471:'s historic Slavic provinces should Pan-Slavist ideology take root. It would equally threaten its military security and economic future. Aehrenthal moved quickly, faster than Izvolsky. He acted on 3 October 1908 under the premise that Austria-Hungary was taking control of Bosnia-Herzogovina so that the people there could enjoy the benefits of the empire as a reward for economic advancement since first being administered back in 1878. A seething Serbia could hardly believe this action and demanded Russian intervention. This left Izvolsky holding the bag. He announced his plans for the free passage of Russian warships though the Turkish straits but was shot down by every other signatory to the treaty, especially Britain. The British said they would consider opening up the straits to all warships but would not limit it to Russian ships alone. This is hardly what Izvolsky had in mind since this had the potential of letting belligerent ships into the Black Sea. Germany at first viewed the whole tangle with disdain, taking the Turkish side. The Kaiser had been working on strengthening relations with Turkey and, now with the chance of Ottoman recovery, he wished to stay this course.
426:
in opposition. Mass demonstrations broke out across the continent. Rome took advantage of the situation by reversing its friendship with Vienna. Berlin officials were surprised and appalled. The
British were especially angry, denouncing the violation of an international agreement signed by both Austria-Hungary and Britain. France denounced the scheme. The Ottoman Empire was surprised by the unexpected development, but was quieted by the cash payment. By far the angriest reaction came from Serbia, which called for revenge, and began setting up secret guerrilla bands, plotting insurrection in Bosnia. All across Europe the chief blame was placed on Berlin, not Vienna. Europeans feared the powerful
483:
and
Izvolsky and Germany sent a vaguely-worded threat to Izvolsky, stating they would "let things take their course." The fact that she had betrayed her Slav ally beforehand was not a fact that Russia wished widely publicized. Izvolsky remained at his post for three more years but his reputation was ruined beyond repair. The Russians backed down and urged Serbia to do likewise, which she did and declared publicly that the annexation was none of her business. War was averted for the time being, but the results were a bitter Russia and an enraged Serbia. Russia vowed, if ever confronted in this manner again, that she would not back down - a vow that would be kept in a few years.
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continued demands for an international conference constituted a hostile action that would increase the risk of war with
Germany. Coupled with Austrian threats to publish details of the secret meeting between Aehrenthal and Izvolsky, Russia backed down. Thanks to the German intervention, Austria-Hungary scored a complete short-term diplomatic success in taking control of Bosnia. in the long run however, Germany and Austria both made many too enemies, as the battle lines of World War I started to harden.
422:
Aehrenthal assumed he had full
Russian approval for his scheme, but without planned dates. Izvolsky assumed he would be informed before any actual move happened. Aehrenthal vaguely informed all the major countries but gave no details. The world was astonished on October 6, 1908, when a press release in Vienna announced that Bosnia was fully annexed. Inside Austria-Hungary there was general approval except in Czech areas—that minority strongly felt its demands had been deliberately ignored.
345:. Here he succeeded in strengthening the relations between the courts of Vienna and Bucharest by renewing the secret alliance which it had signed in 1883. In 1899 he became ambassador in St. Petersburg, where he remained until his appointment as Foreign Minister in October 1906. Aehrenthal at this time thought that it was essential for Austria-Hungary to come to an agreement with Russia. In this sense he endeavoured to continue the negotiations successfully begun by his predecessor, Prince
865:
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439:, who turned instead to Russia and Serbia. Although Austria-Hungary had no intention to embark on additional expansion to the south, Aehrenthal encouraged speculation to that effect, expecting it would paralyze the Balkan states. Instead, it incited them to feverish activity to create a defensive block to stop Austria-Hungary. A series of grave miscalculations at the highest level thus significantly strengthened Austria-Hungary's enemies.
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ethnic affiliations. His actions precipitated an international crisis because he sought to achieve his objectives by negotiation of
Russian acceptance of the annexation in exchange for Austro-Hungarian support for greater Russian access from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean through the Straits of the Dardanelles (at the expense of the
453:
For
Aehrenthal, a German and a staunch monarchist, there was a direct threat in the Pan-Slav emergent nationalism of the kind that a consolidated Yugo (south) Slav Confederation led by Serbia represented. The gradual consolidation of the Yugo-Slavs (in the name of the 'new centuries' idea of national
425:
Aehrenthal had expected wide
European approval and instead he faced a hostile volcanic eruption from every direction. Izvolsky vehemently denounced the treachery and demanded an international conference on Bosnia. After decades of low level activity, pan-Slavic forces inside Russia suddenly mobilized
276:
There were however, inaccurate rumors about his ancestors spread by his enemies that he was in reality of a commercial-bourgeois and jewish origin: namely that he was the grandson of a certain Lexa, a Jewish grain merchant of Prague, who had acquired great wealth through speculation and trade and was
434:
Aehrenthal had started with the assumption that the Slavic minorities could never come together, and the Balkan League would never accomplish any damage to
Austria-Hungary. He turned down an Ottoman proposal for an alliance that would include Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Romania. However his policies
364:
as minister of foreign affairs. He at first maintained the views which he had professed as ambassador. He was determined to preserve the interests of
Austria-Hungary in the Balkans, but also showed himself prepared to meet the Russian wishes in the Dardanelles question. However, in the course of the
482:
mobilized. Germany now took the Austro-Hungarian side stating it would stick by its ally. Russia, wishing to support Serbia, but not really ready for war with
Germany and Austria-Hungary was forced to back away when the Austrians threatened to publish the details of the agreement between Aehrenthal
412:
since 1878 but the Ottoman Empire retained nominal sovereignty. Aehrenthal concocted a grand diplomatic deal that proposed major benefits for both sides. Austria-Hungary would gain full possession of Bosnia with Russian approval. The Ottoman Empire would regain full control of the Austrian occupied
297:
regarded him as the cleverest and perhaps the least scrupulous of Austrian statesmen. He undoubtedly showed himself to be an able and ambitious diplomat, a cool negotiator, a wide-awake observer, a patient listener, a discreet talker endowed with great outward calm but with a lively and dominating
207:
and their integration into the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1908. With the annexation he sought to permanently block in the Balkan south of the empire the emergence of inter- and intra-ethnic nationalisms amongst the multiplicity of peoples there on the basis of their shared religious beliefs and
466:
were the crown lands of his Ost-Mark German nobility, which ruled over a host of emergent Slav and Pan-Slav ethnicities: Pole, Czech, Ruthenian, Slovakian, and Ukrainian. In Serbia’s consolidation of Bosnia-Herzegovina into herself, there was the clear roadmap to the dissolution of most of the
430:
and took the episode as proof of its expansionist intentions. Berlin now realized it stood alone, with Austria-Hungary its only friend. It therefore decided it would firmly support Austria-Hungary despite doubts about the wisdom of annexing Bosnia. Berlin explicitly warned St Petersburg that
421:
would get zero. Before approaching the Russians, Aehrenthal met with Austrian and Hungarian officials and won the approval of Emperor Franz Joseph I. On September 15–16 Aehrenthal and Izvolsky held a secret meeting. No record was kept—and afterwards both sides remembered it very differently.
192:. Biographer Solomon Wank says he exuded a strong monarchical-conservative outlook, loyalty to the Empire, and optimism regarding its ability to survive and flourish in the early 20th century. He is best known for promoting an energetic foreign policy in the Balkans, seeking cooperation with
387:. Both were motivated by political ambition; the first would emerge successful, and the latter would be broken by the crisis. Along the way, they would drag Europe to the brink of war in 1909. They would also divide Europe into the two armed camps that would indeed go to war in July 1914.
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Austro-Hungarian Empire. More importantly, this Pan-Slav self-determinant nationalism pointed the way to the loss of the defendable military, political, and economic boundaries of the empire. Aehrenthal’s Hungarian noble half saw an equally strong threat with the loss of
1961:
1986:
227:. The annexation ultimately damaged Austro-Russian collaboration on settling Balkan questions. Also, it stirred chauvinist popular emotion in Russia, which felt humiliated in a sphere of vital interest to it.
398:
strait connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The treaty prohibited the passage of any warships from any country into or out of the Black Sea. This treaty bottled up a major portion of the Russian
407:
of 1904-1905 when it was urgently needed. Izvolsky wanted this changed to allow the passage of Russian ships through the straits. Aehrenthal wanted full control of Bosnia-Herzogovina. Austria-Hungary had
1941:
349:, for the bridging over of the differences on Balkan questions between Vienna and St. Petersburg, in order to create a basis for a permanent friendly relation between Austria-Hungary and Russia.
1971:
1966:
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265:. His father was a powerful leader of the Constitutionally Loyal Large Landowners party in Bohemia. His great-grandfather Johann Anton Lexa (1733-1824), from a rural background in
204:
1803:
In the Twilight of Empire. Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal (1854–1912): Imperial Habsburg Patriot and Statesman. Vol. 2: From Foreign Minister in Waiting to de facto Chancellor
1946:
330:, with whom he formed close relations. In 1888 he was sent as councillor of embassy to St. Petersburg, where he exercised considerable influence with the ambassador, Count
1981:
293:
was a mixture of pretention and subtlety, of force and ruse, of realism and cynicism: his readiness to cheat, to circumvent, to outwit hid a harsh and ruthless will."
409:
1129:, which centered on fictionalized events surrounding the Austro-Russian understanding on annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. He was played by actor Bernhard Schir.
2001:
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self-determination for all ethnic/racial/religious groups) led by Serbia was a deadly threat to Aehrenthal’s Austria-Hungary. For Aehrenthal,
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Seeking to limit objections in Russia to any support for the annexation, Aehrenthal began secret negotiations with Russian foreign minister
1916:
1855:
1231:
In the twilight of empire: Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal (1854-1912), Volume 1: The Making of an Imperial Habsburg Patriot and Statesman)
331:
1931:
685:
468:
323:
315:
1991:
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1379:
Anne Louise Antonoff, "Almost war: Britain, Germany, and the Bosnia crisis, 1908–1909" (PhD dissertation, Yale University, 2006).
988:
809:
346:
383:
The principal players in the Bosnian Crisis of 1908-09 were the foreign ministers of Austria-Hungary and Russia, Aehrenthal and
853:
1780:
In the Twilight of Empire: Count Alois Lexa Von Aehrenthal (1854-1912); Volume 1: The Making of an Imperial Habsburg Statesman
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1996:
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Recalled in 1894 to service in the Foreign Ministry, he undertook important duties, and in the following year went to
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Countess Elisabeth Maria Josefa Antoinette Aloysia Lexa von Aehrenthal (1909-1971), married Count Josef Zdenko von
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417:, plus financial compensation. Russia would get the right of passage for its warships through the Straits.
1304:
Solomon Wank, "A Case of Aristocratic Antisemitism in Austria: Count Aehrenthal and the Jews, 1878–1907"
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he took a strong line in favour of a friendly attitude towards Russia. In October 1906, he replaced Count
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289:, was "composed more of hard arrogance and dissolvent intrigue than of prudent reserve and ingratiating
217:
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thence ennobled under the name of Aehrenthal (literally ‘valley of grain’) in allusion to his calling.
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Aehrenthal was depicted in "The Devil's Kiss," the third episode of Season Two of the BBC Two series,
39:
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1906:
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Count Johann Maria Felix Anton Carl Lexa von Aehrenthal (1905-1972), married Countess Ernestine von
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and no longer was a major decision maker. Events reached a fever pitch when, in early November, the
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1266: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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in Prague. He began his career in the diplomatic service of the empire, as attaché in Paris under
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Countess Caroline Marie Antoinette Henriette Luise Lexa von Aehrenthal (b. 1904), never married
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With no great prospects of inheritance, Aehrenthal studied law and politics at the
253:) Johann Lexa von Aehrenthal (1817–1898), a large-scale landowner in Groß Skal and
492:
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1778:
805:
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As the crisis continued, the Kaiser was forced from the diplomatic scene by the
448:
395:
1282:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
1132:
He was depicted in Episode 9 "Dress Rehearsal" of the BBC television series
338:
266:
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would supposedly accept since they had recently become allied with Russia.
1403:
From Sadowa to Sarajevo: the foreign policy of Austria-Hungary, 1866-1914
753:
249:
1730:
From Sadowa to Sarajevo: The Foreign Policy of Austria-Hungary 1866-1914
1319:
662:
254:
1437:"Ministerium des kaiserlichen und königlichen Hauses und des Aeussern"
1808:
Wank, Solomon. "The Archduke and Aehrenthal:The Origins of a Hatred"
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270:
203:
As Imperial Foreign Minister, Aehrenthal formulated and executed the
151:
991:: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Schaumburg-Lippe, 1st Class
1178:
586:
Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Austrian Order of Malta
369:, he abandoned the idea of a friendly accommodation with Russia.
1962:
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers
1473:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
1441:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
1171:
200:
for actions that angered the South Slav element in the Balkans.
25:
188:(27 September 1854 – 17 February 1912) was a diplomat from the
1188:. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
1795:, the standard scholarly biography; reaches only to 1906.
1987:
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
1539:"叙勲裁可書 (墺洪国外務省第一局長ミュラー、フォン、セントゼオルヂ外九名叙勲ノ件) - 明治43年10月28日"
795:: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Lippe, 1st Class
1822:. Current Literature Publishing Company. pp. 283–.
1735:
Cooper, M. B. "British Policy in the Balkans, 1908-9."
828:
Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig
1942:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
1835:
Austria-Hungary and the origins of the First World War
1366:
M.B. Cooper, "British Policy in the Balkans, 1908-9."
205:
Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
186:
Alois Leopold Johann Baptist Graf Lexa von Aehrenthal
1848:
Newspaper clippings about Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal
1362:
1360:
171:
161:
141:
114:
109:
93:
81:
71:
53:
21:
1972:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
1837:(Macmillan International Higher Education, 1990).
1182:, not a first or middle name. The female form is
322:, Russia, and from 1883 to 1888 he worked at the
318:in 1877. He went in 1878 in the same capacity to
1967:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX
1508:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden
777:Paulownia Flowers of the Order of the Rising Sun
522:In 1912, Count Alois suddenly died of leukemia.
298:imagination more passionate than clear sighted.
1320:"Count Aehrenthal and Russian Jewry, 1903-1907"
1977:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
491:In 1902, Aehrenthal married Pauline, Countess
1816:Wheeler, Edward Jewitt; Crane, Frank (1912).
1523:Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1911).
1392:(Harvard University Press, 1965) pp. 412-424.
555:Jubilee Medal for Civil State Servants (1898)
352:He played a principal part in concluding the
8:
1291:
1289:
1183:
1169:
67:24 October 1906 – 17 February 1912
1947:Grand Crosses of the Order of Franz Joseph
1860:
1812:v 22 (2002) DOI: 10.1017/S0067237800013825
1527:. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 77.
38:
18:
1982:Commanders of the Order of the Polar Star
1553:"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III"
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
247:), he was the second-born son of Baron (
1431:
1429:
1161:
1525:Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia
1168:Regarding personal names: Until 1919,
269:, had founded an insurance company in
2002:Deaths from cancer in Austria-Hungary
1709:The Origins of the War of 1914: vol 1
7:
1927:Foreign ministers of Austria-Hungary
1757:Before the war: studies in diplomacy
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1112:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown
1805:(Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2020).
1768:The annexation of Bosnia, 1908–1909
316:Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
55:Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary
1640:. 10 September 1907. p. 6150.
914:Grand Cross of the Star of Romania
14:
1274:Aehrenthal, Aloys Lexa von, Count
504:Harrach zu Rohrau und Thannhausen
1510:(1910), "Großherzogliche Orden"
1272:Alfred Francis Pribram (1922). "
1261:
1100:
1078:
1044:
1037:
1015:
996:
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963:
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893:
863:
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810:Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown
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1612:(in Swedish), 1912, p. 517
1585:(in Swedish), 1897, p. 478
1559:(in Spanish), 1911, p. 163
1390:The Habsburg Monarchy 1867-1914
531:National orders and decorations
1336:Albertini, Vol. 1, pp. 190–91.
1089:: Honorary Grand Cross of the
1009:Grand Cross of the White Eagle
942:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky
610:Grand Cross of Albert the Bear
591:Foreign orders and decorations
493:Széchényi de Sárvár-Felsővidék
394:, The Ottomans controlled the
1:
1952:Members of the Teutonic Order
1746:The Origins of the World War,
1324:The Journal of Modern History
1922:19th-century Austrian people
1766:Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly.
1306:Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook
1276:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
884:Knight of the Prussian Crown
686:Grand Cross of St. Alexander
1917:People from Semily District
1879:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1852:20th Century Press Archives
1748:(2nd ed. Macmillan, 1930).
1176:was a title, translated as
1057:Commander of the Polar Star
719:Grand Cross of the Redeemer
403:, making it useless in the
373:Bosnian Crisis of 1908-1909
2018:
1932:Habsburg Bohemian nobility
1620:– via gupea.ub.gu.se
1593:– via gupea.ub.gu.se
1318:Heilbronner, Hans (1966).
1136:. He was played by actor
738:Knight of the Annunciation
702:Order of the Double Dragon
577:Court Jubilee Cross (1908)
569:Grand Cross of St. Stephen
446:
410:administered the provinces
376:
273:and was ennobled in 1790.
1992:Charles University alumni
1885:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1810:Austrian History Yearbook
1763:pp 366–438 on Aehrenthal.
1652:"The Devil's Kiss (2021)"
1414:Bridge (1972) pp 310–338.
878:Knight of the Black Eagle
560:Imperial Order of Leopold
513:(1907-1976), had no issue
506:(1903-1990) and had issue
179:
105:
60:
49:
37:
32:Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal
16:Austro-Hungarian diplomat
1677:"Dress Rehearsal (1974)"
1345:Gooch, 1936, pp 366-438.
954:Knight of St. Stanislaus
537:Knight of the Iron Crown
88:Agenor Maria Gołuchowski
1279:Encyclopædia Britannica
976:Knight of the Rue Crown
850:, 1st Class in Diamonds
627:House Order of Fidelity
413:territory known as the
190:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1833:Williamson, Samuel R.
1783:. Böhlau Verlag Wien.
1777:Wank, Solomon (2009).
1770:(Cambridge UP, 1937).
1606:Sveriges statskalender
1579:Sveriges statskalender
1557:Guía Oficial de España
1228:Wank, Solomon (2009),
1184:
1170:
1150:Leopold Graf Berchtold
1066:Knight of the Seraphim
665:: Grand Cordon of the
476:Daily Telegraph Affair
285:"His diplomacy" wrote
257:, and his wife Marie,
1423:Schmitt (1937) p 244.
1091:Royal Victorian Order
1026:: Grand Cross of the
758:Order of Pope Pius IX
756:: Grand Cross of the
547:Order of Franz Joseph
495:(1871-1945) and had:
447:Further information:
243:(Czech: Hrubá Skála,
1997:Deaths from leukemia
1739:7.2 (1964): 258-279.
1370:7.2 (1964): 258-279.
1028:Order of Charles III
937:Knight of St. Andrew
775:: Grand Cordon with
650:Knight of St. Hubert
580:Marian Cross of the
428:Imperial German Army
415:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
356:of 1903. During the
328:Count Gustav Kálnoky
1864:Government offices
1443:, 1912, p. 273
1206:Christopher Clark,
907:Grand Cross of the
812:, with Golden Crown
704:, Grade I Class III
558:Grand Cross of the
545:Grand Cross of the
511:Thun und Hohenstein
347:Franz Liechtenstein
263:Thun und Hohenstein
1737:Historical Journal
1637:The London Gazette
1368:Historical Journal
1197:Wank (2002), p. 79
948:Knight of St. Anna
480:Royal Serbian Army
405:Russo-Japanese War
385:Alexander Izvolsky
358:Russo-Japanese War
354:Mürzsteg Agreement
312:Charles University
308:University of Bonn
225:Alexander Izvolsky
125:September 27, 1854
44:Aehrenthal in 1907
1937:Counts of Austria
1895:
1894:
1886:Succeeded by
1872:Count Goluchowski
1790:978-3-205-78352-7
1724:978-1-929631-31-5
1475:, 1912, pp.
1405:(1972) pp 338-39.
1234:, Bohlau. p. 27.
1219:Fay, p. 394.
1208:The Sleepwalkers,
848:Order of Osmanieh
742:30 September 1910
341:as ambassador to
183:
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100:Leopold Berchtold
2009:
1957:Knights of Malta
1869:Preceded by
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909:Order of Carol I
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667:Order of Leopold
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625:: Knight of the
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392:Treaty of Berlin
326:in Vienna under
324:Foreign Ministry
196:and approval of
166:Austro-Hungarian
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145:17 February 1912
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110:Personal details
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1828:Further reading
1819:Current Opinion
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1030:, with Collar,
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401:Black Sea Fleet
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136:Austrian Empire
130:(Hrubá Skála),
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377:Main article:
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849:
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832:
830:, with Collar
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29:
28:
27:
20:
1877:
1834:
1818:
1809:
1802:
1779:
1767:
1756:
1755:Gooch, G.P.
1745:
1736:
1729:
1708:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:
1646:
1635:
1626:
1614:, retrieved
1605:
1599:
1587:, retrieved
1578:
1572:
1561:, retrieved
1556:
1547:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1507:
1503:
1492:, retrieved
1472:
1445:, retrieved
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1367:
1350:
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1277:
1230:
1224:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1193:
1177:
1164:
1138:John Moffatt
1131:
1126:Vienna Blood
1124:
1122:
1094:
1069:
1060:
1031:
780:
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630:
572:
563:
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222:
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185:
184:
147:(1912-02-17)
95:Succeeded by
62:
24:
23:
1912:1912 deaths
1907:1854 births
1632:"No. 28058"
1354:Wank, 2020.
1108:Württemberg
956:, 1st Class
950:, 2nd Class
886:, 2nd Class
806:Mecklenburg
449:Pan-Slavism
443:Pan-Slavism
396:Dardanelles
362:Goluchowski
332:Wolkenstein
287:Olof Hoijer
162:Nationality
83:Preceded by
1901:Categories
1883:1906–1912
1699:References
1686:31 January
1661:25 January
1326:: 394–406.
1295:Wank, 2009
437:Bulgarians
390:Under the
239:Castle in
172:Profession
121:1854-09-27
1156:Footnotes
824:Oldenburg
339:Bucharest
291:souplesse
281:Character
267:Kralovice
261:Countess
237:Groß Skal
212:), which
128:Groß Skal
63:In office
1752:, vol 1.
1707:(1952).
1681:imdb.com
1656:imdb.com
1616:19 March
1589:19 March
1563:19 March
1494:19 March
1447:19 March
1144:See also
754:Holy See
681:Bulgaria
310:and the
250:Freiherr
235:Born at
175:Diplomat
1854:of the
1850:in the
1732:(1972).
1308:(1985).
1270::
901:Romania
871:Prussia
663:Belgium
645:Bavaria
526:Honours
469:Hungary
464:Silesia
460:Bohemia
456:Moravia
343:Romania
295:Asquith
241:Bohemia
231:Origins
214:Britain
198:Germany
132:Bohemia
72:Monarch
1787:
1772:online
1761:online
1750:online
1722:
1714:
1238:
1185:Gräfin
1105:
1083:
1020:
1004:Serbia
1001:
986:
971:Saxony
968:
930:Russia
927:
898:
868:
839:
821:
769:
730:
715:Greece
678:
660:
642:
620:
606:Anhalt
603:
487:Family
462:, and
419:Serbia
302:Career
271:Prague
218:France
194:Russia
152:Vienna
1610:(PDF)
1583:(PDF)
1512:p. 43
1179:Count
1023:Spain
772:Japan
733:Italy
698:China
623:Baden
518:Death
255:Doxan
1785:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1688:2022
1663:2022
1618:2021
1591:2021
1565:2021
1496:2021
1449:2021
1236:ISBN
1210:p 86
1172:Graf
631:1908
573:1908
564:1905
551:1896
541:1882
216:and
142:Died
115:Born
26:Graf
1856:ZBW
1489:117
259:née
1903::
1718:,
1679:.
1654:.
1634:.
1555:,
1487:,
1485:72
1483:,
1481:51
1479:,
1477:47
1471:,
1456:^
1439:,
1428:^
1359:^
1322:.
1288:^
1246:^
1140:.
1110::
1093:,
1068:,
1053::
1007::
974::
933::
904::
874::
844::
826::
808::
779:,
740:,
736::
717::
700::
684::
648::
629:,
608::
571:,
562:,
549:,
458:,
334:.
154:,
134:,
1793:.
1690:.
1665:.
1541:.
123:)
119:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
