Software patent - Knowledge

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computer-implemented inventions, and (2) the US court decision to expand patent protection to business methods. The opinions are divided into two sides. Dr. Tangkitvanich, the IT specialist of Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI), raised his concern that Thailand is not in a good stage for a software patent as there were several flaws in patent rights. For example, the business method prevention has high tendency to hinder the growth in innovations especially for the infant software companies. Moreover, the software patent may cause monopoly and innovation problems. “Monopoly will thwart innovations of new software products, particularly open-source software”, said by a group of Thai Economists. However, Dr. Hirapruk who is the Director of Software Park Thailand, on the other hand, provides his support on allowing the computer programs to be patentable: “Thailand had to provide a patent-right protection for computer software to ensure foreign high-tech investors that software producers' creativity would be secured from violations in Thailand”. As a result, Mr. Sribhibhadh, president of the Association of Thai Software Industry, emphasized that there will need to be a clear overview of the impact on the local industry if Thailand really had to fully implement the patent right protections.

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Indonesia, application is considered as an invention if the activity is created to solve a particular conflict or problem in the technology sector. Furthermore, it can be executed in the medium of a new process or product or a developmental enhancement in a product or process. According to Law No. 14 Year 2001, Article 7 of Patent Law in Indonesia., an application can not be patented as an invention if the product or process contradicts or challenges the current regulations and rules, public order or ethics, and religious morality. In addition, if the application is treated as a method or theory in the scientific or mathematics, argued to be any type of living creatures, with the exception of micro-organisms, or is considered as an essential biological measure to produce plants or animals, the application is not a patentable invention.

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simple patent, which grants application for patents for new improvements or inventions to existing processes. Intangible inventions can also be patented; under the former law, simple patent is restricted for tangible inventions, which has a positive implication for software patents in Indonesia. Furthermore, these changes provide more protection to the pharmaceutical industry and encourage public access to medical knowledge. This can boost new software ideas and processes within the healthcare and pharmaceutical sector. This update provides a stronger protection of traditional knowledge. In addition, a significant update is the usability of electronic filling and electronic media. Under this new law, application can be made electronically.

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Full Court went on to hold that the use of a computer to implement a scheme did not contribute to the invention or the artificial effect of the invention. The subject matter of the invention was held to be an abstract idea and not a manner of manufacture within the meaning of the term in the Patents Act. The same Full Federal Court in another decision regarding the patentability of an invention regarding a method and system for assessing an individual's competency in relation to certain criterion, reiterated that a business method or mere scheme were per se are not patentable.

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Section 8, Clause 8). For Europe, there is no similar definition. Commonly four patent justification theories are recognised, as laid down for instance by Machlup in 1958, which include justice to the inventor and benefit for society by rewarding inventors. Disclosure is required in return for the exclusive right, and disclosure may promote further development. However, the value of disclosure should not be overestimated: some inventions could not be kept secret otherwise, and patents also prohibit independent reinventions to be exploited.

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conjunction with a novel hardware. On 30 June 2017, revised guidelines on the examination of computer related inventions were published. This 2017 guidelines provides clarity on patentability of software invention in India, i.e., the claimed computer-related invention needs to be ascertained whether it is of a technical nature involving technical advancement as compared to the existing knowledge or having economic significance or both, and is not subject to exclusion under Section 3 of the Patents Act. In 2019, the Court observed,

617:, and could be implemented by purely software means. The patent struggled to establish that it represented a 'vendible product'. "The focus of attention shifted to look at the relationship between the computer program and the programmed computer". The patent was granted on August 17, 1966, and seems to be one of the first software patents, establishing the principle that the computer program itself was unpatentable and therefore covered by copyright law, while the computer program embedded in hardware was potentially patentable. 912:(JPO) reached an all-time high of roughly 35 percent. Subsequently, the JPO experienced a surge in business method patent filings. This surge was met with a dramatic decrease in the average grant rate of business method patents during the following six years; it lingered around 8 percent between 2003 and 2006 (8 percent is extremely low in comparison to the average of 50 percent across all technical fields). Since 2006, the average grant rate for business method patents has risen to the current rate of roughly 25 percent. 877:

however the same would not become nonpatentable inventions – simply for that reason. It is rare to see a product which is not based on a computer program. Whether they are cars and other automobiles, microwave ovens, washing machines, refrigerators, they all have some sort of computer programs in-built in them. Thus, the effect that such programs produce including in digital and electronic products is crucial in determining the test of patentability.

988:, "a program for a computer" is excluded from recognition as an invention by section 25(2) of the Patents Act. However, this restriction applies "only to the extent to which a patent or an application for a patent relates to that thing as such" and should not prevent, for example, a product, process, or method which may be implemented on a computer from being an invention, provided that the requirements of novelty and inventiveness are met. 697:. The High Court of Australia has refrained from ruling on the precise definition of manner of manufacture stating that any such attempt is bound to fail for the policy reason of encouraging national development in fields that may be unpredictable. In assessing whether an invention is a manner of manufacture, the High Court has relied on the inquiry of whether the subject of the claims defining the invention has as its end result an 1925:. It is an integral part of the business model that patent licensing companies sue infringers that do not take a license. Furthermore, they may take advantage of the fact that many companies will pay a modest license fee (e.g. $ 100,000 to $ 1,000,000) for rights to a patent of questionable validity, rather than pay the high legal fees ($ 2,000,000 or more) to demonstrate in court that the patent is invalid. 40: 1285:" are not regarded as inventions for the purpose of granting European patents, but this exclusion from patentability only applies to the extent to which a European patent application or European patent relates to a computer program as such. As a result of this partial exclusion, and despite the fact that the EPO subjects patent applications in this field to a much stricter scrutiny when compared to their 4205: 1034: 788:

non-obvious way is patentable even if that technical problem is solved by running a computer program. When the EPO examines a patent application with questionable subject matter eligibility, their approach is to simply disregard any ineligible portions or aspects and evaluate the rest. This is notably different from the U.S. approach (see below).

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resources". Software-related inventions may be considered obvious if they involve the application of an operation known in other fields, the addition of a commonly known means or replacement by equivalent, the implementation in software of functions which were previously performed by hardware, or the systematisation of known human transactions.

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and hence amount to a manner of manufacture. In another unanimous decision by the Full Federal Court of Australia, an invention for methods of storing and retrieving Chinese characters to perform word processing was held to be an artificially created state of affairs and consequently within the concept of a manner of manufacture.

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given piece of software, but does not prevent other authors from writing their own embodiments of the underlying methodologies. Assuming a dataset meets certain criteria, copyright can also be used to prevent a given set of data from being copied while still allowing the author to keep the contents of said set of data a

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are statutory subject matter is a separate issue from the question of whether software is. Critics of the Federal Circuit believe that the non-obviousness standard is partly responsible for the large increase in patents for software and business methods. There have been several successful enforcement

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As like as 52(2) of the European Patent Convention (EPC), section 9 of the Thai Patent Act 1999 states that Thai patent law does not include software (or computer program) from patentability because the computer software is not considered as an “invention”, in which it is not the idea of the product

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In the new proposed clause (k) the words: “per se” have been inserted. This change has been proposed because sometimes the computer programme may include certain other things, ancillary thereto or developed thereon. The intention here is not to reject them for grant of patent if they are inventions.

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In today’s digital world, when most inventions are based on computer programs, it would be retrograde to argue that all such inventions would not be patentable. Innovation in the field of artificial intelligence, blockchain technologies and other digital products would be based on computer programs,

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Patents cover the underlying methodologies embodied in a given piece of software, or the function that the software is intended to serve, independent of the particular language or code that the software is written in. Copyright prevents the direct copying of some or all of a particular version of a

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that stated that "... insignificant postsolution activity will not transform an unpatentable principle into a patentable process." By this rule, one would consider software loaded onto a stock PC to be an abstract algorithm with obvious postsolution activity, while a new circuit design implementing

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As software contains algorithms, it is deemed to be part of the field of mathematics; hence, software cannot be protected by patents in Indonesia. However, one way for the Indonesian Intellectual Property office to grant software patents in Indonesia is if the application has been patented in other

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In Indonesia, software cannot be protected by patents, until the implementation of the Law No. 13 Year 2016, Patent Law in Indonesia. To begin evaluation, it is necessary to distinguish whether or not the application is considered an invention. Under Law No. 14 Year 2001, Article 1 of Patent Law in

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ruled that a patent for a process should not be allowed if it would "wholly pre-empt the mathematical formula and in practical effect would be a patent on the algorithm itself", adding that "it is said that the decision precludes a patent for any program servicing a computer. We do not so hold." In

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computer programs are excluded from patentability under the Patents Act 2013, but guidelines permitting embedded software were added since the initial Patents Bill. From 2013 computer programs 'as such' are excluded from patentability. The as such wording rules out only those software based patents

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excludes "programs for computers" from patentability (Art. 52(2)) to the extent that a patent application relates to a computer program "as such" (Art. 52(3)). This has been interpreted to mean that any invention that makes a non-obvious "technical contribution" or solves a "technical problem" in a

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In China, the starting time of software patent is relatively late. Before 2006, software patents were basically not granted, and software and hardware had to be combined when applying for a patent. With the development of network technology and software technology, China's patent examination system

731:, courts have held that the use of a computer alone neither lends, nor reduces patentability of an invention. However, it is the position of the Canadian Patent Office that where a computer is an "essential element" of a patent's claims, the claimed invention is generally patentable subject matter. 708:

Nevertheless, in a recent decision on the patentability of a computer implemented method of generating an index based on selection and weighing of data based on certain criterion, the Full Federal Court of Australia reaffirmed that mere methods, schemes and plans are not manners of manufacture. The

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such that "programs for computers" are excluded from patentability to the extent that a patent application relates to a computer program "as such". Current case law in the UK states that an (alleged) invention will only be regarded as an invention if it provides a contribution that is not excluded

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In principle, computer software is still a valid patentable subject matter in Australia. But, in circumstances where patents have been sought over software to merely implement abstract ideas or business methods, the courts and the Commissioner of Patents have resisted granting patent protection to

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In a decision of the Federal Court of Australia, on the patentability of an improved method of representing curved images in computer graphics displays, it was held that the application of selected mathematical methods to computers may involve steps which are foreign to the normal use of computers

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An important update was enacted on 26 August 2016, the Law No. 13 Year 2016, Patent Law in Indonesia. This update is geared to encourage innovation and growth by augmenting the number of patents within the public and private sector in Indonesia. This update proposes an extension of protection for

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Most countries place some limits on the patenting of inventions involving software, but there is no one legal definition of a software patent. For example, U.S. patent law excludes "abstract ideas", and this has been used to refuse some patents involving software. In Europe, "computer programs as

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clarifies the distinction, stating that software is patentable, because it is basically only a technical method executed on a computer, which is to be distinguished from the program itself for executing the method, the program being merely an expression of the method, and thus being copyrighted.

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is patentable if it contains "a mathematical formula implements or applies the formula in a structure or process which, when considered as a whole, is performing a function which the patent laws were designed to protect". When a patent application is examined by the USPTO, the initial threshold

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For the U.S., the purpose of patents is laid down in the constitutional clause that gives Congress the power to "promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;" (Article I,

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among the economists and national developers’ overtime since there were two significant developments in the international patent law; (1) the European Union's attempt to harmonize national patent laws by the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and Council on the patentability of

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to a patent holder for a limited period of time, usually 20 years. These rights are granted to patent applicants in exchange for their disclosure of the inventions. Once a patent is granted in a given country, no person may make, use, sell or import/export the claimed invention in that country

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Patents, on the other hand, give their owners the right to prevent others from using the technology defined by the patent claims, even if the technology was independently developed and there was no copying of a software or software code involved. In fact, one of the most recent EPO decisions

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in April 2005. However, following publication of the new guidelines on the examination of computer-related inventions on 19 February 2016, the Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade marks accepts applications for software patents, as long as the software is claimed in

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Software-related inventions are patentable. To qualify as an invention, however, there must be "a creation of technical ideas utilizing a law of nature" although this requirement is typically met by "concretely realising the information processing performed by the software by using hardware

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In seeking to find a balance, different countries have different policies as to where the boundary between patentable and non-patentable software should lie. In Europe, a number of different proposals for setting a boundary line were put forward during the debate concerning the proposed

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projects terminating when the owners of patents covering aspects of a project demanded license fees that the project could not pay, or was not willing to pay, or offered licenses with terms that the project was unwilling to accept, or could not accept, because it conflicted with the

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reverse auction technology. US universities also fall into this class of patent owners. They collectively generate about $ 1.4 billion per year through licensing the inventions they develop to both established and start up companies in all fields of technology, including software.

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Patent and copyright protection constitute two different means of legal protection which may cover the same subject matter, such as computer programs, since each of these two means of protection serves its own purpose. Software is protected as works of literature under the

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As a matter of law, in the United States, the employee generally owns the IP right unless the employee's inventing skills or task to create the invention is the main specific hiring reason or a specific clause in the employment agreement assigning invention rights.

937:, "schemes, rules and methods of performing mental acts, playing games or doing business, and programs for computers" are non-patentable inventions under Sec. 22.2 of Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the "Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines". 1263:. If it is discovered that these new suggested formats are themselves covered by existing patents, the final result may be a large number of incompatible formats. Creating such formats and supporting them costs money and creates inconvenience to users. 743:

Software patents can be written as either a product or a method, depending on the standards of review. However, no matter what form it is written in, it is difficult to highlight the creativity of the scheme, which requires specific case analysis.

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has been constantly updated. Recently, the design idea of the software itself has been allowed to apply for patent separately, instead of requiring to be combined with hardware. However, software patent writing requirements are relatively high.

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A common objection to software patents is that they relate to trivial inventions. A patent on an invention that many people would easily develop independently of one another should not, it is argued, be granted since this impedes development.

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Still other patent holders focus on obtaining patents from original inventors and licensing them to companies that have introduced commercial products into the marketplace after the patents were filed. Some of these patent holders, such as

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question (for each claim) is whether the subject matter is eligible, so this is evaluated separately and prior to the other patentability criteria (novelty, nonobviousness). This is notably different than the European approach (see above).

1072:) to hear patent cases. Following several landmark decisions by this court, by the early 1990s the patentability of software was well established, and in 1996 the USPTO issued Final Computer Related Examination Guidelines stating that "A 592:

These different countries and regional offices have different standards for granting patents. This is particularly true of software or computer-implemented inventions, especially where the software is implementing a business method.

585:(EPO), which act as supranational bodies with the power to grant patents which can then be brought into effect in the member states, and an international procedure also exists for filing a single international application under the 1076:

of a computer-related invention is statutory subject matter. This requirement can be discerned from the variously phrased prohibitions against the patenting of abstract ideas, laws of nature or natural phenomena" (emphasis added).

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policy is consequently that a program for a computer is not patentable if it does not have the potential to cause a "technical effect" which is by now understood as a material effect (a "transformation of nature"). Substantive

1132:(PCT). Therefore, in accordance to the regulations under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, a software will have a regional protection among the participating entities of World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). 184: 881:

Patent applications in these fields would have to be examined to see if they result in a “technical contribution”, it added. Further elaborating on the usage of the term ‘per se’ in Section 3(k), the Court said,

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1981, the Supreme Court stated that "a claim drawn to subject matter otherwise statutory does not become nonstatutory simply because it uses a mathematical formula, computer program, or digital computer" and a

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Other patent holders are in the business of inventing new "computer implemented inventions" and then commercializing the inventions by licensing the patents to other companies that manufacture the inventions.

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shall apply to the legal hybrid software to provide a judicious balance between property rights of the title holders and freedom rights of computing professionals and society as a whole, is in dispute.

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However, the article provides for that the patentability of these objects is excluded only in the case when the application for the grant of a patent for an invention concerns these objects

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software communities for reasons such as fear of the patent holder changing their mind or the license terms being so narrow as to have little use. Companies that have done this include

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Patenting software is widespread in the US. As of 2015, approximately 500,000 patents had issued in the 23 classes of patents covering "computer implemented inventions" (see table).

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and that is also technical. A computer program implementing a business process is therefore not an invention, but a computer program implementing an industrial process may well be.

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There are a number of high-profile examples where the patenting of a data exchange standards forced another programming group to introduce an alternative format. For instance, the

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Whether software based on mathematical methods may be allowed if the mathematics or algorithm in question is complicated enough and may not be implemented with pencil and paper.

1500:, due to alleged patent infringements of the Linux operating system. Microsoft has also derived revenue from Android by making such agreements-not-to-sue with Android vendors. 1422:

Several patent holders have offered royalty-free patent licenses for a very small portion of their patent portfolios. Such actions have provoked only minor reaction from the

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The practice of acquiring patents merely to license them is controversial in the software industry. Companies that have this business model are pejoratively referred to as

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image format. However, this did not include most software developers and Unisys were "barraged" by negative and "sometimes obscene" emails from software developers.

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Bessen, James, and Michael J. Meurer. Patent Failure: How Judges, Bureaucrats, and Lawyers Put Innovators at Risk. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008

1973:, "A computer arranged for the automatic solution of linear programming problems by British Petroleum, Patrick Vincent Slee and Pauline Margaret Joyce Harris" 2526: 1866:. Microsoft cross-licensed its patents with Sun, despite being direct competitors, and with Autodesk even though Autodesk has far fewer patents than Microsoft. 1330:. This allows the creator to prevent another entity from copying the program and there is generally no need to register code in order for it to be copyrighted. 3404: 1885:) patent applications. Red Hat uses this portfolio to cross license with proprietary software companies so that they can preserve their freedom to operate. 1115:

protection for 120 years from its creation date or 90 years from its publication date whichever comes first. Patent protection for software lasts 20 years.

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In Australia, there is no particular exclusion for patents relating to software. The subject matter of an invention is patentable in Australia, if it is a

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contributors, and free/open source software developers over patents and the associated collaboration agreement with Novell was met with disdain from the

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their patents to each other. These agreements allow each party to practice the other party's patented inventions without the threat of being sued for

1190:, proposed that patents should be granted only to inventions that include a physical component that is by itself nonobvious. This is based on Justice 1048: 2842: 886:

The words ‘per se’ were incorporated so as to ensure that genuine inventions which are developed, based on computer programs are not refused patents.

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Within European Union member states, the EPO and other national patent offices have issued many patents for inventions involving software since the

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International Software Patent Filing: The Problem of Statutory Subject Matter in view of Legal Standards at the EPO-USPTO and Economic Implications

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found that patents directed towards automatic language translation within software programs were valid and possibly violated by its software.

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Stellungnahme zum Sondierungspapier der Kommission der Europaischen Gemeinschaften: Die Patentierbarkeit Computer-implementierter Erfindungen

2553: 2453: 2421: 2390: 799:). Nevertheless, the fact that an invention is useful in business does not mean it is not patentable if it also solves a technical problem. 4051: 500: 4215: 1100:

An issue with software patent intellectual property rights is typically revolved around deciding whether the company or inventor owns it.

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Due to different treatment of federal patent rights in different parts of the country, in 1982 the U.S. Congress created a new court (the

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solve a business problem using a computer, rather than a technical problem, are considered unpatentable as lacking an inventive step (see

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However, the computer programs as such are not intended to be granted patent. This amendment has been proposed to clarify the purpose.

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Opinion on the consultation paper by the Commission of the European Communities: The patentability of computer-implemented inventions

3324: 1981) (""... insignificant postsolution activity will not transform an unpatentable principle into a patentable process.""). 753:(2) Software to improve the internal performance of the computer, such as a software can improve the virtual memory of the computer; 4445: 4391: 3094: 2274: 2041: 4158: 3477: 4544: 802:

A summary of the developments concerning patentability of computer programs under the European Patent Convention is given in (see

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In 2005, Sun Microsystems announced that they were making a portfolio of 1,600 patents available through a patent license called

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led to many patents being applied for and being granted for business methods implemented in software and the question of whether

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the logic would likely be a nonobvious physical device. Upholding an "insignificant postsolution activity" rule as per Justice

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The ability to negotiate cross licensing agreements is a major reason that many software companies, including those providing

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over the extent to which software patents should be granted, if at all. Important issues concerning software patents include:

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To Promote Innovation: The Proper Balance of Competition and Patent Law and Policy, A Report by the Federal Trade Commission

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Electrical Computers and Digital Processing Systems: Processing Architectures and Instruction Processing (e.g., Processors)

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Electrical Computers and Digital Processing Systems: Virtual Machine Task or Process Management or Task Management/Control

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Parliament of India, Report of the Joint Committee on Patents (Second Amendment) Bill, 1999 (Rajya Sabha Secretariat 2001)

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itself. Hence, the software is considered as the manual or instruction that was controlled by users to perform the tasks.

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of 10 issued US patents, 1 issued European patent, 163 pending US patent applications, and 33 pending international PCT (

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Data Processing: Presentation Processing of Document, Operator Interface Processing, and Screen Saver Display Processing

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The patent protection measures can be seen in the patent law and the regulations on the protection of computer software.

4695: 2748: 474: 2485: 3838: 2530: 1517: 1485: 1249: 1056: 985: 4209: 3066: 1000:, software is considered patentable and many patents directed towards "computer programs" have been issued. In 2006, 4480:– 377-page play-by-play memoir of the story of Florian's part in the campaign over the EU software patent directive. 4263:

This paper includes a method of identifying software patents that has proved popular with organisations such as the

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Electrical Computers and Digital Processing Systems: Interprogram Communication or Interprocess Communication (Ipc)

3413: 3391: 3377: 3363: 2191: 2178: 2158: 2135: 2111: 1893:, for example, has generated a large patent portfolio from its research efforts, including the basic patent on the 1278: 949:

according to article #1350 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation the following do not qualify as inventions:

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Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics, Language Translation, and Audio Compression/Decompression

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which conditions are set by the patent owner: it may be free or in return for a royalty payment or lump sum fee.

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if the applicant wishes to obtain patents in those countries. However, some regional offices exist, such as the

4602: 4595: 4184: 4036: 3771: 2226: 2083: 1094: 817: 493: 402: 309: 69: 4264: 3597: 2572: 2461:, Japanese Patent Office, April 2005, pp. 16–17 ("Systematization of human transactions"), archived from 3732: 4485: 3621: 3242: 2087: 1423: 1403: 836:

adopted a joint motion "against the growing trend of patent offices to grant patents on software programs".

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in each and every country in which they want a patent. For example, separate applications must be filed in

2882:. Earlier patents may exist but US patent database does not permit full text searching for earlier patents 2107: 1934: 1509: 1399: 1359: 1204: 1155: 1089: 1021: 1005: 627: 582: 423: 158: 59: 3819:. Patentability and Democracy in Europe. Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure. Archived from 2455:

Examination Guidelines for Inventions for Specific Fields (Computer Software-Related Inventions) in Japan

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Examination Guidelines for Inventions for Specific Fields (Computer Software-Related Inventions) in Japan

2060: 4235: 3994: 2916: 2896: 2879: 2360:"A computer program which makes 'technical contribution' patentable, not hit by Sec 3(k) of Patents Act" 2131: 1903: 1427: 1416: 1187: 694: 610: 367: 258: 227: 222: 3571: 1004:'s sales of its "Office" suite were jeopardized due to a possible patent infringement. A ruling by the 4572: 4137: 1970: 554:

without the permission of the patent holder. Permission, where granted, is typically in the form of a

4649:"Patenting Software Innovations: A brief overview of the situation in some jurisdictions of interest" 4648: 4072: 4023:"Microsoft and Novell Announce Broad Collaboration on Windows and Linux Interoperability and Support" 3871: 3335: 3046: 1870: 1488:

while commentators from the Free Software Foundation stated that the agreement would not comply with

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The first software patent was issued June 19, 1968 to Martin Goetz for a data sorting algorithm. The

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With respect to the term per se, the joint parliamentary committee had expressed the following view:

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has granted patents that may be referred to as software patents since at least the early 1970s. In

909: 756:(3) External technical data processing software, such as digital camera image processing software. 530: 486: 469: 392: 382: 377: 372: 273: 2259: 4008: 3525: 1839: 1459: 1316: 946: 604: 562: 345: 253: 248: 2462: 2430: 2397: 2252: 1175:

A computer program that utilises "controllable forces of nature to achieve predictable results".

2391:"Examination Guidelines for Patent and Utility Model in Japan (REQUIREMENTS FOR PATENTABILITY)" 4673: 4612: 4581: 4441: 4421: 4387: 4108: 3660: 3631: 3256: 3231:

Amendment 23 to the proposed Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions

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Software Patents and the Internet of Things in Europe, the United States and India (FULL TEXT)

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solutions concerning only the appearance of products and aimed at meeting the aesthetic needs;

868: 833: 614: 418: 387: 294: 3834: 1918:, are publicly traded companies with institutional investors being the primary shareholders. 3552: 3515: 3317: 3311: 3129: 2127: 2103: 1945: 1940: 1878: 1835: 1529: 1455: 1195: 526: 433: 299: 263: 4297: 3875: 2079: 750:(1) Industrial control software, such as controlling the movement of mechanical equipment; 4571:

Pellegrini, François (2007), "Analysis of software patentability in Europe (Chapter 11)",

4402: 4239: 3054: 3007: 2636: 1915: 1847: 1819: 1346: 643: 459: 428: 3102: 2212:, European Patent Office, Boards of Appeal, 24 February 2006, pp. Reasons 5.1 to 5.3 4164: 3795: 2932: 1906:, are privately held companies financed by large corporations such as Apple, Microsoft, 4553: 2919: 2606:"NZICT says patents 'integral' to software protection | Computerworld New Zealand" 1890: 1609:

Data Processing: Financial, Business Practice, Management, or Cost/Price Determination

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In the late 1990s, Unisys claimed to have granted royalty free licenses to hundreds of

1061: 550: 534: 4355:– commentary on the FTC "To Promote Innovation" report, 2003 (translated into English) 4094: 2899: 759:

It is fair to say that a considerable proportion of software belongs to category (3).

4689: 4414: 4073:"Microsoft and LG Sign Patent Agreement Covering Android and Chrome OS Based Devices" 2718: 2685: 1894: 1855: 1653:

Electrical Computers and Digital Processing Systems: Multicomputer Data Transferring

1407: 1304: 1108: 574: 4597:

Patentability of Business Method Inventions in Japan Compared with the US and Europe

4022: 3529: 3292: 4633: 4503: 4368:, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science 4322: 3969: 3698:"Public consultation on level of the inventive step required for obtaining patents" 2829: 2773: 1922: 1339: 464: 217: 4271: 2245: 1366:

Whether software patents should be allowed, and if so, where the boundary between

807: 39: 17: 4465: 3955: 3931: 3388: 3374: 3360: 2830:

Newsbytes, Thailand Mulls Software Patent Rules, at (last visited Jul. 25, 2000).

2021:. Centre for Intellectual Property Policy and Management, Bournemouth University. 781: 635:

regarding the patentability of software and computer-implemented inventions, and

4360: 4254: 3909: 3572:"Proposal from Brazil in respect of exceptions and limitations to patent rights" 3205: 1380:

Whether patents covering software discourage, rather than encourage, innovation;

1183: 1033: 997: 934: 921: 824:

will be much more open to patents generally and software patents in particular.

639:

interpreting the legal provisions, are different under different jurisdictions.

4309: 4009:"Community Commitments – Microsoft & Novell Interoperability Collaboration" 3708: 1223:

in relation to software patents. Europe uses an 'Inventive step test'; see the

4381: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2843:"Unsung innovators: Marty Goetz, holder of first [US] software patent" 1431: 1085: 443: 3444: 2800:

Sirivish Toomgum and Kwanchai Rungfapaisan, THE NATION, July 24, 2000, at 7.

2193:

Examination Practice Respecting Computer-Implemented Inventions – PN 2013-03

1827: 1439: 1290: 1200: 1112: 1001: 538: 324: 4163:, Association of University Technology Managers, 2012-09-08, archived from 3991:"Sun Grants Global Open Source Community Access to More than 1,600 Patents" 713:

such applications both as a matter of statutory interpretation and policy.

561:

Patents are territorial in nature. To obtain a patent, inventors must file

4204: 3520: 3503: 4458:

No Lobbyists As Such: The War over Software Patents in the European Union

3047:

1859: 1481: 1294: 1228: 1081: 796: 636: 522: 4362:

CEP Discussion Paper No 740: Strategic Patenting and Software Innovation

3820: 2429:, Japanese Patent Office, April 2005, p. 10 (2.2.1), archived from 1587:

Data Processing: Structural Design, Modeling, Simulation, and Emulation

1219:

Different countries have different ways of dealing with the question of

850:

United Kingdom patent law is interpreted to have the same effect as the

589:(PCT), which can then give rise to patent protection in most countries. 4242:, an introduction to software patents in Europe and Germany (in German) 3628:

Multiple protection of intellectual property in the German legal system

3556: 2015:"Software as Text and Machine: The Legal Capture of Digital Innovation" 1874: 1851: 1730:

Computer-Aided Design and Analysis of Circuits and Semiconductor Masks

1664:

Electrical Computers and Digital Data Processing Systems: Input/Output

1497: 1451: 1299: 747:

Software that can be patented mainly includes (but is not limited to):

555: 268: 3095:"Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 13 of July 28, 2016, on Patents" 4344: 3852: 3321: 1911: 1863: 1843: 1447: 1256: 803: 728: 646: 518: 212: 4037:"Microsoft's developer patent pledge 'worse than useless' says SFLC" 2321: 1741:

Data Processing: Software Development, Installation, and Management

1158:

as to whether or not these aims are achieved with software patents.

962:

the rules and methods of games, intellectual or economic activities;

816:

Concerns have been raised by free software campaigners, such as the

3993:(Press release). Sun Microsystems. January 25, 2005. Archived from 3681: 3412:(Master's). Munich Intellectual Property Law Center. Archived from 2977: 2338:"Guidelines for Examination of Computer Related Inventions (CRIs)" 1907: 1554:

Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific Applications

1489: 1477: 1443: 1286: 1032: 864: 578: 570: 566: 4232: 2275:"German Parliament Sends Message: Stop Granting Software Patents" 2253:"Europe's "unitary patent" could mean unlimited software patents" 1631:

Data Processing: Database and File Management or Data Structures

1535:

Total US software patent counts by class of invention as of 2015

1169:

Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions

4607:, Arlington, Virginia; United States Patent and Trademark Office 2781: 2034:

Technique et droit des brevets. L'invention en droit des brevets

1493: 3462:

Decision T 0424/03 (Clipboard formats I/MICROSOFT) of 23.2.2006

908:

In 1999, the allowance rate for business method patents at the

3835:"Microsoft's Open Specification Promise: No Assurance for GPL" 2100:

International Business Machines Corp v Commissioner of Patents

1831: 1513: 1435: 1260: 1253: 925:

where novelty lies solely in the software. Similar to Europe.

632: 3570:

Standing Committee on the Law of Patents (January 20, 2010).

2209:

DECISION of 24 February 2006, Case Number: T 0469/03 – 3.5.01

1697:

Electrical Computers and Digital Processing Systems: Support

1565:

Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location

1093:

trials in the United States, some of which are listed in the

968:

solutions consisting only in the presentation of information.

4668: 4052:"Update: Microsoft wants royalties for open-source software" 3623:

Mehrfachschutz geistigen Eigentums im deutschen Rechtssystem

3022:"Who owns the rights to a patent? The employer or inventor?" 2076:

National Research Development Corp v Commissioner of Patents

1675:

Electrical Computers and Digital Processing Systems: Memory

1642:

Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and Calculating

4580:, Amicus Books – ICFAI University Press, pp. 192–209, 3543:

Kiesewetter-Köbinger, Swen (2010). "Programmers' Capital".

3465:, European Patent Office Boards of Appeal, 23 February 2006 2808: 2806: 1492:. Meanwhile, Microsoft has reached similar agreements with 4286:

A Review of Bessen and Hunt's Analysis of Software Patents

2812:

Pitiyasak, Saravuth. "Thailand Debates Software Patents."

1406:

towards software patents. Much of this has been caused by

1020:

A software patents law in Thailand has been controversial

867:, a clause to include software patents was quashed by the 4567:– How software came to be patentable in the United States 4416:

The Patent Wars: The Battle to Own the World's Technology

3761:"The India Patents Act, 1970 and Software Patentability" 3259:(, BGH, Federal Court of Justice of Germany), 1976-06-22 3067:"SOFTWARE PATENT LAW: UNITED STATES AND EUROPE COMPARED" 2947:"Examination Guidelines for Computer-Related Inventions" 2878:

granted December 7, 1976, can be easily found using the

1708:

Error Detection/Correction and Fault Detection/Recovery

3514:(2). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM): 69–75. 3449:, European Patent Office, Boards of Appeal, 1 July 1998 2007:

Patenting Software under the European Patent Convention

1178:

A computer program which provides a "technical effect".

601:

On 21 May 1962, a British patent application entitled "

4438:

Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?

3130:"Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14 Year 2001" 2976:

Employment, Small Business and Training (2010-12-03).

2196:, Canadian Intellectual Property Office, March 8, 2013 1873:

software, file patents. As of June 2006, for example,

549:

A patent is a set of exclusionary rights granted by a

2711:

Patents Act, No. 57 of 1978, as amended Section 25(3)

2527:"Minister announces way forward for software patents" 1273:

Software patents under the European Patent Convention

772:

Software patents under the European Patent Convention

659:

Software patents under the European Patent Convention

4404:

Math You Can't Use: Patents, Copyright, and Software

1576:

Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing

4095:"Unisys Not Suing (most) Webmasters for Using GIFs" 1377:

requirement is applied too loosely to software; and

664:

Computer programs and the Patent Cooperation Treaty

4413: 2506:"Patents Act 2013, section 11 'Computer programs'" 2019:Journal of Information Law & Technology (JILT) 603:A Computer Arranged for the Automatic Solution of 4660:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 4308:Bessen, James; Hunt, Robert M. (March 10, 2004), 4270:Bessen, James; Hunt, Robert M. (March 16, 2004), 3950: 3948: 3151:"Regulations under the Patent Cooperation Treaty" 2151:Research Affiliates LLC v Commissioner of Patents 2036:. France: LexisNexis. pp. 82 and following. 1774:Dynamic Optical Information Storage or Retrieval 1248:(PNG) format was largely introduced to avoid the 4359:Noel, Michael; Schankerman, Mark (August 2006), 4341:Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure 4109:"Patent Counts By Class By Year, CY 1977 - 2015" 3206:"An Economic Review of the Patent System (1958)" 2487:An important market: software patenting in Japan 2300:"Software patents under Ordinance face reversal" 2146: 2144: 846:Software patents under United Kingdom patent law 679:Software patents under United Kingdom patent law 3970:"Oracle Technology Network for Java Developers" 3683:Software patents in Europe: debunking the myths 3504:"Copyrightable functions and patentable speech" 1043:Software patents under United States patent law 892: 884: 874: 674:Software patents under United States patent law 282:Patentability requirements and related concepts 4130:"Microsoft, Autodesk in patent licensing deal" 3186:"Intellectual Property and Software-Copyright" 2569:"South Pacific cousins part ways over patents" 609:" was filed. The invention was concerned with 4093:Miller, Robin ("Roblimo") (August 31, 1999). 2529:. beehive.govt.nz. 2010-07-15. Archived from 2171:Commissioner of Patents v RPL Central Pty Ltd 2071: 2069: 956:scientific theories and mathematical methods; 494: 178: 8: 4186:Acacia Technologies LLC: Company Information 2260:"EU unitary patent and Unified Patent Court" 1194:'s ruling in the U.S. Supreme Court case of 626:such" are excluded from patentability, thus 4111:. United States Patent and Trademark Office 2604:Fairfax Media Business Group (2010-04-15). 2571:. Cpaglobal.com. 2010-07-28. Archived from 1991:Landmark Cases in Intellectual Property Law 1467:Common Development and Distribution License 4617:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4539:– Overview of the legal history and trends 4336:FTC 2003 Report on Patents and Competition 4025:(Press release). Novell. November 2, 2006. 3796:"Software patents that hurt free software" 3577:. World Intellectual Property Organization 3447:(Computer program product/IBM) of 1.7.1998 1533: 1516:compression method and, by extension, the 1281:(EPC), and in particular its Article 52, " 723:Software patents under Canadian patent law 501: 487: 196: 185: 171: 33:Computer programs, software and patent law 29: 4321:Federal Trade Commission (October 2003), 3657:Goods classification as a legal principle 3519: 2949:. United States Patent Office. 1996-03-26 2546:"New Zealand says no to software patents" 2396:. jpo.go.jp. pp. 1–3. Archived from 2009:. London: Sweet & Maxwell. p. 4. 1620:Data Processing: Artificial Intelligence 1049:United States Patent and Trademark Office 780:(EPC) came into force in the late 1970s. 3596:Max-Planck-Institut (20 December 2000), 3478:"Copyright in Data Compilations is Thin" 3293:"The Gravity of the U.S. Patent Swindle" 3279:European Patent Office, Boards of Appeal 2747:, European Patent Office, archived from 4380:Bessen, James; Meurer, Michael (2008). 3733:"Patent Economics: Part 4 – Incentives" 2772:Lombardi, Candace (November 27, 2006), 2767: 2765: 2678:Patents Act, No. 57 of 1978, as amended 1962: 1785:Interactive Video Distribution Systems 1370:and non-patentable software should lie; 693:within the meaning of section 6 of the 451: 410: 353: 332: 281: 240: 204: 199: 150: 129: 103: 77: 46: 32: 4610: 3275:Decision T 0059/93 () of 20 April 1994 3003: 2993: 2632: 2622: 2589:. TG Daily. 2010-07-15. Archived from 669:Software patents under national laws: 654:Software patents under TRIPs Agreement 4679:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4626:Stallman, Richard M. (May 24, 2004), 4574:Software Patents – Legal Perspectives 4434:Information Feudalism – Peter Drahos 4256:An Empirical Look at Software Patents 4050:Eric Lai; Sumner Lemon (2007-05-13). 3124: 3122: 3120: 3089: 3087: 2608:. Computerworld.co.nz. Archived from 2223:Guidelines for Examination in the EPO 1512:organizations that used the patented 791:Computer-implemented inventions that 699:artificially created state of affairs 27:Patent that covers a computer program 7: 4412:Warshofsky, Fred (October 3, 1994). 1267:Computer-implemented invention (CII) 1225:Inventive step requirement in Europe 1203:'s ruling would also eliminate most 3334:Stallman, Richard (June 20, 2005). 2652:"New Zealand bans software patents" 2587:"New Zealand bans software patents" 1830:, for example, has agreements with 4343:(FFII), 2004-08-16, archived from 2492:World Intellectual Property Review 2302:. Financialexpress.com. 2005-03-29 2013:Kretschmer, Martin (4 July 2003). 1394:Software patents and free software 1375:inventive step and non-obviousness 1321:Copyright infringement of software 1221:inventive step and non-obviousness 597:Early example of a software patent 305:Inventive step and non-obviousness 25: 2358:Aditi, Singh (29 December 2019). 1128:nations, which have ratified the 4505:Platonism Is the Law of the Land 4203: 3653:Güterzuordnung als Rechtsprinzip 3476:Bro, Sarah (September 6, 2018). 3241:, September 2003, archived from 2273:Ermert, Monika (22 April 2013). 1037:Growth of software patents in US 38: 4629:The Dangers of Software Patents 4283:Hahn, Robert; Wallsten, Scott, 3742:from the original on 2012-09-06 3705:UK Intellectual Property Office 2774:"Microsoft lost in translation" 2717:, 26 April 1978, archived from 2684:, 26 April 1978, archived from 2650:Rob O’Neill (August 28, 2013). 2124:CCOM Pty Ltd v Jie-jing Pty Ltd 4487:Software and Patents in Europe 4407:. Brookings Institution Press. 4386:. Princeton University Press. 4273:The Software Patent Experiment 4011:. Microsoft. November 2, 2006. 3896:"Silverlight Controls License" 3770:. 7 March 2013. Archived from 3502:Burk, Dan L. (February 2001). 2814:Managing Intellectual Property 2544:Varghese, Sam (16 July 2010). 1289:, that does not mean that all 1: 4490:. Cambridge University Press. 4436:Drahos, Peter (May 1, 2003). 4294:American Enterprise Institute 4217:Software and Business Methods 4160:FY 2004 U.S. Licensing Survey 3253:Dispositions program decision 2326:– via www.academia.edu. 4669:"The Software Patent Crisis" 4311:A Reply to Hahn and Wallsten 4136:. 2004-12-17. Archived from 3299:. 25 March 2006. p. A9. 2872:granted 5 January 1971, and 354:By region / country 4667:Kahin, Brian (April 1990). 4228:FFII Annotated Bibliography 3839:Software Freedom Law Center 3651:Peukert, Alexander (2008). 2279:Intellectual Property Watch 1805: 1787: 1781: 1776: 1770: 1765: 1759: 1754: 1748: 1743: 1737: 1732: 1726: 1721: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1699: 1693: 1688: 1682: 1677: 1671: 1666: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1644: 1638: 1633: 1627: 1619: 1611: 1605: 1600: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1578: 1572: 1567: 1561: 1556: 1550: 1486:Software Freedom Law Center 1252:(GIF) patent problems, and 1250:Graphics Interchange Format 1057:United States Supreme Court 611:efficient memory management 4712: 3798:. Free Software Foundation 3738:. Patenthawk. 2005-04-17. 2320:Guido Noto La Diega, PhD. 2179:Federal Court (Full Court) 2159:Federal Court (Full Court) 2136:Federal Court (Full Court) 1527: 1391: 1314: 1279:European Patent Convention 1270: 1143: 1040: 852:European Patent Convention 843: 778:European Patent Convention 769: 720: 411:By specific subject matter 96:European Patent Convention 3680:Gray, John (2004-08-19), 3620:Hoffmann, Marcus (2008). 3508:Communications of the ACM 3403:Laub, Christoph (2005) . 2177: (11 December 2015), 2157: (10 November 2014), 1951:Social networking patents 1883:Patent Cooperation Treaty 1347:numerus clausus principle 1246:Portable Network Graphics 1186:, a Guest Scholar at the 1146:Patentable subject matter 1130:Patent Corporation Treaty 587:Patent Cooperation Treaty 362:Patent Cooperation Treaty 341:Sufficiency of disclosure 320:Person skilled in the art 290:Patentable subject matter 91:Patent Cooperation Treaty 4594:Furutani, Hideo (2003), 4546:Elemental Subject Matter 4496:Papers and presentations 4455:Müller, Florian (2006). 4265:Public Patent Foundation 3930:. Novell. Archived from 3898:. Microsoft Corporation. 3482:Mondaq Business Briefing 2175:[2015] FCAFC 177 2155:[2014] FCAFC 150 1818:Many software companies 1095:list of software patents 818:Free Software Foundation 333:Other legal requirements 310:Industrial applicability 4075:. Microsoft. 2012-01-12 3956:"Red Hat Patent Policy" 2982:www.business.qld.gov.au 1914:, etc. Others, such as 1404:free software community 1205:business method patents 1111:created after 1978 has 642:Software patents under 4647:Abecassis, Alexandre. 4484:Leith, Philip (2007). 2845:. Computerworld. 1968. 2550:Government Tech Policy 2246:"End Software Patents" 2128:[1994] FCA 396 2104:[1991] FCA 811 1989:Bellido, Jose (2017). 1941:Patent Commons Project 1935:Open Invention Network 1311:Overlap with copyright 1283:programs for computers 1038: 1006:Supreme Court of Korea 897: 888: 879: 628:European Patent Office 583:European Patent Office 138:European Patent Office 4401:Klemens, Ben (2005). 4253:Bessen; Hunt (2004), 3823:on February 10, 2007. 3659:]. Mohr Siebeck. 3521:10.1145/359205.359231 3053:July 4, 2012, at the 2891:Gottschalk v Benson, 2880:Bessen/Hunt technique 2875:U.S. patent 3,996,564 2869:U.S. patent 3,553,384 2863:U.S. patent 3,553,358 2857:U.S. patent 3,552,738 2080:[1959] HCA 67 2063:Patentable inventions 2005:Beresford, K (2000). 1904:Intellectual Ventures 1796:Information Security 1546:Total patents issued 1472:In 2006, Microsoft's 1417:free software license 1188:Brookings Institution 1080:The emergence of the 1074:practical application 1036: 695:Statute of Monopolies 691:manner of manufacture 4656:IEEE Canadian Review 4518:You can patent that? 4212:at Wikimedia Commons 4039:. November 10, 2006. 3997:on December 2, 2008. 3857:opensource.apple.com 3318:49 U.S. 1112 3271:"Reasons, point 3.4" 3248:on February 10, 2006 2751:on 13 September 2009 1388:Open source software 1345:Whether and how the 1287:American counterpart 1053:Gottschalk v. Benson 822:Unified Patent Court 4696:Software patent law 4140:on January 15, 2013 3297:Wall Street Journal 3239:European Parliament 2816:.123 (2002): 62-4. 2724:on 12 December 2011 2691:on 12 December 2011 2032:Dhenne, M. (2016). 1916:Acacia Technologies 1824:patent infringement 1536: 1227:and, for instance, 910:Japan Patent Office 832:In April 2013, the 563:patent applications 241:Procedural concepts 4238:2017-06-26 at the 4233:Softwarepatents.eu 3972:. Sun Microsystems 3768:www.managingip.com 3557:10.1109/MC.2010.47 3336:"Patent absurdity" 3006:has generic name ( 2911:Diamond v. Diehr, 2820:Web. 11 Apr. 2020. 2635:has generic name ( 2556:on 16 January 2013 2345:www.ipindia.nic.in 1993:. Hart Publishing. 1534: 1317:Software copyright 1140:Purpose of patents 1039: 965:computer programs; 947:Russian Federation 941:Russian Federation 605:Linear Programming 346:Unity of invention 18:Algorithmic patent 4674:Technology Review 4587:978-81-314-0653-3 4440:. The New Press. 4427:978-0-471-59902-9 4208:Media related to 3870:Scherer, Markus; 3666:978-3-16-149724-7 3637:978-3-8316-0806-5 3257:Bundesgerichtshof 3045:Peter B. Hirtle, 2138: (Australia). 1813: 1812: 1474:pledge not to sue 1192:William Rehnquist 869:Indian Parliament 834:German Parliament 808:Article 112(1)(b) 615:simplex algorithm 511: 510: 195: 194: 16:(Redirected from 4703: 4682: 4663: 4653: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4632:, archived from 4622: 4616: 4608: 4606: 4590: 4579: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4558: 4552:, archived from 4551: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4530: 4524:, archived from 4523: 4511: 4510: 4502:Edwards, David, 4491: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4470: 4464:. 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Archived from 2541: 2539: 2538: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2467: 2460: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2428: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2402: 2395: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2188: 2182: 2168: 2162: 2148: 2139: 2121: 2115: 2097: 2091: 2073: 2064: 2057:Patents Act 1990 2054: 2048: 2047: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2010: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1946:Piano roll blues 1877:had developed a 1537: 1530:Software license 1328:Berne Convention 1196:Diamond v. Diehr 1090:business methods 527:computer program 503: 496: 489: 197: 187: 180: 173: 159:Business methods 42: 30: 21: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4686: 4685: 4666: 4651: 4646: 4639: 4637: 4625: 4609: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4508: 4501: 4498: 4483: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4448: 4435: 4428: 4411: 4400: 4394: 4379: 4376: 4365: 4358: 4350: 4348: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4289: 4282: 4276: 4269: 4259: 4252: 4249: 4240:Wayback Machine 4200: 4195: 4194: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4168: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4143: 4141: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4114: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4078: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4055: 4054:. Computerworld 4049: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3946: 3937: 3935: 3928:"Patent Policy" 3926: 3925: 3921: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3880: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3745: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3281:, 20 April 1994 3269: 3268: 3264: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3093: 3092: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3055:Wayback Machine 3044: 3040: 3031: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3002: 2992: 2986: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2952: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2910: 2906: 2890: 2886: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2824: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2784: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2754: 2752: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2631: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2603: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2543: 2542: 2536: 2534: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2511: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2362:. Bar and Bench 2357: 2356: 2352: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2217: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2169: 2165: 2149: 2142: 2122: 2118: 2098: 2094: 2074: 2067: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2012: 2011: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1931: 1862:, and recently 1848:Hewlett-Packard 1532: 1526: 1506: 1396: 1390: 1356: 1323: 1313: 1293:including some 1275: 1269: 1242: 1237: 1213: 1164: 1148: 1142: 1121: 1070:Federal Circuit 1045: 1031: 1014: 994: 982: 943: 931: 918: 902: 861: 848: 842: 830: 774: 768: 737: 725: 719: 687: 623: 599: 547: 515:software patent 507: 460:Patent analysis 424:Business method 191: 86:TRIPS Agreement 70:List of patents 55:Software patent 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4709: 4707: 4699: 4698: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4664: 4662:(IEEE): 24–27. 4644: 4623: 4591: 4586: 4568: 4540: 4512: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4481: 4452: 4446: 4432: 4426: 4409: 4398: 4392: 4383:Patent Failure 4375: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4356: 4331: 4318: 4305: 4280: 4267: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4230: 4225: 4213: 4199: 4198:External links 4196: 4193: 4192: 4176: 4150: 4121: 4100: 4085: 4064: 4042: 4028: 4014: 4000: 3982: 3961: 3944: 3919: 3910:"symbian-dump" 3901: 3887: 3874:(2006-02-04). 3862: 3844: 3826: 3808: 3787: 3752: 3724: 3689: 3686:, OUT-LAW News 3672: 3665: 3643: 3636: 3612: 3588: 3562: 3551:(2): 106–108. 3535: 3494: 3468: 3452: 3430: 3395: 3381: 3367: 3353: 3326: 3302: 3284: 3262: 3221: 3211:. 20 July 2005 3197: 3177: 3142: 3116: 3083: 3058: 3038: 3026:Adli Law Group 3013: 2968: 2959: 2938: 2924: 2904: 2884: 2848: 2840:Martin Goetz, 2833: 2822: 2802: 2793: 2761: 2734: 2701: 2668: 2642: 2518: 2497: 2494:, October 2012 2477: 2445: 2413: 2382: 2373: 2350: 2329: 2312: 2291: 2265: 2237: 2215: 2199: 2183: 2163: 2140: 2116: 2092: 2065: 2049: 2042: 2024: 1997: 1981: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1930: 1927: 1891:Walker Digital 1811: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1528:Main article: 1525: 1522: 1510:not-for-profit 1505: 1502: 1400:strong dislike 1392:Main article: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1371: 1355: 1352: 1312: 1309: 1271:Main article: 1268: 1265: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1212: 1209: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1163: 1160: 1144:Main article: 1141: 1138: 1120: 1117: 1041:Main article: 1030: 1027: 1013: 1010: 993: 990: 981: 978: 970: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 942: 939: 930: 927: 917: 914: 901: 898: 860: 857: 844:Main article: 841: 840:United Kingdom 838: 829: 826: 770:Main article: 767: 764: 736: 733: 721:Main article: 718: 715: 686: 683: 682: 681: 676: 667: 666: 661: 656: 622: 619: 598: 595: 546: 543: 535:user interface 521:on a piece of 509: 508: 506: 505: 498: 491: 483: 480: 479: 478: 477: 472: 467: 462: 454: 453: 449: 448: 447: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 413: 412: 408: 407: 406: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 356: 355: 351: 350: 349: 348: 343: 335: 334: 330: 329: 328: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 284: 283: 279: 278: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 243: 242: 238: 237: 236: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 207: 206: 202: 201: 193: 192: 190: 189: 182: 175: 167: 164: 163: 162: 161: 153: 152: 151:Related topics 148: 147: 146: 145: 143:United Kingdom 140: 132: 131: 127: 126: 125: 124: 119: 117:United Kingdom 114: 106: 105: 101: 100: 99: 98: 93: 88: 80: 79: 75: 74: 73: 72: 67: 62: 57: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4708: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4645: 4636:on 2013-01-15 4635: 4631: 4630: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4605:presentation) 4604: 4599: 4598: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4576: 4575: 4569: 4559:on 2006-05-19 4555: 4548: 4547: 4541: 4531:on 2013-01-12 4527: 4520: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4482: 4471:on 2009-03-26 4467: 4460: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4447:1-56584-804-7 4443: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4393:9780691143217 4389: 4385: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4357: 4347:on 2012-12-04 4346: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4306: 4303:on 2007-09-29 4299: 4295: 4288: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4177: 4167:on 2012-10-15 4166: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4086: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4053: 4046: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3934:on 2013-07-30 3933: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3777:on 2016-04-17 3773: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3741: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3714:on 2012-01-04 3710: 3706: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3616: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3589: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3495: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3440: 3439:"Reasons 2.4" 3434: 3431: 3415: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3389:Article 52(3) 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3375:Article 52(1) 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3167:on 2020-02-28 3163: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3009: 2997: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2735: 2720: 2713: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2687: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2669: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2643: 2638: 2633:|author= 2626: 2612:on 2013-01-15 2611: 2607: 2593:on 2012-04-06 2592: 2588: 2575:on 2012-08-26 2574: 2570: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2533:on 2010-09-20 2532: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2481: 2478: 2468:on 2011-03-23 2464: 2457: 2456: 2449: 2446: 2436:on 2011-03-23 2432: 2425: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2403:on 2011-03-23 2399: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2316: 2313: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2224: 2219: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2112:Federal Court 2109: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2082:, (1959) 102 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2043:9782711024100 2039: 2035: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1985: 1982: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1923:patent trolls 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1895:Priceline.com 1892: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820:cross license 1816: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1758: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1648: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1608: 1604: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1408:free software 1405: 1401: 1395: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1240:Compatibility 1239: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1125: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1109:work for hire 1105: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1035: 1029:United States 1028: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 991: 989: 987: 979: 977: 975: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 951: 950: 948: 940: 938: 936: 928: 926: 923: 915: 913: 911: 906: 899: 896: 891: 887: 883: 878: 873: 870: 866: 858: 856: 853: 847: 839: 837: 835: 827: 825: 823: 819: 814: 812: 809: 805: 800: 798: 794: 789: 786: 783: 779: 773: 765: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 741: 734: 732: 730: 724: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 700: 696: 692: 684: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 670: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 650: 648: 645: 640: 638: 634: 629: 621:Jurisdictions 620: 618: 616: 612: 608: 606: 596: 594: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575:United States 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 552: 544: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 504: 499: 497: 492: 490: 485: 484: 482: 481: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 456: 455: 450: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 415: 414: 409: 404: 403:United States 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 363: 360: 359: 358: 357: 352: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 337: 336: 331: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 286: 285: 280: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 245: 244: 239: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 209: 208: 203: 198: 188: 183: 181: 176: 174: 169: 168: 166: 165: 160: 157: 156: 155: 154: 149: 144: 141: 139: 136: 135: 134: 133: 128: 123: 122:United States 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 108: 107: 102: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 83: 82: 81: 76: 71: 68: 66: 65:Free software 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 51: 50: 45: 41: 37: 36: 31: 19: 4672: 4655: 4638:, retrieved 4634:the original 4628: 4596: 4573: 4561:, retrieved 4554:the original 4545: 4533:, retrieved 4526:the original 4517: 4504: 4486: 4473:. Retrieved 4466:the original 4457: 4437: 4415: 4403: 4382: 4361: 4349:, retrieved 4345:the original 4335: 4323: 4310: 4298:the original 4285: 4272: 4255: 4216: 4185: 4179: 4169:, retrieved 4165:the original 4159: 4153: 4142:. Retrieved 4138:the original 4133: 4124: 4113:. Retrieved 4103: 4088: 4077:. Retrieved 4067: 4056:. Retrieved 4045: 4031: 4017: 4003: 3995:the original 3985: 3974:. Retrieved 3964: 3936:. Retrieved 3932:the original 3922: 3913: 3904: 3890: 3879:. Retrieved 3865: 3856: 3847: 3829: 3821:the original 3811: 3800:. Retrieved 3790: 3779:. Retrieved 3772:the original 3767: 3755: 3744:. Retrieved 3736:(blog entry) 3727: 3716:. Retrieved 3709:the original 3692: 3682: 3675: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3627: 3622: 3615: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3579:. Retrieved 3565: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3485:. Retrieved 3481: 3471: 3461: 3455: 3442: 3433: 3421:. Retrieved 3414:the original 3405: 3398: 3384: 3370: 3356: 3344:. Retrieved 3340:The Guardian 3339: 3329: 3310: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3274: 3265: 3252: 3243:the original 3230: 3224: 3213:. Retrieved 3200: 3189:. Retrieved 3180: 3169:. Retrieved 3162:the original 3157: 3145: 3136: 3107:. Retrieved 3103:the original 3098: 3074:. Retrieved 3070: 3061: 3041: 3030:. Retrieved 3028:. 2016-04-12 3025: 3016: 3004:|first= 2985:. Retrieved 2981: 2971: 2962: 2951:. Retrieved 2941: 2927: 2907: 2887: 2851: 2836: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2796: 2785:, retrieved 2777: 2753:, retrieved 2749:the original 2743: 2737: 2728:25 September 2726:, retrieved 2719:the original 2710: 2704: 2695:25 September 2693:, retrieved 2686:the original 2677: 2671: 2661:September 6, 2659:. Retrieved 2655: 2645: 2614:. Retrieved 2610:the original 2595:. Retrieved 2591:the original 2577:. Retrieved 2573:the original 2558:. Retrieved 2554:the original 2549: 2535:. Retrieved 2531:the original 2521: 2510:. 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