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only for course changes or combat and no maintenance was performed at sea. Due to these systems, the combat shift of Alfa submarines consisted only of eight officers stationed in the control room. While nuclear submarines typically have 120 to 160 crew members, the initially proposed crew number was 14 — all officers, except the cook. Later it was considered more practical to have additional crew aboard that could be trained to operate the new generation of submarines and the number was increased to 27 officers and four warrant officers. Also, given that most of the electronics were newly developed and failures were expected, additional crew was stationed to monitor their performance. Some reliability problems were connected with electronics, and it is possible that some accidents could have been foreseen with more mature and better developed monitoring systems. Overall performance was considered good for an experimental system.
78:
569:– was built in Leningrad. Leningrad built three subsequent Project 705 submarines, and Severodvinsk built three Project 705K submarines (only differing in the reactor plant; see below). The first vessel was commissioned in 1971. Project 705 boats were intended to be experimental platforms themselves, to test all innovations and rectify their faults, that would afterwards found a new generation of submarines. This highly experimental nature mostly predetermined their future. In 1981, with the completion of the seventh vessel, production ended. All vessels were assigned to the
695:
reactors of all operational Alfas were kept constantly running. While the BM-40A reactors are able to work for many years without stopping, they were not specifically designed for such treatment and any serious reactor maintenance became impossible. This led to a number of failures, including coolant leaks and one reactor broken down and frozen while at sea. However, constantly running the reactors proved better than relying on the coastal facilities. Four vessels were decommissioned due to freezing of the coolant.
91:
744:(Accord) combat information and control system, which received and processed hydroacoustic, television, radar, and navigation data from other systems, determining the location, speed, and predicted trajectory of other ships, submarines, and torpedoes. Information was displayed on control terminals, along with recommendations for operating a single submarine, both for attack and torpedo evasion, or commanding a group of submarines.
47:
1053:
1211:, to retrieve the team and the uranium, but four were forced to turn back because of bad weather. Only a single C-5, carrying 30,000 pounds of supplies Tennesseans had donated for Ust-Kamenogorsk area orphanages, got through. Eventually a second C-5 arrived, and the two planes carried the uranium to Dover, from where it was transported to Oak Ridge to be blended down for reactor fuel.
35:
1186:. The material, known as uranium oxide-beryllium, was produced by the Ulba plant in the form of ceramic fuel rods for use by the submarines. "The Kazakh government had no idea that this material was there", Kazakh officials later told Harvard's Graham Allison, a national-security analyst. In February 1994 it was uncovered by Elwood Gift, an engineer from the Y-12 plant at
699:
solution could potentially decrease service times and increase reliability, it is still more expensive, and the idea of single-use reactors was unpopular in the 1970s. Furthermore, Project 705 does not have a modular design that would allow quick replacement of reactors, so such maintenance would take at least as long as refueling a normal submarine.
1227:. After being used for training she was officially decommissioned July 31, 1996. Decommissioning of the ships entailed the singular complication that, the reactor being cooled by liquid metals, the nuclear rods became fused with the coolant when the reactor was stopped and conventional methods for disassembling the reactor were unavailable.
682:. The issue was that the lead/bismuth eutectic solution solidifies at 125 °C (257 °F). If it ever hardened, it would be impossible to restart the reactor, since the fuel assemblies would be frozen in the solidified coolant. Thus, whenever the reactor is shut down, the liquid coolant must be heated externally with
1190:, stored in quart sized steel cans in a vault about twenty feet wide and thirty feet long. Some of it was on wire shelves while others were sitting on the floor. The cans were covered with dust. Word soon came that Iran had officially visited the site looking to purchase reactor fuel. Washington set up a
716:
Later, metallurgy and welding technology were improved and no hull problems were experienced on subsequent vessels. American intelligence services became aware of the use of titanium alloys in the construction by retrieving metal shavings that fell from a truck as it left the St. Petersburg ship yard.
1035:
be closed during operation had not been followed. As a result, the high pressure could reach the sensitive instrument and broke through it, pouring
Polonium-contaminated aerosols into the inhabited part of the reactor compartment. While the reactor could have been repaired, it was decided to replace
1026:
occured in Alfa class submarines. In 1971, suboptimal welding on the steam system allowed moisture to leak into an area where it picked up chlorides and then condensed and dripped onto primary coolant pipes containing the liquid metal coolant. This caused corrosion and breakage of the primary coolant
788:
All the systems of the submarine were fully automated and all operations requiring human decision were performed from the control room. While such automation is common on aircraft, other military ships and submarines have multiple, separate teams performing these tasks. Crew intervention was required
1129:
The Alfas were intended to be only the first of a new generation of light, fast submarines, and before their decommissioning, there was already a family of derivative designs, including
Project 705D, armed with long-range 650 mm torpedoes, and the Project 705A ballistic missile variant that was
698:
Both the OK-550 and the BM-40A designs were single-use reactors and could not be refueled as the coolant would inevitably freeze in the process. This was compensated for by a much longer lifetime on their only load (up to 15 years), after which the reactors would be completely replaced. While such a
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Alfas, as with almost all other nuclear submarines, were never actually used in combat. However, the Soviet government still made good use of them, by exaggerating the planned number of vessels, which were assumed to allow naval superiority to be gained by shadowing major ship groups and destroying
1030:
The second incident occured on
Project 705K (Task Order 105). Steam generator tubes in the evaporator section corroded and leaked steam into the primary system. Pressure increased in the primary system, which was designed to widthstand the full pressure in this incident. However, an procedural step
640:
Designed burst speed in tests was 43–45 kn (49–52 mph; 80–83 km/h) for all vessels, and speeds of 41–42 kn (47–48 mph; 76–78 km/h) could be sustained. Acceleration to top speed took one minute and reversing 180 degrees at full speed took just 40 seconds. This degree of
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alloy hulls, which was revolutionary in submarine design at the time due to the cost of titanium and the technologies and equipment needed to work with it. The difficulties in the engineering became apparent in the first submarine that was quickly decommissioned after cracks developed in the hull.
414:
cooled reactor as a power source, which greatly reduced the size of the reactor compared to conventional designs, thus reducing the overall size of the submarine, and allowing for very high speeds. However, it also meant that the reactor had a short lifetime and had to be kept warm when it was not
728:
The original test depth requirement specified for
Project 705 was 500 metres (1,600 ft), but after the preliminary design was completed, SKB-143 proposed relaxing this requirement to 400 metres (1,300 ft). Reducing test depth and thinning the pressure hull would make up for increases in
694:
Coastal facilities were treated with much less attention than the submarines and often turned out unable to heat the submarines' reactors. Consequently, the plants had to be kept running even while the subs were in harbor. The facilities completely broke down early in the 1980s and since then the
525:
and completed in 1972. The long build time was caused by numerous design flaws and difficulties in manufacture. Extensively tested, she was taken out of service following a reactor accident in 1980. She had a top speed of 41.2 knots (47.4 mph; 76.3 km/h) and a test depth of 400 m
1202:
cargo planes with 130 tons of equipment. It took the team six weeks, working twelve-hour shifts, six days a week, to process and can the 1,050 cans of uranium. The
Sapphire Team finished recanning the uranium on 18 November 1994 at a cost of between ten and thirty million dollars (actual cost
665:
by a 40,000 shp steam turbine, and two 100 kW electric thrusters on the tips of the stern stabilizers were used for quieter "creeping" (low speed tactical maneuvering) and for emergency propulsion in the event of an engineering casualty. Electrical power was provided by two 1,500 kW
641:
maneuverability exceeds all other submarines and most torpedoes that were in service at the time. Indeed, during training the boats proved able to successfully evade torpedoes launched by other submarines, which required introduction of faster torpedoes such as the
American ADCAP or British
707:
Like most Soviet nuclear submarines, Project 705 used a double hull, where the internal hull withstands the pressure and the outer one protects it and provides an optimal hydrodynamic shape. The gracefully curved outer hull and sail were highly streamlined for high submerged speed and
792:
The main reason behind the small crew complement and high automation was not just to allow a reduction in the size of the submarine, but rather to provide an advantage in reaction speed by replacing long chains of command with instant electronics, speeding up any action.
690:
where the submarines were moored, a special facility was constructed to deliver superheated steam to the vessels' reactors when the reactors were shut down. A smaller ship was also stationed at the pier to deliver steam from her steam plant to the Alfa submarines.
451:
The project was highly innovative in order to meet demanding requirements: sufficient speed to successfully pursue any ship; the ability to avoid anti-submarine weapons and to ensure success in underwater combat; low detectability, in particular to airborne
497:
The practical problems with the design quickly became apparent and in 1963 the design team was replaced and a less radical design was proposed, increasing all main dimensions and the vessel weight by 800 tons and almost doubling the crew.
677:
The OK-550 plant was used on
Project 705, but later, on 705K, the BM-40A plant was installed due to the low reliability of the OK-550. While more reliable, BM-40A still turned out to be much more demanding in maintenance than older
1232:
1665:
1173:
was a covert United States military operation to retrieve 1,278 pounds (580 kg) of very highly enriched uranium fuel intended for the Alfa-class submarines from a warehouse at the Ulba
Metallurgical Plant outside
719:
The pressure hull was separated into six watertight compartments, of which only the third (center) compartment was manned and others were accessible only for maintenance. The third compartment had reinforced spherical
729:
weight of the reactor, sonar system, and transverse bulkheads. The common myth that the Alfas could dive to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) or deeper is rooted in
Western intelligence estimates made during the Cold War.
606:
Even though 1960s technology was barely sufficient to produce reliable LMRs, which are even today considered challenging, their advantages were considered compelling. Two power plants were developed independently,
2149:
724:
that could withstand the pressure at the test depth and offered additional protection to the crew in case of attack. To further enhance survivability, the ship was equipped with an ejectable rescue capsule.
772:(Rhythm) system controlling operation of all machinery aboard, eliminating the need for any personnel servicing reactor and other machinery, which was the main factor in reducing crew complement.
1572:
Rawool‐Sullivan, Mohini; Moskowitz, Paul D.; Shelenkova, Ludmila N. (2002). "Technical and proliferation‐related aspects of the dismantlement of
Russian Alfa‐Class nuclear submarines".
1966:
602:
Lead-bismuth cooled reactors are much lighter and smaller than water-cooled reactors, which was the primary factor when considering power plant choice for the Project 705 submarines.
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1683:
1144:
The technologies and solutions developed, tested, and perfected on Alfas formed the foundation for future designs. The suite of submarine control systems was later used in the
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2135:
1976:
756:(Ocean) automated hydroacoustic (sonar) system that provided target data to other systems and eliminated the need for crew members working with detection equipment.
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classified). The cans were loaded into 447 special fifty-five gallon drums for secure transport to the United States. Five C-5 Galaxys were dispatched from
372:
1828:
Bugreev, M. I.; Efimov, E. I.; Ignatiev, S. V.; Pankratov, D. V.; Tchitaykin, V. I. (2002). "Assessment of Spent Fuel of Alfa Class Nuclear Submarines".
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missile programs projects (the latter was cancelled when more definitive information about the Soviet project was known). The creation of the high-speed
1148:-class, or Project 971 attack submarines that have a crew of 50, more than the Alfa but still less than half as many as other attack submarines. The
2111:
1812:
1134:. However, the main thrust of Russian/Soviet SSN development was instead focused toward the larger, quieter boats that eventually became the
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766:(Bauxite) course control system, which integrated course, depth, trim, and speed control, for manual, automated, and programmed maneuvering.
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1644:
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weapon control system controlling attack, torpedo homing, and use of countermeasures, both by human command and automatically if required.
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2027:
1945:
1926:
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1627:
1535:
1100:
1971:
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pipes on Task Order 900. A move towards an integral pool-type reactor was considered the appropriate design evolution after this.
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Advisory group meeting on small power and heat generation systems on the basis of propulsion and innovative reactor technologies
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being used. As a result, the submarines were used as interceptors, mostly kept in port ready for a high-speed dash into the
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2020:
445:
590:
432:
Project 705 was first proposed in 1957 by M. G. Rusanov and the initial design work led by Rusanov began in May 1960 in
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599:
Liquid lead-bismuth systems can't cause an explosion and quickly solidify in case of a leak, greatly improving safety.
582:
484:
1063:
2004:
647:. However, the price for this was a very high noise level at burst speed. According to U.S. Naval Intelligence, the
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program, to create torpedoes with the range, speed, and intelligence to reliably pursue Alfa-class submarines.
1023:
652:
510:
406:
The Project 705 submarines had a unique design among other submarines. In addition to the revolutionary use of
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classes, combining the stealth and towed sonar array of the Victor III with the automation of the Alfa class.
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intended be able to defend herself successfully against attack submarines, therefore not needing patrolled
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Crush depth: possibly over 1300 m, depth figure contradicted by an authoritative Russian publication.
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until 1996. They were among the fastest military submarines ever built, with only the prototype submarine
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was also a response to the threat posed by the reported capabilities of submarines of the Project 705.
483:, staying in harbor or on patrol route and then racing out to reach an approaching fleet. A high-power
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440:, which would eventually become one of the three Soviet/Russian submarine design centers, along with
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with design task assigned to SKB-143, one of the two predecessors (the other being TsKB-16) of the
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1981:
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arrays, and also especially to active sonars; minimal displacement; and minimal crew complement.
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underwent a refit between 1983 and 1992 and had her reactor compartment replaced with a VM-4
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Lifetime without refueling can be increased more easily, in part due to higher efficiency.
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The power plant for the boat was a lead-bismuth cooled, beryllium-moderated reactor. Such
561:, Leningrad and at Sevmashpredpriyatiye (SEVMASH — Northern Machine-building Enterprise),
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1938:
Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, 1945–2001
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Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, 1945–2001
1219:
The first vessel was decommissioned in 1974. five more in 1990 and the seventh in 1996.
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2466:
1757:"Use of Russian technology of ship reactors with lead-bismuth coolant in nuclear power"
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Podvodnaya lodka-istrebitel Pr.705(705K), special issue "Tayfun", Sankt Peterburg, 2002
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Apart from the prototypes, all six Project 705 and 705K submarines were built with
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1239:, which was used to remove and store the reactors until they could be dismantled.
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Bellona: Spent nuclear fuel from liquid metal cooled reactor unloaded in Gremikha
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was devised, which was kept liquid in port through external heating. Extensive
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1841:
1699:"The Alfa-Class Was Russia's 'Race Car' Submarine (With One Special Feature)"
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526:(1,300 ft). This combined with other reports created some alarm in the
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designed and donated special equipment for a dedicated dry-dock (SD-10) in
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Production started in 1964 as Project 705 with construction at both the
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328:
1530:
Podvodnye Lodki, Tom I, Chast 2,Yu.V. Apalkov, Sankt Peterburg, 2003,
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A suite of new systems was developed for these submarines, including:
467:, six compartment vessel capable of very high speeds (in excess of 40
1228:
1182:, where it was stored with little protection after the fall of the
637:
for the primary cooling stage, and both producing 155 MW of power.
1666:"The ALFA SSN: Challenging Paradigms, Finding New Truths, 1969–79"
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would also greatly reduce the needed crew numbers to just 16 men.
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from 1971 into the early 1990s, with one serving later with the
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2016:
1233:
Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives
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40,000 shp (30,000 kW) steam turbine, one shaft
861:, lead-bismuth cooled, beryllium-moderated reactor, 155
1897:
Podvodnye Lodki, Yu.V. Apalkov, Sankt Peterburg, 2002,
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reactors have a number of advantages over other types:
1722:
Federation of American Scientists (December 8, 1998).
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1194:, and on 8 October 1994 the Sapphire Team flew out of
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Complement: 27 officers, 4–18 NCOs; Russian source: 32
479:)) and deep diving. The submarine would operate as an
463:
hull would be used to create a small, low drag, 1,500
1613:
1611:
1152:-class submarines represent a hybrid of the Alfa and
1962:
the Environmental Foundation Bellona: Nuclear Energy
1114:
them in case of war. The US replied by starting the
501:
A prototype of a similar design, the Project 661 or
2476:
2394:
2370:
2346:
2282:
2223:
2170:
2005:
Article in Russian Language from Russian Submarines
1977:The Russian Northern Fleet Nuclear-powered vessels
784:television optical system for outside observation.
1645:"Titanium Fills Vital Role for Boeing and Russia"
623:design bureau in Nizhniy Novgorod, both using a
255:Lead-bismuth cooled, beryllium-moderated reactor
403:Papa-class) exceeding them in submerged speed.
1294:Decommissioned August 19, 1974, for scrapping
285:41 knots (47 mph; 76 km/h) submerged
2143:
2028:
1450:Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping
1423:Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping
1399:Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping
1372:Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping
1348:Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping
8:
2117:List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
1750:
1748:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1463:List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
1321:Decommissioned July 31, 1996, for scrapping
1081:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
666:turbogenerators, with a backup 500 kW
2150:
2136:
2128:
2035:
2021:
2013:
530:and prompted the rapid development of the
2566:Russian and Soviet Navy submarine classes
1101:Learn how and when to remove this message
870:: OK-7K, 40,000 shp (30,000 kW)
589:Due to higher coolant temperature, their
1865:"Urgent to lift dumped K-27 nuclear sub"
1246:
941:MRK.50 (Snoop Tray) surface search radar
886:): ~40 knots (46 mph; 74 km/h)
1940:. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books Inc.
1478:
1830:MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive
1774:
1664:Thamm, Gerhardt (16 September 2008) .
1031:mandating that a valve to a sensitive
29:
27:Nuclear-powered attack submarine class
2561:Nuclear submarines of the Soviet Navy
2112:List of Soviet and Russian submarines
1936:Polmar, Norman; Moore, K. J. (2003).
7:
2172:Ballistic missile nuclear submarines
1734:from the original on 5 February 2006
1680:Center for the Study of Intelligence
1618:Polmar, Norman; Moore, K.J. (2005).
1196:McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base
1079:adding citations to reliable sources
1643:Kramer, Andrew E. (July 5, 2013).
1622:. Potomac Books Inc. p. 319.
25:
2225:Cruise missile nuclear submarines
1972:Federation of American Scientists
1921:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
1755:Zrodnikov, A V (20–24 Jul 1998).
410:for its hull, it used a powerful
1697:Roblin, Sebastien (2019-07-04).
1051:
89:
76:
51:An Alfa-class submarine underway
45:
33:
661:Propulsion was provided to the
295:350 m (1,148 ft) test
809:surfaced, 3,200 tons submerged
670:and a bank of 112 zinc-silver
615:(Hydropress) in Leningrad and
1:
1863:Nilsen, Thomas (2012-09-25).
1807:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
969:radio communications antennas
446:Lazurit Central Design Bureau
313:6 × 533 mm (21 in)
2349:ballistic missile submarines
2165:submarine classes after 1945
1548:"Fastest military submarine"
1036:it entirely with a new one.
778:radiation monitoring system.
513:(referred to by NATO as the
1990:Article in Russian Language
1781:: CS1 maint: date format (
1574:The Nonproliferation Review
2587:
1919:The World's Worst Warships
1468:Future of the Russian Navy
1163:
680:pressurized water reactors
593:is up to 1.5 times higher.
2529:
2381:644/665 Whiskey (missile)
2373:cruise missile submarines
2284:Nuclear attack submarines
2107:
2050:
1805:The Twilight of the Bombs
1728:Military Analysis Network
1586:10.1080/10736700208436881
1225:pressurized water reactor
1118:program, and the British
1024:loss-of-coolant accidents
993:luch mine detection sonar
953:underwater communications
364:
218:81.4 m (267 ft)
176:
56:
44:
32:
1917:Preston, Antony (2002).
1842:10.1557/PROC-713-JJ11.61
1803:Rhodes, Richard (2010).
999:sonar intercept receiver
959:satellite communications
511:cruise missile submarine
186:Nuclear attack submarine
2463:(development suspended)
1671:Studies in Intelligence
947:navigation system radar
797:General characteristics
234:7.6 m (25 ft)
226:9.5 m (31 ft)
177:General characteristics
1724:"Run Silent, Run Deep"
1686:on September 19, 2008.
1552:Guinness World Records
1435:Admiralty (Sudomekh),
1411:SEVMASH, Severodvinsk
1384:Admiralty (Sudomekh),
1360:SEVMASH, Severodvinsk
1333:Admiralty (Sudomekh),
1279:Admiralty (Sudomekh),
830:Usual operation: 350 m
762:navigation system and
565:. The lead boat – the
438:Malakhit Design Bureau
423:Design and development
39:Alfa-class SSN profile
2556:Alfa-class submarines
2044:Alfa-class submarines
1703:The National Interest
1198:in three blacked out
975:combat control system
355:, Soviet designation
2536:Single ship of class
2478:Auxiliary submarines
2339:(under construction)
1205:Dover Air Force Base
1188:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
1075:improve this section
987:active/passive sonar
517:), was built at the
385:in service with the
18:Alfa class submarine
1420:September 30, 1981
1417:September 21, 1980
1345:September 30, 1978
1248:
981:fire control system
583:liquid metal cooled
485:liquid-metal cooled
442:Rubin Design Bureau
401:NATO reporting name
373:NATO reporting name
1995:2007-03-24 at the
1867:. Barents Observer
1763:(IAEA-TECDOC-1172)
1650:The New York Times
1447:December 30, 1981
1396:December 29, 1979
1369:December 31, 1978
1363:November 12, 1967
1318:December 12, 1977
1312:December 22, 1967
1291:December 31, 1971
1247:
930:a mix of the above
892:: 6 × 533 mm
378:), was a class of
2571:Submarine classes
2543:
2542:
2445:636 Improved Kilo
2397:attack submarines
2307:671RTM Victor III
2125:
2124:
1814:978-0-307-26754-2
1454:
1453:
1414:January 21, 1972
1366:November 3, 1977
1124:Spearfish torpedo
1111:
1110:
1103:
708:maneuverability.
684:superheated steam
591:energy efficiency
543:Spearfish torpedo
383:attack submarines
349:
348:
303:31 (all officers)
115:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
2578:
2337:09851 Khabarovsk
2210:667BDRM Delta IV
2200:667BDR Delta III
2152:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1986:
1951:
1932:
1905:
1895:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1772:
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1768:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1682:. Archived from
1661:
1655:
1654:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1528:
1501:
1498:
1249:
1171:Project Sapphire
1166:Project Sapphire
1160:Project Sapphire
1106:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1055:
1047:
668:diesel generator
537:program and the
519:SEVMASH shipyard
366:
357:Project 705 Lira
95:
93:
92:
82:
80:
79:
49:
37:
30:
21:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
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2577:
2576:
2575:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2525:
2472:
2390:
2366:
2342:
2302:671RT Victor II
2278:
2248:670M Charlie II
2219:
2166:
2156:
2126:
2121:
2103:
2046:
2041:
2007:
1999:
1997:Wayback Machine
1984:
1958:
1948:
1935:
1929:
1916:
1913:
1911:Further reading
1908:
1896:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1802:
1801:
1790:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1754:
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1746:
1737:
1735:
1721:
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1716:
1707:
1705:
1696:
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1663:
1662:
1658:
1642:
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1637:
1630:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1529:
1504:
1499:
1480:
1476:
1459:
1444:March 30, 1981
1393:April 19, 1978
1339:April 26, 1969
1288:April 22, 1969
1245:
1217:
1215:Decommissioning
1178:in far eastern
1176:Ust-Kamenogorsk
1168:
1162:
1107:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1072:
1056:
1045:
1039:
1020:
918:cruise missiles
844:Compartments: 6
799:
735:
705:
651:was similar to
579:
555:
488:nuclear reactor
430:
425:
380:nuclear-powered
90:
88:
77:
75:
52:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
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2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:945A Sierra II
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:667BD Delta II
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1956:External links
1954:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1933:
1927:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1877:
1855:
1820:
1813:
1788:
1744:
1714:
1689:
1656:
1635:
1628:
1607:
1580:(1): 161–171.
1564:
1539:
1502:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:June 26, 1975
1439:
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1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:June 26, 1972
1388:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:July 25, 1974
1340:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:April 4, 1976
1313:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1292:
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1277:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
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1241:
1216:
1213:
1164:Main article:
1161:
1158:
1109:
1108:
1059:
1057:
1050:
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1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
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1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
960:
954:
948:
942:
933:
932:
931:
928:
921:
911:
887:
880:
871:
868:Steam turbines
865:
859:BM-40A reactor
855:OK-550 reactor
848:
845:
842:
841:
840:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
812:Length: 81.4 m
810:
798:
795:
786:
785:
779:
773:
767:
757:
751:
745:
734:
733:Control system
731:
704:
701:
649:tactical speed
613:OKB Gidropress
604:
603:
600:
597:
594:
578:
575:
571:Northern Fleet
559:Admiralty yard
554:
551:
461:titanium alloy
429:
426:
424:
421:
417:North Atlantic
347:
346:
345:
344:
338:
331:
318:
309:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
287:
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283:
266:
262:
261:
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259:
256:
240:
236:
235:
232:
228:
227:
224:
220:
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212:
211:
210:
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193:
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188:
183:
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174:
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170:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
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126:
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116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
100:
99:
86:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
57:Class overview
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2583:
2572:
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2522:
2519:
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2507:
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2499:
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2481:
2479:
2475:
2468:
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2462:
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2453:
2451:
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2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2395:Conventional
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2371:Conventional
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:AV611 Zulu IV
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2347:Conventional
2345:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:705/705K Alfa
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:627A November
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:949A Oscar II
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:670 Charlie I
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
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2160:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1982:Storm of Deep
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1947:1-57488-594-4
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1928:0-85177-754-6
1924:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1903:5-8172-0069-4
1900:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1629:1-57488-530-8
1625:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:5-8172-0072-4
1533:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:June 2, 1968
1284:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:Commissioned
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1105:
1102:
1094:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1060:This section
1058:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:Leningrad-705
977:
974:
971:
968:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:
934:
929:
926:
922:
919:
916:
912:
909:
905:
902:
898:
897:
895:
894:torpedo tubes
891:
888:
885:
881:
879:
875:
872:
869:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
849:
846:
843:
838:
835:
832:
829:
828:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
804:
801:
800:
796:
794:
790:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
739:
738:
732:
730:
726:
723:
717:
714:
709:
702:
700:
696:
692:
689:
685:
681:
675:
673:
669:
664:
659:
657:
655:
650:
646:
645:
638:
636:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
601:
598:
595:
592:
588:
587:
586:
584:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
552:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
495:
493:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
428:Preproduction
427:
422:
420:
418:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
397:
392:
388:
384:
381:
377:
374:
370:
362:
358:
354:
343:
339:
336:
335:VA-111 Shkval
332:
330:
327:
323:
319:
316:
315:torpedo tubes
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
302:
299:
298:
294:
291:
290:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:
267:
264:
263:
257:
254:
250:
246:
243:
242:
241:
238:
237:
233:
230:
229:
225:
222:
221:
217:
214:
213:
207:
203:
200:
196:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
175:
171:
168:
167:
163:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
147:
144:
143:
139:
136:
135:
131:
128:
127:
124:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
98:
87:
85:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
60:
55:
48:
43:
36:
31:
19:
2516:210 Losharik
2506:1910 Uniform
2317:945 Sierra I
2311:
2297:671 Victor I
2190:667B Delta I
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2043:
2008:(in Russian)
2000:(in Russian)
1985:(in Russian)
1937:
1918:
1869:. Retrieved
1858:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1804:
1777:cite journal
1767:23 September
1765:. Retrieved
1760:
1736:. Retrieved
1727:
1717:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:
1692:
1684:the original
1675:
1669:
1659:
1648:
1638:
1619:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1556:. Retrieved
1554:. 2019-07-04
1551:
1542:
1429:
1405:
1378:
1354:
1327:
1308:Severodvinsk
1300:
1273:
1220:
1218:
1184:Soviet Union
1169:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1112:
1097:
1088:
1073:Please help
1061:
1038:
1029:
1021:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
803:Displacement
791:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
759:
753:
747:
741:
736:
727:
718:
710:
706:
697:
693:
676:
660:
658:submarines.
653:
642:
639:
605:
580:
566:
563:Severodvinsk
556:
523:Severodvinsk
506:
505:(since 1978
502:
500:
496:
458:
450:
431:
412:lead-bismuth
405:
395:
391:Russian Navy
375:
356:
352:
350:
192:Displacement
119:Sierra class
109:Victor class
97:Russian Navy
2521:20120 Sarov
2496:1710 Beluga
2430:641 Foxtrot
2410:613 Whiskey
2386:651 Juliett
2258:949 Oscar I
2238:675 Echo II
2205:941 Typhoon
2185:667A Yankee
1141:submarine.
686:. Near the
481:interceptor
387:Soviet Navy
367:, meaning "
123:Akula class
105:Preceded by
84:Soviet Navy
2550:Categories
2469:(proposed)
2457:(proposed)
2435:641B Tango
2415:615 Quebec
2275:(proposed)
2233:659 Echo I
1871:2012-08-02
1738:2006-03-18
1708:2019-10-30
1558:2021-03-06
1474:References
1258:Laid down
1200:C-5 Galaxy
1192:tiger team
1180:Kazakhstan
1154:Victor III
1120:Royal Navy
951:MG-21 Rosa
874:Propulsion
834:Test depth
577:Propulsion
553:Production
547:Royal Navy
515:Papa class
492:automation
475:; 74
459:A special
353:Alfa class
300:Complement
292:Test depth
282:) surfaced
278:; 22
239:Propulsion
137:In service
65:Alfa class
2511:865 Losos
2501:1840 Lima
2491:940 India
2486:690 Bravo
2425:633 Romeo
2420:617 Whale
2332:971 Akula
2273:545 Laika
2268:885 Yasen
2215:955 Borei
2180:658 Hotel
1850:0272-9172
1602:146142267
1594:1073-6700
1437:Leningrad
1386:Leningrad
1335:Leningrad
1306:SEVMASH,
1281:Leningrad
1261:Launched
1255:Shipyard
1091:July 2020
1062:does not
1033:manometer
1018:Incidents
1009:Chrome-KM
935:Systems:
901:torpedoes
884:submerged
878:propeller
722:bulkheads
672:batteries
644:Spearfish
539:Sea Lance
528:U.S. Navy
471:(46
434:Leningrad
337:torpedoes
329:torpedoes
274:(14
208:submerged
161:Cancelled
153:Completed
140:1971–1996
132:1968–1981
70:Operators
2450:677 Lada
2440:877 Kilo
2405:611 Zulu
2362:629 Golf
2327:685 Mike
2253:661 Papa
1993:Archived
1732:Archived
1457:See also
1237:Gremikha
1209:Delaware
1132:bastions
908:SAET-60A
890:Armament
805:: 2,300
713:titanium
654:Sturgeon
635:solution
625:eutectic
408:titanium
308:Armament
270:12
201:surfaced
2163:Russian
1267:Status
1083:removed
1068:sources
1005:ESM/ECM
997:Yenisei
957:Molniya
915:SS-N-15
904:SET-65A
882:Speed (
851:Reactor
836:: 400 m
827:Depth:
824:: 7.6 m
818:: 9.5 m
632:bismuth
619:by the
545:by the
535:torpedo
361:Russian
231:Draught
169:Retired
145:Planned
2467:Kalina
2159:Soviet
1944:
1925:
1901:
1848:
1811:
1626:
1600:
1592:
1534:
1229:France
1139:-class
1043:Impact
1003:Bukhta
973:Accord
965:&
923:20–24
913:18–20
899:18–20
764:Boksit
748:Sargan
742:Akkord
656:-class
617:OK-550
609:BM-40A
326:53-65K
322:SET-65
317:(bow):
251:, 155-
249:BM-40A
245:OK-550
215:Length
204:3,200
197:2,300
94:
81:
2461:S1000
2098:K-493
2091:K-463
2084:K-432
2077:K-373
2070:K-316
2063:K-123
1678:(3).
1598:S2CID
1430:K-463
1406:K-493
1379:K-373
1355:K-432
1328:K-316
1301:K-123
1243:Units
1221:K-123
1150:Akula
1146:Akula
1137:Akula
1116:ADCAP
991:MG-24
985:Ocean
967:Tissa
939:Topol
925:mines
822:Draft
754:Okean
688:piers
663:screw
532:ADCAP
507:K-222
503:K-162
469:knots
396:K-222
342:mines
265:Speed
129:Built
2455:Amur
2161:and
2056:K-64
1942:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1846:ISSN
1809:ISBN
1783:link
1769:2024
1624:ISBN
1590:ISSN
1532:ISBN
1274:K-64
1122:the
1066:any
1064:cite
1022:Two
963:Vint
945:Sozh
927:(or)
920:(or)
910:(or)
876:: 1
816:Beam
807:tons
782:TV-1
776:Alfa
770:Ritm
760:Sozh
703:Hull
628:lead
621:OKBM
567:K-64
477:km/h
444:and
376:Alfa
369:Lyre
365:Лира
351:The
280:km/h
223:Beam
206:tons
199:tons
182:Type
62:Name
1838:doi
1834:713
1582:doi
1231:'s
1077:by
1011:IFF
906:or
857:or
611:by
521:in
473:mph
465:ton
454:MAD
371:",
340:24
333:20
324:or
320:18
276:mph
253:MWt
247:or
2552::
1880:^
1844:.
1836:.
1832:.
1791:^
1779:}}
1775:{{
1759:.
1747:^
1730:.
1726:.
1701:.
1676:37
1674:.
1668:.
1647:.
1610:^
1596:.
1588:.
1576:.
1550:.
1505:^
1481:^
1252:#
1207:,
896::
863:MW
853::
674:.
573:.
509:)
448:.
419:.
363::
272:kn
121:,
2533:S
2151:e
2144:t
2137:v
2036:e
2029:t
2022:v
1950:.
1931:.
1874:.
1852:.
1840::
1817:.
1785:)
1771:.
1741:.
1711:.
1653:.
1632:.
1604:.
1584::
1578:9
1561:.
1104:)
1098:(
1093:)
1089:(
1085:.
1071:.
630:-
399:(
359:(
172:7
164:1
156:7
148:8
20:)
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