1060:... affected by a remarkable restlessness, combined with a slight dizziness. At home I lay down and sank into a not unpleasant intoxicatedlike condition, characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination. In a dreamlike state, with eyes closed (I found the daylight to be unpleasantly glaring), I perceived an uninterrupted stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors. After some two hours this condition faded away.
33:
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an artistic career was tempting. In the end, however, it was a problem of theoretical knowledge which induced me to study chemistry, which was a great surprise to all who knew me. Mystical experiences in childhood, in which Nature was altered in magical ways, had provoked questions concerning the essence of the external, material world, and chemistry was the scientific field which might afford insights into this.
1191:
1064:
Three days later, on 19 April 1943, Hofmann intentionally ingested 250 micrograms of LSD, which he thought would represent a prudently safe, small amount, but was in fact a strong dose. At first, his trip was not pleasant, as people appeared to morph into fantastic creatures, office furniture moved
982:
One often asks oneself what roles planning and chance play in the realization of the most important events in our lives. This decision was not easy for me. I had already taken a Latin matricular exam, and therefore a career in the humanities stood out most prominently in the foreground. Moreover,
1203:, and then criticized unfairly by the political establishment of the day. He conceded that it could be dangerous if misused, because a relatively high dose of 500 micrograms has an extremely powerful psychoactive effect, especially if administered to a first-time user without adequate supervision.
1206:
In
December 2007, Swiss medical authorities allowed psychotherapist Peter Gasser to perform psychotherapeutic experiments on patients with terminal-stage cancer and other terminal diseases. Completed in 2011, these represent the first study of the therapeutic effects of LSD on humans in 35 years;
1083:
Hofmann continued to take small doses of LSD throughout his life, and always hoped to find a use for it. In his memoir, he emphasized it as a "sacred drug": "I see the true importance of LSD in the possibility of providing material aid to meditation aimed at the mystical experience of a deeper,
1093:
It gave me an inner joy, an open mindedness, a gratefulness, open eyes and an internal sensitivity for the miracles of creation. ... I think that in human evolution it has never been as necessary to have this substance LSD. It is just a tool to turn us into what we are supposed to
966:, finishing three years later, in 1929. Owing to his father's low income, Albert's godfather paid for his education. Hofmann's main interest was the chemistry of plants and animals, and he later conducted important research on the chemical structure of the common animal substance
1258:, where it is being organized. According to Beat Bächi, who has been researching the estate at the Institute as part of a Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) research project, LSD, as a drug, was something for the cultural elite in Hofmann's opinion.
1198:
Interviewed shortly before his 100th birthday, Hofmann called LSD "medicine for the soul" and was frustrated by its worldwide prohibition. "It was used very successfully for ten years in psychoanalysis," he said, adding that the drug was misused by the
961:
Schenk) and was baptized
Protestant. When his father became ill, Hofmann obtained a position as a commercial apprentice in concurrence with his studies. At age 20, Hofmann began his chemistry degree at the
1068:
April 19 is now widely known as "Bicycle Day", because as
Hofmann began to feel LSD's effects, he tried to ride to the safety of his home on his bike. This was the first intentional LSD trip in history.
2342:
1115:. He first synthesized 4-AcO-DET in 1958 in the Sandoz lab. Hofmann became director of Sandoz's natural products department and continued studying hallucinogenic substances found in Mexican
2385:
2105:
1540:
1207:
other studies had examined the drug's effects on consciousness and body. Hofmann acclaimed the study and reiterated his belief in LSD's therapeutic benefits. In 2008, he wrote to
1212:
1374:"Transcript of a Special Videotaped Message From Albert Hofmann to the Participants at the April 16 & 17, 1993 Symposiums on the 50th Anniversary of his Discovery of LSD."
978:
Of his decision to pursue a career as a chemist, Hofmann provided insight during a speech he delivered to the 1996 Worlds of
Consciousness Conference in Heidelberg, Germany:
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1056:
to lysergic acid. It was set aside for five years, until 16 April 1943, when
Hofmann reexamined it and discovered its powerful effects. He described what he felt as being:
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757:
1982:
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883:
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derivatives, Hofmann first synthesized LSD on 16 November 1938. The main intention of the synthesis was to obtain a respiratory and circulatory stimulant (
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1238:
After retiring from Sandoz in 1971, Hofmann was allowed to take his papers and research home. He gave his archive to the Albert
Hofmann Foundation, a
2175:
1222:, whom he met in 1949. Jünger experimented with LSD with Hofmann; in 1970, Jünger published a book of his experiences taking several types of drugs,
1899:
2420:
1373:
1437:
Hofmann, A. "Psilocybin und
Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen." Helvetica Chemica Acta 42: 1557–1572 (1959).
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1215:(MAPS) has supported psychoanalytic research using LSD, carrying on Hofmann's legacy and setting the groundwork for future studies.
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1170:. He was able to obtain samples of it, but never succeeded in identifying its active compound, which has since been identified as
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2327:
2009:
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2005:
1537:"Download PDF - Mystic Chemist: The Life of Albert Hofmann and His Discovery of LSD [PDF] [3cjmhe4iqfb0]"
2356:
Albert
Hofmann and Visionary Mushrooms – includes hand-written molecular structures of LSD and psilocybin by Dr. Hofmann
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955:, Switzerland, on 11 January 1906. He was the first of four children to factory toolmaker Adolf Hofmann and Elisabeth (
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to search for the psychoactive plant "Ska Maria
Pastora" (Leaves of Mary the Shepherdess), later known as
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In 1962, Hofmann and his wife Anita
Hofmann traveled to Mexico at the invitation of the ethnomycologist
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in 2002 to be digitized, but that process was never completed. In 2013, the archive was sent to the
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and other plants used by aboriginal people there. This led to the isolation and synthesis of
1025:. His main contribution was to elucidate the chemical structure of the common nucleus of the
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LSD Returns – For Psychotherapeutics (Scientific American Magazine article)
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1211:, asking him to support this research; it is not known whether Jobs responded. The
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899:(11 January 1906 – 29 April 2008) was a Swiss chemist known for being the first to
559:
454:
423:
1218:
Hofmann was a longtime friend and correspondent of German author and entomologist
2204:
1322:
998:
In 1929, Hofmann became an employee of the pharmaceutical/chemical department of
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and shifted like living entities, and he felt possessed by otherworldly forces.
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927:. He authored more than 100 scientific articles and numerous books, including
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as part of a program to purify and synthesize active constituents for use as
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Hofmann died at the age of 102 from a heart attack, on 29 April, 2008, in
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915:(LSD). Hofmann's team also isolated, named and synthesized the principal
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Hofmann's research with LSD influenced several psychiatrists, including
1835:
1593:
Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
1286:) honored him with the title DSc (honoris causa) in 1969 together with
267:
1566:(First English ed.). Santa Fe, NM: Synergetic Press. p. 16.
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Mystic Chemist: The Life of Albert Hofmann and His Discovery of LSD
1564:
Mystic Chemist: The Life of Albert Hofmann and His Discovery of LSD
2203:. Swedish Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2005. Archived from
1189:
1076:, who developed its use in psychotherapy. Sandison's treatment at
1018:
1036:(an active principle of Mediterranean squill). While researching
1251:
970:, for which he received his doctorate with distinction in 1929.
835:
805:
506:
1127:". Hofmann also became interested in the seeds of the Mexican
536:
99:
1562:
Dieter Hagenbach; Lucius Werthmüller; Stanislav Grof (2013).
1377:
MAPS | Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
1145:
by natives. He was surprised to find the active compound of
939:
on a list of the 100 greatest living geniuses published by
1951:
Leybold-Johnson, Gaby Ochsenbein, Isobel (21 March 2008).
1155:(LSA, lysergic acid amide), to be closely related to LSD.
2098:"Der Nachlass von Albert Hofmann: Auf den Spuren von LSD"
1513:. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies.
1174:. In 1963, Hofmann attended the annual convention of the
2061:
Hofmann, Albert (1980). "7 Radiance from Ernst Jünger".
1659:
Dr. Albert Hofmann; translated from the original German
1298:, which commemorates the skills and achievements of the
1510:
2036:
Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
1926:
Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
1346:(in German) (11th ed.). Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
1213:
Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
2262:
Albion Dreaming: A Popular History of LSD in Britain
1052:(which is also a diethylamide) by introducing this
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106:
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1363:. Basel: Sphinx Verlag (1986); ISBN 3-85914-633-5.
149:, as well as synthesizing various analogs thereof.
758:Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States
2324:("Stanislav Grof interviews Dr. Albert Hofmann")
2168:"Albert Hofmann, the Father of LSD, Dies at 102"
2386:People associated with the University of Zurich
1830:Clinical Research in Pharmaceutical Development
1445:
1443:
1091:
1058:
980:
2129:"LSD Archive Has Been on a Long, Strange Trip"
1620:
1618:
1327:(in German). Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag.
1146:
1140:
877:
8:
1998:"Meet the Lab Coat-Clad Granddaddies of LSD"
1981:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1163:
1132:
1080:in England received international acclaim.
1026:
1010:
2274:Hagenbach, Dieter and Lucius Werthmüller.
1379:, vol. 4, no. 2 (Summer 1993), p. 56.
884:
870:
191:
31:
20:
1741:
2032:"LSD-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety"
1922:"LSD-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety"
1826:Bleidt, Barry; Michael Montagne (1996).
1451:"Obituary: Albert Hofmann, LSD inventor"
1099:Albert Hofmann, Speech on 100th birthday
1736:(11). Cambridge University Press: 503.
1457:. London. 29 April 2008. Archived from
1430:
935:). In 2007, he shared first place with
203:
1974:
141:. Isolating, naming and synthesizing
2338:, a documentary on the origins of LSD
2108:from the original on 11 December 2019
1390:History of lysergic acid diethylamide
1280:Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
956:
7:
2242:Nathaniel S. Finney, Jay S. Siegel:
2147:from the original on 20 October 2015
2077:from the original on 28 January 2022
1963:from the original on 28 January 2020
1869:. OUP Oxford. pp. 94–103, 108.
1641:from the original on 28 January 2022
1603:from the original on 6 December 2013
1543:from the original on 26 January 2022
743:Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms
2102:Online-Magazin der Universität Bern
2012:from the original on 17 August 2012
1996:Weldon, Carolyne (17 August 2012).
2343:Albert Hofmann's life and articles
2038:. 7 September 2011. Archived from
1902:from the original on 13 April 2016
1890:Smith, Craig S. (7 January 2006).
1696:from the original on 10 April 2023
1684:"LSD inventor Albert Hofmann dies"
1517:from the original on 30 April 2008
1292:Swedish Pharmaceutical Association
1290:, his brother-in-law. In 1971 the
1224:Approaches: Drugs and Intoxication
1176:World Academy of Arts and Sciences
14:
2264:(2008), Marshall Cavendish, U.K,
2178:from the original on 11 June 2017
1928:. 21 October 2011. Archived from
1781:from the original on 8 April 2023
1665:MAPS-Vol. 6, No. 69 (Summer 1969)
1491:from the original on 29 June 2011
1361:Einsichten und Ausblicke (Essays)
1587:Hoffman, Albert; J. Ott (1996).
748:Legal status of Salvia divinorum
211:
2233:"Interview with Albert Hofmann"
2166:Craig S Smith (30 April 2008).
1228:Annäherungen. Drogen und Rausch
846:Regulation of therapeutic goods
2421:People from Baden, Switzerland
2246:– Albert Hofmann (1906–2008).
1801:"LSD: The Geek's Wonder Drug?"
1002:Laboratories as a coworker of
718:Drug policy of the Netherlands
1:
2006:National Film Board of Canada
2396:Psychedelic drug researchers
2317:Erowid: Albert Hofmann Vault
1724:Sessa, Ben (November 2010).
1248:Institute of Medical History
1123:, the active agent of many "
587:List of psilocybin mushrooms
2391:University of Zurich alumni
1726:"Dr Ronald Arthur Sandison"
1487:. London. 30 October 2007.
1201:counterculture of the 1960s
951:Albert Hofmann was born in
665:Counterculture of the 1960s
2437:
2406:Lysergic acid diethylamide
2401:Psychedelic drug advocates
2330:– Daily Telegraph obituary
2278:(Synergetic Press, 2013).
1589:"LSD: Completely Personal"
991:
913:lysergic acid diethylamide
821:Philosophy of psychedelics
2296:Albert Hofmann Foundation
1481:"Top 100 living geniuses"
1104:Hofmann later discovered
1044:) with no effects on the
581:List of psychedelic drugs
157:Anita Hofmann (died 2007)
30:
16:Swiss chemist (1906–2008)
2313:A book by Albert Hofmann
1892:"New York Times article"
1863:Hofmann, Albert (2013).
1743:10.1192/pb.bp.110.032540
1625:Hofmann, Albert (1980).
1332:Hofmann, Albert (2020).
1321:Hofmann, Albert (1964).
1084:comprehensive reality."
1017:(squill) and the fungus
947:Early life and education
2256:10.2533/chimia.2008.444
1765:Roberts, Jacob (2017).
1670:6 December 2013 at the
1324:Die Mutterkornalkaloide
1302:chemist and pharmacist
728:Drug policy of Portugal
695:William Leonard Pickard
482:Psychedelic microdosing
2064:LSD – My Problem Child
1953:"Das Comeback von LSD"
1628:LSD – My Problem Child
1340:LSD — My Problem Child
1227:
1195:
1194:Albert Hofmann in 2006
1164:
1147:
1141:
1133:
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1062:
1027:
1011:
985:
441:Psychedelic literature
2302:LSD: My Problem Child
1866:LSD: My Problem Child
1661:(LSD Ganz persönlich)
1335:LSD - mein Sorgenkind
1193:
933:LSD: My Problem Child
841:Recreational drug use
723:Drug policy of Oregon
2305:Career Autobiography
2250:62 (2008), 444–447,
1304:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
964:University of Zürich
929:LSD: Mein Sorgenkind
917:psychedelic mushroom
851:Self-experimentation
831:Prohibition of drugs
738:Legality of cannabis
96:University of Zürich
2231:Horowitz, Michael.
2198:"The Scheele Award"
2133:Wall Street Journal
1836:Informa Health Care
1714:Hofmann 1980, p. 15
1485:The Daily Telegraph
1400:Psychedelic therapy
941:The Daily Telegraph
909:psychedelic effects
907:, and learn of the
713:Drug liberalization
592:Psychoactive cactus
2411:Swiss centenarians
2172:The New York Times
1896:The New York Times
1244:San Francisco area
1196:
1074:Ronald A. Sandison
733:Drug policy reform
387:Psychedelic trance
2284:978-0-907791-46-1
2210:on 15 August 2010
1876:978-0-19-963941-0
1849:978-0-8247-9745-4
1807:. 16 January 2006
1692:. 30 April 2008.
1573:978-0-907791-46-1
1415:Alexander Shulgin
1353:978-3-608-94618-5
1300:Swedish Pomerania
1274:Honors and awards
1135:Turbina corymbosa
894:
893:
786:Cognitive liberty
660:Alexander Shulgin
627:Psychedelic Press
347:Palm Desert Scene
290:Psychedelic music
263:Liquid light show
190:
189:
80:Burg im Leimental
2428:
2416:Men centenarians
2347:
2336:Hofmann's Potion
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2042:on 14 April 2012
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1993:
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1957:SWI swissinfo.ch
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1932:on 14 April 2012
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1511:"Albert Hofmann"
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1410:David E. Nichols
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1294:granted him the
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1166:Salvia divinorum
1160:R. Gordon Wasson
1150:
1144:
1138:
1100:
1088:Further research
1054:functional group
1032:
1016:
994:Discovery of LSD
988:Discovery of LSD
960:
886:
879:
872:
811:Neuroenhancement
569:San Pedro cactus
413:Psychedelic film
382:Psychedelic soul
377:Psychedelic rock
367:Psychedelic funk
362:Psychedelic folk
215:
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176:(brother-in-law)
84:Basel-Landschaft
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2310:Insight Outlook
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2260:Roberts, Andy.
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2226:Further reading
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2127:Letzing, John.
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1672:Wayback Machine
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1368:Public speaking
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1288:Gustav Guanella
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1125:magic mushrooms
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1078:Powick Hospital
1023:pharmaceuticals
1013:Drimia maritima
1008:medicinal plant
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937:Tim Berners-Lee
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372:Psychedelic pop
342:Neo-psychedelia
243:Algorithmic art
231:Psychedelic art
225:
174:Gustav Guanella
119:
92:Alma mater
87:
77:
76:(aged 102)
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53:11 January 1906
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38:
37:Hofmann in 1993
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1048:in analogy to
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670:History of LSD
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1771:Distillations
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1461:on 1 May 2008
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1405:James Fadiman
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1296:Scheele Award
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1129:morning glory
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1107:
1106:4-Acetoxy-DET
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1079:
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1038:lysergic acid
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791:Drug checking
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137:Discovery of
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97:
94:
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86:, Switzerland
85:
81:
72:29 April 2008
71:
67:
63:, Switzerland
62:
58:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2346:(in Spanish)
2335:
2309:
2301:
2275:
2261:
2243:
2236:
2212:. Retrieved
2205:the original
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2171:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2132:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2101:
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2063:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2040:the original
2035:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2001:
1991:
1965:. Retrieved
1956:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:the original
1925:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1895:
1885:
1865:
1858:
1829:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1804:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1777:(4): 36–39.
1774:
1770:
1767:"High Times"
1760:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1687:
1678:
1660:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1627:
1605:. Retrieved
1596:
1592:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1484:
1475:
1463:. Retrieved
1459:the original
1454:
1433:
1376:
1360:
1339:
1334:
1323:
1310:Publications
1279:
1277:
1265:
1237:
1223:
1220:Ernst Jünger
1217:
1205:
1197:
1172:salvinorin A
1157:
1103:
1092:
1082:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1004:Arthur Stoll
997:
981:
977:
950:
940:
932:
928:
896:
895:
654:
579:
560:Salvinorin A
439:
424:Acid Western
411:
410:
288:
229:
74:(2008-04-29)
18:
2376:2008 deaths
2371:1906 births
2244:In Memoriam
2214:15 December
2112:11 December
2002:NFB.ca blog
1906:21 February
1838:. pp.
1663:by J. Ott.
1395:Drug design
1268:Switzerland
1256:Switzerland
1240:Los Angeles
1186:Later years
1050:nikethamide
943:newspaper.
816:Neuroethics
477:Trip sitter
429:Stoner film
397:Stoner rock
352:Peyote song
322:Acid trance
317:Acid techno
258:Fractal art
253:Diffraction
205:Psychedelia
107:Occupations
2365:Categories
2237:High Times
2151:20 October
1967:28 January
1607:7 November
1547:26 January
1426:References
1284:ETH Zurich
1209:Steve Jobs
1178:(WAAS) in
1121:psilocybin
1113:tryptamine
1034:glycosides
921:psilocybin
919:compounds
901:synthesize
856:Surrealism
650:Acid Tests
605:Experience
552:Psilocybin
472:Smart shop
392:Space rock
337:Madchester
302:Acid house
248:Cyberdelic
143:psilocybin
49:1906-01-11
2141:0099-9660
2016:17 August
1840:36, 42–43
1752:1758-3209
1226:(German:
1180:Stockholm
1148:ololiuqui
1142:ololiuqui
1139:, called
1117:mushrooms
1042:analeptic
776:Addiction
622:Ego death
555:mushrooms
542:Mescaline
512:Ayahuasca
502:25I-NBOMe
467:Entheogen
327:Chillwave
312:Acid rock
307:Acid jazz
278:Phosphene
170:Relatives
2322:Maps.org
2176:Archived
2145:Archived
2106:Archived
2081:2 August
2072:Archived
2010:Archived
1977:cite web
1961:Archived
1900:Archived
1811:29 April
1785:22 March
1779:Archived
1700:30 April
1694:Archived
1689:BBC News
1668:Archived
1645:2 August
1636:Archived
1601:Archived
1541:Archived
1521:29 April
1515:Archived
1489:Archived
1465:29 April
1384:See also
1234:Archives
1131:species
1097:—
925:psilocin
781:Cannabis
753:Neurolaw
612:Bad trip
532:Ketamine
527:Ibogaine
517:Cannabis
402:Trip hop
197:a series
195:Part of
162:Children
147:psilocin
124:Employer
1495:3 April
644:History
632:Therapy
617:Ecology
455:Culture
273:Paisley
268:LSD art
113:Chemist
2334:Watch
2282:
2268:
2248:Chimia
2239:(1976)
2139:
2046:2 June
1936:2 June
1873:
1846:
1750:
1570:
1350:
1342:]
1153:ergine
1046:uterus
1029:Scilla
1000:Sandoz
974:Career
968:chitin
905:ingest
801:Hippie
564:Salvia
547:Peyote
357:P-Funk
181:Awards
154:Spouse
139:LSD-25
128:Sandoz
116:author
61:Aargau
2208:(PDF)
2201:(PDF)
2182:2 May
2075:(PDF)
2068:(PDF)
1805:Wired
1639:(PDF)
1632:(PDF)
1599:(3).
1344:(PDF)
1338:[
1315:Books
1262:Death
1019:ergot
953:Baden
495:Drugs
57:Baden
2280:ISBN
2266:ISBN
2216:2013
2184:2013
2153:2015
2137:ISSN
2114:2019
2083:2021
2048:2013
2018:2012
1983:link
1969:2020
1938:2013
1908:2017
1871:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1813:2008
1787:2018
1748:ISSN
1702:2008
1647:2021
1609:2013
1568:ISBN
1549:2022
1523:2008
1497:2018
1467:2008
1348:ISBN
1278:The
1252:Bern
1108:, a
923:and
836:Rave
806:MDMA
507:2C-B
223:Arts
145:and
69:Died
43:Born
2252:doi
1738:doi
1250:in
1230:).
1094:be.
958:née
911:of
707:Law
537:LSD
522:DMT
100:PhD
2367::
2235:,
2174:.
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2100:.
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1442:^
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