoples in the
465:
435:
425:
401:
395:
374:
368:
347:
341:
326:
322:
317:
309:
305:
297:
293:
285:
278:
270:
266:
262:
257:
241:
232:
214:
186:
146:
61:
54:
53:
34:
33:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1185:Pitjantjatjara
1181:
1174:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1030:Murngin=Yolgnu
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
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536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
479:
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463:
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441:
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433:
423:
399:
393:
372:
366:
345:
339:
323:
321:
318:
316:
315:
303:
301:, p. 177.
291:
276:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
240:
237:
231:
228:
219:Norman Tindale
213:
210:
185:
182:
150:Alawa language
145:
142:
108:
107:
100:
99:
95:
94:
88:
87:
83:
82:
72:Alawa language
68:
67:
63:
62:
47:
46:
42:
41:
29:
28:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1514:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:Ngaanyatjarra
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1051:Nanggikorongo
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:Murrinh-Patha
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:Mulluk-Mulluk
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:Menhdheyangal
999:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
968:
964:
961:
957:
954:
950:
947:
943:
940:
936:
933:
929:
926:
922:
919:
915:
912:
908:
905:
901:
898:
894:
891:
887:
884:
880:
877:
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
856:
852:
849:
845:
842:
838:
835:
831:
828:
824:
821:
817:
814:
810:
807:
803:
800:
796:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
754:
751:
747:
744:
743:Garrwa/Karawa
740:
737:
733:
730:
726:
723:
719:
716:
712:
709:
705:
702:
698:
695:
691:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
653:
649:
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642:
639:
635:
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628:
625:
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618:
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611:
607:
604:
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597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
576:
572:
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562:
558:
555:
551:
548:
544:
541:
537:
534:
530:
527:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
506:
502:
499:
495:
492:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
473:
469:
462:
457:
455:
450:
448:
443:
442:
439:
430:
426:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
369:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
342:
336:
332:
331:
325:
324:
319:
312:
307:
304:
300:
295:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
274:, p. 59.
273:
268:
265:
259:
254:
252:
250:
246:
238:
236:
229:
227:
225:
220:
211:
209:
207:
206:Hodgson Downs
203:
202:Hodgson River
199:
190:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:Jeffrey Heath
155:
151:
143:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
105:
101:
96:
93:
89:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
58:
52:
48:
43:
38:
30:
25:
16:
1388:Yindjilandji
1128:Ngolokwangga
932:Marimanindji
820:Karrangpurru
533:Anindilyakwa
526:Andakerebina
490:
429:the original
410:
407:"Alawa (NT)"
380:
353:
329:
311:Edmonds 2007
306:
294:
287:Tindale 1974
267:
242:
239:Native title
233:
215:
195:
169:
147:
120:people from
114:Alawa people
113:
111:
18:Ethnic group
15:
1142:Norweilemil
974:Marrithiyal
967:Marranunggu
764:Gungorogone
299:Clarke 2011
272:Sharpe 2008
198:Roper River
122:Arnhem Land
39:population)
1451:Queensland
1339:Wongkamala
1311:Warndarang
1206:Rembarrnga
1192:Pongaponga
1156:Nunggubuyu
1086:Ngaliwurru
1058:Nangiomeri
939:Marinunggo
925:Maridjabin
848:Kungarakan
799:Jamindjung
708:Emmiyangal
673:Djerimanga
589:Bingongina
540:Anmatyerre
468:Aboriginal
170:Ethnologue
166:Warndarang
37:Australian
1332:Wilingura
1318:Warumungu
1297:Warlmanpa
1248:Wadjiginy
1107:Ngarinman
1072:Ngalakgan
1023:Muringura
988:Matuntara
897:Mangarayi
883:Madngella
869:Kwarandji
862:Kunwinjku
855:Kunibidji
771:Gunindiri
736:Gambalang
729:Gadjerong
701:Doolboong
652:Djalakuru
575:Bilingara
568:Beriguruk
519:Amijangal
505:Alyawarre
260:Citations
224:jackaroos
212:Lifestyle
152:is a non-
130:Australia
66:Languages
51:Australia
1496:Category
1472:Victoria
1465:Tasmania
1381:Yaroinga
1346:Wulwulam
1304:Warlpiri
1290:Wardaman
1283:Wandjira
1199:Puneitja
1170:Perrakee
1135:Ngormbur
1009:Mudburra
946:Marijedi
876:Larrakia
827:Kaytetye
778:Gurindji
750:Giimbiyu
715:Gaagudju
582:Binbinga
547:Arrernte
405:(1974).
178:Minyerri
144:Language
138:Darwin's
86:Religion
1416:Yunggor
1374:Yanyuwa
1360:Yangman
1353:Wurango
1276:Wambaya
1255:Wagoman
1178:Pintupi
1149:Nungali
1114:Ngarnka
1100:Ngardok
981:Mati Ke
918:Maridan
911:Mariamo
834:Kukatja
813:Jingili
785:Iwaidja
757:Gudanji
680:Djinang
666:Djerait
645:Dhuwala
624:Dalabon
610:Dagoman
603:Burarra
561:Awinmul
484:Airiman
320:Sources
245:Ngandji
230:History
184:Country
136:in the
124:in the
116:are an
106:people
104:Ngandji
76:English
1395:Yolngu
1262:Wakaya
1241:Wadere
1234:Waanyi
1121:Ngarti
1093:Ngandi
1079:Ngalia
1044:Nagara
841:Kunapa
806:Jawoyn
694:Djowei
687:Djinba
638:Dhuwal
596:Bininj
554:Awarai
512:Amarak
421:
391:
364:
337:
1402:Yukul
1325:Watta
1227:Tjial
1163:Oitbi
995:Maung
960:Marra
953:Mariu
792:Jaako
722:Gaari
659:Djaŋu
631:Dangu
498:Alura
491:Alawa
255:Notes
174:Kriol
162:Marra
134:Alawa
22:Alawa
1409:Yumu
1269:Walu
1220:Tiwi
617:Daii
419:ISBN
389:ISBN
362:ISBN
335:ISBN
164:and
148:The
112:The
128:of
1498::
417:.
413:.
409:.
383:.
356:.
279:^
78:,
74:,
1172:?
460:e
453:t
446:v
397:.
370:.
343:.
289:.
59:)
55:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
