376:
At the 1907 Eighth
Zionist Congress, Nossig advocated a broad approach to Zionism across the Jewish European communities, with urban and rural settlements both in Palestine and in neighbouring lands. As a member of the propaganda committee of the WZO, he set out plans for a Zionist news agency and newspaper, and advocate cooperation with the Ottoman Empire to establish settlements. However, Nossig's personality continued to alienate supporters and he had little direct involvement with the WZO after 1908. In that year he founded his own organization, the "Allgemeine Jüdische Kolonisations-Organisation" (AJKO), and in the following years undertook a number of initiatives to work with the leaders of the
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245:(1901). An acquaintance of that period wrote of him: "The root of his soul: a poetic Jewishness; the source of his innermost hidden life: the national revival of the Jewish people; his bearing, his manners, his behaviour towards other human beings, his entire outward mask: a perfect Pole; his culture, his work-style and meticulousness: really true German."
432:". He published his ideas in an essay "Zionism and Jewishness: Crisis and Solution" (1922). Return visits to Poland later in the decade showed he had little political influence either with the Polish government or with the Jewish community, and rumours again began to circulate that Nossig was acting in the interests of the German government.
480:
According to some of Nossig's executioners, a
Gestapo identity card and a six-page dossier on the Jewish underground movement were recovered from his personal effects after his execution. He was buried in the Jewish cemetery at Okopowa Street in Warsaw. The exact site of his burial is unknown; only a
227:
in
Palestine and adjacent countries. He also undertook and published research into statistics of the Jewish population of Central Europe to substantiate his ideas. Nossig's defection from assimilationist to nationalist Jewish opinions – it has been claimed that he was the first person to use the word
375:
that year. At the congress Nossig and his allies criticized Herzl for seeking to "buy" a homeland in
Palestine, leaving Jews open to the historic allegation that Jews were 'dealers', rather than establishing themselves by work. This intervention cost him the personal support of Weizmann and others.
132:
Jewish partisans confronted Nossig in his apartment, demanding answers for the accusations. While being questioned, Nossig fell to his knees and begged for his life, threatening them that the
Germans would retaliate if he was killed. Undeterred, the partisans executed him. After searching his body,
156:). Nossig's father exposed him to German culture and was an activist for Jewish rights in Galicia, serving as secretary of the Jewish community there. In the early 1880s, Polish romanticism inspired Nossig to formulate ideas about Jewish assimilation in Polish culture, which he expressed in the
447:
In 1938, when he was 75 years old, Nossig was living in Prague, where he was described by the writer Josef
Fraenkel as "old, ill and senile. A German nurse took care of him." At the outbreak of war Nossig fled to Poland and was placed in the care of the Jewish Welfare Board in Warsaw.
477:, held an impromptu trial and sentenced him to death. Nossig had fallen to his knees and begged for his life, threatening them with German retaliation if he was killed. Undeterred, the partisans executed him in his apartment by shooting on 22 February 1943. He was 78 years old.
416:, and the Polish Jewish community. He hoped to unite the various Jewish factions into a single representative body. However due to divisions in Polish Jewry between assimilationists, traditionalists, Zionists and socialists, and given the fundamental anti-semitism of
472:
In unclear circumstances Nossig became talked of in the Ghetto as a collaborator with the
Germans. Nossig was accused of providing regular reports to the Nazis on Jewish underground activities in the ghetto, and an underground resistance group, the
423:
Nossig left Poland, and sought to establish a world-wide support organization for Jewry. In this context he rebuked existing
Zionist leadership for its insensitivity to Arab concerns, and distanced himself from the extreme Jewish nationalism of
463:
permission to emigrate for some Jewish leaders, without (of course) any result; emigration became expressly forbidden in
November 1940. Nossig was then made director of the Arts and Culture department of the ghetto, with no noteworthy effect.
401:, then Turkish Minister of the Interior, in Berlin, who offered him vague promises. After inconclusive talks, negotiations in Constantinople folded; however the impression remained with some (including the US Ambassador in Constantinople,
306:
In 1900 Nossig moved again, this time to Berlin. He published in that year an essay calling for world peace on the basis of treaties to be agreed by all
European nations – a sort of early
444:, entitled "The Holy Mountain", and exhibited a model of this in Berlin in 1936. Before the war, Nossig was offered asylum in Palestine, but refused to leave Berlin without his statues.
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989:
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work in the Polish language. It was titled "An Attempt to Solve the Jewish Problem" (Próba rozwiązania kwestji źydowskiej), and argued that there is no future for the Jews in the
389:
During World War I, he organized in 1915 the provision of a medical unit to the Turkish forces, financed by German Jewish organizations, in an attempt to persuade Sultan
459:, was told to employ him, apparently by the German authorities, and Nossig was appointed as ghetto emigration officer; in this position he sought to negotiate with the
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576:
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of November 1917, Nossig was enlisted by some German Zionist organizations to help lobby for a Turkish equivalent of the Declaration. On 5 January 1918, Nossig met
231:
In 1892, Nossig was living in Vienna where he was active as an art-curator and writer, and moved in artistic circles. His friends included the pianist and composer
440:
Living in Berlin during the early years of the Nazi regime, he began to conceive of a sculptured monument including over 20 statues, which he intended to erect on
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914:
412:, with his old friend Paderewski as its Prime Minister, gave Nossig the opportunity of acting as a mediator between the Government of Paderewski's successor,
163:(The Fatherland) and in an organization (which he himself founded) called "Przymierze Braci" (Union of Brothers). He was a pioneer in the field of Jewish
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During this period, Nossig was also active as a (self-taught) sculptor, exhibiting in Paris, Vienna and Berlin. His subjects included
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was also based in Paris as a newspaper correspondent. Nossig was critical of Herzl's Zionist tactics, but was involved with plans by
863:
252:. While there he wrote a detailed essay in German, "Social Hygiene of the Jews and Ancient Oriental People", seeking to establish
637:
393:
to accept the immigration of Eastern European Jews. Neither this nor further visits had any effect. In the period following the
195:
Nossige began to write theatre reviews for Polish and Jewish newspapers, and in 1888 published his first collection of poems,
919:
314:. He also associated with the so-called "practical Zionists" who stayed a clear distance from the activities of Herzl's
295:
944:
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340:. In other writings he also continued as a playwright and wrote a study "Revision der Socialismus (A Revision of
332:. Developing an "Association for Jewish Statistics" he argued that the resulting evidence would not only counter
171:, winning a prize in 1884 from the university senate for his essay "O ludności" (On Population). Nossig's sister
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868:
Hart, Mitchell (1995). "Moses the Microbiologist: Judaism and Social Hygiene in the Work of Alfred Nossig". In
413:
371:
hoping to establish a Jewish university. Weizmann nominated Nossig to take part in the Zionist Congress at
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175:(1855–1939) was active in Polish social democratic politics and women's rights, and was the mother of the
69:
757:
762:
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Zylberberg, Michael (1989). "The Trial of Alfred Nossig – Traitor or Victim". In Michael Marrus (ed.),
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on health and hygiene as amongst the founding works on modern hygienic standards. At this time
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in Constantinople, frequently visiting there. In 1911 he claimed to the British paper
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In 1894 Nossig moved to Paris, where he was a correspondent of the Polish newspaper
528:"Moses the Microbiologist: Judaism and Social Hygiene in the Work of Alfred Nossig"
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that the AJKO would benefit Britain by diverting the flow of Russian immigrants.
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420:(who in reality held political power in the new state), no progress was made.
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Nossig was a eugenicist who believed in the "biological superiority" of Jews.
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29:
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fragment of a plaque from his tombstone (in plot 67, row 7) has survived.
638:"Ost und West : illustrierte Monatsschrift für das gesamte Judentum"
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405:), that Nossig had been acting as an agent for the German authorities.
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against the Roman Empire. In 1887, Nossig had published the first
87:
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318:(WZO). He also sat on the board of the Jewish publishing house
110:
125:. Other Jews later accused Nossig of collaborating with the
825:
Cemeteries of the capital city of Warsaw. Jewish cemeteries
840:
Almog, Shmuel (2008). "Alfred Nossig: A Reappraisal". In
310:– as a part of which Jews would be enabled to settle in
800:"Alfred Nossig, Jewish Intellectual and Jewish Traitor"
183:, (whose father was probably the socialist politician
614:
612:
344:)", which emphasized the social messages of Judaism.
884:
The Nazi Holocaust. Part 6: Victims of the Holocaust
886:, vol. 1, pp. 239–247. Berlin: De Gruyter Saur
76:
54:
36:
20:
326:, and became a regular contributor to the journal
408:The formation of an independent Poland after the
286:, as well as portrait busts of Paderewski and of
995:Executed Polish collaborators with Nazi Germany
990:Executed Jewish collaborators with Nazi Germany
577:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
228:'Zionist' – caused controversy in his circles.
965:20th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights
925:19th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights
144:Alfred Nossig was born to a wealthy family in
8:
827:Warsaw: Rokart, 2003. ISBN 83-916419-3-7 .
28:
17:
109:(18 April 1864 – 22 February 1943) was a
597:Górnicka-Boratyńska (1999), pp. 128–147
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935:Polish male dramatists and playwrights
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563:
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428:, whom he characterized as "a Jewish
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1000:People executed by Poland by firearm
915:People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto
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367:In 1903 Nossig worked closely with
203:. He subsequently published a play
854:Górnicka-Boratyńska, Aneta (1999)
113:sculptor, writer, and activist in
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940:Jewish dramatists and playwrights
117:and Polish civil society. During
970:20th-century Polish male writers
930:19th-century Polish male writers
858:. Warsaw: Fundacja Res Publica.
167:during his time as a student at
1005:Proponents of scientific racism
872:, Autumn 1995, pp. 72–97.
1:
975:Polish spies for Nazi Germany
960:19th-century Polish sculptors
955:20th-century Polish sculptors
844:vol. 4 no. 1, pp. 1–29.
199:, which won a competition in
148:(now Lviv), then part of the
133:they found German documents.
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351:Nossig (2nd from left) with
296:Empress Elisabeth of Austria
223:; thus, Jews must establish
985:Executed Gestapo informants
646:Goethe University Frankfurt
225:their own independent state
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710:Zylberberg (1989), p. 240.
475:Jewish Combat Organization
316:World Zionist Organization
58:22 February 1943 (aged 78)
850:10.1080/13531048308575834
746:Zylberberg (1989), p. 241
665:Almog (2008), pp. 6–7, 11
27:
728:Almog (2008), pp. 19–20
719:Almog (2008), pp. 16–19
235:, for whom he wrote the
211:, the instigator of the
789:Almog (2008), pp. 22–28
756:Baer, Bernhard (1936).
737:Almog (2008), pp. 20–21
701:Almog (2008), pp. 14–15
692:Almog (2008), pp. 12–13
683:Almog (2008), pp. 10–11
526:Hart, Mitchell (1995).
92:Sculpture by Nossig of
674:Almog (2008), pp. 8–10
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70:German-occupied Poland
920:Polish male sculptors
870:Jewish Social Studies
627:Hart (1995), pp. 71–5
618:Almog (2008), pp. 3–4
532:Jewish Social Studies
502:"The Terrible Choice"
378:Young Turk Revolution
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121:, he was held in the
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81:Execution by shooting
410:Treaty of Versailles
403:Henry Morgenthau Sr.
856:Chcemy całego życia
804:The Jewish Magazine
780:Almog (2008), p. 22
570:Bauer, Ela (2010).
395:Balfour Declaration
179:socialist activist
77:Cause of death
945:Jewish eugenicists
842:Studies in Zionism
770:. Berlin: 560–562.
758:"Der heilige Berg"
606:Almog (2008), p. 2
452:, the head of the
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363:, late summer 1915
338:Jewish self-hatred
169:Lemberg University
104:
950:Opera librettists
910:Artists from Lviv
506:www.jewishgen.org
418:Marshal Piłsudski
414:Władysław Grabski
312:Ottoman Palestine
213:Bar Kochba revolt
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302:Zionist activism
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205:King of the Jews
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905:1943 deaths
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399:Talat Pasha
361:Halil Pasha
357:Enver Pasha
353:Talat Pasha
322:along with
101: 1900
894:Categories
806:. May 2009
763:Der Morgen
485:References
442:Mount Zion
436:Last years
292:death-mask
288:Max Nordau
254:Mosaic law
233:Paderewski
165:demography
158:periodical
651:2 January
583:23 August
544:0021-6704
342:Socialism
336:but also
140:Biography
457:Judenrat
391:Mehmed V
290:, and a
237:libretto
221:Diaspora
161:Ojczyzna
878:4467641
552:4467461
511:9 March
461:Gestapo
430:Trotsky
217:Zionist
177:Marxist
154:Ukraine
146:Lemberg
127:Gestapo
115:Zionism
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862:
550:
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359:, and
280:, and
207:about
201:Warsaw
197:Poezje
111:Jewish
66:Warsaw
874:JSTOR
810:3 May
548:JSTOR
468:Death
373:Basel
242:Manru
152:(now
860:ISBN
812:2023
653:2022
585:2014
540:ISSN
513:2024
269:The
55:Died
44:Lviv
37:Born
846:doi
294:of
187:).
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