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Rich spent his early life in
Springfield, Massachusetts. He grew up in a working-class family and worked in the U.S. Armory while he was in high school. From 1943 to 1946, Rich was in the
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Wang AH, Quigley GJ, Kolpak FJ, Crawford JL, van Boom JH, Van der Marel G, Rich A (1979). "Molecular structure of a left-handed double helical DNA fragment at atomic resolution".
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He obtained a bachelor's in biochemical sciences from
Harvard University in 1947 and a medical degree from Harvard Medical School in 1949. Rich died on 27 April 2015, aged 90.
1289:
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Schwartz T, Rould MA, Lowenhaupt K, Herbert A, Rich A (1999). "Crystal structure of the Za domain of the human editing enzyme ADAR1 bound to left-handed Z-DNA".
588:
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2008 Welch Award in
Chemistry: "For outstanding contributions to the understanding of the chemical and biochemical mechanisms in maintaining a living cell".
620:
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Ha SC, Lowenhaupt K, Rich A, Kim YG, Kim KK (2005). "Crystal structure of a junction between B-DNA and Z-DNA reveals two extruded bases".
282:
during his time in
Pauling's lab. He stayed in Pauling's group until 1954. Rich worked as a section chief in physical chemistry at the
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218:, a social and discussion group which attacked the question of how DNA encodes proteins. He has over 600 publications to his name.
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in 1958. He worked diligently at MIT until his death in 2015. He still went into lab until two months before his death.
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From 1969 to 1980, he was a biology investigator looking for life on mars with NASA's Viking
Mission to Mars.
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journal. Whenever Z-DNA forms, there must be two junction boxes that allow the flip back to the canonical
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2008:
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1088:"The Za domain of the editing enzyme dsRNA adenosine deaminase binds left-handed Z-RNA as well as Z-DNA"
394:
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finally crystallised the junction box of B- and Z-DNA. Their results were published in an
October 2005
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MIT Article: Alexander Rich, the importance of RNA and the development of nucleic acid hybridization
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1149:"The Zab domain of the human RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 recognizes Z-DNA when surrounded by B-DNA"
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Skylab
Achievement Award, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC (1974)
522:"Alexander Rich (1924–2015) Biologist who discovered ribosome clusters and 'left-handed' DNA"
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447:
Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award in Basic
Biomedical Research, Brandeis Univ., Waltham, MA (1983)
192:
642:"Alexander Rich, the importance of RNA and the development of nucleic acid hybridization"
1103:
1026:
975:
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537:
450:
James R. Killian
Faculty Achievement Award, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1980)
229:
and was a director beginning in 1987. Rich was co-chairman of the board of directors of
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2016:
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Fellow, American
Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC (1965)
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2003:
1965:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
939:
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843:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
310:
His work played a pivotal role in the discovery of nucleic acid hybridization.
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2256:
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1715:
1222:
921:
Perrigue, Patrick M.; Erdmann, Volker A.; Barciszewski, Jan (1 October 2015).
781:
555:
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1139:
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882:
789:
563:
1227:
863:
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270:, who inspired him to pursue an academic career. In 1949, he moved to the
1301:
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444:
Linus Pauling Medal, American Chemical Society, Northwest Sections (1995)
321:
317:
295:
230:
207:
17:
1034:
456:
Theodore van Karmen Award for Viking Mars Mission, Washington, DC (1976)
233:, a biopharmaceutical company. He also served on the editorial board of
1121:
478:
Honorary Doctorate, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1981)
438:
Bower Award and Prize, the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, PA (2000)
983:
773:
1147:
Kim YG, Lowenhaupt K, Maas S, Herbert A, Schwartz T, Rich A (2000).
546:
521:
453:
Presidential Award, New York Academy of Science, New York, NY (1977)
1234:
Alexander Rich video: The Discovery of Polynucleotide Hybridization
472:
Honorary Member, Japanese Biochemical Society, Tokyo, Japan (1986)
469:
Foreign Member, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (1994)
342:
101:
1086:
Brown BA II, Lowenhaupt K, Wilbert CM, Hanlon EB, Rich A (2000).
496:
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, MA (1959)
475:
Foreign Member, French Academy of Sciences, Paris, France (1984)
399:
a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of U.S. Genomics, Inc.
325:
5045:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
4126:
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3006:
2520:
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1312:
1271:
356:
299:
499:
Fellow, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1949–51).
406:
recognized his outstanding scientific achievements with the
313:
In 1955, Rich and Crick solved the structure of collagen.
5060:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
170:(15 November 1924 – 27 April 2015) was an American
1263:
Cold Spring Harbor Oral History Interview with Alex Rich
481:
American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA (1980)
5095:
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
334:
In 1973, Rich's lab determined the structure of tRNA.
839:"A Multiple Ribosomal Structure in Protein Synthesis"
748:
Rich, Alexander; Crick, F. H. C. (12 November 1955).
5065:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
414:
The Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science
4964:
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4662:
4483:
4289:
4137:
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3847:
3758:
3679:
3607:
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3122:
3017:
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2820:
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2550:
2531:
2427:
2236:
2050:
1868:
1724:
1587:
1529:
1470:
1382:
1342:
1323:
487:
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC (1970)
151:
143:
107:
92:
82:
63:
41:
34:
5070:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
812:"Gobind Khorana and the rise of molecular biology"
3598:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
441:National Medal of Science, Washington, DC (1995)
421:William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement
286:from 1954 to 1958. He spent a sabbatical at the
120:William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement
290:in Cambridge (1955–1956), where he worked with
1223:2008 Welch Award in Chemistry – Alexander Rich
241:Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics
5055:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
1283:
8:
5090:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
1228:Letter from Francis Crick to Alexander Rich
337:In 1979, Rich and co-workers at MIT grew a
4134:
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3604:
3593:
3014:
3003:
2528:
2517:
1584:
1573:
1320:
1309:
1290:
1276:
1268:
1251:A Conversation with Alex Rich (10/03/2007)
435:Sigma Xi Proctor Prize, Raleigh, NC (2001)
214:. During this time he was a member of the
31:
5050:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1164:
1129:
1111:
1065:"2008 Welch Award in Chemistry Recipient"
938:
872:
862:
583:
581:
545:
1299:United States National Medal of Science
509:
1067:. The Welch Foundation. Archived from
619:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
612:
274:to perform postdoctoral research with
484:Pontifical Academy of Sciences (1978)
377:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
156:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
837:Warner JR, Knopf PM, Rich A (1963).
743:
741:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
636:
634:
632:
630:
493:Fellow, Guggenheim Foundation (1963)
5075:National Medal of Science laureates
345:. After 26 years of attempts, Rich
363:List of awards and prizes received
272:California Institute of Technology
25:
724:Cold Spring Harbor Oral History
927:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
266:At Harvard, Rich studied with
27:American biologist (1924–2015)
1:
5040:Harvard Medical School alumni
1314:Behavioral and social science
1196:10.1126/science.284.5421.1841
923:"Alexander Rich: In Memoriam"
284:National Institutes of Health
370:National Academy of Sciences
294:and solved the structure of
750:"The Structure of Collagen"
706:"Alexander Rich dies at 90"
679:"Alexander Rich dies at 90"
298:. He became a professor at
182:Professor of Biophysics at
5111:
4202:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
940:10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.009
389:French Academy of Sciences
225:, Rich was the founder of
4133:
4122:
3603:
3592:
3177:William Hayward Pickering
3013:
3002:
2527:
2516:
1583:
1572:
1319:
1308:
816:MIT Department of Biology
646:MIT Department of Biology
408:National Medal of Science
372:(appointed 17 April 1978)
324:which read one strand of
316:In 1963, Rich discovered
180:William Thompson Sedgwick
161:
136:
115:National Medal of Science
4626:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
4072:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1703:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1239:12 November 2014 at the
306:Contributions to science
124:Welch Award in Chemistry
3937:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1855:George Ledyard Stebbins
1776:James Augustine Shannon
1218:Rich Laboratory website
190:. Rich earned an A.B. (
5035:American biophysicists
4394:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
4381:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
3337:Harry George Drickamer
3283:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
2957:M. Frederick Hawthorne
2831:John D. Baldeschwieler
2071:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
1753:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1166:10.1074/jbc.M003477200
1113:10.1073/pnas.240464097
188:Harvard Medical School
4985:Sylvester James Gates
4371:William Alfred Fowler
4353:Robert Rathbun Wilson
4166:Robert Burns Woodward
2978:Geraldine L. Richmond
2726:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
2009:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1938:Vernon B. Mountcastle
1794:Sterling B. Hendricks
1611:Marshall W. Nirenberg
1606:Theodosius Dobzhansky
1454:William Julius Wilson
1256:21 March 2020 at the
1080:Selected publications
864:10.1073/pnas.49.1.122
395:Institute of Medicine
383:Philosophical Society
223:Hartford, Connecticut
75:Boston, Massachusetts
56:Hartford, Connecticut
4956:Warren M. Washington
4920:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
4829:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
4774:Martin Schwarzschild
4555:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
4547:J. Robert Schrieffer
4517:E. Margaret Burbidge
4361:Nicolaas Bloembergen
4338:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
4217:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3969:John Griggs Thompson
3892:Martin David Kruskal
3732:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
3205:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
3159:Ralph Brazelton Peck
3114:Jack St. Clair Kilby
3041:John Robinson Pierce
3008:Engineering sciences
2939:Jacqueline K. Barton
2794:George M. Whitesides
2713:Dudley R. Herschbach
2651:Richard B. Bernstein
2620:Walter H. Stockmayer
2168:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
2099:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
1989:Stanley Norman Cohen
1976:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1812:Keith Roberts Porter
1675:Alfred H. Sturtevant
1670:Michael Heidelberger
1642:Fritz Albert Lipmann
288:Cavendish Laboratory
128:Lomonosov Gold Medal
5006:Shirley Ann Jackson
4925:Charles P. Slichter
4769:Marshall Rosenbluth
4761:Wallace S. Broecker
4714:Eugene M. Shoemaker
4475:Victor F. Weisskopf
4422:Herbert S. Gutowsky
4404:Edgar Bright Wilson
4245:George Kistiakowsky
3863:Stephen Cole Kleene
3374:George H. Heilmeier
3361:Mildred Dresselhaus
3252:Edward H. Heinemann
3182:Frederick E. Terman
3146:Richard T. Whitcomb
3067:Clarence L. Johnson
3028:Theodore von Kármán
2915:Stephen J. Benkovic
2894:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2881:Marvin H. Caruthers
2836:Ralph F. Hirschmann
2776:Darleane C. Hoffman
2666:Harden M. McConnell
2607:Frank H. Westheimer
2419:Stanley B. Prusiner
2383:Robert J. Lefkowitz
2142:Howard Martin Temin
1999:Maurice R. Hilleman
1994:Joseph L. Goldstein
1933:Donald A. Henderson
1850:Earl Reece Stadtman
1835:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1799:Orville Alvin Vogel
1629:Donald D. Van Slyke
1578:Biological sciences
1190:(5421): 1841–1845.
1159:(35): 26828–26833.
1104:2000PNAS...9713532B
1098:(25): 13531–13586.
1071:on 19 October 2008.
1035:10.1038/nature04088
1027:2005Natur.437.1183H
1021:(7062): 1183–1186.
976:1979Natur.282..680W
855:1963PNAS...49..122W
766:1955Natur.176..915R
538:2015Natur.521..291S
4878:G. Brent Dalrymple
4696:Arthur L. Schawlow
4603:James A. Van Allen
4494:Philip W. Anderson
4450:Richard P. Feynman
4376:Linus Carl Pauling
4011:Dennis P. Sullivan
3568:John B. Goodenough
3501:Edwin N. Lightfoot
3469:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
3450:Kenneth N. Stevens
3218:Raymond D. Mindlin
3141:Harold E. Edgerton
2986:A. Paul Alivisatos
2865:Stephen J. Lippard
2844:Ernest R. Davidson
2781:Harold S. Johnston
2615:William S. Johnson
2579:George C. Pimentel
2414:Susan L. Lindquist
2396:Francis S. Collins
2290:Victor A. McKusick
2265:Francisco J. Ayala
2247:Nancy C. Andreasen
2197:Robert A. Weinberg
1971:Har Gobind Khorana
1956:Michael E. DeBakey
1943:George Emil Palade
1915:Wendell L. Roelofs
1905:Howard L. Bachrach
1735:Barbara McClintock
1637:Edward F. Knipling
704:Trafton A (2015).
204:Harvard University
87:Harvard University
5022:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5013:
4951:Esther M. Conwell
4891:Robert N. Clayton
4883:Riccardo Giacconi
4847:Raymond Davis Jr.
4735:Albert Overhauser
4678:Edwin M. McMillan
4639:Arnold O. Beckman
4616:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
4593:Paul C. Lauterbur
4570:Robert Hofstadter
4522:Maurice Goldhaber
4509:Charles H. Townes
4460:Edward M. Purcell
4427:Frederick Rossini
4281:Wolfgang Panofsky
4212:John H. Van Vleck
4128:Physical sciences
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4080:Solomon W. Golomb
4040:Andrew J. Viterbi
4035:Leonard Kleinrock
3982:Calyampudi R. Rao
3950:Ronald R. Coifman
3858:George F. Carrier
3839:Donald C. Spencer
3834:Saunders Mac Lane
3769:Marshall H. Stone
3719:Shiing-Shen Chern
3626:Solomon Lefschetz
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3525:David J. Wineland
3493:John M. Prausnitz
3434:C. Kumar N. Patel
3429:James L. Flanagan
3397:John Roy Whinnery
3384:H. Guyford Stever
3366:Nick Holonyak Jr.
3329:George W. Housner
3324:Willis M. Hawkins
3319:Daniel C. Drucker
3301:Robert Byron Bird
3293:Bernard M. Oliver
3200:Peter C. Goldmark
3187:Wernher von Braun
3133:George E. Mueller
3106:Nathan M. Newmark
3101:J. Presper Eckert
3080:Claude E. Shannon
3049:Charles S. Draper
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2965:Judith P. Klinman
2849:Gábor A. Somorjai
2760:Isabella L. Karle
2747:George S. Hammond
2708:Gertrude B. Elion
2661:Rudolph A. Marcus
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2438:Ralph L. Brinster
2357:Torsten N. Wiesel
2334:Norman E. Borlaug
2321:Solomon H. Snyder
2316:J. Michael Bishop
2275:Mario R. Capecchi
2155:Salome G. Waelsch
2086:E. Donnall Thomas
1961:Theodor O. Diener
1860:Paul Alfred Weiss
1688:Bernard B. Brodie
1624:George G. Simpson
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1513:Michael I. Posner
1414:Eleanor J. Gibson
1366:George J. Stigler
1334:Neal Elgar Miller
1230:(5 December 1974)
970:(5740): 680–686.
760:(4489): 915–916.
430:Awards and prizes
186:(since 1958) and
165:
164:
138:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
5102:
4834:Gilbert F. White
4779:George Wetherill
4673:Allan M. Cormack
4631:Jack Steinberger
4611:D. Allan Bromley
4560:H. Richard Crane
4537:Frederick Reines
4527:Helmut Landsberg
4442:George Uhlenbeck
4343:Vladimir Haensel
4305:Allan R. Sandage
4276:Herbert C. Brown
4258:Herbert Friedman
4184:Leon M. Lederman
4156:Julian Schwinger
4135:
4124:
4093:Alexandre Chorin
4067:Richard A. Tapia
4048:David B. Mumford
3876:Alberto Calderón
3821:Joseph B. Keller
3808:Michael Freedman
3777:Herman Goldstine
3631:H. Marston Morse
3605:
3594:
3533:Rudolf E. Kálmán
3517:Robert S. Langer
3509:Jan D. Achenbach
3342:Herbert E. Grier
3093:Igor I. Sikorsky
3054:Othmar H. Ammann
3015:
3004:
2970:Jerrold Meinwald
2739:Norman Hackerman
2718:Glenn T. Seaborg
2633:William O. Baker
2561:F. Albert Cotton
2529:
2518:
2495:Mary-Claire King
2388:Bert W. O'Malley
2344:Thomas E. Starzl
2339:Phillip A. Sharp
2326:Charles Yanofsky
2308:Evelyn M. Witkin
2303:James E. Darnell
2129:Paul C. Zamecnik
2094:Mary Ellen Avery
2066:Herbert W. Boyer
2061:Baruj Benacerraf
2032:Joshua Lederberg
2022:Viktor Hamburger
1984:Michael S. Brown
1830:Robert H. Burris
1585:
1574:
1521:Mortimer Mishkin
1446:William K. Estes
1430:Roger N. Shepard
1422:Robert K. Merton
1406:George A. Miller
1353:Herbert A. Simon
1321:
1310:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1207:
1178:
1168:
1143:
1133:
1115:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1010:
1004:
1003:
984:10.1038/282680a0
959:
953:
952:
942:
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
901:history.nasa.gov
893:
887:
886:
876:
866:
834:
828:
827:
825:
823:
808:
802:
801:
774:10.1038/176915a0
745:
736:
735:
733:
731:
716:
710:
709:
701:
695:
694:
692:
690:
675:
658:
657:
655:
653:
638:
625:
624:
618:
610:
608:
606:
600:
594:. Archived from
593:
585:
576:
575:
549:
514:
393:a member of the
387:a member of the
381:a member of the
375:a member of the
368:a member of the
328:simultaneously.
70:
52:15 November 1924
51:
49:
32:
21:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5010:
4998:Sean C. Solomon
4960:
4912:Daniel Kleppner
4904:Lonnie Thompson
4899:Ralph A. Alpher
4865:W. Jason Morgan
4852:Charles Keeling
4842:Marvin L. Cohen
4809:
4792:John N. Bahcall
4787:Don L. Anderson
4753:Peter Goldreich
4706:Steven Weinberg
4658:
4588:Walter Elsasser
4565:Herman Feshbach
4479:
4417:Samuel Goudsmit
4409:Chien-Shiung Wu
4348:Frederick Seitz
4315:John A. Wheeler
4300:Robert H. Dicke
4285:
4148:Luis W. Alvarez
4129:
4110:
4098:David Blackwell
4052:
4003:Carl R. de Boor
3974:Karen Uhlenbeck
3954:
3908:Louis Nirenberg
3843:
3816:Ralph E. Gomory
3754:
3750:Donald E. Knuth
3737:Hassler Whitney
3675:
3599:
3580:
3545:
3477:Andreas Acrivos
3454:
3442:Eli Ruckenstein
3421:Hermann A. Haus
3392:Calvin F. Quate
3379:Luna B. Leopold
3346:
3237:
3223:Robert N. Noyce
3213:Emmett N. Leith
3172:Manson Benedict
3154:Rudolf Kompfner
3118:
3072:Warren K. Lewis
3009:
2990:
2924:
2886:Peter B. Dervan
2857:John I. Brauman
2816:
2768:Norman Davidson
2695:John D. Roberts
2670:
2638:Konrad E. Bloch
2584:Richard N. Zare
2546:
2523:
2504:
2461:Sallie Chisholm
2443:Rudolf Jaenisch
2423:
2406:J. Craig Venter
2365:Rita R. Colwell
2232:
2218:David Baltimore
2109:Robert W. Kates
2081:David G. Nathan
2076:Edward B. Lewis
2046:
2042:Harland G. Wood
2037:Roger W. Sperry
1892:Glenn W. Burton
1864:
1840:Arthur Kornberg
1807:Roger Guillemin
1784:Hallowell Davis
1748:Daniel I. Arnon
1740:Albert B. Sabin
1720:
1693:Detlev W. Bronk
1665:Harry F. Harlow
1660:Kenneth S. Cole
1647:William C. Rose
1619:Francis P. Rous
1579:
1560:
1525:
1505:Gordon H. Bower
1466:
1462:Robert M. Solow
1378:
1374:Milton Friedman
1338:
1315:
1304:
1296:
1258:Wayback Machine
1241:Wayback Machine
1214:
1181:
1146:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1012:
1011:
1007:
961:
960:
956:
933:(11): 623–624.
920:
919:
915:
905:
903:
895:
894:
890:
836:
835:
831:
821:
819:
810:
809:
805:
747:
746:
739:
729:
727:
718:
717:
713:
703:
702:
698:
688:
686:
685:. 28 April 2015
677:
676:
661:
651:
649:
640:
639:
628:
611:
604:
602:
601:on 3 March 2016
598:
591:
589:"Archived copy"
587:
586:
579:
547:10.1038/521291a
516:
515:
511:
506:
466:
432:
365:
308:
264:
262:Academic career
249:
196:) and an M.D. (
193:magna cum laude
132:
83:Alma mater
78:
72:
68:
59:
53:
47:
45:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5108:
5106:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5027:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4995:
4993:Burton Richter
4990:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4946:Yakir Aharonov
4943:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4914:
4909:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4893:
4888:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4860:Richard Garwin
4857:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4824:Willis E. Lamb
4821:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4763:
4758:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4583:Philip Abelson
4580:
4577:
4575:Chen-Ning Yang
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4544:
4542:Bruno B. Rossi
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4499:Yoichiro Nambu
4496:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4310:John C. Slater
4307:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4197:Jacob Bjerknes
4194:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3995:James G. Glimm
3992:
3989:
3987:Elias M. Stein
3984:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3929:Shing-Tung Yau
3926:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3795:Antoni Zygmund
3792:
3787:
3784:
3782:Isadore Singer
3779:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3745:Joseph L. Doob
3742:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3724:George Dantzig
3721:
3716:
3714:John W. Backus
3711:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3690:Richard Brauer
3687:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3671:William Feller
3668:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3618:Norbert Wiener
3615:
3611:
3609:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3576:Thomas Kailath
3573:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3535:
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3527:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3306:H. Bolton Seed
3303:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3257:Donald L. Katz
3254:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3228:Earl R. Parker
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3062:Hugh L. Dryden
3059:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2944:Peter J. Stang
2941:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2920:Marye Anne Fox
2917:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2873:Tobin J. Marks
2870:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2802:Stuart A. Rice
2799:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2734:Donald J. Cram
2731:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:Ronald Breslow
2700:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2643:Elias J. Corey
2640:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2602:Carl S. Marvel
2599:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2574:Roald Hoffmann
2571:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Stanley Falkow
2487:
2484:
2482:Rakesh K. Jain
2479:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Gene E. Likens
2282:
2277:
2272:
2270:George F. Bass
2267:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2252:Peter H. Raven
2249:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2176:Alexander Rich
2173:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2150:Daniel Nathans
2147:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2124:Folke K. Skoog
2121:
2116:
2114:Salvador Luria
2111:
2106:
2104:Elvin A. Kabat
2101:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Katherine Esau
2014:
2011:
2006:
2004:Eric R. Kandel
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1948:Joan A. Steitz
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1920:Berta Scharrer
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Seymour Benzer
1884:
1881:
1879:Philip Handler
1876:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1766:Erwin Chargaff
1763:
1761:Britton Chance
1758:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1711:Robert Huebner
1708:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1598:C. B. van Niel
1595:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1556:Albert Bandura
1553:
1550:
1548:Robert Axelrod
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1489:R. Duncan Luce
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1438:Paul Samuelson
1435:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1398:Patrick Suppes
1395:
1393:Leonid Hurwicz
1390:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1358:
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1212:External links
1210:
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954:
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849:(1): 122–129.
829:
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737:
711:
696:
659:
626:
577:
518:Schimmel, Paul
508:
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320:: clusters of
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168:Alexander Rich
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93:Known for
90:
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84:
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73:
71:(aged 90)
65:
61:
60:
54:
43:
39:
38:
36:Alexander Rich
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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4:
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2:
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4709:
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4699:
4697:
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4691:
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4688:Roger Revelle
4686:
4684:
4681:
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4668:
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4665:
4661:
4655:
4654:Henry Stommel
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4525:
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4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Edward Teller
4502:
4500:
4497:
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4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:Lyman Spitzer
4468:
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4410:
4407:
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4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:Hans A. Bethe
4387:
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4364:
4362:
4359:
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4349:
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4339:
4336:
4334:
4333:Maurice Ewing
4331:
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4328:Carl Djerassi
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:Saul Winstein
4318:
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4313:
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4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Eugene Wigner
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:Paul Bartlett
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:Louis Hammett
4238:
4236:
4235:Gregory Breit
4233:
4231:
4230:Francis Birch
4228:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:William Rubey
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
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4159:
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4106:Michael Artin
4104:
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4019:Bradley Efron
4017:
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4001:
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3996:
3993:
3990:
3988:
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3945:Felix Browder
3943:
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3921:Stephen Smale
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3898:
3895:
3893:
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3868:John McCarthy
3866:
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3859:
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3829:Samuel Karlin
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3639:Oscar Zariski
3637:
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3413:Ray W. Clough
3411:
3408:
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3405:Alfred Y. Cho
3403:
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3387:
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3309:
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3304:
3302:
3299:
3296:
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3286:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:John G. Trump
3273:
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3260:
3258:
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3250:
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3121:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Edwin H. Land
3086:
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3081:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3057:
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3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Vannevar Bush
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3001:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
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2952:Allen J. Bard
2950:
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2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
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2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:JoAnne Stubbe
2905:
2903:
2902:Joanna Fowler
2900:
2897:
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2813:
2812:Susan Solomon
2810:
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2800:
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2656:Melvin Calvin
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2600:
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2597:Yuan Tseh Lee
2595:
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2592:Harry B. Gray
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
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2566:Gilbert Stork
2564:
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2556:
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2477:
2475:
2474:Bruce Alberts
2472:
2470:
2469:May Berenbaum
2467:
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2375:Lubert Stryer
2373:
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2370:Nina Fedoroff
2368:
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2352:Anthony Fauci
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2228:Lynn Margulis
2226:
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2223:Jared Diamond
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2163:Thomas Eisner
2161:
2158:
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2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Maxine Singer
2135:
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2120:
2119:Paul A. Marks
2117:
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1926:
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1359:
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67:27 April 2015
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4980:Sandra Faber
4975:Sidney Drell
4805:Leo Kadanoff
4800:James Cronin
4748:Hans Dehmelt
4683:Robert Pound
4649:Robert Sharp
4465:John Sinfelt
4432:Verner Suomi
4399:Lewis Sarett
4263:Lars Onsager
4207:Henry Eyring
4174:John Bardeen
3916:Richard Karp
3884:Allen Newell
3663:Jerzy Neyman
3288:Tung-Yen Lin
3265:Bill Hewlett
3195:Morris Cohen
2789:John W. Cahn
2690:Karl Folkers
2451:Lucy Shapiro
2401:Elaine Fuchs
2280:Ann Graybiel
2210:Janet Rowley
2192:James Watson
2184:Ruth Patrick
2175:
2027:Philip Leder
1897:Mildred Cohn
1845:Severo Ochoa
1822:E. O. Wilson
1187:
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682:
650:. Retrieved
645:
603:. Retrieved
596:the original
529:
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404:Bill Clinton
351:
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336:
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309:
280:James Watson
265:
257:
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234:
220:
216:RNA Tie Club
197:
191:
176:biophysicist
167:
166:
152:Institutions
137:
69:(2015-04-27)
29:
5085:2015 deaths
5080:1924 births
4933:Berni Alder
4740:Frank Press
4621:Walter Kohn
4598:George Pake
4532:Walter Munk
4455:Herman Mark
4437:Henry Taube
4225:Jesse Beams
4179:Peter Debye
4161:Harold Urey
4085:Barry Mazur
3647:John Milnor
3541:Amnon Yariv
3485:Leo Beranek
3311:Ernst Weber
3164:Abel Wolman
2755:Thomas Cech
2685:Elkan Blout
2625:Max Tishler
2542:Roger Adams
2500:Simon Levin
1966:Harry Eagle
1789:Paul Gyorgy
1481:Gary Becker
1153:J Biol Chem
720:"Alex Rich"
268:John Edsall
206:. He was a
5029:Categories
4727:Vera Rubin
4366:Paul Flory
4027:Hyman Bass
3900:John Cocke
3803:Raoul Bott
3706:Kurt Gödel
3698:John Tukey
3655:Paul Cohen
3270:George Low
3233:Simon Ramo
2456:Leroy Hood
2257:Carl Woese
2205:Bruce Ames
1716:Ernst Mayr
504:References
402:President
147:Biophysics
48:1924-11-15
4722:Val Fitch
3790:Peter Lax
3560:Shu Chien
2807:John Ross
2522:Chemistry
1910:Paul Berg
1302:laureates
782:0028-0836
572:205085052
556:0028-0836
464:Academies
322:ribosomes
318:polysomes
278:. He met
253:U.S. Navy
199:cum laude
172:biologist
98:polysomes
18:Alex Rich
4701:Ed Stone
1698:Jay Lush
1254:Archived
1237:Archived
1204:10364558
1175:10843996
1140:11087828
1043:16237447
949:26439533
906:21 March
883:13998950
822:21 March
790:13272717
730:20 March
689:21 March
683:MIT News
652:21 March
615:cite web
605:15 March
564:25993953
520:(2015).
410:in 1995.
359:of DNA.
296:collagen
239:and the
236:Genomics
231:Repligen
227:Alkermes
221:Born in
208:post-doc
1184:Science
1122:2666404
1100:Bibcode
1051:2539819
1023:Bibcode
1000:4337955
972:Bibcode
851:Bibcode
798:9611917
762:Bibcode
534:Bibcode
339:crystal
202:) from
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726:. 2016
570:
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416:(2000)
357:B-form
352:Nature
347:et al.
144:Fields
108:Awards
77:, U.S.
58:, U.S.
4965:2010s
4814:2000s
4663:1990s
4484:1980s
4290:1970s
4138:1960s
4057:2010s
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1530:2010s
1471:2000s
1383:1990s
1343:1980s
1324:1960s
1131:17610
1118:JSTOR
1047:S2CID
996:S2CID
897:"ch7"
794:S2CID
599:(PDF)
592:(PDF)
568:S2CID
419:2001
343:Z-DNA
102:Z-DNA
5002:2014
4989:2012
4971:2011
4942:2009
4929:2008
4916:2007
4908:2006
4895:2005
4887:2004
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4144:1963
4102:2013
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2013:1989
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786:PMID
778:ISSN
732:2020
691:2020
654:2020
621:link
607:2020
560:PMID
552:ISSN
326:mRNA
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