Knowledge (XXG)

Aleph (ILP)

Source 📝

144:(A Learning Engine for Proposing Hypotheses) is an inductive logic programming system introduced by Ashwin Srinivasan in 2001. As of 2022 it is still one of the most widely used inductive logic programming systems. It is based on the earlier system 209:
in a breadth-first manner, with tunable parameters to bound the maximal clause size and proof depth. It scores each clause using one of 13 different evaluation metrics, as chosen in advance by the user.
167:
As output it returns a logic program which, together with the background knowledge, entails all of the positive examples and none of the negative examples.
376: 371: 274:
Burnside, Elizabeth S.; Davis, Jesse; Costa, Vítor Santos; de Castro Dutra, Inês; Kahn, Charles E.; Fine, Jason; Page, David (2005).
205:
in a top-down manner, using the bottom clause constructed in the preceding step to bound the search from below. It searches the
77: 104: 51: 192:
It then adds the new clause to the hypothesis program and removes all examples that are covered by the new clause.
179:
It chooses a positive example to generalise; if none are left, it aborts and outputs the current hypothesis.
160:, a language bias in the form of mode declarations, as well as positive and negative examples specified as 189:
It then searches for a generalisation of the bottom clause that scores better on the chosen metric.
99: 330: 350: 305: 287: 161: 116: 340: 295: 206: 276:"Knowledge Discovery from Structured Mammography Reports Using Inductive Logic Programming" 300: 275: 202: 183: 365: 157: 37: 27: 354: 291: 309: 345: 318: 145: 92: 82: 335: 226: 182:
Then it constructs the bottom clause, that is, the most specific
241: 239: 237: 235: 186:
that is allowed by the mode declarations and covers the example.
175:
Starting with an empty hypothesis, Aleph proceeds as follows:
156:
The input to Aleph is background knowledge, specified as a
319:"Inductive Logic Programming At 30: A New Introduction" 317:
Cropper, Andrew; Dumančić, Sebastijan (2022-06-15).
111: 98: 88: 76: 50: 36: 26: 257: 245: 8: 21: 323:Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 20: 344: 334: 299: 219: 7: 42:Ashwin Srinivasan, Fabrizio Riguzzi 377:Free software programmed in Prolog 16:Inductive logic programming system 14: 280:AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings 83:https://github.com/friguzzi/aleph 1: 372:Inductive logic programming 258:Cropper & Dumančić 2022 246:Cropper & Dumančić 2022 105:Inductive logic programming 393: 72: 46: 57:5 / May 16, 2007 59:; 17 years ago 346:10.1613/jair.1.13507 227:Burnside et al. 2005 201:Aleph searches for 23: 28:Original author(s) 139: 138: 129:/programinduction 32:Ashwin Srinivasan 384: 358: 348: 338: 313: 303: 261: 255: 249: 243: 230: 224: 207:refinement graph 197:Search algorithm 135: 132: 130: 128: 126: 124: 122: 120: 118: 67: 65: 60: 24: 392: 391: 387: 386: 385: 383: 382: 381: 362: 361: 316: 273: 270: 265: 264: 256: 252: 244: 233: 225: 221: 216: 199: 173: 171:Basic algorithm 154: 115: 68: 63: 61: 58: 17: 12: 11: 5: 390: 388: 380: 379: 374: 364: 363: 360: 359: 314: 269: 266: 263: 262: 260:, p. 810. 250: 248:, p. 808. 231: 218: 217: 215: 212: 198: 195: 194: 193: 190: 187: 180: 172: 169: 153: 150: 137: 136: 113: 109: 108: 102: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 80: 74: 73: 70: 69: 56: 54: 52:Stable release 48: 47: 44: 43: 40: 34: 33: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 389: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 367: 356: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 311: 307: 302: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 272: 271: 267: 259: 254: 251: 247: 242: 240: 238: 236: 232: 228: 223: 220: 213: 211: 208: 204: 196: 191: 188: 185: 181: 178: 177: 176: 170: 168: 165: 163: 159: 158:logic program 152:Learning task 151: 149: 147: 143: 134: 114: 110: 106: 103: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 84: 81: 79: 75: 71: 55: 53: 49: 45: 41: 39: 35: 31: 29: 25: 19: 326: 322: 283: 279: 253: 222: 200: 174: 166: 155: 141: 140: 38:Developer(s) 18: 329:: 766–850. 127:/activities 366:Categories 336:2008.07912 286:: 96–100. 268:References 89:Written in 78:Repository 64:2007-05-16 355:1076-9757 292:1942-597X 310:16779009 164:facts. 301:1560852 203:clauses 112:Website 62: ( 353:  308:  298:  290:  184:clause 162:ground 146:Progol 131:/Aleph 107:system 93:Prolog 331:arXiv 214:Notes 142:Aleph 22:Aleph 351:ISSN 306:PMID 288:ISSN 284:2005 148:. 100:Type 341:doi 296:PMC 125:.uk 123:.ac 121:.ox 119:.cs 117:www 368:: 349:. 339:. 327:74 325:. 321:. 304:. 294:. 282:. 278:. 234:^ 357:. 343:: 333:: 312:. 229:. 133:/ 66:)

Index

Original author(s)
Developer(s)
Stable release
Repository
https://github.com/friguzzi/aleph
Prolog
Type
Inductive logic programming
www.cs.ox.ac.uk/activities/programinduction/Aleph/
Progol
logic program
ground
clause
clauses
refinement graph
Burnside et al. 2005




Cropper & Dumančić 2022
Cropper & Dumančić 2022
"Knowledge Discovery from Structured Mammography Reports Using Inductive Logic Programming"
ISSN
1942-597X
PMC
1560852
PMID
16779009
"Inductive Logic Programming At 30: A New Introduction"

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.