647:, is able to replicate oil paintings. The image look relatively accurate and identical to the original image. Such improvements in algorithmic art and artificial intelligence can make it possible for many people to own renowned paintings, at little to no cost. This could prove to be revolutionary for various environments, especially with the rapid rise in demand for improved aesthetic. Using the algorithm, the simulator can create images with an accuracy of 48.13% to 64.21%, which would be imperceptible to most humans. However, the simulations are not perfect and are bound to error. They can sometimes give inaccurate, extraneous images. Other times, they can completely malfunction and produce a physically impossible image. However, with the emergence of newer technologies and finer algorithms, research are confident that simulations could witness a massive improvement. Other contemporary outlooks on art have focused heavily on making art more interactive. Based on the environment or audience feedback, the algorithm is fine-tuned to create a more appropriate and appealing output. However, such approaches have been criticized since the artist is not responsible for every detail in the painting. Merely, the artist facilitates the interaction between the algorithm and its environment and adjusts it based on the desired outcome.
505:
378:
1746:
191:
627:
renowned, famous oil paintings in certain environments, it is still unusual to find such paintings in an ordinary family house. Oil paintings can be costly, even if its a copy of the painting. Thus, many people prefer simulating such paintings. With the emergence of
Artificial Intelligence, such simulations have become possible. Artificial intelligence image processors utilize an algorithm and machine learning to produce the images for the user.
146:
332:, stating that all colors are a combination of the three primary colors (Red, Green and Blue), also helped facilitate the use of colors in visual arts and in the creation of distinct colorful effects. In other words, humans have always found algorithmic ways and discovered patterns to create art. Such tools allowed humans to create more visually appealing artworks efficiently. In such ways, art adapted to become more methodological
444:, meaning that their repeated execution would always result in the production of identical artworks, some external factor is usually introduced. This can either be a random number generator of some sort, or an external body of data (which can range from recorded heartbeats to frames of a movie.) Some artists also work with organically based gestural input which is then modified by an algorithm. By this definition,
2816:
45:
94:
529:
can be used to generate artistic patterns with an appearance of randomness, or to modify images such as photographs by applying a transformation such as the stepping stone rule (to give an impressionist style) repeatedly until the desired artistic effect is achieved. Their use has also been explored
307:
While art has strong emotional and psychological ties, it also depends heavily on rational approaches. Artists have to learn how to use various tools, theories and techniques to be able to create impressive artwork. Thus, throughout history, many art techniques were introduced to create various
626:
In modern times, humans have witnessed a drastic change in their lives. One such glaring difference is the need for more comfortable and aesthetic environment. People have started to show particular interest towards decorating their environment with paintings. While it is not uncommon to see
570:
Software is unique in its status as metaphor for metaphor itself. As A universal imitator/machine, it encapsulates a logic of general substitutability; a logic of ordering and creative, animating disordering. Joseph
Weizenbaum has argued that computers have become metaphors for "effective
464:
Fractal Art is not..Computer(ized) Art, in the sense that the computer does all the work. The work is executed on a computer, but only at the direction of the artist. Turn a computer on and leave it alone for an hour. When you come back, no art will have been
298:
has documented the continuing prophetic role of art in human affairs by tracing the early 1960s association between art and the computer up to a present time in which the algorithm is now widely recognized as a key concept for society as a whole.
136:
numbers. There is no consensus as to whether the product of an algorithm that operates on an existing image (or on any input other than pseudo-random numbers) can still be considered computer-generated art, as opposed to computer-assisted art.
291: –this is also true of very nearly all equation art and of most recent algorithmic art in general. However, in a stricter sense "fractal art" is not considered algorithmic art, because the algorithm is not devised by the artist.
369:. This is a form of using algorithms in art. By examining the works of artists in the past, from the Renaissance and Islamic Golden Age, a pattern of mathematical patterns, geometric principles and natural numbers emerges.
259:
in 1970 in response to social change brought about in part by the computer-robot communications revolution. Her early work with copier and telematic art focused on the differences between the human hand and the algorithm.
340:
Another important aspect that allowed art to evolve into its current form is perspective. Perspective allows the artist to create a 2-Dimensional projection of a 3-Dimensional object. Muslim artists during the
2723:
120:
require too much calculation for manual execution to be practical, and they are thus executed on either a single computer or on a cluster of computers. The final output is typically displayed on a
448:
made by a fractal program are not art, as humans are not involved. However, defined differently, algorithmic art can be seen to include fractal art, as well as other varieties such as those using
1964:
540:
with colouring chosen to give an attractive effect. Especially in the western world, it is not drawn or painted by hand. It is usually created indirectly with the assistance of
1745:
1153:
2755:
504:
496:
if (creation && object of art && algorithm && one's own algorithm) { return * an algorist * } else { return * not an algorist * }
267:
created in the mid to late 1980s. These are important here because they use a different means of execution. Whereas the earliest algorithmic art was "drawn" by a
2750:
1924:
1625:
1904:
1126:
706:
377:
884:
1030:
2867:
256:
1056:
Burraston, Dave; Edmonds, Ernest (2005). "Cellular automata in generative electronic music and sonic art: a historical and technical review".
1474:
989:
904:
556:
are used to further modify the images produced. This is called post-processing. Non-fractal imagery may also be integrated into the artwork.
420:
devised by the artist. Here, an algorithm is simply a detailed recipe for the design and possibly execution of an artwork, which may include
408:
generation, a statistical basis to determine letter size, color, and position; and a hidden line algorithm combine to produce this scan line
603:. Later, she and her collaborator, Dave Britton, created the 21st Century Virtual Color Organ that does use computer coding and algorithms.
2535:
2695:
2709:
1222:
1618:
1560:
1545:
1102:
481:
Algorists formally began correspondence and establishing their identity as artists following a panel titled "Art and
Algorithms" at
821:
Flanagan, Mary. "An
Appreciation on the Impact of the work of Sonia Landy Sheridan." The Art of Sonia Landy Sheridan. Hanover, NH:
754:
2059:
571:
procedures," that is, for anything that can be solved in a prescribed number of steps, such as gene expression and clerical work.
1157:
2194:
388:
computer output with liquid inks on rag paper, 15.25 x 21 inches. This image was created using an early version of what became
552:
of appropriate fractal software; executing the possibly lengthy calculation; and evaluating the product. In some cases, other
2770:
2740:
2180:
416:
From one point of view, for a work of art to be considered algorithmic art, its creation must include a process based on an
1416:
2820:
2633:
2295:
2145:
2114:
2009:
1956:
1871:
1770:
1611:
2847:
666:
541:
38:
349:
in most of their designs. The notion of perspective was rediscovered by
Italian artists during the Renaissance. The
190:
1812:
1797:
393:
172:
149:
49:
2862:
2152:
1713:
1598:
1130:
592:
366:
2842:
2745:
2166:
429:
203:
1461:. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Vol. 1563. Singapore: Springer. pp. 575–583.
2469:
2159:
1802:
1683:
656:
636:
2760:
2659:
2607:
2601:
2497:
1878:
493:. HĂ©bert is credited with coining the term and its definition, which is in the form of his own algorithm:
425:
405:
563:
to develop images iteratively, selecting at each "generation" according to a rule defined by the artist.
2852:
2641:
2615:
2463:
2442:
2284:
2029:
1984:
1910:
1861:
1668:
671:
519:
2201:
486:
1034:
928:"Leonardo's Vitruvian Man Drawing: A New Interpretation Looking at Leonardo's Geometric Constructions"
2857:
2566:
2437:
2318:
1931:
1491:
252:
799:
Sonia Landy
Sheridan, "Generative Systems versus Copy Art: A Clarification of Terms and Ideas", in:
263:
Aside from the ongoing work of Roman
Verostko and his fellow algorists, the next known examples are
2791:
2716:
2455:
2107:
2086:
1705:
1634:
580:
316:, a painting technique that involves placing dots of complementary colors adjacent to each other.
180:
176:
88:
1241:
The
Systematic Translation of Anton Bruckner's Eighth Symphony into a Series of Thirteen Paintings
996:
This artist is notable for his place in the
Fractal Art movement, as is his opinion and manifesto.
2796:
2653:
2483:
2279:
2269:
2122:
1994:
1849:
1454:
1366:
1302:
1294:
1073:
822:
801:
701:
346:
342:
198:
184:
1989:
328:
involved taking various reference points for the object and creating a 2-Dimensional rendering.
1457:. In Tian, Yuan; Ma, Tinghuai; Khan, Muhammad Khurram; Sheng, Victor S.; Pan, Zhaoqing (eds.).
2517:
2505:
2491:
2373:
2048:
2034:
1556:
1541:
1511:
1470:
1218:
1214:
1098:
985:
957:
900:
560:
553:
526:
449:
358:
145:
2667:
2363:
2358:
2308:
2254:
2209:
2188:
2174:
2138:
1938:
1718:
1503:
1462:
1455:"Application of Machine Learning Algorithm in Art Field – Taking Oil Painting as an Example"
1348:
1286:
1206:
1065:
979:
947:
939:
892:
858:
848:
806:
644:
244:
121:
1588:
432:, or other input which ultimately determines the form the art will take. This input may be
2801:
2529:
2418:
2333:
2313:
2264:
1854:
1735:
1673:
596:
389:
385:
276:
220:
211:
Some of the earliest known examples of computer-generated algorithmic art were created by
2323:
2368:
2343:
2289:
2274:
2230:
2101:
2093:
1974:
1693:
1321:
696:
588:
490:
475:
453:
401:
309:
295:
228:
168:
102:
1535:
2836:
2786:
2765:
2702:
2554:
2348:
2259:
2080:
2040:
2024:
1945:
1917:
1785:
1775:
1700:
1688:
1207:
509:
441:
194:
133:
1306:
1255:
1077:
2578:
2477:
2328:
2239:
2234:
2132:
2053:
1969:
1888:
1792:
1765:
1730:
1663:
691:
676:
433:
409:
350:
329:
321:
224:
216:
44:
1466:
1092:
2627:
2400:
2338:
2249:
2244:
1844:
1807:
1531:
1391:
533:
437:
421:
354:
313:
284:
280:
272:
264:
240:
157:
110:
106:
1594:
Thomas Dreher: Conceptual Art and
Software Art: Notations, Algorithms and Codes
1593:
1424:
1277:
Ox, Jack (1993). "Creating a Visual Translation of Kurt Schwitters' Ursonate".
1007:
2448:
2353:
2303:
1883:
1678:
1069:
943:
515:
212:
93:
68:
1515:
961:
896:
889:
ITI 2008 - 30th International Conference on Information Technology Interfaces
514:, a computer-generated digital art exhibition using programmed algorithms by
17:
2412:
1999:
1979:
1648:
1352:
927:
686:
681:
640:
549:
545:
417:
362:
117:
72:
1540:(MIT Press/Leonardo Book Series). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
1507:
2225:
1827:
1725:
1653:
1577:
786:
661:
611:
607:
537:
482:
288:
236:
31:
853:
836:
566:
Algorithmic art is not only produced by computers. Wendy Chun explains:
125:
2127:
1866:
1780:
1658:
1298:
1180:
952:
576:
445:
397:
268:
248:
232:
161:
129:
1603:
863:
101:
Algorithmic art, also known as computer-generated art, is a subset of
1832:
325:
317:
1290:
1239:
810:
1492:"Introduction: Algorithmic Art. Past and Contemporary Perspectives"
1817:
1336:
503:
376:
294:
In light of such ongoing developments, pioneer algorithmic artist
189:
153:
144:
92:
43:
1583:
247:, which specified the sequence of actions to be performed by the
2724:
Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art
1839:
1822:
1181:"Evolutionary Computation and its application to art and design"
37:
For the use of massive diffusion models to produce visuals, see
1607:
440:, or generative in nature. Inasmuch as algorithms tend to be
197:
made innovative use of a geometric algorithm, incorporating
1573:
52:. An example of algorithmic art produced with the software
726:
207:(c. 1435–1460): broken lances run along perspective lines.
755:"Approximating Reality with Interactive Algorithmic Art"
231:
in the early 1960s. These artworks were executed by a
105:(generated by an autonomous system) and is related to
97:
Simple Algorithmic Art, generated using random numbers
30:
For the technique of performing basic arithmetic, see
757:. University of California Santa Barbara. 7 June 2001
579:, has used algorithms to produce paintings that are
353:, a famous mathematical ratio, was utilized by many
239:, and were therefore computer-generated art but not
2779:
2733:
2687:
2594:
2547:
2430:
2393:
2386:
2218:
2071:
2017:
2008:
1955:
1897:
1753:
1641:
1578:
Algorithmic Art: Composing the Score for Visual Art
255:established Generative Systems as a program at the
116:For an image of reasonable size, even the simplest
2621:The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art
885:"Algorithmic art: Technology, mathematics and art"
2756:Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science
1584:Compart - Database of Digital and Algorithmic Art
635:Recent studies and experiments have shown that
568:
462:
1337:"The 21st Century Virtual Reality Color Organ"
973:
971:
805:, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Spring, 1983), pp. 103-108.
2751:European Society for Mathematics and the Arts
1925:Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond
1619:
1599:Real-Time Computer Generated Digital Painting
1256:"Bruckner: Eighth Symphony visualized themes"
8:
1905:List of works designed with the golden ratio
536:consists of varieties of computer-generated
1200:
1198:
1127:"Meet Reginald Atkins, mathematical artist"
1094:Fractal geometry in architecture and design
707:Infinite compositions of analytic functions
583:without using a computer. Two examples are
357:artists in their drawings. Most famously,
75:. Algorithmic artists are sometimes called
2390:
2014:
1626:
1612:
1604:
1490:Fuchs, Mathias; Wenz, Karin (2022-12-01).
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
132:. Variability can be introduced by using
1965:Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption
1244:. Bruckner Symposium 1990. Linz, Austria.
951:
862:
852:
631:Studies on algorithmic and generative art
559:Genetic or evolutionary art makes use of
243:. The act of creation lay in writing the
175:are constructed using algorithms, as are
71:, in which the design is generated by an
2511:Vier BĂĽcher von Menschlicher Proportion
1537:Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion
1417:"Truly Science Free Ambigram Generator"
1392:"The Make Ambigrams Ambigram Generator"
1209:Programmed Visions: Software and Memory
717:
404:/158. A database of the Souvenir font;
336:Creating perspective through algorithms
324:also helped revolutionize visual arts.
1154:"Evolutionary Art - Genetic Algorithm"
749:
747:
745:
743:
257:School of the Art Institute of Chicago
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
617:Contemporary views on algorithmic art
7:
1453:Huang, Kun; Jiang, Jianlong (2022).
878:
876:
874:
365:, and many other paintings, such as
164:, are precursors of algorithmic art.
2696:Journal of Mathematics and the Arts
1183:. Reynolds engineering & Design
1129:. CasperJournal.com. Archived from
1125:Conner, Elysia (25 February 2009).
1097:. Boston: Birkhauser. p. 153.
1033:. Dartmouth College. Archived from
2710:Making Mathematics with Needlework
835:Ernest Edmonds (15 January 2018).
113:is an example of algorithmic art.
25:
2536:I quattro libri dell'architettura
1335:Britton, David; Ox, Jack (2000).
1029:Hoke, Brian P. (21 August 1996).
2815:
2814:
2060:Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror
1744:
1179:Reynolds, Craig (27 June 2002).
978:Mitchell, Kerry (24 July 2009).
725:Hvidtfeldt Christensen, Mikael.
622:The necessity of algorithmic art
128:-type printer, or drawn using a
109:(influenced by systems theory).
1589:Fun with Computer-Generated Art
1555:, London: Thames & Hudson.
361:employed that technique in his
2771:National Museum of Mathematics
2523:Regole generali d'architettura
1205:Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong (2011).
926:Murtinho, Vitor (2015-07-01).
548:through three phases: setting
485:in 1995. The co-founders were
474:"Algorist" is a term used for
1:
2868:Computational fields of study
1496:Digital Culture & Society
1156:. Saatchi Art. Archived from
308:visual effects. For example,
50:Mikael Hvidtfeldt Christensen
2296:Garden of Cosmic Speculation
1467:10.1007/978-981-19-0852-1_45
1367:"Davalan Ambigram Generator"
478:who create algorithmic art.
179:paintings which make use of
1031:"Cellular Automata and Art"
1008:"The Fractal Art Manifesto"
883:Ceric, Vlatko (June 2008).
667:Artificial intelligence art
606:Since 1996 there have been
542:fractal-generating software
275:simply creates an image in
39:artificial intelligence art
2884:
1813:Islamic geometric patterns
984:. Lulu.com. pp. 7–8.
837:"Algorithmic Art Machines"
587:of extant scores, such as
384:by Judson Rosebush, 1978.
303:Rational approaches to art
173:Islamic geometric patterns
150:Islamic geometric patterns
86:
36:
29:
2810:
2634:A Mathematician's Apology
1742:
1070:10.1080/14626260500370882
944:10.1007/s00004-015-0247-7
785:Verostko, Roman (1999) .
2746:The Bridges Organization
1006:Mitchell, Kerry (1999).
897:10.1109/ITI.2008.4588386
287:is an image stored on a
204:The Battle of San Romano
2608:The Grammar of Ornament
2560:Nature's Harmonic Unity
2470:De prospectiva pingendi
1353:10.1109/MMUL.2000.10014
657:Algorithmic composition
637:artificial intelligence
581:visualizations of music
283:. The native form of a
181:mathematical techniques
2761:Institute For Figuring
2673:The 'Life' of a Carpet
2498:A Treatise on Painting
1553:Art of the Digital Age
1508:10.14361/dcs-2022-0202
1322:"Ursonate: Movement I"
1279:Leonardo Music Journal
573:
523:
467:
413:
412:, output to a plotter.
392:' Vision software, in
208:
165:
98:
57:
2642:George David Birkhoff
2616:Ernest Hanbury Hankin
2484:De divina proportione
2464:Piero della Francesca
2443:Leon Battista Alberti
2030:Piero della Francesca
1669:Hyperboloid structure
1551:Wands, Bruce (2006).
1459:Big Data and Security
1258:. Intermedia Projects
1213:. MIT Press. p.
1091:Bovill, Carl (1996).
932:Nexus Network Journal
672:Computer-aided design
575:The American artist,
520:Watermans Arts Centre
507:
458:Fractal Art Manifesto
380:
373:Role of the algorithm
310:Georges-Pierre Seurat
201:in paintings such as
193:
148:
96:
87:Further information:
47:
2567:Frederik Macody Lund
2438:Filippo Brunelleschi
2319:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
2181:La condition humaine
1427:on 30 September 2022
253:Sonia Landy Sheridan
2792:Mathematical beauty
2717:Rhythm of Structure
2660:Gödel, Escher, Bach
2456:De re aedificatoria
2087:The Ancient of Days
1706:Projective geometry
1635:Mathematics and art
1160:on 26 December 2015
854:10.3390/arts7010003
610:that auto generate
608:ambigram generators
585:visual performances
522:, west London, 2016
456:stated in his 1999
177:Italian Renaissance
89:Mathematics and art
2848:Visual arts genres
2797:Patterns in nature
2654:Douglas Hofstadter
2280:Desmond Paul Henry
2270:Bathsheba Grossman
2202:The Swallow's Tail
2123:Giorgio de Chirico
1995:Sydney Opera House
1850:Croatian interlace
1058:Digital Creativity
1037:on 24 October 2015
891:. pp. 75–82.
825:, 2009, pp. 37–42.
823:Hood Museum of Art
702:Low-complexity art
561:genetic algorithms
524:
487:Jean-Pierre HĂ©bert
450:genetic algorithms
414:
347:linear perspective
343:Islamic Golden Age
279:; it is therefore
209:
199:linear perspective
185:linear perspective
166:
99:
58:
2830:
2829:
2683:
2682:
2647:Aesthetic Measure
2518:Sebastiano Serlio
2492:Leonardo da Vinci
2382:
2381:
2374:Margaret Wertheim
2035:Leonardo da Vinci
1476:978-981-19-0852-1
1396:MakeAmbigrams.com
1320:Ox, Jack (1993).
1238:Ox, Jack (1990).
991:978-0-557-08398-5
906:978-953-7138-12-7
787:"Algorithmic Art"
554:graphics programs
527:Cellular automata
124:, printed with a
16:(Redirected from
2875:
2863:Contemporary art
2818:
2817:
2668:Nikos Salingaros
2391:
2359:Hiroshi Sugimoto
2309:Robert Longhurst
2255:Helaman Ferguson
2210:Crockett Johnson
2139:Circle Limit III
2108:Danseuse au café
2015:
1985:Pyramid of Khufu
1748:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1580:- Roman Verostko
1520:
1519:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1450:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1423:. Archived from
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1212:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1152:Eberle, Robert.
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1133:on 20 April 2012
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1003:
997:
995:
975:
966:
965:
955:
923:
917:
916:
914:
913:
880:
869:
868:
866:
856:
832:
826:
819:
813:
797:
791:
790:
782:
767:
766:
764:
762:
751:
738:
737:
735:
733:
727:"Hvitfeldts.net"
722:
645:machine learning
359:Leonardo DaVinci
265:fractal artworks
235:controlled by a
187:and proportion.
183:, in particular
122:computer monitor
21:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2843:Algorithmic art
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2806:
2802:Sacred geometry
2775:
2741:Ars Mathematica
2729:
2679:
2590:
2543:
2530:Andrea Palladio
2426:
2419:De architectura
2378:
2334:Antoine Pevsner
2314:Jeanette McLeod
2265:Susan Goldstine
2214:
2073:
2067:
2004:
1990:Sagrada FamĂlia
1951:
1893:
1761:Algorithmic art
1749:
1740:
1736:Wallpaper group
1674:Minimal surface
1637:
1632:
1570:
1528:
1526:Further reading
1523:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1341:IEEE MultiMedia
1334:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1291:10.2307/1513271
1276:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1010:. Fractalus.com
1005:
1004:
1000:
992:
977:
976:
969:
925:
924:
920:
911:
909:
907:
882:
881:
872:
834:
833:
829:
820:
816:
811:10.2307/1574794
798:
794:
784:
783:
770:
760:
758:
753:
752:
741:
731:
729:
724:
723:
719:
715:
653:
633:
624:
619:
597:Kurt Schwitters
593:Eighth Symphony
502:
497:
476:digital artists
472:
390:Digital Effects
386:Calcomp plotter
375:
338:
305:
285:fractal artwork
277:computer memory
221:A. Michael Noll
143:
91:
85:
67:is art, mostly
61:Algorithmic art
54:Structure Synth
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2584:The Greek Vase
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2506:Albrecht DĂĽrer
2503:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2397:
2395:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2369:Roman Verostko
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2344:Alba Rojo Cama
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2290:Charles Jencks
2287:
2282:
2277:
2275:George W. Hart
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2102:Jean Metzinger
2099:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2049:Albrecht DĂĽrer
2046:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1766:Anamorphic art
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1694:Camera obscura
1691:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1568:External links
1566:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1482:
1475:
1438:
1408:
1383:
1358:
1327:
1312:
1269:
1247:
1230:
1224:978-0262518512
1223:
1194:
1171:
1144:
1117:
1103:
1083:
1064:(3): 165–185.
1048:
1021:
998:
990:
981:Selected Works
967:
938:(2): 507–524.
918:
905:
870:
827:
814:
792:
768:
739:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
704:
699:
697:Generative art
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
652:
649:
632:
629:
623:
620:
618:
615:
589:Anton Bruckner
501:
498:
495:
491:Roman Verostko
471:
468:
454:Kerry Mitchell
374:
371:
367:Salvator Mundi
337:
334:
304:
301:
296:Ernest Edmonds
169:Roman Verostko
156:tiling in the
142:
139:
103:generative art
84:
81:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2880:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Droste effect
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Mathemalchemy
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:Organizations
2732:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2703:Lumen Naturae
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:Samuel Colman
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:Daina Taimiņa
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Reza Sarhangi
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Peter Forakis
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:Salvador DalĂ
2187:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:René Magritte
2173:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2146:Print Gallery
2143:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2115:L'Oiseau bleu
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:William Blake
2079:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2041:Vitruvian Man
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Paolo Uccello
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1946:Pi in the Sky
1943:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:Mathemalchemy
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:Vastu shastra
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:Geodesic dome
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Plastic ratio
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:Camera lucida
1687:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1561:0-500-23817-0
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:0-262-07241-6
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1106:
1104:0-8176-3795-8
1100:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1009:
1002:
999:
993:
987:
983:
982:
974:
972:
968:
963:
959:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
919:
908:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
877:
875:
871:
865:
860:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
828:
824:
818:
815:
812:
808:
804:
803:
796:
793:
788:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
769:
756:
750:
748:
746:
744:
740:
728:
721:
718:
712:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
650:
648:
646:
642:
638:
630:
628:
621:
616:
614:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
572:
567:
564:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
528:
521:
517:
513:
511:
510:Morphogenetic
506:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
469:
466:
461:
459:
455:
452:. The artist
451:
447:
443:
442:deterministic
439:
438:computational
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:computer code
419:
411:
407:
406:random number
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
302:
300:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:Paolo Uccello
192:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
163:
159:
155:
152:such as this
151:
147:
140:
138:
135:
134:pseudo-random
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
95:
90:
82:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:algorithm art
62:
55:
51:
48:"Octopod" by
46:
40:
33:
19:
18:Algorithm art
2853:Computer art
2819:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2688:Publications
2672:
2658:
2646:
2632:
2620:
2606:
2583:
2579:Jay Hambidge
2572:Ad Quadratum
2571:
2559:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2496:
2482:
2478:Luca Pacioli
2468:
2454:
2447:
2417:
2405:
2329:Hinke Osinga
2324:István Orosz
2294:
2285:Anthony Hill
2240:Scott Draves
2235:Erik Demaine
2219:Contemporary
2200:
2193:
2179:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2133:M. C. Escher
2113:
2106:
2092:
2085:
2058:
2054:Parmigianino
2039:
1970:Hagia Sophia
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1793:Computer art
1771:Architecture
1760:
1731:Tessellation
1714:Architecture
1664:Golden ratio
1552:
1536:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1458:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:the original
1421:trulyscience
1420:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
1361:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1315:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1250:
1240:
1233:
1208:
1185:. Retrieved
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:the original
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:the original
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1093:
1086:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1035:the original
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
1001:
980:
935:
931:
921:
910:. Retrieved
888:
844:
840:
830:
817:
800:
795:
759:. Retrieved
730:. Retrieved
720:
692:Display hack
677:Computer art
634:
625:
605:
600:
584:
574:
569:
565:
558:
532:
525:
508:
480:
473:
463:
457:
434:mathematical
415:
410:raster image
382:Letter Field
381:
351:Golden Ratio
339:
330:Color Theory
322:Color Theory
306:
293:
262:
225:Manfred Mohr
217:Frieder Nake
210:
202:
171:argues that
167:
115:
100:
76:
64:
60:
59:
53:
2858:Digital art
2628:G. H. Hardy
2431:Renaissance
2401:Polykleitos
2339:Tony Robbin
2250:John Ernest
2245:Jan Dibbets
2195:Crucifixion
2018:Renaissance
1872:Mathematics
1845:Celtic knot
1808:Fractal art
1710:Proportion
1684:Perspective
1532:Oliver Grau
1502:(2): 5–12.
1371:Davalan.org
1187:25 December
1164:25 December
1041:24 December
1014:27 December
953:10316/43761
761:25 December
534:Fractal art
430:expressions
355:Renaissance
314:pointillism
281:digital art
273:fractal art
241:digital art
229:Vera Molnár
158:Darb-e Imam
111:Fractal art
107:systems art
2837:Categories
2602:Owen Jones
2449:De pictura
2354:Oliver Sin
2304:Andy Lomas
2153:Relativity
1884:String art
1798:Fiber arts
1679:Paraboloid
1137:28 October
1110:28 October
912:2024-02-28
864:2086/15275
713:References
641:algorithms
550:parameters
530:in music.
516:Andy Lomas
465:generated.
213:Georg Nees
160:shrine in
118:algorithms
69:visual art
2413:Vitruvius
2387:Theorists
2167:Waterfall
2072:19th–20th
2000:Taj Mahal
1980:Parthenon
1957:Buildings
1911:Continuum
1879:Sculpture
1855:Interlace
1649:Algorithm
1516:2364-2122
1285:: 59–61.
962:1522-4600
732:2 October
687:Demoscene
682:DeepDream
612:ambigrams
546:iterating
518:, at the
512:Creations
470:Algorists
426:functions
418:algorithm
363:Mona Lisa
345:employed
312:invented
77:algorists
73:algorithm
27:Art genre
2821:Category
2548:Romantic
2226:Max Bill
2160:Reptiles
1975:Pantheon
1932:Octacube
1898:Artworks
1840:Knotting
1828:Muqarnas
1726:Symmetry
1654:Catenary
1642:Concepts
1534:(2003).
1307:61693312
1078:16101588
802:Leonardo
662:Ambigram
651:See also
639:, using
601:Ursonate
538:fractals
483:SIGGRAPH
446:fractals
289:computer
237:computer
83:Overview
32:Algorism
2780:Related
2394:Ancient
2128:Man Ray
2074:Century
2010:Artists
1867:Origami
1781:Pyramid
1659:Fractal
1431:2 April
1401:1 April
1376:1 April
1347:: 6–9.
1299:1513271
1262:9 April
577:Jack Ox
402:IBM 370
398:Fortran
269:plotter
249:plotter
245:program
233:plotter
162:Isfahan
141:History
130:plotter
2595:Modern
2231:Martin
2094:Newton
1889:Tiling
1833:Zellij
1803:4D art
1559:
1544:
1514:
1473:
1305:
1297:
1221:
1101:
1076:
988:
960:
903:
400:on an
326:Cubism
318:Cubism
126:raster
2406:Canon
1862:Music
1818:Girih
1754:Forms
1719:Human
1303:S2CID
1295:JSTOR
1074:S2CID
847:: 3.
500:Types
154:girih
2233:and
1823:Jali
1557:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1512:ISSN
1471:ISBN
1433:2020
1403:2020
1378:2020
1264:2018
1219:ISBN
1189:2015
1166:2015
1139:2011
1112:2011
1099:ISBN
1043:2015
1016:2015
986:ISBN
958:ISSN
901:ISBN
841:Arts
763:2015
734:2015
643:and
595:and
489:and
396:and
320:and
227:and
1504:doi
1463:doi
1349:doi
1287:doi
1066:doi
948:hdl
940:doi
893:doi
859:hdl
849:doi
807:doi
591:'s
394:APL
63:or
2839::
1939:Pi
1510:.
1498:.
1494:.
1469:.
1441:^
1419:.
1394:.
1369:.
1343:.
1339:.
1301:.
1293:.
1281:.
1217:.
1197:^
1072:.
1062:16
1060:.
970:^
956:.
946:.
936:17
934:.
930:.
899:.
887:.
873:^
857:.
843:.
839:.
771:^
742:^
599:'
544:,
460::
436:,
428:,
424:,
271:,
251:.
223:,
219:,
215:,
79:.
1627:e
1620:t
1613:v
1563:.
1548:.
1518:.
1506::
1500:8
1479:.
1465::
1435:.
1405:.
1380:.
1355:.
1351::
1345:7
1324:.
1309:.
1289::
1283:3
1266:.
1227:.
1215:2
1191:.
1168:.
1141:.
1114:.
1080:.
1068::
1045:.
1018:.
994:.
964:.
950::
942::
915:.
895::
867:.
861::
851::
845:7
809::
789:.
765:.
736:.
56:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
