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804:, of the Muslim clan of Misostov. She was of rare beauty, and Heraclius chose her for his beloved Alexander. To make this arrangement, in 1790, Heraclius sent messengers to the prince of Kabarda, who was his relative. Heraclius was proud to strengthen the brotherhood and ties by this marriage. Then, the girl, also known as “the sun of Kabarda”, was brought in great luxury and love to the court of the glorious king in Tbilisi. She had to get used to the customs and rules of the family and palace etiquette, get suitable education in the palace, and then, when she had mastered the commandments of Christ, she had to read the holy scriptures, become a Christian, and change her name (the same path was followed by
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conspirators and had his own agent among their numbers, but the prince considered himself too old to be directly involved and told the
Georgians "to do what they liked". The plot was eventually betrayed and its leaders were rounded up by the Russian authorities. Having abandoned all hopes of returning to Georgia, Alexander continued to live as a private person and died in obscurity in Tehran in 1844. He was buried in the courtyard of
495:, of Georgian descent. In a warm letter sent to Tsitsianov, Alexander rejoiced in the fact that a "son of the Georgian soil" had been appointed as a commander and promised reconciliation provided the Georgian kingship was restored under the Russian protectorate. In response, Tsistianov, a loyal servant of the Russian Empire who saw no future for Georgia apart from Russia, sent General Vasily Gulyakov to the conquest of
703:
strangers who had disturbed his reign". William
Monteith recalled that Alexander "never showed any pride of birth, nor did he gave way to useless regrets for the loss of his fortune and princely dignity, though he had no hesitation in talking of his adventures, or giving any information that was asked for concerning them."
979:(18 August 1826 – 27 April 1882), pursued an officer's career in the Russian army. Irakli's only son of his marriage to Princess Tamar Chavchavadze, Alexander, died at the age of 2 in 1879. His daughters, Yelizaveta (1870–1942) and Yekaterina (1872–1917), were married to the princes Mamuka Orbeliani and
636:
tarnish Russia's image "in the eyes of all Europe", but authorized
Colonel Ladinsky to bribe Alexander's Turkish companions or local guides to murder the prince. All these efforts failed and, after months of delay by the local Ottoman authorities, Alexander managed to safely reach Persia in January 1819.
772:
832:
According to the
British officer William Monteith, Alexander’s Circassian wife died two years after her marriage. Monteith was involved in various missions in Persia during twenty years between 1810 to 1829; and he knew Alexander personally and accompanied him during two occasions of his raid into
808:
in 1696). Her original name is unknown, but she was given the name Nino at baptism. Unfortunately, the new bride Nino fell ill of a cold and died so suddenly and unexpectedly. Thus, Alexander never saw Nino due to her untimely death. This circumstance probably caused the whole palace to suffer and
792:
Alexander’s first marriage is recorded with some variations in different sources. They all agree that some form of arrangement was made to marry Nino and that she died soon. However, some sources say he did not even see the girl, some say he was engaged to her, and some say that she died two years
702:
in 1819 and noted his "bold independence of spirit" and irreconcilability to the
Russian possession of Georgia, compared the refuge prince to "the royal lion hunted from his hereditary waste, yet still returning to hover near, and roar in proud loneliness of his ceaseless threatening to the human
635:
wanted
Alexander if not alive, then dead so as to have his remains interred "with some honors" in Tiflis and preclude “all sorts of concoctions”. Pursuant to Yermolov's instructions, General Veliyaminov avoided directly encroaching on an Ottoman or Persian territory to kill Alexander so as not to
595:
highlanders. The
Russians under General Stahl proceeded with ravaging the Khevsur villages, putting Alexander into flight to the Avars and other mountainous tribes of the Caucasus. The Russian authorities vainly pressured the mountaineers into surrendering the fugitive prince; they evinced toward
847:
invested in
Alexander to ascend him to the Georgian throne and repeatedly raised concerns regarding Alexander’s heir. Alexander, having no heir to date, did not think it was possible to prolong the case for a long time and decided to fulfill the wish of Abbas Mirza. He saw Mariam, Melik Sahak's
759:
against the
Russian rule. According to their plan, the principal Russian officials were to be invited to a ball where they would be either arrested or killed. Then Alexander would be invited to assume the crown of Georgia, possibly as a constitutional monarch. Alexander corresponded with the
727:
from that period noted that
Alexander, "one of the principal refugee chiefs" in Iran and "a man of an enterprize", had lost confidence among the Georgians who were suspicious of his use of Dagestani auxiliaries and showed no "disposition to rise on the present occasion against their rulers."
833:
Georgia and his escape to Persia between 1810 to 1811. Monteith, however, raised concerns about effective communication with Alexander because conversations were through Alexander’s secretary translating from Georgian to Turkish, in which Monteith could understand with some difficulty.
2223:
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The problem of protection offered by Iran to Alexander was one of the main points at issue during the ambassadorial mission of Semyon I. Mazarovich, sent in 1819 by the Russian government to Iran as a permanent resident diplomatic mission, to which the young poet
663:. Both Alexander and the Persian government hoped that this marriage would secure Armenian support against the Russians. During his refuge life in Persia, Alexander maintained contacts with the European diplomats and travelers. Among these was the
379:, and refused to obey the new king. Being in ill-health and weakened, George XII relied on the Russian protection. Alexander, suspecting that the Russian presence in the country would eventually lead to an outright annexation, was persuaded by the
739:, in order to cause unrest in Kakheti. But, the Persian army was forced to flee due to the barrage of arrows and grenades of the Russian army. Thus, Alexander’s plan to get into Kakheti was destroyed. Simonich describes him as a "restless man".
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against Karabakh. Back in Georgia, in July 1795, Alexander raised a force of Turkic mercenaries brought from Karabakh against the anticipated Iranian advance. Fighting by his father's side, Alexander witnessed the sack of Tiflis in a disastrous
570:
with some 100 followers to invigorate an anti-Russian movement in the region. His force of Georgian rebels and Dagestani auxiliaries fought a series of engagements with the Russian troops until its final defeat at the hands of General Dimitri
414:
that the Avar army was being assembled not to ravage the country, but to defend Alexander's right to the throne. At the same time, he sent letters to his mother and brothers, assuring that they would be saved from the Russian oppression.
467:
issued a manifesto, declaring the Georgian monarchy abolished and imposing a Russian administration. As the Russians began deporting the Georgian royal family members to Russia proper, many princes openly revolted. Alexander's brothers,
550:, where he, the last reigning Georgian king, died in 1815. Alexander's disillusioned nephew Teimuraz, prompted by his tutor the poet Petre Laradze, escaped from the Persian camp and surrendered to the Russian authorities.
237:
protection. After the Russian annexation of Georgia in 1801, Alexander fled the country and spent decades in a series of attempts to undermine the Russian control of his homeland. Eventually, Alexander's reliance on the
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Kars and Erzeroum; with the campaigns of Prince Paskiewitch, in 1828 and 1829; and an account of the conquests of Russia beyond the Caucasus from the time of Peter the Great to the treaty of Turcoman Chie and
828:
According to the Russian historian Petr Butkov (1775-1857), Alexander was engaged to the princess of the large Kabardian family of Misostov. She was already brought to Georgia, but died before marriage.
367:. The conflict between the sons of Heraclius had already been brewing during their father's lifetime, and now evolved into an open confrontation. Alexander occupied the Muslim-majority districts of
527:, forcing General Tsitsianov to withdraw back in Georgia in September 1804. At the same time, Alexander sent letters to all principal dignitaries in Georgia as well as the rebellious Georgian and
2670:
836:
In 1811, Monteith described Alexander’s character as someone with no romance, enterprise, or energy, which suggests that Alexander had no relationship after Nino’s death until at least 1811.
2238:
951:(Russian for "of Georgia") and lived on a state-granted pension until her death in 1882. Mariam's remains were moved to Tiflis and interred there, at the northern wall of the Armenian
286:
in 1783. Alexander became involved in the politics and administration of his country at a very young age. In 1793, he was entrusted by Heraclius with the government of the district of
680:
2190:
434:
of Karabakh, and then to Dagestan. In the meantime, the defeat of his allies convinced Fath-Ali not to proceed with his planned invasion of Georgia and he recalled his army to
246:
mercenaries deprived him of popular support. After his last major rebellion was defeated in 1812, Alexander permanently settled in Persia, where he died in obscurity in 1844.
2695:
2690:
874:, maintained good relations with Sahak and played an instrumental role in arranging the marriage. Through her mother, Mariam was a cousin of the prominent Armenian writer
2700:
402:
Fath-Ali rewarded Alexander's defection by promising to support his claim to the Georgian throne. Alexander began raising an army and issued an appeal to the people of
2634:
The Trade in Papers Marked with Non-Latin Characters / Le commerce des papiers à marques à caractères non-latins: Documents and History / Documents et histoire, vol. 1
851:
In 1820, on May 20, Alexander (age 50) married Mariam (12 August 1808 – 7 October 1882), the 12-year-old daughter of the Armenian dignitary Sahak Melik-Aghamalyan, in
761:
323:
with the Russian Empire and demanded Georgia's reversal to traditional allegiance to Iran. Disappointed by his failure, Heraclius, then over 75, retired to his native
2725:
558:
587:, who knew Alexander personally and accompanied him during his raid into Georgia, the rebellious prince, finding it impossible to raise the means of paying his
615:, the future leader of Caucasian resistance to the Russian expansion, was his natural son. Apollon Runovsky, an officer in charge of Shamil in captivity at
542:, Alexander's nephew. However, the Ottoman mobilization was delayed and a Persian force was dispersed in a surprise nighttime attack by the Russians near
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229:, who entrusted him various military and administrative tasks. After the death of Heraclius in 1798, he opposed the accession of his half-brother
723:, he was in the Char community, trying to mobilize the local clans for a planned invasion of Kakheti, which failed to materialize. A report in
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Khantadze, Shota (1961). "მასალები ალექსანდრე ბატონიშვილის ბიოგრაფიისათვის" [Materials for the Biography of Prince Royal Alexander].
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auxiliaries, had to consent to their carrying of Georgian slaves. As a result, Alexander's army was disbanded and he fled to the
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In August 1826, according to the Russian commander Count Simonich, Alexander was staying in the camp of the Persian commander
611:
Alexander's association with the Avars gave origin to a legend widespread in the area in the 19th century, according to which
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Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, &c. &c. during the years 1817, 1818, 1819, and 1820, Vol. II
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broke out openly in June 1804, the Persian army under Abbas Mirza and Alexander fought the Russian troops inconclusively at
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934:. However, Alexander together with Elizabeth managed to escape from being entrapped in Erivan unlike Mariam and Irakli.
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619:, claimed in his diaries that Shamil himself forged this legend in an attempt to win the support of Georgian highlanders.
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and Teimuraz as a commander of artillery. As tensions were mounting along the Caucasus frontier, Alexander, along with
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on Russian Paper in the National Library of Russia (two first decades of the 19th century)". In Regourd, Anne (ed.).
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government in 1930, her marble gravestone with a trilingual Russian, Armenian, and Georgian epitaph was moved to the
930:, which was soon conquered by Russia. This indicates that Alexander's family had a secondary residence which was in
863:. The crown was placed on his already graying head. Abbas Mirza personally paid all the expenses for the marriage.
35:
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438:. Declared by the Russians a traitor to be taken dead or alive, Alexander thus began three decades of resistance.
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294:. Around the same time, Alexander was present with the army sent by Heraclius in support of his grandson, King
133:
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2126:(2013). "From confidence to apprehension: early Iranian interaction with Russia". In Cronin, Stephanie (ed.).
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Alexander continued his efforts to foment anti-Russian revolts in various provinces of Georgia. During the
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In 1790, King Heraclius himself began making arrangements for Alexander to marry Nino, the daughter of a
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missionaries at the court of his father. At age 12 or 13, he was tutored by and served as an aide to the
17:
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Alexander's daughter, Princess Elizabeth (13 July 1821 – 17 September 1836), who was the second wife of
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in September 1810. Barely escaping from captivity, Alexander fell back to Tabriz and Solomon retired to
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Omar Khan of Avary hosting Prince Alexander as imagined by the artist Khalil-Bek Musayasul (1897–1949).
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army. Samson's son of this marriage, Jibrail-Khan, subsequently served as an aide-de-camp to the shah
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2159:(in Russian). Tiflis: Typography of the Chief Administration of the Viceroy of Caucasus. p. 595.
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and joined the ranks of the reformed Persian army, Alexander as a senior adviser to the Crown Prince
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406:, trying to justify his new alliance with the traditional foes of the Georgians and swearing by the
335:
279:
2239:"Deserters, Converts, Cossacks and Revolutionaries: Russians in Iranian Military Service 1800–1920"
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813:, Heraclius’s daughter, expressed this mourning in a poem in Georgian which can be interpreted as:
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highlanders, promising them that he would be arriving with Persian armies to end the Russian rule.
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In 1803, Alexander attempted to win over the newly appointed Russian commander in Georgia, Prince
422:, but they were met and decisively defeated by a combined Russo-Georgian army on the banks of the
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2500:Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях. Том 2-й. Ермоловское время
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venture of invasion of Georgia, also supported by Solomon II, the fugitive king of Imereti, and
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against the Iranian encroachment. In June, the allies fought back a 20,000-strong force sent by
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The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia
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Persian War, Campaign of 1826, from the notes of Count Simonich, Caucasian collection Vol. 22
2591:"Some Unknown Details about the Contradiction between Iran and Kartl-Kakheti Kingdom (1795)"
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Atkin, Muriel (Winter–Spring 1979). "The Strange Death of Ibrahim Khalil Khan of Qarabagh".
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2541:ПЕРСИДСКАЯ ВОЙНА,КАМПАНИЯ 1826 ГОДА, ИЗ ЗАПИСОК ГРАФА СИМОНИЧА, Кавказский сборник. Том 22
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Ephraim, Alexander married Mariam, a daughter of Sahak Aghamalyan, the secular chief (
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In spite of a thorough Russian search, in September 1818, Alexander fought his way to
488:, a son of the late king George XII and the future historian, joined him in Dagestan.
30:"Alexander Bagrationi" and "Alexander Mirza" redirect here. For the chess player, see
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2334:(1980). "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: IV: The Siwnid Origins of Xač'atur Abovean".
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Princess Maria Aghamalyan, wife of Alexander. A painting by Giorgio Corradini, 1859.
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At this time, Alexander's main residence was in the Armenian-populated district of
675:. The prince served to Wolff as a source of information about the genealogy of the
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after marriage. From this marriage, no child is recorded in any of these sources.
282:, who played a role in the Russian–Georgian diplomacy until his retirement to the
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Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan
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The Sabres of Paradise: Conquest and Vengeance in the Caucasus, Revised Edition
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Second marriage (in 1820; to Mariam Aghamalyan; Children: Elizabeth and Irakli)
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on 7 November 1800. Wounded in action, Umma Khan retreated to the mountains of
2059:
592:
499:, the mountainous communities sheltering Alexander and Teimuraz. Both fled to
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302:. In 1795, Alexander led a Georgian contingent dispatched to help the allied
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decisively defeated Abbas Mirza's attempt to advance towards Georgia in the
528:
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In 1821, on July 13, Alexander's daughter, Princess Elizabeth, was born in
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Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission, Vol. VI, Part 1
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Materials of the new history of the Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803. Volume I
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2148:Акты, собранные Кавказскою Археографическою коммиссиею. Том VI. Часть 1
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2118:]. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Polytechnic University.
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34:. For the Canadian American entrepreneur, investor, and author, see
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Bournoutian, George A. (2004). "ḤOSAYNQOLI KHAN SARDĀR-E IRAVĀNI".
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Historiography, religious studies and cultural studies of the East
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death in December 1800, the Russian government prevented his heir
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The King called her as a daughter-in-law, to beautify the court,
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him, in the words of Monteith, "a fidelity equal to that of the
418:
In November 1800, Alexander and Umma Khan led their forces into
380:
184:
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Missionary journal and memoir of the Rev. Jeseph Wolf, Vol. III
755:
In 1832, a number of leading Georgian nobles and intellectuals
2435:] (in Russian). Yerevan: Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences.
2128:
Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800
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First marriage (after 1790; to Nino, the Circassian; No child)
463:
more closely under its control. On 12 September 1801, Emperor
2314:
Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia, 1760–1819
2225:Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год, т. I
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784:(1826-1882), according to the Georgian Genealogical Society.
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By the power of the Lord, she was created without blemish."
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in November 1812. In the meantime, in October 1812, General
2054:(1/2). International Society for Iranian Studies: 79–107.
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990:, a Russian defector and a high-ranking commander in the
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The shah gave Alexander a pension and possession of some
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in the Ottoman territory. The Russian commander-in-chief
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daughter, and was immediately captivated by her beauty.
2574:(2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2415:. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p.
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Noble families of the Russian Empire. Volume 3: Princes
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In 1834, the Russian government ordered her to move to
363:, led opposition to the accession of his half-brother,
2511:(in Russian). St. Petersburg: E. Evdokimov Typography.
2475:] (in Georgian). პარიზი : დ.ხელაძის გამოცემა.
1931:
1929:
1927:
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by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who resented Heraclius's
2112:Историография, религиоведение и культурология Востока
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Samson-Khan (Samson Yakovlevich Makintsev; 1770–1853)
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Muromov, I. A. (1999). "Самсон Яковлевич Макинцев".
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Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
327:, leaving Alexander in charge of restoring Tiflis.
217:Alexander was a son of the penultimate king of the
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2256:Дворянские роды Российской империи. Том 3. Князья
2232:] (in Russian). Tiflis: Enfyandjyants and Co.
399:and an erstwhile enemy of Heraclius II, in 1799.
290:and in 1794 he was invested with the appanage in
2628:Yastrebova, Olga (2018). "Collection of Persian
2489:. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
955:. After the demolition of the cathedral by the
904:to Mariam a month prior to her 13th birthday.
534:In 1810, Alexander joined the combined Persian-
523:on 20 June 1804 and then successfully defended
511:, was placed at the head of a Persian force in
169:, who headed several insurrections against the
2288:"Genealogical chart of the Bagrationi Dynasty"
919:to Mariam a few days after her 18th birthday.
150:
2388:Burke's Royal Families of the World, Volume 2
355:in 1798, Alexander, together with his mother
197:
178:
8:
762:St. Thaddeus and Bartholomew Armenian Church
647:. With the help of his friend, Crown Prince
430:, while Alexander and his followers fled to
387:, to leave Georgia and join his forces with
1918:
1891:
1483:
1449:
159:) (1770–1844) was a Georgian royal prince (
2696:19th-century people from Georgia (country)
2691:18th-century people from Georgia (country)
2368:] (in Russian). Moscow: Aspekt Press.
1959:
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1006:
816:"Kabardo was one sun shining brilliantly,
566:In September 1812, Alexander crossed into
484:in western Georgia, while his half-nephew
40:
2262:] (in Russian). Moscow: Linkominvest.
2007:
1983:
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922:In 1827, Mariam together with their son,
18:Alexander, son of Heraclius II of Georgia
2701:Emigrants from Georgia (country) to Iran
2349:Sakartvelos Sakhelmtsipo Muzeumis Moambe
2214:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5
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278:-based German adventurer and physician
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604:under similar circumstances after the
347:Map of the campaign in Kakheti in 1800
2726:Rebellions against the Russian Empire
2521:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
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2429:Армянская эпиграфика Грузии: Тбилиси
2362:Русский биографический словарь, т. 8
2222:Butkov, Pyotr Grigoriyevich (1869).
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2110:Bazilenko, Igor Vadimovich (2011).
583:. According to the British officer
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32:Alexander Bagrationi (chess player)
1823:Georgian Genealogical Society 2015
25:
2572:The Making of the Georgian Nation
2538:Simonich, Ivan Osipovich (1901).
2079:. University of Minnesota Press.
2711:People of the Russo-Persian Wars
2095:"Asiatic Intelligence. – Persia"
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2676:Military personnel from Tbilisi
971:Children (Elizabeth and Irakli)
2031:Persia and the Georgians there
721:Russo-Persian war of 1826–1828
339:The battle on the Iori in 1800
36:Alexander Mirza (entrepreneur)
1:
2468:დიდი სახეები პატარა ჩარჩოებში
2026:სპარსეთი და იქაური ქართველები
715:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
447:Russo-Persian war (1804–1813)
2601:. Tbilisi State University.
2589:Tabuashvili, Apolon (2012).
2360:Lepyokhin, Mikhail (2000).
2336:Revue des études Arméniennes
866:The Iranian governor of the
199:Царевич Александр Ираклиевич
2721:People of the Caucasian War
2636:. Brill. pp. 227–246.
2473:Great faces in small frames
2390:. London: Burke's Peerage.
809:mourn, and the tender poet
44:Prince Alexander of Georgia
2747:
2523:. London: Reaktion Books.
2427:Muradyan, Paruyr (1988).
2295:The Royal House of Georgia
2237:Cronin, Stephanie (2012).
2199:. Vol. 8. p. 826
2077:Russia and Iran, 1780–1828
2023:Agniashvili, Lado (1896).
1393:Prince Teimuraz of Georgia
1239:
1116:
1013:
687:, and the presence of the
659:) of the Armenians of the
29:
2421:alexander mirza georgian.
2060:10.1080/00210867908701551
1321:
1302:
1294:
1269:
1247:
1243:
1205:
1186:
1178:
1150:
1128:
1124:
1088:
1069:
1061:
1033:
1017:
941:, where she was known as
270:. He was educated by the
219:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
198:
151:
64:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
48:
2445:100 великих авантюристов
2428:
2361:
2255:
1286:6. Katsia-Giorgi Dadiani
926:, settled in her native
312:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
134:Georgian Orthodox Church
2623:. London: James Duncan.
2130:. New York: Routledge.
1107:Heraclius II of Georgia
698:, who saw Alexander in
643:-populated villages in
442:Struggle against Russia
254:Alexander was a son of
171:Russian rule in Georgia
157:aleksandre batonishvili
114:Heraclius II of Georgia
27:Prince Royal of Georgia
2481:Porter, Sir Robert Ker
2465:Papava, Tamar (1937).
2316:. New York: Palgrave.
2267:Gammer, Moshe (1994).
2243:Middle Eastern Studies
2171:. London: I.B.Tauris.
2075:Atkin, Muriel (1980).
1199:11. Rusudan of Kabarda
1052:Teimuraz II of Georgia
1026:Heraclius I of Kakheti
777:
768:Family and descendants
752:
563:
348:
340:
194:Aleksandr Irakliyevich
152:ალექსანდრე ბატონიშვილი
2450:100 Great Adventurers
2254:Dumin, S.V. (1996).
2145:Berge, Adolf (1874).
2105:. July–December 1827.
1143:Vakhtang VI of Kartli
853:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
775:
750:
561:
465:Alexander I of Russia
346:
338:
331:Break with George XII
296:Solomon II of Imereti
266:, and his third wife
2731:People of Qajar Iran
2196:Encyclopædia Iranica
1082:9. Ana Cholokashvili
709:Alexander Griboyedov
554:Rebellion in Kakheti
298:, against his rival
143:Alexander of Georgia
2686:Battle of Krtsanisi
2568:Suny, Ronald Grigor
2548:] (in Russian).
2355:. Tbilisi: 239–274.
2310:Gvosdev, Nikolas K.
2217:. pp. 519–520.
2191:"Alexander, Prince"
2187:Bournoutian, George
2033:] (in Georgian)
1894:, pp. 519–520.
1761:The Asiatic Journal
1702:, pp. 201–208.
1639:, pp. 138–139.
1627:, pp. 273–274.
1603:, pp. 126–129.
1591:, pp. 229–231.
1561:, pp. 102–103.
872:Hossein Khan Sardar
811:Mariam Batonishvili
751:Tabriz in the 1840s
725:The Asiatic Journal
711:was also attached.
653:Armenian Catholicos
509:Pir Qoli Khan Qajar
432:Ibrahim Khalil Khan
385:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
351:After the death of
304:Ibrahim Khalil Khan
2452:] (in Russian)
1315:13. Tamar Gelovani
778:
753:
681:a claim of descent
677:Bagrationi dynasty
606:battle of Culloden
581:battle of Aslanduz
577:Pyotr Kotlyarevsky
564:
349:
341:
173:. He was known as
167:Bagrationi dynasty
104:Bagrationi dynasty
2581:978-0-253-20915-3
2530:978-1-78023-030-6
2406:Monteith, William
2397:978-0-85011-029-6
2375:978-5-7567-0079-4
2332:Hewsen, Robert H.
2323:978-0-312-22990-0
2278:978-0-7146-8141-2
2178:978-1-85043-403-0
2137:978-0-415-62433-6
1498:, pp. 80–81.
1398:Iranian Georgians
1383:
1382:
975:Alexander's son,
876:Khachatur Abovian
696:Robert Ker Porter
517:Russo-Persian war
139:
138:
16:(Redirected from
2738:
2681:Georgian princes
2647:
2624:
2610:
2585:
2563:
2557:
2549:
2534:
2517:Rayfield, Donald
2512:
2510:
2490:
2476:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2436:
2423:
2401:
2384:Montgomery, Hugh
2379:
2356:
2343:
2327:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2282:
2263:
2250:
2233:
2218:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2182:
2160:
2158:
2141:
2119:
2106:
2090:
2071:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1922:
1919:Agniashvili 1896
1916:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1892:Bournoutian 2004
1889:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1484:Bournoutian 1985
1481:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1450:Tabuashvili 2012
1447:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1262:Bezhan I Dadiani
1007:
983:, respectively.
947:Maria Isaakovna
939:Saint Petersburg
665:Jewish Christian
633:Aleksey Yermolov
585:William Monteith
493:Pavel Tsitsianov
201:
200:
182:
181:
154:
153:
92:Irakli Gruzinsky
53:
41:
21:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2716:Burials in Iran
2706:Georgian exiles
2651:
2650:
2644:
2627:
2613:
2588:
2582:
2566:
2550:
2537:
2531:
2515:
2508:
2493:
2479:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2441:
2430:
2426:
2404:
2398:
2382:
2376:
2363:
2359:
2351:(in Georgian).
2346:
2330:
2324:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2236:
2221:
2210:
2202:
2200:
2185:
2179:
2163:
2156:
2144:
2138:
2124:Behrooz, Maziar
2122:
2109:
2093:
2087:
2074:
2048:Iranian Studies
2045:
2036:
2034:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1960:Montgomery 1980
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1925:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1589:Yastrebova 2018
1587:
1580:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1410:
1406:
1389:
1384:
1340:Darejan Dadiani
1169:Tamar of Kartli
1004:
973:
963:in Tiflis (now
842:
802:Greater Kabarda
790:
770:
745:
717:
689:Jews in Georgia
625:
556:
482:King of Imereti
449:
444:
391:, the ruler of
333:
268:Darejan Dadiani
264:eastern Georgia
252:
244:North Caucasian
208:Alexander Mirza
124:Darejan Dadiani
74:
62:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2625:
2611:
2586:
2580:
2564:
2535:
2529:
2513:
2491:
2477:
2462:
2438:
2437:
2424:
2402:
2396:
2386:, ed. (1980).
2380:
2374:
2357:
2344:
2338:. New series.
2328:
2322:
2306:
2283:
2277:
2264:
2251:
2234:
2219:
2208:
2183:
2177:
2165:Blanch, Lesley
2161:
2142:
2136:
2120:
2107:
2091:
2086:978-0816609246
2085:
2072:
2043:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2010:, p. 294.
2008:Bazilenko 2011
2000:
1988:
1984:Lepyokhin 2000
1976:
1974:, p. 153.
1964:
1952:
1940:
1923:
1908:
1906:, p. 465.
1896:
1884:
1882:, p. 139.
1869:
1867:, p. 118.
1857:
1855:, p. 505.
1842:
1827:
1815:
1813:, p. 208.
1803:
1791:
1789:, p. 281.
1779:
1767:
1765:, p. 255.
1752:
1740:
1728:
1726:, p. 521.
1716:
1714:, p. 143.
1704:
1692:
1690:, p. 305.
1680:
1668:
1666:, p. 250.
1653:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1615:, p. 268.
1605:
1593:
1578:
1576:, p. 106.
1563:
1551:
1539:
1537:, p. 260.
1527:
1525:, p. 826.
1515:
1500:
1488:
1486:, p. 826.
1465:
1453:
1442:
1440:, p. 239.
1438:Khantadze 1961
1427:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1000:
972:
969:
953:Vank cathedral
911:, was born in
868:Erivan Khanate
841:
838:
789:
786:
769:
766:
757:plotted a coup
744:
741:
716:
713:
661:Erivan Khanate
624:
623:Life in Persia
621:
602:Charles Edward
555:
552:
461:Kartli-Kakheti
448:
445:
443:
440:
404:Kartli-Kakheti
332:
329:
284:Russian Empire
280:Jacob Reineggs
260:Kartli-Kakheti
251:
248:
212:Western Europe
175:Eskandar Mīrzā
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
95:
94:
89:
83:
82:
71:
67:
66:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2743:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2645:
2643:9789004360877
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2615:Wolff, Joseph
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2495:Potto, Vasily
2492:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:September 14,
2296:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2249:(2): 147–182.
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2037:September 18,
2032:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1986:, p. 49.
1985:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1962:, p. 66.
1961:
1956:
1953:
1950:, p. 62.
1949:
1948:Muradyan 1988
1944:
1941:
1938:, p. 73.
1937:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1921:, p. 57.
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1840:, p. 46.
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1801:, p. 71.
1800:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:Rayfield 2012
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:Simonich 1901
1771:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1750:, p. 62.
1749:
1744:
1741:
1738:, p. 78.
1737:
1736:Monteith 1856
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1678:, p. 46.
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1651:, p. 73.
1650:
1649:Monteith 1856
1645:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:Rayfield 2012
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:Rayfield 2012
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1549:, p. 85.
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:Rayfield 2012
1531:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1513:, p. 81.
1512:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1463:, p. 77.
1462:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:, p. 77.
1424:
1423:Monteith 1856
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1175:
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2456:18 September
2454:. Retrieved
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2030:
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1996:Muromov 1999
1991:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1899:
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1748:Behrooz 2013
1743:
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1632:
1620:
1608:
1601:Gvosdev 2000
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1574:Gvosdev 2000
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1554:
1547:Gvosdev 2000
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1511:Gvosdev 2000
1496:Gvosdev 2000
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1461:Gvosdev 2000
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996:Naser al-Din
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693:
679:, including
669:Joseph Wolff
638:
626:
610:
565:
533:
490:
457:Prince David
453:George XII's
450:
417:
401:
393:Avar Khanate
359:and brother
350:
256:Heraclius II
253:
242:support and
227:Heraclius II
216:
207:
193:
188:
174:
162:batonishvili
160:
156:
142:
140:
2666:1844 deaths
2661:1770 births
2271:. F. Cass.
1972:Cronin 2012
1904:Hewsen 1980
1880:Papava 1937
1865:Papava 1937
1853:Butkov 1869
1838:Papava 1937
1724:Porter 1822
1676:Blanch 2004
1664:Gammer 1994
981:Ivan Ratiev
949:Gruzinskaya
845:Abbas Mirza
800:chief from
743:Later years
733:Sohrab Khan
667:missionary
649:Abbas Mirza
629:Akhaltsikhe
613:Imam Shamil
598:Highlanders
544:Akhalkalaki
515:. When the
505:Abbas Mirza
497:Jar-Balakan
451:After King
221:in eastern
180:اسکندرمیرزا
2655:Categories
2412:Adrianople
2342:: 459–470.
2203:2013-01-07
2017:References
1936:Dumin 1996
1811:Potto 1887
1712:Wolff 1829
1700:Potto 1887
1688:Berge 1874
1637:Atkin 1980
1523:Atkin 1979
887:Azerbaijan
798:Circassian
651:, and the
521:Echmiadzin
478:Solomon II
476:, fled to
424:Iori river
412:Saint Nino
377:Shamshadil
365:George XII
258:, king of
250:Early life
231:George XII
2607:1987-8583
2554:cite book
1799:Suny 1994
1224:Alexander
573:Orbeliani
548:Trabizond
389:Umma Khan
383:of Iran,
353:Heraclius
190:tsarevich
165:) of the
2617:(1829).
2570:(1994).
2519:(2012).
2497:(1887).
2483:(1822).
2408:(1856).
2312:(2000).
2189:(1985).
2167:(2004).
1387:See also
1002:Ancestry
944:tsarevna
673:Khosrova
641:Armenian
600:towards
529:Ossetian
486:Teimuraz
428:Dagestan
397:Dagestan
373:Borchalo
308:Karabakh
292:Somkhiti
272:Catholic
147:Georgian
130:Religion
2630:farmāns
2595:Spekali
2068:4310310
965:Tbilisi
593:Khevsur
568:Kakheti
536:Ottoman
474:Parnaoz
420:Kakheti
357:Darejan
240:Persian
235:Russian
223:Georgia
141:Prince
99:Dynasty
2640:
2605:
2578:
2527:
2507:]
2394:
2372:
2320:
2275:
2175:
2155:]
2134:
2083:
2066:
957:Soviet
932:Erivan
928:Erivan
924:Irakli
917:Persia
913:Erivan
902:Persia
898:Erivan
891:Persia
883:Salmas
861:Persia
857:Erivan
700:Tabriz
645:Salmas
617:Kaluga
589:Lezgin
525:Erivan
501:Tabriz
436:Tabriz
375:, and
369:Qazakh
325:Telavi
317:attack
288:Qazakh
276:Tiflis
206:, and
204:Russia
185:Persia
149::
120:Mother
110:Father
80:Persia
76:Tehran
2544:[
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1404:Notes
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737:Tovuz
735:near
685:David
683:from
657:melik
513:Ganja
470:Iulon
408:grave
361:Iulon
300:David
202:) in
183:) in
87:Issue
2638:ISBN
2603:ISSN
2576:ISBN
2560:link
2525:ISBN
2458:2024
2392:ISBN
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2273:ISBN
2173:ISBN
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2081:ISBN
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