Algerian nationalism

1972:, ALN), the FLN's military arm, was to conduct the War of Independence within Algeria. FLN and ALN diffused the civil-military relations, and the army remained present throughout the end of the war and beyond, although in the end the victory would in the end be a political one rather than a military. The FLN resorted to populist rhetorics and used symbolic slogans such as for example "one sole hero: the people", however, they remained somewhat distanced from the population during the war. This was partly a consequence of the inability of a class strong enough to emerge and articulate a credible and overarching consensus about revolutionary resistance strategies under the oppression of the colonial system. The FLN was a complex organisation, entailing much more than what perceived at first glance, they were characterised by an anti-intellectualism and a conviction that the country (and thereby also the abstract masses) had to be liberated by a violent group of dedicated revolutionaries. Simultaneously, their leadership struggled with intra-elite ideological conflicts and throughout history, FLN has simultaneously contained 2028:), as physical participants but also as symbolic contestation. The war could in one way be seen as a battle to win hearts and minds of the people, and the body and idea of the Muslim woman was an arena of major confrontation between the French and the FLN. On the one hand, French rule was justified (as in many other conflicts and contexts) by pointing to the Islamic family regulations as problematic and backwards and something that needed to be corrected and governed, an issue that only the "emancipatory power of French values" could solve. Moreover, it was thought that appealing to the Muslim woman was the only way to "win the hearts and minds of the family as a whole". As a response, the (often rural) Veiled Muslim Woman became a symbol of Algerian resistance, an allegory of purity and the impenetrability of Religion. 2181:), the first pan-African cultural festival of enormous size, that took place in 1969. Under the leadership of Boumediene, the city continued to play its role of a capital of liberation movements, although denunciation of the anti-Islamic "communist influences" Ben Bella was accused of having susceptible to. The festival was an important event in the continued construction of the national identity and partly contributed to restore some of its appeal to the youths of Algeria.The festival took the shape of a huge two-day carnival where performances, expositions as well as intellectual conferences merged. It hosted important figures from the entire African continent as well as from the African diaspora, such as 1351:. If, however, the state granted the Muslims full citizenship, the petition went on, opposition to conscription would be dropped. In 1911, in addition to demanding preferential treatment for "the intellectual elements of the country", the group called for an end to unequal taxation, broadening of the franchise, more schools, and protection of indigenous property. The Young Algerians added a significant voice to the reformist movement against French colonial policy that began in 1892 and continued until the outbreak of World War I. In part to reward Muslims who fought and died for France, Clemenceau appointed reform-minded Charles Jonnart as governor general. Reforms promulgated in 1919 and known as the 1721:, a recognized liberal, viewed the manifesto as evidence of a need to develop a mutually advantageous relationship between the European and Muslim communities. Catroux was reportedly shocked by the "blinded spirit of social conservatism" of the colons, but he did not regard the manifesto as a satisfactory basis for cooperation because he felt it would submerge the European minority in a Muslim state. Instead, the French administration in 1944 instituted a reform package, based on the 1936 Viollette Plan, that granted full French citizenship to certain categories of "meritorious" Algerian Muslims—military officers and decorated veterans, university graduates, government officials, and members of the 2254:, a member of the FLN, was elected president and a number of amnesty laws allowed many former Islamists to lay down arms, simultaneously launching extensive counter-terrorist attacks which forced a large number of insurgents out of the country. The violence continued but slowly changed form, and by 2006 the only Islamist splinter group that was still in place, GSPC, joined Al-Qaeda and internationalised their goal. Having before stated that they wanted to "build an Islamic state with sharia law in Algeria", they later proclaimed that they had moved ideologically towards Al-Qaeda's global jihad and aspired to establish an Islamic state in the entire Maghreb. 1488:, however, believed that "Islam is our religion, Arabic our language, Algeria our fatherland." Abbas went as far as summing up the philosophy of the liberal integrationists to oppose the claims of the nationalists by denying in 1936 that Algeria had a separate identity. However, Ben Badis responded that he, too, had looked to the past and found "that this Algerian nation is not France, cannot be France, and does not want to be France … has its culture, its traditions and its characteristics, good or bad, like every other nation of the earth." He was opposed to French colonial rule. 1858:-controlled Algerian Assembly, an MTLD delegate was arrested at the door, prompting other Muslim representatives to walk out in protest. A request by Abbas to gain the floor was refused. Frustrated by these events, the nationalist parties, joined by the PCA, formed a common political front that undertook to have the results of the election voided. French socialists and moderates tried to initiate a formal inquiry into the reports of vote fraud but were prevented from doing so by the assembly's European delegates, who persuaded the 1304:, other Algerians whose perception of themselves and their country had been shaped by wartime experiences, and a body of religious reformers and teachers. Some of these people were members of the few wealthy Muslim families that had managed to insinuate themselves into the colonial system in the 1890s and had with difficulty succeeded in obtaining for their sons the French education coveted by progressive Algerians. Others were among the about 173,000 Algerians who had served in the 2114:), the outspoken political objective of FLN remained national independence. This allowed them some extent to create an image of unity and common purpose, somehow managing to embody the voice of the people in their official discourse. Even though they failed to articulate broad-based national goals and strategies to achieve them, they remained a symbol of national liberation, something that until this day might be what has contributed largely to their legitimacy. 2004:" could cause immediate retribution. Spurred by i.e. internal political turmoil partly caused by an enormous presence of the French army, an effect of a vote in of special powers by the National Assembly, FLN was under severe pressure in the late 50s. The nation was torn between an extremely aggressive coloniser and an FLN who claimed to embody the struggle of the people. Before, during, and after the Algerian war Algerian nationalism was heavily influenced by 168: 2032:

bearing weapons and who were participating in the war, and argued that only emancipation from colonial rule would lead to this absolute liberation of women. Abbas once said, inspired by the works of Fanon, that "Women are the symbol of the new society and shall part-take in shaping new societies.". This image of the liberated Algerian Woman counteracted racial stereotypes and made it harder for France to justify continued coloniality.

1801:, MTLD), which quickly drew supporters from a broad cross-section of society. Committed to unequivocal independence, the MTLD firmly opposed Abbas's proposal for federation. However some ex-PPA members convinced that independence could only be obtained by military means, continued to operate clandestinely and maintain cells in the Aures Mountains and Kabylie while maintaining membership in the MTLD. In 1947, they formed the ( 1701:, presented the French administration with the Manifesto of the Algerian People, signed by fifty-six Algerian nationalist and international leaders. Outlining the perceived past and present problems of colonial rule, the manifesto demanded specifically an Algerian constitution that would guarantee immediate and effective political participation and legal equality for Muslims. It called for agrarian reform, recognition of 2110:, alienated the population and resulted in international condemnation of the brutality of the French method. The first time Algerians' right to self-determination was recognised was in a speech by de Gaule on 16 September 1959. Whereas French policies changed over time, and in addition was highly fragmented due to the ideological fractions between the settler population, the mainland French government and the OAS ( 6045: 1196:...The reader should not be surprised at the variety of manners and customs of the different regions which form the Regency of Algiers, such as the country of the Sahara, that of the Tell, and those of the mountains and big cities. If you travel through a part of Switzerland, Italy, Hungary, and Germany, you will also find in these countries a remarkable variety, even in respect to the laws. 133: 36: 2210:

liberation struggles and in the consolidation of an African unity, and thirdly the role of African culture in the future social development of Africa. The nationalist project of Boumediène was is a way articulated as a dual one, in the sens that it aimed to go back to traditional values and norms, but at the same time to progress and develop in the modern world of science and technology.

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year. Was it not true that the province of Algiers was in our possession and that our sovereignty extended to M'sila, as was mentioned for our ancestors among the kings? The case now concerns Khayr al-Dīn, whom the winds of exile carried from the lands of foreigners to our lands. He would hope to take from us what is in our hands and expel us from the kingdom of our fathers and ancestors.

2270:) were, especially in the beginning, extremely careful not to be identified with the Islamist civil war of the 1990s or with the Arab spring of early 2010. The protests have been enormous and reoccurred every Friday – but remained peaceful for a long time. Later protests have seen increased presence of the military, which has a long history of intervening in Algerian politics. 1412:, the Star's secretary general, enunciated the groups demands in 1927. In addition to independence from France, the Star called for freedom of press and association, a parliament chosen through universal suffrage, confiscation of large estates, and the institution of Arabic schools. The Star was first banned in 1929 and operated underground until 1933 when reconstituted with 1473:, AUMA) in 1931. Although their support was concentrated in the Constantine area, the AUMA struck a responsive chord among the Muslim masses, with whom it had closer ties than did the other nationalist organizations. As the Islamic reformers gained popularity and influence, the colonial authorities responded in 1933 by refusing them permission to preach in official 1746:, claimed 500,000 subscribers, indicating unprecedented interest in independence. By this time, over 350,000 Algerian Muslims (out of a total Algerian Muslim population of nine million) were working in France to support their relatives in Algeria, and many thousands more worked in towns. Messali and his PPA still rejected anything short of independence. 1996:) between 1954 - 1962, one of the longest and bloodiest decolonisation struggles, have in different ways shaped past and present ideas about the Algerian nation. Both warring parties resorted extensively to violence, and the collective memory of torture during the Algerian war of Independence still lingers heavily on the national identity of Algeria. 1572:, political integration of Algeria and France, maintenance of personal legal status by Muslims acquiring French citizenship, fusion of European and Muslim education systems in Algeria, freedom to use Arabic in education and the press, equal wages for equal work, land reform, establishment of a single electoral college, and universal suffrage. 1589:, who would have the most to gain from the measure, considered this plan a major step toward achieving their aims and redoubled their efforts through the liberal FEI to gain broad support for the policy of Algerian integration with France. Not unexpectedly, however, the colons had taken uncompromising exception to the 1686:

to develop political, economic, and social institutions for the indigenous population "within an essentially French framework". Giraud, who succeeded in raising an army of 250,000 men to fight in the Italian campaign, refused to consider this proposal, explaining that "politics" must wait until the end of the war.

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Some important symbols stemming from earlier times of Algerian history have however appeared later in the movement. For example, the slogan "one sole hero, the people" is once again visible on the streets. The movement has also referred to the independence in 62 as the "liberation of the state", thus

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as a possible channel for diffusing political power in Algeria, denigrating Messali Hadj for demagoguery and the AUMA for religious obscurantism. At all times, however, the French government was confronted by the monolithic intransigence of the leaders of the European community in Algeria in opposing

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were created in this era, and it is in this era that Algerian identity and patriotism really took shape. The state of Algiers, while initially independent, came under Ottoman rule in 1520, and gained significant autonomy over the years until it became de fact independent in 1710. In this era Algerian

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between multiple Islamist groups and the military, who had taken control over the government when the FLN seemed to face defeat. Once again the Algerian society experienced extensive and ruthless violence, which culminated in the late 1990s. In essence, the Algerian entre-soi was torn apart. In 1999

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contributed to the mapping of Algeria as a model country in the fight against colonial and imperial rule, and the portrayal of Algeria as a new form of socialist society. Shortly after independence, Algeria's borders were opened up to "brothers of arms" from contemporary liberation movements in i.e.

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In 1952 anti-French demonstrations precipitated by the OS led to Messali Hadj's arrest and deportation to France. Internal divisions and attacks by the authorities severely weakened the MTLD, draining its energies. Colon extremists took every opportunity to persuade the French government of the need

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with one house representing Europeans and "meritorious" Muslims, and the other representing the remaining more than 8 million Muslims. The statute also replaced mixed communes with elected local councils, abolished military government in the Algerian Sahara, recognized Arabic as an official language

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In the aftermath of the Sétif violence, the AML was outlawed, and 5,460 Muslims, including Abbas and many PPA members, were arrested. Abbas deplored the uprising but charged that its repression had taken Algeria "back to the days of the Crusades". In April 1946, Abbas once again asserted the demands

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extremists. He also called on the Muslim population to supply troops for the Allied war effort. Ferhat Abbas and twenty-four other Muslim leaders replied that Algerians were ready to fight with the Allies in freeing their homeland but demanded the right to call a conference of Muslim representatives

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While the Viollette Plan was still a live issue, however, Messali Hadj made a dramatic comeback to Algeria and had significant local success in attracting people to the Star. A mark of his success was the fact that in 1937 the government dissolved the Star. The same year Messali Hadj formed the PPA,

1433:, PPA) to mobilize the Algerian working class at home and in France to improve its situation through political action. For Messali Hadj, who ruled the PPA with an iron hand, these aims were inseparable from the struggle for an independent Algeria in which socialist and Islamic values would be fused. 1077:

O people of Tlemcen, do you not know that this land is the country of our fathers and our ancestors, which we have inherited from generation to generation from the time of Yaghmurāsan ibn Zayān until today? Khayr al-Dīn will not stop until he sends envoys to threaten us and seize our property every

1534:

The mounting social, political, and economic crises in Algeria for the first time induced older and newly emerged classes of indigenous society to engage from 1933 to 1936 in numerous acts of political protest. The government responded with more restrictive laws governing public order and security.

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into the French community, with full citizenship but without surrendering their personal status as Muslims, and the eventual integration of Algeria as a full province of France. Other objectives included equal pay for equal work for government employees, abolition of travel restrictions to and from

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during World War I or the several hundred thousand more who had assisted the French war effort by working in factories. Many Algerians stayed in France after 1918, and sent the money they earned there to their relatives in Algeria. In France they became aware of a standard of living higher than any

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was after a turbulent couple of months named president of the independent Algeria, and drawing upon a largely mythical and invented past tried to ambitiously govern the post-colonial reality. The relationship between leaders and ordinary people was under the first years of independence a seemingly

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defined Algerianness on the basis of ethno-cultural terms, which meant that on paper, someone's participation in the war of independence was the signifier of their nationality. This meant amongst many things that even Europeans who had fought on the Algerian side in the war could earn the right to

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only if they did not display nationalist flags or placards. They ignored the warnings, the march began, and gunfire resulted in which a number of police and demonstrators were killed. Marchers rampaged, leading to the killing of 103 Europeans. Word spread to the countryside, and villagers attacked

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placed bombs in two cafés in the French settler neighbourhoods as a response to an earlier bomb placed by units of the French police in a Muslim quarter. They had managed to trespass the French checkpoint by simulating "french appearance" - later it has however been noted that many women who were

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The FLN was after some time more or less the predominant organisation in the national struggle against France, however support of the national liberation rested partly on a cornerstone of intimidation, aimed at promoting compliance from the native population. To be seen as a pro-French Muslim - a

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Treasurer. Its newspaper, El Ouma, reached a circulation of 43,500. Influenced by the Arab nationalist ideas of Lebanese Druze Shakib Arslan, Messali turned away from communist support to a more nationalist outlook, for which the French Communist Party attacked the Star. He returned to Algeria to

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to discuss the communist revolutions further amplified the socialist affiliation of the government were important signifiers of the nature of the Algerian self. The inspiration as well as support that was offered by multiple Eastern European countries as well as diplomatic relations with Russia,

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and a member of the Young Algerians, although he differed with some members of the group over acceptance of the Jonnart Law. Some Young Algerians were willing to work within the framework set out by the reforms, but Emir Khalid, as he was known, continued to press for the complete Young Algerian

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During the 1970s and 80s, much happened in the Algerian society. Early on, Boumedienne made efforts to strengthen the national image, independence from the outside world was emphasised and oil and gas was nationalised. Even though the idea of a collective independence remained present, multiple

1733:

A new factor influencing Muslim reaction to the reintroduction of the Viollette Plan — which by that date even many moderates had rejected as inadequate — was the shift in Abbas's position from support for integration to the demand for an autonomous state federated with France. Abbas gained the

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Everything that has happened in Algeria for the past three years imposes a sacred duty on me, which is to make known the real state of this country, before and after the invasion, in order to attract the attention of people to the state of this part of the globe; and in order to bring them our

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However, the FLN's nationalistic discourse on women was constructed in a similar fashion to the French one, and was to some extent maybe directed to an international audience rather than the (rural) females who were subjects of the propaganda. They made sure to diffuse images of women who were

1781:(literally, raking over) of suspected centers of dissidence. In addition, military airplanes and ships attacked Muslim population centers. According to official French figures, 1,500 Muslims died as a result of these countermeasures. Other estimates vary from 6,000 to as high as 45,000 killed. 1612:

and full integration with France to calling for the development of a Muslim Algeria in close association with France but retaining "her own physiognomy, her language, her customs, her traditions". His more immediate goal was greater political, social, and economic equality for Muslims with the

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Blum and Viollette gave a warm reception to a congress delegation in Paris and indicated that many of their demands could be met. Meanwhile, Viollette drew up for the Blum government a proposal to extend French citizenship with full political equality to certain classes of the Muslim "elite",

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addressed three main questions that to a large extent shaped the discourse surrounding the festival and pointed to the role of culture in the construction of national as well as panafricain identities. Firstly the reality of the African culture, secondly the role African culture in national

1181:, an ex-diplomat of the Regency, 3 years after its collapse in 1833. Ideological disagreements still existed at this era. Many local leaders wished to see the Regency of Algiers go and instead a completely independent Algerian state be established, such as Muhieddiene al-Hassani and his son 1247:

tribes with him as the Emir, or Sultan. He wished to establish a modern fully independent nation state in Algeria, and established a modern army, invested into education and the economy of his nation. His emirate stretch from the modern Moroccan-Algerian border in the west to the region of

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The treatment and torture of these women and other prisoners taken during the battle of Algiers also played great role in damaging French legitimacy as a moral authority. Simultaneously, the (partly self-chosen) de-politisation of their own actions contributed to a scattered gender order.

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In the shift from 1980 to 1990 the political culture in Algeria was steaming. Internationally, the communist eastern bloc had just fallen and Islamism was on the rise. Meanwhile, the country was ongoing democratisation and was planning its first multi party election, which the FIS

1404:, known as Star). The group was originally a solidarity group formed in 1926 in Paris to coordinate political activity among North African workers in France and to defend "the material, moral, and social interests of North African Muslims". The leaders included members of the 2274:

pointing to the current manifestations as a way to obtain "liberation of the people". Moreover, partly as a consequence of one of the earlier Fridays of demonstrations coinciding with the International Women's Day, women very quickly took part in the demonstrations as well.

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past of some women could however still legitimise some activist's campaigns on women's rights issues in the 80s and forward, since their proved belonging to the nation could (at least partly) provide proof that their ideas were not simply a consequence of westernisation.

1193:...My head is not calm, on the contrary the misfortunes of my country worry me continually; in tracing them I have often been obliged to stop my pen and let my tears flow, although my work is a historical account it is written to be read by indulgent and sensitive people. 1580:

saw in the Viollette Plan a new "instrument of colonialism … to split the Algerian people by separating the elite from the masses". The components of the congress—the ulema, the FEI, and communists—were heartened by the proposal and gave it varying measures of support.

1753:, the clandestine PPA organized demonstrations in twenty-one towns across the country, with marchers demanding freedom for Messali Hadj and independence for Algeria. Violence erupted in some locations, including Algiers and Oran, leaving many wounded and three dead. 1605:

which had a more moderate program, but he and other PPA leaders were arrested following a large demonstration in Algiers. Although Messali Hadj spent many years in jail, his party had the most widespread support of all opposition groups until it was banned in 1939.

1461:. The reformers published their own periodicals and books, and established free modern Islamic schools that stressed Arabic language and culture as an alternative to the schools for Muslims operated for many years by the French. Under the dynamic leadership of 2166:

China, a number of countries in the North Africa and Middle East and even the United States also emphasised that Algeria was no longer going to be dependent on one single imperial State. Algeria and more specifically Algiers become the incarnation of

3158: 1643:. The Algerian administration vigorously enforced the anti-Semitic laws imposed by Vichy, which stripped Algerian Jews of their French citizenship. Potential opposition leaders in both the European and the Muslim communities were arrested. 1756:

Nationalist leaders were resolving to mark the approaching liberation of Europe with demonstrations calling for their own liberation, and it was clear that a clash with the authorities was imminent. The tensions between the Muslim and

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all the way to Tunisia, the Djerid, the Tell, and the Sahara, and that a woman can roam this vast expanse alone without fear of being disturbed by anyone, while your influence extends only over the ground covered by the feet of your

2016:. The FLN, especially after independence, espoused Arabism and began the Arabization process of the country as a way to combat "colonial divides" created by France, which however led to the estrangement of Berber areas, and unrest. 2048:

part of the urban FLN bomb networks were often students who already dressed in a western fashion, what was disguised was thereby their political engagement rather than their physical identity. The event is said to have sparked the

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program. He was able to win electoral victories in Algiers and to enliven political discourse with his calls for reform and full assimilation, but by 1923 he tired of the struggle and left Algeria, eventually retiring to Damascus.

1457:, or tradition of the Prophet. The reformers favored the adoption of modern methods of inquiry and rejected the superstitions and folk practices of the countryside, actions that brought them into confrontation with the 1846:

became a synonym for rigged election. The MTLD was allowed nine seats, Abbas's UDMA was given eight, and government-approved "independents" were awarded fifty-five seats. These results may have reassured some of the

1495:, for their part, rejected any movement toward reform, whether instigated by integrationist or nationalist organizations. Reaction in Paris to the nationalists was divided. In the 1930s, French liberals saw only the 2245:) seemed to win. In this context, polarisation bloomed, the political climate toughened and materialised in violence and it got increasingly hard to debate differences verbally. The situation culminated in the 2227:, a law informed by a reading of Islamic law which highly compromised the rights of women. The "liberation" some women had experienced during the war of independence was step by step halted or withdrawn. The 1515:

From 1954 to 1962, Algerian nationalists found significant support in Germany, which had a deciding impact on French counterinsurgency efforts during the Algerian war. In that regard, the activities of the

1712:

The French governor general created a commission composed of prominent Muslims and Europeans to study the manifesto. This commission produced a supplementary reform program, which was forwarded to General

1811:. Their goal was to conduct terrorist operations since political protest through legal channels had been suppressed by the colonial authorities. Ait Ahmed was later succeeded as chief of the OS by 1593:. Although the project would have granted immediate French citizenship and voting rights to only about 21,000 Muslims, with provision for adding a few thousand more each year, spokesmen for the 2205:'s Congolese independence movement. In many ways, the first PANAF was a subversive and temporary space which had never been seen before and might never occur again. During a grand synopsium, 3105:

Malika Rahal. Multipartism, Islamism and the descent into civil war, in Algeria: Nation, Culture and Transnationalism, 1988-2015, edited by Patrick Crowley, Liverpool University Press, 2017.

1793:), UDMA Abbas called for a free, secular, and republican Algeria loosely federated with France. Upon his release from five-year house arrest, Messali Hadj returned to Algeria and formed the 4583: 1520:

outside of France and Algeria was examined. The role of anti-colonial movements underscores the problematic interactions between different security and intelligence services during the

550: 1601:

administrators and their supporters threw procedural obstacles in the path of the legislation, and the government gave it only lukewarm support, resulting in its ultimate failure.

1512:, the bureaucracy, the armed forces, and the business community, and were strengthened in their resistance by their almost total control of the Algerian administration and police. 995:

It is hard to designate when Algerian identity formed. Medieval Islamic chroniclers divided the Maghreb region into three distinctive geographical and cultural regions before the

1960:(r. 1954–71), their role was to gain foreign support for the rebellion and to acquire arms, supplies, and funds for the wilaya commanders. In October the CRUA renamed itself the 1842:, whose political leaders, through fraud and intimidation, attempted to obtain a result more favorable to them in the following year's first Algerian Assembly voting. The term 3087:

Festival culturel panafricain, La Culture africaine : le symposium d'Alger, 21 juillet-1er août 1969 : premier festival culturel panafricain., Alger, S.N.E.D. , 1969

3138:

William Thornberry and Jaclyn Levy, 2011, Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Homeland Security & Counterterrorism Program Transnational Threats Project, Case Study Number 4

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that the nationalists had been rejected by the Muslim community, but the elections suggested to many Muslims that a peaceful solution to Algeria's problems was not possible.

1547:

his minister of state. The Ulemas and in June 1936 the Star of Messali, sensing a new attitude in Paris that would favor their agenda, cautiously joined forces with the FEI.

615: 1231:, who in turn declared a Jihad for the liberation of Algeria. Abdelkader fought against the French for 15 years until 1847, and commandeered a coalition composed of Arab, 6074: 5804: 3283: 1380:, FEI), as many of the former group's members had joined the circle of Muslims eligible to hold public office. The federation's objectives were the assimilation of the 2219:

identities increasingly competed to patent what it was to be Algerian. The cultural battle between French, Berber and Arabic boomed - and the political elite favoured

1794: 2056:(1958)- a movie that managed to mobilise huge support for the Algerian resistance movement throughout the Arab world. Later the trio also played an important part in 797: 690: 2799: 5834: 5281: 831: 836: 3297: 3324: 1831:

deputies alike abstained or voted against the statute but for diametrically opposed reasons: the Muslims because it fell short of their expectations and the

938: 897: 1038:

the empire was divided by 3 dynasties: The Merinids in al-Aqsa (Morocco, with the exception of the Moulouya region), the Zayyanids in al-Awsat (between the

1870: 753: 680: 5217: 1786: 5789: 5784: 3265: 3148:

Terrorism_Organisations_Al-Qaida_in_the_Lands_of_the_Is- lamic_Maghreb_-_AQIM. Australian National Security. "Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb". 2017.

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that an investigation would disturb the peace. New elections in 1951 were subject to the same sort of rigging that had characterized the 1948 voting.

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knowledge and to enlighten them on a few points that they are probably unaware of. Can they show any sympathy for us Algerians, seeing our situation?

2223:

on the expense of for example Berber culture and what could be deemed as western. One of the consequences of arabisation was the introduction of the

5914: 5844: 5809: 1355:

expanded the number of Muslims permitted to vote to about 425,000. The legislation also removed all voters from the jurisdiction of the humiliating

1765:, in an outburst of such violence as to make their polarization complete, if not irreparable. Police had told local organizers they could march in 5774: 3996: 1869:

Ben Bella created a new underground action committee to replace the OS, which had been broken up by the French police in 1950. The new group, the

1749:

Social unrest grew in the winter of 1944–45, fueled in part by a poor wheat harvest, shortages of manufactured goods, and severe unemployment. On

1289: 821: 261: 5286: 1298:

emerged in Algeria at the time of World War I and grew to maturity during the 1920s and 1930s. It consisted of a small but influential class of

6079: 1058:), but there existed dynasties controlling these regions previously, and the borders were constantly changing between these 3 rival dynasties. 710: 2753:

Original text from: Library of Congress, 1994. 'A Country Study: Algeria', in Library of Congress Call Number DT275 .A5771 1994 Available at:

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Between March and October 1954, the CRUA organised a military network in Algeria comprising six military regions (referred to at the time as

1608:

Disillusioned by the failure of the Viollette Plan to win acceptance in Paris, Abbas shifted from a position of favoring assimilation of the

53: 5452: 5412: 4824: 4749: 3541: 3505: 1735: 1466: 3096:

Hafid, Gafaiti. Language and de/reconstruction of National Identity in Postcolonial Algeria (in ed. Berger. Algeria - in others' language.

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The area of the Central Maghreb (Maghreb al-Awsat) or what could be seen as the predecessor of Algeria were defined as being between the

5824: 5769: 1961: 1517: 685: 608: 2871:

Ruedy, John. Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation. 2nd Revised edition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.

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was a phase of the war that could be described as militarily won by the French but politically won by FLN. The French strategy, led by

742: 5764: 4990: 792: 5906: 5829: 4526: 3189: 1408:

and its labor confederation, and in the early years of the struggle for independence the party provided material and moral support.

119: 5350: 3205:

Le Cercle algérianiste, créé en 1973, a pour objectif de sauvegarder le patrimoine culturel né de la présence française en Algérie.

1315:, soldiers, and bureaucrats had refused to apply to the Muslim majority in Algeria. Some Algerians also became acquainted with the 1096:

The transition from "Central Maghrebi" to the "Algerian" identity started in the early 16th century, with the establishment of the

100: 1742:, AML) to work for Algerian autonomie with equal rights for both Europeans and Muslims. Within a short time, the AML's newspaper, 5694: 5686: 3317: 2321:, with several local chapters. It has for "purpose to safeguard the cultural heritage born from the French presence in Algeria." 2111: 931: 402: 209: 177: 72: 3147: 2665: 2049: 1339:

who demanded an opportunity to prove that they were French as well as Muslim. In 1908 they delivered to France's Prime Minister

850: 5075: 4930: 4179: 3986: 2992:

Vince, Natalya. Our Fighting Sisters: Nation, Memory and Gender in Algeria, 1954-2012. Manchester University Press, 2015. p.73.

2178: 1261: 1223:, a region which was still independent from the French and in need of a leader after the collapse of the administration of the 816: 347: 5432: 3025:

Vince, Natalya. Our Fighting Sisters: Nation, Memory and Gender in Algeria, 1954-2012. Manchester University Press, 2015. p.66

3013:

Vince, Natalya. Our Fighting Sisters: Nation, Memory and Gender in Algeria, 1954-2012. Manchester University Press, 2015. p.82

3004:

Vince, Natalya. Our Fighting Sisters: Nation, Memory and Gender in Algeria, 1954-2012. Manchester University Press, 2015. p.73

2611: 758: 5854: 5616: 5210: 4779: 4734: 3991: 3812: 2594: 2535:, Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, Rome: Publications de l'École française de Rome, pp. 35–101, 2474: 2093: 1803: 1666:, commander in chief of Vichy French forces, ordered a ceasefire in North Africa. Algeria provided a base for the subsequent 890: 811: 57: 1566:. The congress drew up an extensive Charter of Demands, which called for the abolition of laws permitting imposition of the 79: 6084: 6069: 5422: 5402: 5382: 4869: 4864: 4794: 4754: 4739: 4521: 4476: 4096: 3744: 2847:

Library of Congress, 1994. 'A Country Study: Algeria', in Library of Congress Call Number DT275 .A5771 1994 Available at:

1662:, Algiers and Oran were secured two days later after a determined resistance by French defenders. On November 11, Admiral 1462: 1373: 1185:, and there had been tensions in the country regarding modernization. The Regency of Algiers collapsed in 1830, after the 213: 903: 5799: 5759: 5749: 5298: 5035: 4980: 4950: 4859: 4854: 4834: 4819: 4744: 4724: 3822: 3734: 3510: 2367:

has been used to refer to patriotism at a more local level (sometimes disparaged as "regionalism" by those who consider

860: 659: 5315: 2263: 2052:

significantly. Djamila and the political engagement of women in the independence war was depicted in the Egyptian film

1639:

were generally sympathetic, not only increased the difficulties of the Muslims but also posed an ominous threat to the

5924: 5754: 5744: 4491: 3714: 3664: 3310: 2099: 1264:(who fought a Jihad to restore the Regency of Algiers against the French), before it was taken by the French in 1837. 1186: 924: 884: 147: 86: 3243: 2848: 2754: 1654:

by 70,000 British and United States troops on November 8, 1942, in coordination with landings in Morocco. As part of

1365: 3211: 2638: 5895: 5888: 5819: 5498: 5260: 4849: 4729: 3760: 3250: 2012:. These ideologies spread from the Middle East, and were promoted by popular foreign Arab nationalist figures like 1484:

and Messali Hadj even with opposite views, essentially looked to France for their more secular ideological models.

1426: 1216: 1101: 959: 649: 603: 5325: 3127:

Multipartism, Islamism and the descent into civil war, in Algeria: Nation, Culture and Transnationalism, 1988-2015

1968:, FLN), which assumed responsibility for the political direction of the revolution. The National Liberation Army ( 1953: 6048: 5849: 5739: 5636: 5303: 5203: 4809: 4531: 4023: 3719: 2025: 1182: 1118: 68: 1819: 954:

is pride in the Algerian identity and culture. It has been historically influenced by the conflicts between the

5357: 5126: 4784: 4588: 3500: 2567: 2292:

has had two meanings in history, one during the French colonial era, and another one after the independence of

1551: 1509: 1568: 1563: 5180:

are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of

1717:, leader of the Free French movement. De Gaulle and his newly appointed governor general in Algeria, General 1309:

they had known at home and of democratic political concepts, taken for granted by Frenchmen in France, which

6010: 5929: 5714: 5146: 4568: 4101: 4040: 3944: 3855: 3770: 3649: 2242: 1590: 1150:

Turks (الأتراك, or "Al-Atrāk"). A general classification from all people from the Ottoman Empire, including

1034:

The exact borders of these regions were flexible and were not fixed at that time. After the collapse of the

910: 806: 632: 620: 395: 331: 307: 303: 46: 5437: 4516: 4406: 4184: 4148: 4030: 3875: 3724: 2267: 1910: 1627:

Algerian Muslims rallied to the French side at the start of World War II as they had done in World War I.

1540: 1405: 826: 700: 627: 2309:) who hoped for a common Algerian future culture, uniting French settlers and native Algerians. The term 1709:, recognition of a full range of civil liberties, and the freeing of political prisoners of all parties. 5995: 5729: 5724: 5601: 5581: 5392: 5362: 4839: 4804: 4789: 4668: 4496: 4486: 4451: 4446: 4431: 4411: 4375: 4158: 4128: 4118: 4108: 4003: 3782: 3739: 3709: 3687: 3634: 3557: 3468: 3175:

Malika Rahal in "Présence du Passé". Malika Rahal revisite l'affranchissement algérien, Mediapart. 2019.

2328:

is a political label given to Algerian nationalists whose policies focus more on the unity of Algeria's

2057: 557: 248: 3078:

Phillips, John, and Martin Evans. Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed. Yale University Press, 2007. p.74

3037:

Phillips, John, and Martin Evans. Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed. Yale University Press, 2007. p.62

2887:

Phillips, John, and Martin Evans. Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed. Yale University Press, 2007. p.58

2862:

Phillips, John, and Martin Evans. Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed. Yale University Press, 2007. p.64

1823: 6030: 6000: 5960: 5859: 5734: 5571: 5045: 4844: 4693: 4653: 4628: 4471: 4441: 4426: 4416: 4385: 4380: 4370: 4344: 4305: 4199: 4076: 4071: 4050: 4013: 3981: 3949: 3939: 3918: 3845: 3729: 3644: 3604: 3431: 3378: 3274: 2251: 2224: 2206: 2053: 1659: 1485: 1453:, religious scholars, promoted a purification of Islam in Algeria and a return to the Qur'an and the 1397: 1316: 963: 366: 2044: 1906: 6020: 5377: 5310: 5095: 4975: 4769: 4708: 4673: 4578: 4481: 4436: 4401: 4365: 4360: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4269: 4215: 4163: 4153: 4086: 4055: 4008: 3913: 3829: 3802: 3765: 3692: 3659: 3639: 3609: 3495: 3395: 2305: 1949: 1902: 1582: 1125:

Moors (ساراكينوس, or "Sarākīnūs"). Referring to the urban population often descended or mixed with

1117:, with sayings such as "Algiers is protected by Allah" becoming extremely popular after the failed 1083: 574: 355: 323: 2899:

Phillips, John, and Martin Evans. Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed. Yale University Press, 2007.

93: 6025: 6005: 5965: 5881: 5864: 5839: 5646: 5457: 5447: 5427: 5397: 5372: 5181: 5131: 4884: 4764: 4638: 4613: 4421: 4339: 4310: 4259: 4249: 4194: 4189: 4123: 4113: 4091: 4045: 3923: 3891: 3807: 3792: 3787: 3654: 3562: 3520: 3426: 3416: 3411: 3390: 3373: 3333: 2793: 2379:

is the Algerian patriotism, against pan-Arabist nationalism and different forms of regionalisms.

2246: 2013: 1957: 1698: 1681:

commander in chief in North Africa, slowly rescinded repressive Vichy laws despite opposition by

1678: 1417: 1409: 1340: 1097: 996: 879: 787: 770: 586: 542: 156: 5641: 4774: 1663: 1253: 217: 2177:

The epitome of the socialist and revolutionary Algerian nation-building project was the PANAF (

2140:

egalitarian one, building upon the social levelling present in Algerian nationalism even since

2036: 1778: 5985: 5676: 5611: 5526: 5506: 5156: 5141: 4935: 4623: 4315: 4264: 4220: 4081: 4018: 3850: 3817: 3622: 3614: 3515: 3452: 3185: 2970: 2964: 2943: 2937: 2916: 2828: 2781: 2771: 2706: 2696: 2671: 2644: 2617: 2573: 2536: 2507: 2480: 2453: 2403: 2397: 2283: 2149:

Namibia, Rhodesia, Brittany, Congo and Mozambique. Most prominent maybe the refuge offered to

2103: 1714: 1667: 1544: 1035: 955: 581: 498: 490: 410: 339: 221: 2910: 2725: 1105:

patriotism at this time was mainly influenced by conflicts with the neighbouring Morocco and

5919: 5626: 5591: 5561: 5556: 5531: 5340: 5226: 5070: 4879: 4759: 4274: 4254: 3870: 3865: 3797: 3777: 3671: 3599: 3567: 3447: 3363: 2820: 2372: 2077: 2069: 2040: 2009: 1886: 1859: 1808: 1220: 1100:("Dawlat Al-Jaza'ir", or "State of Algeria" in Arabic). Several patriotic works such as the 979: 779: 705: 522: 434: 376: 273: 2446:

L'Algérie, cœur du Maghreb classique : De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (698-1518)

2060:

produced in 1966. Popular culture enforced the idealised image of the emancipated Algerian

1838:

The sweeping victory of Messali Hadj's MTLD in the 1947 municipal elections frightened the

1364:

The most popular Muslim leader in Algeria after the war was Khalid ibn Hashim, grandson of

5970: 5939: 5934: 5719: 5666: 5596: 5576: 5551: 5541: 5442: 5320: 5050: 5020: 4545: 3954: 3860: 3697: 3215: 3200: 2336: 2202: 2123: 2073: 1945: 1890: 1812: 1722: 1718: 1706: 1702: 1655: 1640: 1449:

and stressed the Arab and Islamic roots of the country. Starting in the 1920s, the reform

1421: 1328: 1311: 1228: 1137: 1106: 855: 695: 654: 642: 569: 562: 506: 442: 418: 200: 136: 5779: 5100: 2816:

Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire

2001: 1617:. By 1938 the cooperation among the parties that made up the congress began to break up. 167: 5975: 5814: 5709: 5704: 5671: 5661: 5651: 5621: 5546: 5536: 5417: 5345: 5240: 5005: 4985: 4553: 3702: 2303:

was a literary genre with political overtones, born among French Algerian writers (see

2198: 2171: 2150: 2107: 1914: 1774: 1442: 1335:). Its members were drawn from the small, liberal elite of well-educated, middle-class 1224: 1151: 1062: 1055: 1039: 971: 637: 594: 514: 315: 294: 192: 1597:

raised the specter of the European electorate's being submerged by a Muslim majority.

6063: 5980: 5606: 5586: 5521: 5473: 5387: 4648: 4643: 4598: 4593: 4573: 3896: 3572: 2503:

Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane I.: Monnaies, prix et revenus, 1520-1830

2313:

was used for the first time in a 1911 novel by Robert Randau, "Les Algérianistes". A

2182: 1940:). The leaders of these regions and their followers became known as the "internals". 1894: 1576:

including university graduates, elected officials, army officers, and professionals.

1480:

European influences had some impact on indigenous Muslim political movements because

1257: 1240: 1232: 1178: 1166: 1144: 765: 474: 1327:

One of the earliest movements for political reform was an integrationist group, the

6015: 5656: 5516: 5511: 5367: 5293: 5177: 5065: 4915: 4678: 4663: 4633: 4603: 4563: 3226: 2329: 2194: 2186: 2158: 2141: 1993: 1674: 1632: 1628: 1577: 1481: 1413: 1170: 1073:, although this was not always the case and some defined different borders for it. 1027: 967: 666: 5245: 2849:

https://web.archive.org/web/20130115052428/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/dztoc.html

2755:

https://web.archive.org/web/20130115052428/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/dztoc.html

2080:) became important figures to resort to in the construction of the Algerian self. 2024:

Women played a major yet diverse role in the war of independence in Algeria (see

1631:'s quick defeat of France, however, and the establishment of the collaborationist 1536: 1389: 1382: 1357: 1300: 1051: 2501: 1917:, and Ben Bella—were considered the leaders of the Algerian War of Independence. 1477:. This move and similar ones sparked several years of sporadic religious unrest. 5631: 5488: 5335: 5330: 5276: 5255: 5136: 5105: 5085: 4965: 4920: 4874: 4703: 4688: 4683: 4618: 4558: 4035: 3908: 2368: 2340: 2220: 2190: 2174:, a central point - and was transformed into a ""Mecca of the revolutionaries". 2167: 2162: 2005: 1898: 1697:

In March 1943, Abbas, who had abandoned assimilation as a viable alternative to

1446: 1352: 1348: 1305: 1070: 727: 717: 426: 35: 5566: 5483: 5478: 5407: 5151: 4995: 4925: 3421: 3383: 1973: 1344: 1130: 286: 132: 2824: 2785: 2710: 5250: 5055: 5040: 5030: 5025: 4970: 4955: 4244: 3368: 2318: 2145: 2136: 1981: 1941: 1155: 1121:. Generally, the Algerian authorities classified people into 5 main groups: 482: 450: 268: 234: 1441:

Algeria's Islamic reform movement took inspiration from Egyptian reformers

17: 5990: 5699: 5080: 5015: 4940: 4814: 4698: 3208: 3159:

Aomar Ouali, Algeria's army chief a top target in 10th week of protests,

1977: 1766: 1521: 1256:

in the east. The only region not under the control of Abdelkader was the

1236: 1086:, Zayyanid sultan, Manuscript of the Sīrat al-Mujāhid Khayr al-Dīn, p. 34 1047: 1019: 975: 466: 458: 381: 371: 3184:

reedited by Tchou éditeur, coll. « L'Algérie heureuse », 1979

5090: 5060: 5010: 5000: 4905: 4658: 4608: 3627: 3536: 2528: 2293: 1992:

The many and versatile events of the war of liberation in Algeria (see

1932: 1762: 1750: 1647: 1559: 1249: 1244: 1043: 1023: 278: 184: 2157:

movement in South Africa. His travels to Cuba, where he met with both

4960: 4945: 4910: 4900: 3302: 3048:

Our Fighting Sisters: Nation, Memory and Gender in Algeria, 1954-2012

1474: 1295: 1159: 1114: 1066: 239: 229: 2529:"Chapitre 1. Bougie, un pôle majeur de l'espace politique maghrébin" 2236:"Black Decade" and the tearing apart of the collective Algerian self 5195: 2429:. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. 25. 1866:

for draconian measures against the emergent independence movement.

1425:

organize urban workers and peasant farmers and in 1937 founded the

5794: 5110: 3114: 2569:

Le miroir: aperçu historique et statistique sur la régence d'Alger

2449: 1878: 1450: 1269: 1177:

The earliest surviving nationalistic Algerian work was written by

1126: 1110: 722: 131: 2664:

Toperich, Sasha; Boukaila, Samy; Roberts, Jonathan (2019-01-29).

1827:

with French, and proposed enfranchising Muslim women. Muslim and

1689:

The first large Algerian nationalist protest took place in 1945.

1500:

any devolution of power to Muslims, even to basically pro-French

2339:

has two distinct words which can be translated into English as "

1651: 5199: 3306: 1136:

Bedouins (بدوي, or "Badawī"). Referring to the various Arab or

3129:, edited by Patrick Crowley, Liverpool University Press, 2017. 2473:ʻAẓmah, ʻAzīz; ʿAẓma, ʿAzīz; Al-Azmeh, Professor Aziz (1982). 2154: 29: 3058: 3056: 1393:(which had been reinstituted earlier), and electoral reform. 3074: 3072: 3033: 3031: 3021: 3019: 2988: 2986: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2858: 2856: 1347:

to a proposed policy to conscript Muslim Algerians into the

2640:

The Life of Abdel Kader: Ex-Sultan of the Arabs of Algeria

1396:

The first group to call for Algerian independence was the

3209:

Site du Cercle Algérianiste, Sauver une culture en péril

2399:

Nationalism and Minority Identities in Islamic Societies

3231:

The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East

2262:

The current anti-Bouteflika demonstrations in Algeria (

2020:

The dissonant role of the Woman in Algerian nationalism

1885:(historical chiefs), the group's nine original leaders— 1822:

in August 1947. This law called for the creation of an

1818:

The National Assembly approved the government-proposed

1673:

After the fall of the Vichy regime in Algeria, General

1268:

Do you ignore the fact that our country stretches from

3000: 2998: 2895: 2893: 2363:

has been used to refer to pan-Arab nationalism, while

1278:

Emir Abdelkader, from a letter sent to general Bugeaud

3233:. Ed. Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 151–155 1799:

Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques

1227:, a governorate of the Regecncy, declared loyalty to 1143:

Kabyles (القبايل, or "al-Qabāyel"). Referring to all

3115:

UCDP (Uppsala Conflict Data Program). Algeria. 2019.

2118:

Evolution of Algerian nationalism after independence

5948: 5905: 5873: 5685: 5497: 5466: 5269: 5233: 5119: 4893: 4717: 4544: 4509: 4464: 4394: 4353: 4328: 4283: 4233: 4208: 4172: 4137: 4064: 3974: 3967: 3932: 3884: 3838: 3753: 3680: 3592: 3585: 3550: 3529: 3488: 3481: 3461: 3440: 3404: 3356: 3349: 3340: 1807:, OS) operating loosely within the MTLD and led by 1621:

Polarization and politicization at the time of WWII

1550:Representatives of these groups and members of the 1165:Jews (اليهود, or "Yahūd"). Referring to the mainly 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5805:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 2768:West Germany, Cold War Europe and the Algerian War 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 3284:History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria 3171: 3169: 2427:History and the Culture of Nationalism in Algeria 1881:, where Ben Bella had fled in 1952. Known as the 1815:, one of the early Algerian nationalist leaders. 1069:in the east by most medieval chroniclers such as 2421: 2419: 2035:On 30 September 1956, three female FLN members, 1921:Algerian nationalism and the war of independence 1795:Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties 2359:(meaning "homeland, native country"). The word 2064:. These three women, together with for example 1372:Some of the Young Algerians in 1926 formed the 1343:a petition that expressed opposition under the 1266: 1191: 1075: 1012:(Central Maghreb, approximately modern Algeria) 1006:(Western Maghreb, approximately modern Morocco) 5835:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 5282:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 5211: 3318: 1109:, and conflicts with European states, mainly 932: 8: 3298:The Colonial System and Algerian Nationalism 3244:Library of Congress Country Study of Algeria 1770:colon settlements and government buildings. 1705:as an official language on equal terms with 2351:(meaning "tribe, ethnic nationality"), and 2258:Young generation and the fall of Bouteflika 1871:Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action 5218: 5204: 5196: 5176:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on 4820:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) 4332: 4237: 4141: 3971: 3589: 3485: 3353: 3346: 3325: 3311: 3303: 3050:. Manchester University Press, 2015. p. 66 2819:. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. 2798:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1875:Comité Révolutionnaire d'Unité et d'Action 1787:Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto 1205:Hamdan ben Othman Khodja, The mirror, 1833 939: 925: 141: 6075:Background and causes of the Algerian War 3266:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962 2476:Ibn Khaldūn, an Essay in Reinterpretation 1777:by conducting a prolonged and systematic 1471:Association des Uléma Musulmans Algériens 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 5915:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 5845:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 5810:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 2088:FLN as the symbol of national liberation 1791:Union Démocratique du Manifeste Algérien 5790:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 5775:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 2616:. Imray, Laurie, Norie and Wilson Ltd. 2388: 1956:. Encouraged by i.e. Egypt's President 1290:1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition 155: 144: 5785:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 4780:Galician independence movement (Spain) 2963:Platteau, Jean-Philippe (2017-06-06). 2791: 2131:Algeria – Mecca of the revolutionaries 4830:Patani United Liberation Organisation 4800:Inner Mongolian independence movement 2566:Khawājah, Ḥamdān ibn ʻUthmān (2005). 1761:communities exploded on May 8, 1945, 1658:under the overall command of General 7: 4825:National Liberation Front of Corsica 4750:East Turkestan independence movement 3066:. Yale University Press, 2007. p. 74 2730:(in French). Berger-Levrault et cie. 2695:. New York: Britannica Educational. 2561: 2559: 2557: 2439: 2437: 2435: 1736:Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty 1693:The manifesto of the Algerian People 1467:Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema 1465:, the reformist ulama organized the 999:(Dawla al-Jaza'ir) was established. 58:adding citations to reliable sources 5825:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 2667:Algeria and Transatlantic Relations 2324:In Algerian contemporary politics, 1215:2 years after the beginning of the 1147:of the region meaning "the tribes". 904:List of people on stamps of Algeria 5765:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 5287:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 3064:Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed 3062:Phillips, John, and Martin Evans. 2527:Valérian, Dominique (2013-05-03), 1740:Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté 991:Formation of the Algerian identity 25: 5830:Palestine Liberation Organization 2533:Bougie, port maghrébin, 1067-1510 2500:Merouche, Lemnouar (2002-09-15). 2317:was created in France in 1973 by 2264:Manifestations de 2019 en Algérie 1785:of the manifesto and founded the 6044: 6043: 5770:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 5453:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 2936:Vatikiotis, P. J. (2022-09-30). 2909:Berger, Anne-Emmanuelle (2002). 2593:Gérard, Cécile Jules B. (1857). 2506:(in French). Editions Bouchène. 2396:Shatzmiller, Maya (2005-04-29). 2332:beyond regional idiosyncrasies. 1585:and Abbas, as spokesmen for the 1508:also had powerful allies in the 166: 34: 5413:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 4931:Basque Country (greater region) 4790:Guangdong Independence Movement 2670:. Brookings Institution Press. 2637:Churchill, C. H. (2021-11-05). 2402:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 1734:support of the AUMA and formed 1229:Emir Abdelkader ibn Muhieddiene 45:needs additional citations for 5855:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 5617:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 4735:Assyrian independence movement 2969:. Cambridge University Press. 2693:The history of northern Africa 2094:Declaration of 1 November 1954 1729:Demanding autonomy from France 1219:, in 1832 local tribes around 1092:Regency of Algiers (1515-1830) 1046:), and finally the Hafsids in 891:List of wars involving Algeria 1: 6080:National liberation movements 4870:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement 4865:Tibetan independence movement 4795:Hawaiian sovereignty movement 4755:Faroese independence movement 4740:Catalan independence movement 3287:. Cambridge University Press. 3278:. Cambridge University Press. 2770:. Cambridge, United Kingdom. 2355:وطنية, derived from the word 2347:قومية, derived from the word 1970:Armée de Libération Nationale 1966:Front de Libération Nationale 1646:Allied landings were made at 1463:Shaykh Abd al Hamid Ben Badis 1378:Fédération des Élus Indigènes 1374:Federation of Elected Natives 1187:Invasion of Algiers by France 1102:Sirat al-Mujahid Khayr al-Din 5800:Federation of Arab Republics 5760:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 5750:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 5351:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 5299:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 4951:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 4860:Taiwan independence movement 4835:Ryukyu independence movement 4745:Champa independence movement 4725:Alsace independence movement 2915:. Cornell University Press. 2912:Algeria in Others' Languages 2766:Von Bülow, Mathilde (2016). 2572:(in French). Éditions ANEP. 2179:Festival panafricain d'Alger 1954:External Delegation in Cairo 1854:At the first session of the 1725:—who numbered about 60,000. 1319:growing in the Middle East. 1262:Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif 970:, and since independence by 958:and European countries, the 5925:Flag of the Arab Federation 5755:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 5745:Arab Socialist Action Party 4815:Mapuche separatist movement 2813:Lawrence, Adria K. (2013). 2610:Hutt, Graham (2019-01-01). 2100:Battle of Algiers (1956-57) 2050:Battle of Algiers (1956–57) 885:Military history of Algeria 6101: 5896:On the Way of Resurrection 5889:The Battle for One Destiny 5820:Lebanese National Movement 5261:Third International Theory 4850:Silesian Autonomy Movement 4730:Assam separatist movements 3885:Northern & Middle Asia 3281:McDougall, James. (2006). 3272:McDougall, James. (2017). 2281: 2112:Organisation armée secrète 2091: 1820:Organic Statute of Algeria 1668:Allied campaign in Tunisia 1535:In 1936, French socialist 1287: 1217:French conquest of Algeria 1140:nomadic tribes of Algeria. 1119:Algiers expedition in 1541 960:French conquest of Algeria 6039: 5850:Unified Political Command 5740:Arab Nationalist Movement 5637:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 5433:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 5304:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 5167: 4855:Székely autonomy movement 4335: 4240: 4144: 3263:Horne, Alistair. (1977). 2939:Nasser and His Generation 2643:. BoD – Books on Demand. 2444:Meynier, Gilbert (2010). 2026:Women in the Algerian War 1962:National Liberation Front 1835:because it went too far. 1556:Parti Communiste Algérien 1543:government and appointed 1387:France, abolition of the 1183:Abdelkader ibn Muhieddine 898:Postal history of Algeria 837:Insurgency in the Maghreb 660:Sétif and Guelma massacre 5358:1952 Egyptian revolution 4785:Greenlandic independence 3229:. "Arab Nationalism". 2942:. Taylor & Francis. 2825:10.1017/cbo9781139583732 2724:Grandin, Léonce (1898). 1564:Algerian Muslim Congress 1552:Algerian Communist Party 1510:French National Assembly 1431:Parti du Peuple Algérien 1260:which was controlled by 1179:Hamdan ben Othman Khodja 6011:Palestinian nationalism 5930:Flag of the Arab Revolt 5423:1966 Syrian coup d'état 5403:1963 Syrian coup d'état 5383:1961 Syrian coup d'état 3251:Encyclopædia Britannica 2299:During the French era, 2243:Islamic Salvation Front 1591:Blum-Viollette proposal 1427:Algerian People's Party 911:History of North Africa 711:Independence referendum 650:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir 5438:1969 Libyan revolution 5316:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 4810:Māori protest movement 3204: 2966:Islam Instrumentalized 2371:the only true form of 2268:2019 Algerian protests 1926:Political mobilisation 1877:, CRUA), was based in 1420:General Secretary and 1406:French Communist Party 1281: 1208: 1089: 193:Iberomaurusian Culture 139: 69:"Algerian nationalism" 27:Nationalism in Algeria 5996:Jordanian nationalism 5730:Arab Islamic Republic 5725:Arab Higher Committee 5602:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 5582:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 5393:North Yemen civil war 5326:Arab–Israeli conflict 4840:Scottish independence 4805:Kashubian Association 4527:Indigenous Australian 2691:McKenna, Amy (2010). 2214:Diverse 1970s and 80s 2058:The Battle of Algiers 1804:Organisation spéciale 1562:in 1936 at the first 1211:Emirate of Abdelkader 817:High Council of State 597:(19th–20th centuries) 558:Emirate of Beni Abbas 545:(16th–19th centuries) 249:Archeology of Algeria 135: 6085:Resistance movements 6070:Algerian nationalism 6031:Tunisian nationalism 6001:Lebanese nationalism 5961:Egyptian nationalism 5956:Algerian nationalism 5860:United Arab Republic 5735:Arab Liberation Army 5715:Arab Ba'ath Movement 5572:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 5046:Marathi Abhimaangeet 4845:Siberian regionalism 3275:A History of Algeria 2479:. Psychology Press. 2252:Abdelaziz Bouteflika 2225:Algerian Family Code 2054:Jamila, the Algerian 1911:Moustafa Ben Boulaid 1773:The army and police 1660:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1539:became premier in a 1447:Muhammad Rashid Rida 1402:Étoile Nord-Africain 1398:Star of North Africa 1317:pan-Arab nationalism 1294:A new generation of 986:Early manifestations 964:French colonial rule 952:Algerian nationalism 367:Early African Church 348:Prefecture of Africa 332:Kingdom of the Aurès 54:improve this article 6021:Sahrawi nationalism 5378:1959 Mosul uprising 5311:Great Syrian Revolt 5137:American Indigenous 4770:Free Papua Movement 4180:Balkar and Karachay 3975:Southeastern Europe 3506:Indigenous Canadian 2727:Le général Bourbaki 2596:Le 'tueur de lions' 2315:Cercle algérianiste 2306:Algerian literature 2201:, and members from 2197:, members from the 1988:Defining the nation 1844:élection algérienne 1583:Mohamed Bendjelloul 1437:Foreign inspiration 1390:Code de l'indigénat 1358:Code de l'indigénat 1323:Political movements 962:and the subsequent 575:Barbary Slave Trade 356:Exarchate of Africa 324:Mauro-Roman Kingdom 6026:Syrian nationalism 6006:Libyan nationalism 5966:Greater Mauritania 5882:The Arab Awakening 5865:United Arab States 5840:Rejectionist Front 5647:Gamal Abdel Nasser 5458:Yemeni unification 5448:Lebanese Civil War 5428:17 July Revolution 5398:Ramadan Revolution 5373:14 July Revolution 5182:ethnic nationalism 4885:Welsh independence 4765:Free Aceh Movement 3997:in North Macedonia 3839:South-eastern Asia 3334:Ethnic nationalism 3214:2012-11-30 at the 2247:Algerian civil war 2127:become Algerians. 2066:the three Djamilas 2014:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1958:Gamal Abdul Nasser 1699:self-determination 1569:régime d'exception 1410:Ahmed Messali Hadj 1341:Georges Clemenceau 1333:Jeunese Algérienne 1098:Regency of Algiers 1018:(Eastern Maghreb, 997:Regency of Algiers 880:Outline of Algeria 788:Algerian Civil War 587:Second Barbary War 543:Regency of Algiers 140: 6057: 6056: 5986:Iraqi nationalism 5677:Constantin Zureiq 5527:Abdul Rahman Arif 5507:Butrus al-Bustani 5193: 5192: 4936:Catalan Countries 4540: 4539: 4505: 4504: 4460: 4459: 4324: 4323: 4229: 4228: 3963: 3962: 3581: 3580: 3477: 3476: 2976:978-1-107-15544-2 2949:978-1-000-72639-8 2922:978-0-8014-3919-3 2834:978-1-107-03709-0 2777:978-1-316-66103-1 2702:978-1-61530-397-7 2677:978-0-9600127-0-1 2650:978-3-7525-3383-5 2623:978-1-84623-883-3 2579:978-9947-21-231-8 2542:978-2-7283-1000-5 2513:978-2-35676-054-8 2486:978-0-7146-3130-1 2459:978-2-7071-5231-2 2452:: La Découverte. 2425:James McDougall. 2409:978-0-7735-7254-6 2104:Charles de Gaulle 1883:chefs historiques 1824:Algerian Assembly 1715:Charles de Gaulle 1545:Maurice Viollette 1065:in the west, and 1036:Almohad Caliphate 956:Deylik of Algiers 949: 948: 861:COVID-19 pandemic 582:First Barbary War 551:Ottoman governors 411:Umayyad Caliphate 340:Kingdom of Altava 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 6092: 6047: 6046: 5920:Eagle of Saladin 5627:Amin al-Husseini 5592:Faisal I of Iraq 5562:Sultan al-Atrash 5557:Mansur al-Atrash 5532:Abdul Salam Arif 5341:War of Attrition 5227:Arab nationalism 5220: 5213: 5206: 5197: 5186: 5071:Republika Srpska 4880:Walloon Movement 4760:Flemish Movement 4333: 4238: 4142: 3972: 3590: 3486: 3354: 3347: 3327: 3320: 3313: 3304: 3234: 3224: 3218: 3198: 3192: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3164: 3156: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3123: 3117: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3067: 3060: 3051: 3046:Vince, Natalya. 3044: 3038: 3035: 3026: 3023: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2993: 2990: 2981: 2980: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2888: 2885: 2872: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2789: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2732: 2731: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2563: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2441: 2430: 2423: 2414: 2413: 2393: 2373:Arab nationalism 2078:Djamila Boupacha 2070:Djamila Bouhired 2041:Djamila Bouhired 2010:Arab nationalism 1950:Hocine Aït Ahmed 1903:Larbi Ben M'Hidi 1887:Hocine Ait Ahmed 1860:governor general 1809:Hocine Ait Ahmed 1279: 1225:province of Oran 1206: 1173:jews of Algeria. 1087: 1022:, or modern day 1010:Maghreb al-Awsat 980:Arab nationalism 966:in Algeria, the 941: 934: 927: 906: 893: 844:2010s to present 759:1965 coup d'état 743:Contemporary era 609:French governors 527: 519: 511: 503: 495: 487: 479: 471: 463: 455: 447: 439: 431: 423: 415: 407: 377:Fossatum Africae 360: 352: 344: 336: 328: 320: 312: 299: 291: 283: 274:Ancient Carthage 205: 197: 189: 170: 160: 142: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6035: 5971:Greater Morocco 5944: 5940:Pan-Arab colors 5935:Hawk of Quraish 5901: 5869: 5720:Arab Federation 5681: 5667:Abdullah Rimawi 5642:Mostéfa Merarda 5597:Muammar Gaddafi 5577:Ahmed Ben Bella 5552:Jamal al-Atassi 5542:Bashar al-Assad 5493: 5462: 5443:Black September 5321:Anglo-Iraqi War 5265: 5229: 5224: 5194: 5189: 5171: 5163: 5115: 5051:Northern Epirus 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2022: 1990: 1946:Mohammed Khider 1928: 1923: 1891:Mohamed Boudiaf 1813:Ahmed Ben Bella 1731: 1723:Legion of Honor 1719:Georges Catroux 1695: 1664:François Darlan 1656:Operation Torch 1641:Jews in Algeria 1635:, to which the 1623: 1530: 1439: 1422:Belkacem Radjef 1329:Young Algerians 1325: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1138:Arabized Berber 1094: 1088: 1082: 1016:Maghreb al-Adna 1004:Maghreb al-Aqsa 993: 988: 945: 916: 915: 902: 900: 889: 887: 875: 867: 866: 865: 841: 775: 745: 735: 734: 733: 732: 655:Operation Torch 643:Cheikh Bouamama 628:Emir Abdelkader 604:French conquest 591: 570:Barbary pirates 563:Emirate of Kuku 539: 531: 530: 525: 517: 509: 501: 493: 485: 477: 469: 461: 453: 445: 437: 429: 421: 413: 405: 398: 388: 387: 386: 358: 350: 342: 334: 326: 318: 311:(146 BC–590 AD) 310: 297: 289: 281: 264: 254: 253: 244: 203: 201:Capsian culture 195: 187: 185:Aterian Culture 180: 158: 151: 137:Flag of Algeria 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 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6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981:Greater Yemen 5979: 5977: 5976:Greater Syria 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5687:Organizations 5684: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5607:George Habash 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587:Izzat Darwaza 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522:Yasser Arafat 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5499:Personalities 5496: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5474:Arab identity 5472: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5388:Arab Cold War 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5209: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5178:ethnic groups 5175: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5127:Local (China) 5125: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4991:Herzeg-Bosnia 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3771:in Bangladesh 3769: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754:Southern Asia 3752: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551:South America 3549: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489:North America 3487: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3232: 3228: 3227:Sela, Avraham 3223: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3190:2-7107-0195-2 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2809: 2806: 2801: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2728: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2684: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2606: 2603: 2598: 2597: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2496: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2466: 2461: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2392: 2389: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183:Miriam Makeba 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2122:In 1963, the 2117: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1995: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895:Belkacem Krim 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1541:Popular Front 1538: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1291: 1283: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1258:Constantinois 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1210: 1201: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1091: 1085: 1084:Abu Hammu III 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 998: 990: 985: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 942: 937: 935: 930: 928: 923: 922: 920: 919: 912: 909: 905: 899: 896: 892: 886: 883: 881: 878: 877: 871: 870: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 846: 845: 838: 835: 833: 832:Peace Charter 830: 828: 825: 823: 822:Civil Concord 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 804: 799: 796: 794: 791: 790: 789: 786: 785: 783: 782: 781: 772: 769: 767: 766:Berber Spring 764: 763: 760: 757: 755: 754:FFS rebellion 752: 751: 749: 744: 739: 738: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 712: 709: 707: 706:Évian Accords 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 673: 671: 670: 668: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 625: 622: 619: 617: 614: 613: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 599: 598: 596: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 552: 549: 548: 546: 544: 535: 534: 524: 521: 516: 513: 508: 505: 500: 497: 492: 489: 484: 481: 478:(973–1152 AD) 476: 473: 470:(970–1068 AD) 468: 465: 462:(909–1171 AD) 460: 457: 452: 449: 444: 441: 436: 433: 428: 425: 422:(742–1066 AD) 420: 417: 412: 409: 404: 403:Arab conquest 401: 400: 397: 392: 391: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 357: 354: 349: 346: 341: 338: 333: 330: 325: 322: 317: 314: 309: 305: 301: 296: 293: 288: 285: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 266: 263: 258: 257: 250: 246: 245: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 199: 194: 191: 186: 183: 182: 179: 174: 173: 169: 165: 164: 161: 154: 149: 143: 138: 134: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 6016:Pan-Islamism 5955: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5780:Ba'ath Party 5657:Ameen Rihani 5517:Jassem Alwan 5512:Michel Aflaq 5368:Algerian War 5294:Iraqi Revolt 5173: 5172: 5101:Székely Land 5066:Pashtunistan 4916:Balawaristan 4689:South Slavic 4679:Scandinavian 4209:Volga Region 3823:in Sri Lanka 3681:Eastern Asia 3542:Puerto Rican 3357:North Africa 3341:Nationalisms 3282: 3273: 3264: 3249: 3242: 3230: 3222: 3196: 3180: 3160: 3154: 3143: 3134: 3126: 3121: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3083: 3063: 3047: 3042: 3009: 2965: 2958: 2938: 2931: 2911: 2904: 2867: 2843: 2815: 2808: 2767: 2761: 2726: 2719: 2692: 2686: 2666: 2659: 2639: 2632: 2613:North Africa 2612: 2605: 2595: 2588: 2568: 2546:, retrieved 2532: 2522: 2502: 2495: 2475: 2468: 2445: 2426: 2398: 2391: 2376: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2330:nation-state 2325: 2323: 2314: 2311:algérianiste 2310: 2304: 2301:algérianisme 2300: 2298: 2289: 2287: 2272: 2261: 2239: 2228: 2217: 2195:Maya Angelou 2187:Archie Shepp 2176: 2159:Fidel Castro 2142:Messali Hadj 2134: 2121: 2106:and General 2097: 2082: 2065: 2061: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2002:béni-oui-oui 1998: 1994:Algerian war 1991: 1969: 1965: 1937: 1936:; singular: 1931: 1929: 1882: 1874: 1868: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1817: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1783: 1772: 1758: 1755: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1732: 1711: 1696: 1688: 1682: 1675:Henri Giraud 1672: 1645: 1636: 1633:Vichy regime 1629:Nazi Germany 1626: 1624: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1586: 1578:Messali Hadj 1574: 1567: 1555: 1549: 1533: 1531: 1514: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1482:Ferhat Abbas 1479: 1470: 1458: 1454: 1440: 1430: 1414:Messali Hadj 1401: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1366:Abd al Qadir 1363: 1356: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1310: 1299: 1293: 1267: 1214: 1192: 1176: 1095: 1076: 1060: 1042:and western 1033: 1028:Tripolitania 1015: 1009: 1003: 994: 968:Algerian War 951: 950: 843: 842: 827:Black Spring 777: 776: 747: 675: 667:Algerian War 665: 664: 621:Pacification 593: 592: 541: 538:Modern times 454:(800–909 AD) 446:(789–828 AD) 438:(776–909 AD) 430:(771–793 AD) 414:(703–744 AD) 406:(647–709 AD) 359:(585–698 AD) 351:(534–585 AD) 343:(578–708 AD) 335:(484–703 AD) 327:(477–578 AD) 319:(435–534 AD) 298:(111–106 BC) 290:(264–146 BC) 208:Rock art in 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 5710:Arab Ba'ath 5632:Salah Jadid 5489:Arabization 5336:Six-Day War 5331:Suez Crisis 5277:Arab Revolt 5256:Pan-Arabism 5106:Tamil Eelam 5086:Saraikistan 4966:Hatay State 4921:Balochistan 4875:Wallmapuwen 4569:Bangladeshi 4041:Montenegrin 3945:Azerbaijani 3909:Pan-Turkism 3650:Palestinian 3593:Middle East 3501:Greenlandic 3405:East Africa 2377:Algerianism 2369:pan-Arabism 2341:nationalism 2335:The modern 2326:algerianist 2319:Pieds-Noirs 2290:Algerianism 2284:Algérianité 2278:Algerianism 2229:mujahadinat 2221:Arabisation 2191:Nina Simone 2168:pan-arabism 2163:Che Guevara 2062:mujahadinat 2006:Pan-Arabism 1980:as well as 1952:formed the 1899:Rabah Bitat 1679:Free French 1418:Imache Amar 1416:President, 1353:Jonnart Law 1349:French army 1306:French army 1284:Early 1900s 1071:Ibn Khaldun 851:Arab Spring 728:Oujda Group 718:Pieds-noirs 701:1961 putsch 696:1958 crisis 676:Nationalism 669:(1954–1962) 427:Muhallabids 396:Middle Ages 282:(202–46 BC) 204:(10,000 BC) 196:(20,000 BC) 188:(80,000 BC) 157:History of 18:Algerianism 6064:Categories 5874:Literature 5567:Tariq Aziz 5484:Arab world 5479:Arab Union 5408:Dhofar War 5152:Indigenous 5096:Sindhudesh 5076:Santa Cruz 4996:Hutu Power 4926:Bangsamoro 4517:Australian 4492:Lithuanian 4407:Andalusian 4185:Circassian 4149:Belarusian 4097:in Austria 4031:Macedonian 3987:in Albania 3876:Vietnamese 3710:Hongkonger 3703:chauvinist 3384:Pharaonism 2548:2022-09-18 2383:References 2282:See also: 2207:Boumediene 1345:status quo 1131:Al-Andalus 771:1988 riots 616:Resistance 491:Almoravids 304:Mauretania 287:Punic Wars 178:Prehistory 110:April 2016 80:newspapers 5907:Symbolism 5251:Nasserism 5246:Ba'athism 5056:Occitania 5041:Manchukuo 5031:Lezgistan 5026:Kurdistan 4971:Hazarajat 4956:Circassia 4718:Movements 4669:Pakistani 4644:Mongolian 4584:Congolese 4497:Norwegian 4487:Icelandic 4452:Valencian 4447:Navarrese 4432:Castilian 4412:Aragonese 4376:Sardinian 4159:Ukrainian 4129:Slovenian 4109:Hungarian 4024:in Cyprus 4004:Aromanian 3992:in Kosovo 3897:Mongolian 3813:Sinhalese 3783:Dravidian 3740:Taiwanese 3688:Cantonese 3665:in Cyprus 3635:Jordanian 3558:Argentine 3530:Caribbean 3521:Québécois 3469:Afrikaner 2794:cite book 2786:958455630 2711:681405732 2365:wataniyya 2353:wataniyya 2288:The term 2146:Ben Bella 2137:Ben Bella 2135:In 1962, 2072:(again), 2037:Zora Drif 1982:Islamists 1942:Ben Bella 1779:ratissage 1775:responded 1537:Léon Blum 1486:Ben Badis 1459:marabouts 1273:soldiers. 798:Massacres 748:1960s–80s 523:Ziyyanids 483:Hammadids 467:Maghrawas 451:Aghlabids 435:Rustamids 269:Phoenicia 262:Antiquity 247:Related: 235:Madghacen 6049:Category 5991:Islamism 5700:Al-Fatat 5467:Concepts 5234:Ideology 5016:Katarism 4941:Chameria 4894:Projects 4699:Turanian 4694:Tunisian 4664:Oceanian 4654:Nigerian 4604:Hispanic 4599:Germanic 4589:European 4522:Hawaiian 4472:Estonian 4442:Galician 4427:Canarian 4417:Asturian 4386:Venetian 4381:Sicilian 4371:Padanian 4345:Corsican 4306:Scottish 4200:Ossetian 4119:Silesian 4102:Völkisch 4077:Bavarian 4072:Austrian 4051:Romanian 4036:Moldovan 4014:Croatian 3982:Albanian 3950:Georgian 3940:Armenian 3919:Siberian 3846:Filipino 3761:Assamese 3730:Okinawan 3715:Japanese 3645:Lebanese 3623:Diaspora 3605:Assyrian 3573:Peruvian 3482:Americas 3432:Tigrayan 3379:Egyptian 3212:Archived 2361:qawmiyya 2345:qawmiyya 2153:and the 1978:Marxists 1974:Liberals 1522:Cold War 1276:— 1203:— 1167:Sephardi 1156:Albanian 1081:— 1048:Ifriqiya 1020:Ifriqiya 976:Islamism 793:Timeline 507:Marinids 499:Almohads 459:Fatimids 443:Idrisids 419:Ifranids 382:Gemellae 372:Partenia 148:a series 146:Part of 5695:Al-Awda 5270:History 5091:Silesia 5061:Ossetia 5036:Luhansk 5011:Karelia 5001:Ilirida 4981:Donetsk 4906:Assyria 4709:Ugandan 4674:Russian 4619:Iranian 4609:Iberian 4579:Chinese 4554:African 4510:Oceania 4482:Finnish 4477:Faroese 4437:Catalan 4402:Spanish 4366:Lombard 4361:Italian 4301:English 4296:Cornish 4291:British 4275:Walloon 4270:Occitan 4255:Flemish 4245:Arpitan 4216:Chuvash 4164:Yiddish 4154:Russian 4087:Frisian 4056:Serbian 4009:Bosniak 3914:Pashtun 3830:Tripuri 3803:Punjabi 3766:Bengali 3745:Tibetan 3693:Chinese 3660:Turkish 3640:Kurdish 3628:Zionism 3619:Jewish 3610:Iranian 3568:Mapuche 3563:Criollo 3537:Haitian 3496:Chicano 3441:Nigeria 3396:Sahrawi 2294:Algeria 1933:wilayat 1763:V-E Day 1751:May Day 1744:Égalité 1648:Algiers 1610:évolués 1587:évolués 1560:Algiers 1502:évolués 1497:évolués 1475:mosques 1383:évolués 1337:évolués 1301:évolués 1296:Muslims 1250:Kabylia 1237:Chenoua 1221:Mascara 1171:Mizrahi 1162:people. 1152:Turkish 1127:Moorish 1107:Tunisia 1056:Tripoli 1044:Kabylia 1024:Tunisia 515:Hafsids 279:Numidia 222:Ahaggar 218:Tassili 159:Algeria 94:scholar 5147:German 5132:Racial 4976:Danzig 4961:Crimea 4946:Champa 4911:Azawad 4901:Arakan 4704:Turkic 4684:Slavic 4659:Nordic 4639:Libyan 4629:Korean 4614:Indian 4594:Finnic 4574:Celtic 4422:Basque 4340:Basque 4311:Ulster 4260:French 4250:Breton 4195:Lezgin 4190:Ingush 4124:Slovak 4114:Polish 4092:German 3968:Europe 3924:Uyghur 3892:Baloch 3808:Sindhi 3793:Meitei 3788:Hazara 3735:Ryukyu 3725:Manchu 3720:Korean 3655:Syrian 3511:Lakota 3427:Somali 3417:Amhara 3412:Acholi 3391:Kabyle 3374:Coptic 3369:Berber 3350:Africa 3201:French 3188: 2973: 2946: 2919: 2831: 2784: 2774: 2709: 2699: 2674: 2647: 2620: 2576: 2539: 2510: 2483: 2456: 2406: 1948:, and 1938:wilaya 1849:colons 1840:colons 1833:colons 1707:French 1703:Arabic 1637:colons 1615:colons 1595:colons 1506:colons 1504:. 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Algerian nationalism

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