482:'s historic Slavic provinces should Pan-Slavist ideology take root. It would equally threaten its military security and economic future. Aehrenthal moved quickly, faster than Izvolsky. He acted on 3 October 1908 under the premise that Austria-Hungary was taking control of Bosnia-Herzogovina so that the people there could enjoy the benefits of the empire as a reward for economic advancement since first being administered back in 1878. A seething Serbia could hardly believe this action and demanded Russian intervention. This left Izvolsky holding the bag. He announced his plans for the free passage of Russian warships though the Turkish straits but was shot down by every other signatory to the treaty, especially Britain. The British said they would consider opening up the straits to all warships but would not limit it to Russian ships alone. This is hardly what Izvolsky had in mind since this had the potential of letting belligerent ships into the Black Sea. Germany at first viewed the whole tangle with disdain, taking the Turkish side. The Kaiser had been working on strengthening relations with Turkey and, now with the chance of Ottoman recovery, he wished to stay this course.
437:
in opposition. Mass demonstrations broke out across the continent. Rome took advantage of the situation by reversing its friendship with Vienna. Berlin officials were surprised and appalled. The
British were especially angry, denouncing the violation of an international agreement signed by both Austria-Hungary and Britain. France denounced the scheme. The Ottoman Empire was surprised by the unexpected development, but was quieted by the cash payment. By far the angriest reaction came from Serbia, which called for revenge, and began setting up secret guerrilla bands, plotting insurrection in Bosnia. All across Europe the chief blame was placed on Berlin, not Vienna. Europeans feared the powerful
494:
and
Izvolsky and Germany sent a vaguely-worded threat to Izvolsky, stating they would "let things take their course." The fact that she had betrayed her Slav ally beforehand was not a fact that Russia wished widely publicized. Izvolsky remained at his post for three more years but his reputation was ruined beyond repair. The Russians backed down and urged Serbia to do likewise, which she did and declared publicly that the annexation was none of her business. War was averted for the time being, but the results were a bitter Russia and an enraged Serbia. Russia vowed, if ever confronted in this manner again, that she would not back down - a vow that would be kept in a few years.
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continued demands for an international conference constituted a hostile action that would increase the risk of war with
Germany. Coupled with Austrian threats to publish details of the secret meeting between Aehrenthal and Izvolsky, Russia backed down. Thanks to the German intervention, Austria-Hungary scored a complete short-term diplomatic success in taking control of Bosnia. in the long run however, Germany and Austria both made many too enemies, as the battle lines of World War I started to harden.
433:
Aehrenthal assumed he had full
Russian approval for his scheme, but without planned dates. Izvolsky assumed he would be informed before any actual move happened. Aehrenthal vaguely informed all the major countries but gave no details. The world was astonished on October 6, 1908, when a press release in Vienna announced that Bosnia was fully annexed. Inside Austria-Hungary there was general approval except in Czech areas—that minority strongly felt its demands had been deliberately ignored.
356:. Here he succeeded in strengthening the relations between the courts of Vienna and Bucharest by renewing the secret alliance which it had signed in 1883. In 1899 he became ambassador in St. Petersburg, where he remained until his appointment as Foreign Minister in October 1906. Aehrenthal at this time thought that it was essential for Austria-Hungary to come to an agreement with Russia. In this sense he endeavoured to continue the negotiations successfully begun by his predecessor, Prince
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51:
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450:, who turned instead to Russia and Serbia. Although Austria-Hungary had no intention to embark on additional expansion to the south, Aehrenthal encouraged speculation to that effect, expecting it would paralyze the Balkan states. Instead, it incited them to feverish activity to create a defensive block to stop Austria-Hungary. A series of grave miscalculations at the highest level thus significantly strengthened Austria-Hungary's enemies.
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ethnic affiliations. His actions precipitated an international crisis because he sought to achieve his objectives by negotiation of
Russian acceptance of the annexation in exchange for Austro-Hungarian support for greater Russian access from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean through the Straits of the Dardanelles (at the expense of the
464:
For
Aehrenthal, a German and a staunch monarchist, there was a direct threat in the Pan-Slav emergent nationalism of the kind that a consolidated Yugo (south) Slav Confederation led by Serbia represented. The gradual consolidation of the Yugo-Slavs (in the name of the 'new centuries' idea of national
436:
Aehrenthal had expected wide
European approval and instead he faced a hostile volcanic eruption from every direction. Izvolsky vehemently denounced the treachery and demanded an international conference on Bosnia. After decades of low level activity, pan-Slavic forces inside Russia suddenly mobilized
287:
There were however, inaccurate rumors about his ancestors spread by his enemies that he was in reality of a commercial-bourgeois and jewish origin: namely that he was the grandson of a certain Lexa, a Jewish grain merchant of Prague, who had acquired great wealth through speculation and trade and was
445:
Aehrenthal had started with the assumption that the Slavic minorities could never come together, and the Balkan League would never accomplish any damage to
Austria-Hungary. He turned down an Ottoman proposal for an alliance that would include Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Romania. However his policies
375:
as minister of foreign affairs. He at first maintained the views which he had professed as ambassador. He was determined to preserve the interests of
Austria-Hungary in the Balkans, but also showed himself prepared to meet the Russian wishes in the Dardanelles question. However, in the course of the
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mobilized. Germany now took the Austro-Hungarian side stating it would stick by its ally. Russia, wishing to support Serbia, but not really ready for war with
Germany and Austria-Hungary was forced to back away when the Austrians threatened to publish the details of the agreement between Aehrenthal
423:
since 1878 but the Ottoman Empire retained nominal sovereignty. Aehrenthal concocted a grand diplomatic deal that proposed major benefits for both sides. Austria-Hungary would gain full possession of Bosnia with Russian approval. The Ottoman Empire would regain full control of the Austrian occupied
308:
regarded him as the cleverest and perhaps the least scrupulous of Austrian statesmen. He undoubtedly showed himself to be an able and ambitious diplomat, a cool negotiator, a wide-awake observer, a patient listener, a discreet talker endowed with great outward calm but with a lively and dominating
218:
and their integration into the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1908. With the annexation he sought to permanently block in the Balkan south of the empire the emergence of inter- and intra-ethnic nationalisms amongst the multiplicity of peoples there on the basis of their shared religious beliefs and
477:
were the crown lands of his Ost-Mark German nobility, which ruled over a host of emergent Slav and Pan-Slav ethnicities: Pole, Czech, Ruthenian, Slovakian, and Ukrainian. In Serbia’s consolidation of Bosnia-Herzegovina into herself, there was the clear roadmap to the dissolution of most of the
441:
and took the episode as proof of its expansionist intentions. Berlin now realized it stood alone, with Austria-Hungary its only friend. It therefore decided it would firmly support Austria-Hungary despite doubts about the wisdom of annexing Bosnia. Berlin explicitly warned St Petersburg that
432:
would get zero. Before approaching the Russians, Aehrenthal met with Austrian and Hungarian officials and won the approval of Emperor Franz Joseph I. On September 15–16 Aehrenthal and Izvolsky held a secret meeting. No record was kept—and afterwards both sides remembered it very differently.
203:. Biographer Solomon Wank says he exuded a strong monarchical-conservative outlook, loyalty to the Empire, and optimism regarding its ability to survive and flourish in the early 20th century. He is best known for promoting an energetic foreign policy in the Balkans, seeking cooperation with
398:. Both were motivated by political ambition; the first would emerge successful, and the latter would be broken by the crisis. Along the way, they would drag Europe to the brink of war in 1909. They would also divide Europe into the two armed camps that would indeed go to war in July 1914.
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Austro-Hungarian Empire. More importantly, this Pan-Slav self-determinant nationalism pointed the way to the loss of the defendable military, political, and economic boundaries of the empire. Aehrenthal’s Hungarian noble half saw an equally strong threat with the loss of
1972:
1997:
238:. The annexation ultimately damaged Austro-Russian collaboration on settling Balkan questions. Also, it stirred chauvinist popular emotion in Russia, which felt humiliated in a sphere of vital interest to it.
409:
strait connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The treaty prohibited the passage of any warships from any country into or out of the Black Sea. This treaty bottled up a major portion of the Russian
418:
of 1904-1905 when it was urgently needed. Izvolsky wanted this changed to allow the passage of Russian ships through the straits. Aehrenthal wanted full control of Bosnia-Herzogovina. Austria-Hungary had
1952:
360:, for the bridging over of the differences on Balkan questions between Vienna and St. Petersburg, in order to create a basis for a permanent friendly relation between Austria-Hungary and Russia.
1982:
1977:
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1987:
276:. His father was a powerful leader of the Constitutionally Loyal Large Landowners party in Bohemia. His great-grandfather Johann Anton Lexa (1733-1824), from a rural background in
215:
1814:
In the Twilight of Empire. Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal (1854–1912): Imperial Habsburg Patriot and Statesman. Vol. 2: From Foreign Minister in Waiting to de facto Chancellor
1957:
341:, with whom he formed close relations. In 1888 he was sent as councillor of embassy to St. Petersburg, where he exercised considerable influence with the ambassador, Count
1992:
304:
was a mixture of pretention and subtlety, of force and ruse, of realism and cynicism: his readiness to cheat, to circumvent, to outwit hid a harsh and ruthless will."
420:
1140:, which centered on fictionalized events surrounding the Austro-Russian understanding on annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. He was played by actor Bernhard Schir.
2012:
838:
1937:
1889:
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self-determination for all ethnic/racial/religious groups) led by Serbia was a deadly threat to Aehrenthal’s Austria-Hungary. For Aehrenthal,
1932:
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Seeking to limit objections in Russia to any support for the annexation, Aehrenthal began secret negotiations with Russian foreign minister
1927:
1866:
1242:
In the twilight of empire: Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal (1854-1912), Volume 1: The Making of an Imperial Habsburg Patriot and Statesman)
342:
1942:
696:
479:
334:
326:
2002:
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1390:
Anne Louise Antonoff, "Almost war: Britain, Germany, and the Bosnia crisis, 1908–1909" (PhD dissertation, Yale University, 2006).
999:
820:
357:
394:
The principal players in the Bosnian Crisis of 1908-09 were the foreign ministers of Austria-Hungary and Russia, Aehrenthal and
864:
1791:
In the Twilight of Empire: Count Alois Lexa Von Aehrenthal (1854-1912); Volume 1: The Making of an Imperial Habsburg Statesman
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2007:
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Recalled in 1894 to service in the Foreign Ministry, he undertook important duties, and in the following year went to
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1947:
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Countess Elisabeth Maria Josefa Antoinette Aloysia Lexa von Aehrenthal (1909-1971), married Count Josef Zdenko von
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1967:
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428:, plus financial compensation. Russia would get the right of passage for its warships through the Straits.
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Solomon Wank, "A Case of Aristocratic Antisemitism in Austria: Count Aehrenthal and the Jews, 1878–1907"
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he took a strong line in favour of a friendly attitude towards Russia. In October 1906, he replaced Count
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300:, was "composed more of hard arrogance and dissolvent intrigue than of prudent reserve and ingratiating
228:
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thence ennobled under the name of Aehrenthal (literally ‘valley of grain’) in allusion to his calling.
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Aehrenthal was depicted in "The Devil's Kiss," the third episode of Season Two of the BBC Two series,
50:
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1038:
633:
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Count Johann Maria Felix Anton Carl Lexa von Aehrenthal (1905-1972), married Countess Ernestine von
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and no longer was a major decision maker. Events reached a fever pitch when, in early November, the
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1277: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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in Prague. He began his career in the diplomatic service of the empire, as attaché in Paris under
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Countess Caroline Marie Antoinette Henriette Luise Lexa von Aehrenthal (b. 1904), never married
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With no great prospects of inheritance, Aehrenthal studied law and politics at the
264:) Johann Lexa von Aehrenthal (1817–1898), a large-scale landowner in Groß Skal and
503:
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As the crisis continued, the Kaiser was forced from the diplomatic scene by the
459:
406:
1293:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
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He was depicted in Episode 9 "Dress Rehearsal" of the BBC television series
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would supposedly accept since they had recently become allied with Russia.
17:
1414:
From Sadowa to Sarajevo: the foreign policy of Austria-Hungary, 1866-1914
764:
260:
1741:
From Sadowa to Sarajevo: The Foreign Policy of Austria-Hungary 1866-1914
1330:
673:
265:
1448:"Ministerium des kaiserlichen und königlichen Hauses und des Aeussern"
1819:
Wank, Solomon. "The Archduke and Aehrenthal:The Origins of a Hatred"
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281:
214:
As Imperial Foreign Minister, Aehrenthal formulated and executed the
162:
1002:: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Schaumburg-Lippe, 1st Class
1189:
597:
Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Austrian Order of Malta
380:, he abandoned the idea of a friendly accommodation with Russia.
1973:
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers
1484:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
1452:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
1182:
211:
for actions that angered the South Slav element in the Balkans.
36:
199:(27 September 1854 – 17 February 1912) was a diplomat from the
1199:. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
1806:, the standard scholarly biography; reaches only to 1906.
1998:
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
1550:"叙勲裁可書 (墺洪国外務省第一局長ミュラー、フォン、セントゼオルヂ外九名叙勲ノ件) - 明治43年10月28日"
806:: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Lippe, 1st Class
1833:. Current Literature Publishing Company. pp. 283–.
1746:
Cooper, M. B. "British Policy in the Balkans, 1908-9."
839:
Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig
1953:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
1846:
Austria-Hungary and the origins of the First World War
1377:
M.B. Cooper, "British Policy in the Balkans, 1908-9."
216:
Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
197:
Alois Leopold Johann Baptist Graf Lexa von Aehrenthal
1859:
Newspaper clippings about Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal
1373:
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182:
172:
152:
125:
120:
104:
92:
82:
64:
32:
1983:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
1848:(Macmillan International Higher Education, 1990).
1193:, not a first or middle name. The female form is
333:, Russia, and from 1883 to 1888 he worked at the
329:in 1877. He went in 1878 in the same capacity to
1978:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX
1519:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden
788:Paulownia Flowers of the Order of the Rising Sun
533:In 1912, Count Alois suddenly died of leukemia.
309:imagination more passionate than clear sighted.
1331:"Count Aehrenthal and Russian Jewry, 1903-1907"
1988:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
502:In 1902, Aehrenthal married Pauline, Countess
1827:Wheeler, Edward Jewitt; Crane, Frank (1912).
1534:Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1911).
1403:(Harvard University Press, 1965) pp. 412-424.
566:Jubilee Medal for Civil State Servants (1898)
363:He played a principal part in concluding the
8:
1302:
1300:
1194:
1180:
78:24 October 1906 – 17 February 1912
1958:Grand Crosses of the Order of Franz Joseph
1871:
1823:v 22 (2002) DOI: 10.1017/S0067237800013825
1538:. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 77.
49:
29:
1993:Commanders of the Order of the Polar Star
1564:"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III"
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
258:), he was the second-born son of Baron (
1442:
1440:
1172:
1536:Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia
1179:Regarding personal names: Until 1919,
280:, had founded an insurance company in
2013:Deaths from cancer in Austria-Hungary
1720:The Origins of the War of 1914: vol 1
7:
1938:Foreign ministers of Austria-Hungary
1768:Before the war: studies in diplomacy
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1123:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown
1816:(Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2020).
1779:The annexation of Bosnia, 1908–1909
327:Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
66:Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary
1651:. 10 September 1907. p. 6150.
925:Grand Cross of the Star of Romania
25:
1285:Aehrenthal, Aloys Lexa von, Count
515:Harrach zu Rohrau und Thannhausen
1521:(1910), "Großherzogliche Orden"
1283:Alfred Francis Pribram (1922). "
1272:
1111:
1089:
1055:
1048:
1026:
1007:
992:
974:
933:
904:
874:
845:
827:
821:Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown
810:
797:
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758:
736:
719:
702:
684:
666:
648:
626:
609:
1623:(in Swedish), 1912, p. 517
1596:(in Swedish), 1897, p. 478
1570:(in Spanish), 1911, p. 163
1401:The Habsburg Monarchy 1867-1914
542:National orders and decorations
1347:Albertini, Vol. 1, pp. 190–91.
1100:: Honorary Grand Cross of the
1020:Grand Cross of the White Eagle
953:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky
621:Grand Cross of Albert the Bear
602:Foreign orders and decorations
504:Széchényi de Sárvár-Felsővidék
405:, The Ottomans controlled the
1:
1963:Members of the Teutonic Order
1757:The Origins of the World War,
1335:The Journal of Modern History
1933:19th-century Austrian people
1777:Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly.
1317:Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook
1287:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
895:Knight of the Prussian Crown
697:Grand Cross of St. Alexander
1928:People from Semily District
1890:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1863:20th Century Press Archives
1759:(2nd ed. Macmillan, 1930).
1187:was a title, translated as
1068:Commander of the Polar Star
730:Grand Cross of the Redeemer
414:, making it useless in the
384:Bosnian Crisis of 1908-1909
2029:
1943:Habsburg Bohemian nobility
1631:– via gupea.ub.gu.se
1604:– via gupea.ub.gu.se
1329:Heilbronner, Hans (1966).
1147:. He was played by actor
749:Knight of the Annunciation
713:Order of the Double Dragon
588:Court Jubilee Cross (1908)
580:Grand Cross of St. Stephen
457:
421:administered the provinces
387:
284:and was ennobled in 1790.
2003:Charles University alumni
1896:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1821:Austrian History Yearbook
1774:pp 366–438 on Aehrenthal.
1663:"The Devil's Kiss (2021)"
1425:Bridge (1972) pp 310–338.
889:Knight of the Black Eagle
571:Imperial Order of Leopold
524:(1907-1976), had no issue
517:(1903-1990) and had issue
190:
116:
71:
60:
48:
43:Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal
27:Austro-Hungarian diplomat
1688:"Dress Rehearsal (1974)"
1356:Gooch, 1936, pp 366-438.
965:Knight of St. Stanislaus
548:Knight of the Iron Crown
99:Agenor Maria Gołuchowski
1290:Encyclopædia Britannica
987:Knight of the Rue Crown
861:, 1st Class in Diamonds
638:House Order of Fidelity
424:territory known as the
201:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1844:Williamson, Samuel R.
1794:. Böhlau Verlag Wien.
1788:Wank, Solomon (2009).
1781:(Cambridge UP, 1937).
1617:Sveriges statskalender
1590:Sveriges statskalender
1568:Guía Oficial de España
1239:Wank, Solomon (2009),
1195:
1181:
1161:Leopold Graf Berchtold
1077:Knight of the Seraphim
676:: Grand Cordon of the
487:Daily Telegraph Affair
296:"His diplomacy" wrote
268:, and his wife Marie,
1434:Schmitt (1937) p 244.
1102:Royal Victorian Order
1037:: Grand Cross of the
769:Order of Pope Pius IX
767:: Grand Cross of the
558:Order of Franz Joseph
506:(1871-1945) and had:
458:Further information:
254:(Czech: Hrubá Skála,
2008:Deaths from leukemia
1750:7.2 (1964): 258-279.
1381:7.2 (1964): 258-279.
1039:Order of Charles III
948:Knight of St. Andrew
786:: Grand Cordon with
661:Knight of St. Hubert
591:Marian Cross of the
439:Imperial German Army
426:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
367:of 1903. During the
339:Count Gustav Kálnoky
1875:Government offices
1454:, 1912, p. 273
1217:Christopher Clark,
918:Grand Cross of the
823:, with Golden Crown
715:, Grade I Class III
569:Grand Cross of the
556:Grand Cross of the
522:Thun und Hohenstein
358:Franz Liechtenstein
274:Thun und Hohenstein
1748:Historical Journal
1648:The London Gazette
1379:Historical Journal
1208:Wank (2002), p. 79
959:Knight of St. Anna
491:Royal Serbian Army
416:Russo-Japanese War
396:Alexander Izvolsky
369:Russo-Japanese War
365:Mürzsteg Agreement
323:Charles University
319:University of Bonn
236:Alexander Izvolsky
136:September 27, 1854
55:Aehrenthal in 1907
1948:Counts of Austria
1906:
1905:
1897:Succeeded by
1883:Count Goluchowski
1801:978-3-205-78352-7
1735:978-1-929631-31-5
1486:, 1912, pp.
1416:(1972) pp 338-39.
1245:, Bohlau. p. 27.
1230:Fay, p. 394.
1219:The Sleepwalkers,
859:Order of Osmanieh
753:30 September 1910
352:as ambassador to
194:
193:
111:Leopold Berchtold
16:(Redirected from
2020:
1968:Knights of Malta
1880:Preceded by
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920:Order of Carol I
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739:
724:
723:
722:
707:
706:
705:
694:
690:
688:
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678:Order of Leopold
672:
670:
669:
658:
654:
652:
651:
636:: Knight of the
632:
630:
629:
615:
613:
612:
403:Treaty of Berlin
337:in Vienna under
335:Foreign Ministry
207:and approval of
177:Austro-Hungarian
159:
156:17 February 1912
135:
133:
121:Personal details
107:
95:
76:
53:
30:
21:
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2023:
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2021:
2019:
2018:
2017:
1908:
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1902:
1900:Count Berchtold
1893:
1885:
1855:
1841:
1839:Further reading
1830:Current Opinion
1826:
1812:Wank, Solomon.
1802:
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1399:Arthur J. May,
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1178:
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1169:
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1132:
1127:
1112:
1110:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1081:5 December 1908
1054:
1047:
1043:20 October 1908
1041:, with Collar,
1027:
1025:
1024:
1008:
1006:
1005:
993:
991:
975:
973:
972:
934:
932:
931:
905:
903:
902:
875:
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846:
844:
828:
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792:28 October 1910
776:
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703:
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685:
683:
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667:
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610:
608:
539:
531:
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462:
456:
412:Black Sea Fleet
392:
386:
315:
294:
244:
167:Austria-Hungary
161:
157:
147:Austrian Empire
141:(Hrubá Skála),
137:
131:
129:
105:
93:
77:
72:
56:
44:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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11:
5:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2010:
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1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
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1965:
1960:
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1877:
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1869:
1854:
1853:External links
1851:
1850:
1849:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1800:
1785:
1775:
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1754:Fay, Sidney B.
1751:
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1705:
1704:
1679:
1654:
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1607:
1580:
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1480:"Ritter-Orden"
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1145:Fall of Eagles
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1106:15 August 1907
1097:United Kingdom
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865:Order of Glory
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853:Ottoman Empire
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663:
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593:Teutonic Order
589:
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527:
526:
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518:
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446:alienated the
390:Bosnian Crisis
388:Main article:
385:
382:
378:Bosnian Crisis
331:St. Petersburg
314:
311:
293:
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256:Czech Republic
243:
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221:Ottoman Empire
192:
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160:(aged 57)
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1808:online review
1803:
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1770:(vol 1 1936)
1769:
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1745:
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1739:Bridge, F.R.
1738:
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1728:
1727:1-929631-31-6
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1412:F.R. Bridge,
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1280:
1279:public domain
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1251:3-205-78352-2
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1072:20 April 1885
1070:, 2nd Class,
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:Sweden-Norway
1058:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1004:
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990:
988:
983:
971:
966:
963:
960:
957:
955:, in Diamonds
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
942:
930:
926:
923:
921:
917:
916:
913:
901:
896:
893:
891:, in Diamonds
890:
887:
886:
883:
871:
867:, in Diamonds
866:
863:
860:
857:
856:
854:
843:
841:, with Collar
840:
836:
825:
822:
818:
808:
805:
804:Lippe-Detmold
795:
793:
789:
784:
772:
770:
766:
756:
754:
750:
745:
733:
731:
727:
717:
714:
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693:
681:
679:
675:
664:
662:
657:
645:
643:
639:
635:
624:
622:
618:
607:
606:
601:
600:
596:
594:
590:
587:
585:
581:
578:
576:
572:
568:
565:
563:
559:
555:
553:
550:, 3rd Class,
549:
546:
545:
541:
540:
536:
534:
528:
523:
519:
516:
512:
509:
508:
507:
505:
497:
495:
492:
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476:
472:
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291:
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279:
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271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
241:
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226:
222:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
189:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
128:
124:
119:
115:
112:
109:
103:
100:
97:
91:
88:
85:
81:
75:
70:
67:
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
39:
38:
31:
19:
1888:
1845:
1829:
1820:
1813:
1790:
1778:
1767:
1766:Gooch, G.P.
1756:
1747:
1740:
1719:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1657:
1646:
1637:
1625:, retrieved
1616:
1610:
1598:, retrieved
1589:
1583:
1572:, retrieved
1567:
1558:
1544:
1535:
1529:
1518:
1514:
1503:, retrieved
1483:
1456:, retrieved
1451:
1430:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1386:
1378:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1288:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1218:
1213:
1204:
1188:
1175:
1149:John Moffatt
1142:
1137:Vienna Blood
1135:
1133:
1105:
1080:
1071:
1042:
791:
752:
641:
583:
574:
561:
551:
532:
501:
484:
463:
444:
435:
400:
393:
362:
347:
316:
301:
295:
286:
269:
259:
245:
233:
213:
196:
195:
158:(1912-02-17)
106:Succeeded by
73:
35:
34:
1923:1912 deaths
1918:1854 births
1643:"No. 28058"
1365:Wank, 2020.
1119:Württemberg
967:, 1st Class
961:, 2nd Class
897:, 2nd Class
817:Mecklenburg
460:Pan-Slavism
454:Pan-Slavism
407:Dardanelles
373:Goluchowski
343:Wolkenstein
298:Olof Hoijer
173:Nationality
94:Preceded by
1912:Categories
1894:1906–1912
1710:References
1697:31 January
1672:25 January
1337:: 394–406.
1306:Wank, 2009
448:Bulgarians
401:Under the
250:Castle in
183:Profession
132:1854-09-27
18:Aehrenthal
1167:Footnotes
835:Oldenburg
350:Bucharest
302:souplesse
292:Character
278:Kralovice
272:Countess
248:Groß Skal
223:), which
139:Groß Skal
74:In office
1763:, vol 1.
1718:(1952).
1692:imdb.com
1667:imdb.com
1627:19 March
1600:19 March
1574:19 March
1505:19 March
1458:19 March
1155:See also
765:Holy See
692:Bulgaria
321:and the
261:Freiherr
246:Born at
186:Diplomat
1865:of the
1861:in the
1743:(1972).
1319:(1985).
1281::
912:Romania
882:Prussia
674:Belgium
656:Bavaria
537:Honours
480:Hungary
475:Silesia
471:Bohemia
467:Moravia
354:Romania
306:Asquith
252:Bohemia
242:Origins
225:Britain
209:Germany
143:Bohemia
83:Monarch
1798:
1783:online
1772:online
1761:online
1733:
1725:
1249:
1196:Gräfin
1116:
1094:
1031:
1015:Serbia
1012:
997:
982:Saxony
979:
941:Russia
938:
909:
879:
850:
832:
780:
741:
726:Greece
689:
671:
653:
631:
617:Anhalt
614:
498:Family
473:, and
430:Serbia
313:Career
282:Prague
229:France
205:Russia
163:Vienna
1621:(PDF)
1594:(PDF)
1523:p. 43
1190:Count
1034:Spain
783:Japan
744:Italy
709:China
634:Baden
529:Death
266:Doxan
1796:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1699:2022
1674:2022
1629:2021
1602:2021
1576:2021
1507:2021
1460:2021
1247:ISBN
1221:p 86
1183:Graf
642:1908
584:1908
575:1905
562:1896
552:1882
227:and
153:Died
126:Born
37:Graf
1867:ZBW
1500:117
270:née
1914::
1729:,
1690:.
1665:.
1645:.
1566:,
1498:,
1496:72
1494:,
1492:51
1490:,
1488:47
1482:,
1467:^
1450:,
1439:^
1370:^
1333:.
1299:^
1257:^
1151:.
1121::
1104:,
1079:,
1064::
1018::
985::
944::
915::
885::
855::
837::
819::
790:,
751:,
747::
728::
711::
695::
659::
640:,
619::
582:,
573:,
560:,
469:,
345:.
165:,
145:,
1804:.
1701:.
1676:.
1552:.
134:)
130:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
