774:. Political parties in Latin American countries utilize a variety of systems to pick their candidates for office, with Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay having "fairly informal selection rules" for their candidates, in which party elites have large amounts of influence, while those in Paraguay and Costa Rica use more stringent methods of selection described by formal and written rules within the political parties. Political parties with more bureaucratized, stricter candidate selection processes in Latin American countries with legislative-body quotas run women as, on average, 37.8% of their candidates for legislative bodies, while in those parties with less formalized selection processes, on average, women constitute 31.5% of candidates.
789:, with a requirement that women hold 30% of the National Assembly's 246 single-member constituency seats and 50% of its 54 proportionally elected seats. However, "neither of the two major political parties has thus far nominated women to more than 10 percent of the single-member district seats," resulting in women constituting 15.7% of National Assembly members. This situation is largely due to the candidate selection process of South Korean political parties, whose "rules governing candidate selection lack routinization," allowing party leaders to have significant influence regarding candidates and the ability to circumvent gender quotas.
824:, informally and effectively caused a limited number of contests to feature only female contestants. The new measure explicitly allowed the party to designate certain electoral districts where only female nomination contestants would be included on the nomination ballots. Del Duca further mandated party officials to prioritize designating "target ridings", namely districts with retiring incumbent and where it previously held while in government, as women-only. However, the party's dismal performance in the
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regarding them does not represent real or substantive gains for women. Similarly, some criticisms of gender quotas, including all-women shortlists, argue that even with quotas in place, societal norms discouraging women from holding leadership positions still prevent significant changes. More specifically, these critics assert that even when women do run for office under quota systems, they face a lack of monetary support and as a result often do not win elections.
199:
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the lack of any stop mechanism in party rules means preferential AWS shortlists may continue this rise until the legal exception sunsets in 2030. The most
Conservative women in their party's history entered the House after this election, without the aid of an AWS. The Liberal Democrats held the highest percentage of any party's female MPs represented despite a small increase in the number of first-time members elected, which was the case for the SNP.
309:
79:
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In
October 2009, David Cameron stated that the under-representation of women and ethnic minorities was "a real problem for Parliament and for my party", and reversed his opposition to AWS. In February 2010, he indicated that he would impose AWS because the pace of change towards the selection of more
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One category of criticism asserts that gender quotas represent a positive step, but do not accomplish enough. Some criticism in this vein asserts that quotas should include penalties for groups who do not follow them. Similarly, some critics argue that quotas in corporations in addition to those in
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The increase in women in politics brought increased parliamentary priority to issues such as women's health, domestic violence against women, and childcare. In addition, the increased number of women MPs and greater focus on women's concerns likely resulted in increased female support for Labour at
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The record for most female MPs elected was broken at the 2019 election, which marked the first time that female representation in the House of
Commons is more than 33%. It saw an increase in the percentage of women elected from both Conservative and Labour. Although 51% of Labour MPs are now women,
299:
For the 1992 general election, the Labour Party had a policy of ensuring there was at least one statutory female candidate on each of its shortlists, however few of these women were successful in being selected in winnable seats (seats within a 6% swing). Following polling that suggested women were
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rejected a proposal to use AWS in 2001; suggesting such shortlists were illiberal and unnecessary. Prominent women MPs of the party opposed the use of all-women shortlists. Party members argued that the main problem was not discrimination, but a lack of female candidates. Instead the party set a
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However, other critics believe that gender quota policies, like those of which all-women shortlists represent a subset, do not, no matter their requirements, provide a way for women to achieve equality in government. For instance, some critics in this arena believe that gender quotas and debate
513:
At the 2017 election, a "record number of female MPs" entered
Parliament, although the gender balance was highly skewed between parties. In Labour, 45% of MPs were women, in the Scottish National Party 34%, in the Liberal Democrats 33%, but in the Conservatives just 21%. This meant the House of
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A Speaker's conference was set up in 2008 to study the reasons why MPs were predominantly white, male and able-bodied. An interim report released in July 2009 called for women to make up at least 50% of new candidates at the following general election. However, all-women shortlists continued to
690:"each sex has the right to a representation of at least 40 per cent of the Social Democratic candidates for local and regional elections. If there is not a sufficient number of candidates from each sex, this right will not fully come into effect"; however, this party law was abolished in 1996.
295:
In the 1990s, women constituted less than 10% of MPs in the House of
Commons of the UK Parliament. Political parties used various strategies to increase female representation, including encouraging women to stand and constituency associations to select them, and providing special training for
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All-women shortlists have been criticised as undemocratic, as "bypassing competitive principles and hence as ignoring the merit principle," and as "a form of discrimination against men." Labour's policy of all-women shortlists was challenged successfully in court in 1996, when an
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At the 2005 general election, the shortlists helped to increase the number of female MPs in
Parliament to 128, with the Labour Party's 98 women constituting 77% of the total. However, a Labour-controlled "safe seat" was lost when explicitly anti-AWS independent candidate
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Latin
American political parties' gender policies for candidates often have a relationship to their respective countries' legalized gender quotas for governing bodies. Fourteen Latin American countries have such a quota for their legislatures; these countries consist of
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The 34 candidates who had already been selected by all-women shortlists were not required to seek re-selection, but all 14 unfinished all-women shortlist selections were suspended. Jepson and Dyas-Elliott did not seek compensation for their loss. At the
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of preferred candidates, a format known as a "zipper quota". The quota was imposed on 290 local parties by the national party organization. Furthermore, the party created a handbook for women with advice about how to seek political office. In 1988, the
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women into politics, stating that they had in effect "been all white women shortlists" As evidence of this claim, she cited the 1997 Parliamentary intake; where none of the MPs selected using all-women shortlists were black. Conservative Party leader
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All-women shortlists had been credited with breaking down prejudices that impeded the selection of women and discouraged women from offering their candidacy. In both 1997 and 2005, 50% of women MPs elected were selected from all-women shortlists.
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stated that he would consider introducing all-women shortlists if the number of female MPs did not increase following the next election, but he did not see this as a long-term solution for the unrepresentative nature of parliament.
400:, which allows parties to use positive discrimination in the selection of candidates. They were to remain legalised until the end of 2015, due to a "sunset clause" in the Act, but that deadline was extended to 2030 as part of the
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362:, they claimed that they had been illegally barred from applying to be considered to represent the party and that the policy contradicted Labour's policy of aiming to promote equality of opportunity. In January 1996, an
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where the local party refused to even co-operate in selecting a candidate after having an AWS imposed. Another concern was that AWS were being used as a device to keep out certain men who might have made trouble for
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After Labour was warned that continuing with all-women shortlists for parliamentary elections would become an "unlawful" practice again under the
Equality Act (because the majority of their MPs are female),
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potential female candidates. Another strategy, the creation of all-women shortlists, is a positive discrimination strategy making it compulsory for selection of women candidates in some constituencies.
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at both federal and provincial levels started to set targets to increase the number and percentage of female candidates in the 1990s and used informal and internal mechanisms toward that goal.
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the polls. AWS may also have made it easier for women to be selected non-all-women shortlist seats. The shortlists also gave rise to the appointment of the first
British female Home Secretary,
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In
December 1995, Peter Jepson and Roger Dyas-Elliott, prevented from standing on Labour shortlists because of their gender, challenged the policy in court. Supported by the
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became the first political party in Canada to formally institute "Women-only Nomination" in its nomination rules. The party has, while in government under premiers
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Prior to the 1999 European parliament elections, the Liberal Democrats used a system called "zipping" in which equal numbers of men and women were elected as MEPs.
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323:, with the aim of reaching 100 female MPs post-election; a goal that was achieved. The shortlists provoked controversy, however. In 1996, Labour Party branches in
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Cutts, D; Childs, Sarah; Fieldhouse, Edward (2008). "This is what happens when you don't listen? All Women Shortlists at the 2005 General Election".
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2246:"Why Are Representational Guarantees Adopted for Women and Minorities? Comparing Constituency Formation and Electoral Quota Design Within Countries"
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Following the reduction in female MPs after the 2001 general election and increased lobbying by gender equality advocates, Labour introduced the
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mandated "every second on the list a woman", which meant that male and female candidates would be alternated between each other on the
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under an electoral law providing for compulsory integration of women on the candidate lists, like several European countries with a
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Among the first to use party reservations for female candidates by political parties were Norway, Sweden and Denmark. In 1983, the
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governing bodies, should be instituted among other measures to improve public and private sector career opportunities for women.
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Lee, Hyunji; Shin, Ki-Young (1 June 2016). "Gender Quotas and Candidate Selection Processes in South Korean Political Parties".
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2030:
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274:. Labour abandoned the shortlist for general election purposes in March 2022. Political parties in other countries, such as
1902:
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1198:
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mandated that "at all elections and nominations both sexes must be represented by at least 40 per cent", and in 1994, the
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1987:
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1947:
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2164:"International IDEA Women in Politics: Women in Parliament: Using Quotas to Increase Women's Political Participation"
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who had been selected using Labour's All-women shortlist policy. The loss was widely blamed on controversy over AWS.
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93:
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also opposed gender quotas, preferring to persuade constituencies to select female candidates in winnable seats.
2183:"The Role of International Organizations in the Adoption of Gender Quotas: Afghanistan and Iraq as Case Studies"
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less likely to vote Labour than men, the party introduced All-women shortlists at their 1993 annual conference.
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1098:"Labour to set quotas for women: Executive to vote on move that could ensure 80 female MPs after next election"
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found the Labour Party had broken the law, unanimously ruling that all-women shortlists were illegal under the
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found the Labour Party had broken the law, unanimously ruling that all-women shortlists were illegal under the
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1948:"Helen Whately to replace Sir Hugh Robertson as conservative candidate for Faversham and Mid Kent"
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countries, have used practices analogous to AWS, especially in relation to government sex quotas.
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tried to institute AWS in 2006. There was opposition from some female Conservative MPs, such as
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criticised the use of AWS stating that women in the past who fought for equality such as the
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at the time; then-Labour Party leader Blair stated that AWS were "not ideal at all" in 1995.
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2058:"The Big Question: Are all-women shortlists the best way to achieve equality in Parliament?"
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955:"The Big Question: Are all-women shortlists the best way to achieve equality in Parliament?"
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Labour used all-women shortlists to select candidates in half of all winnable seats for the
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459:, one of the early supporters of all-women shortlists criticised their failure to recruit
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has a system in which gender quotas exist for its single national legislative body, the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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meant that only one of the 22 candidates nominated under this new measure (
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984:"Exclusive: Labour Drops All-Women Shortlists For Next General Election"
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to protest against positive discrimination and all-women shortlists".
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List of female members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
1988:"Record number of female MPs have won seats in UK general election"
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Childs, Sarah; Lovenduski, Joni; Campbell, Rosie (November 2005).
1330:
Rentoul, John; Ward, Stephen; Macintyre, Donald (9 January 1996).
836:, where former premier Wynne was retiring) became an elected MPP.
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2031:"51% of Labour MPs are women. What now for all-women shortlists?"
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first heads of state and government in Muslim-majority countries
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female MPs had been too slow. In 2009, Liberal Democrat leader
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Concern about such sex discrimination was especially strong in
315:, the first female UK Home Secretary, was elected using an AWS.
449:"wanted equal opportunities not special privileges" and "they
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2327:"Only Gender Quotas Can Stop the E.U. from Being a Boys Club"
1799:"David Cameron to reverse opposition to all-women shortlists"
886:
List of female political office-holders in the United Kingdom
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Women at the top 2005: changing numbers, changing politics
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target of having 40% female candidates in winnable seats.
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practice intended to increase the proportion of female
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2106:
O’brien, Diana Z.; Rickne, Johanna (1 February 2016).
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held its first post-Saddam parliamentary elections in
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reported that the party abandoned them in March 2022.
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all submitted hostile motions criticising the policy.
1033:
Labour's landslide: the British general election 1997
1797:
Allegra Stratton; Andrew Sparrow (20 October 2009).
1068:"Arguing for and against quotas: theoretical issues"
2861:
2567:
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1930:"David Cameron: I will impose all-women shortlists"
1370:"The Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Bill"
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Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
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would have thrown themselves under the King's horse
378:, 35 out of 38 Labour AWS candidates were elected.
2499:Speakers of national and territorial legislatures
1502:Gender quotes in the context of citizenship models
665:Many countries today use political gender quotas.
493:used AWS for selection of a few candidates in the
2244:Bjarnegård, Elin; Zetterberg, Pär (3 July 2014).
398:Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act 2002
27:Affirmative action practice in the United Kingdom
2108:"Gender Quotas and Women's Political Leadership"
1767:"Safe seat lost after row over women shortlists"
1408:Richard Kelly and Isobel White (29 April 2009),
1231:Rentoul, John; Donald Macintyre (26 July 1995).
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1074:. London New York: Routledge. pp. 32–34.
911:Timeline of female MPs in the House of Commons
853:in preventing men from entering a profession.
370:in preventing men from entering a profession.
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2084:"Gender Quotas Database - International IDEA"
1263:"Labour faces test over quotas for women MPs"
1233:"Blair prepares to drop all-women shortlists"
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266:, allowing only women to stand in particular
148:The examples and perspective in this article
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1974:"Election 2017: Record number of female MPs"
1499:; Lovenduski, Joni; Squires, Judith (2006).
891:Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918
2520:Constituent and dependent territory leaders
2443:Lists of female holders of political office
1903:"Tories shy away from all-women shortlists"
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1644:"All-women shortlists a must, says report"
1199:"All-women lists face new legal challenge"
2568:National politics/government/legislatures
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1745:"Labour: All-women shortlists not sexist"
1333:"Labour blow as all-women lists outlawed"
235:Learn how and when to remove this message
181:Learn how and when to remove this message
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
2525:First women holders of political offices
2358:"Do Quotas for Female Politicians Work?"
2207:Torregrosa, Luisita Lopez (1 May 2012).
1672:"Hansard, 6 Mar 2008 : Column 1932"
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1196:Wynn Davies, Patricia (21 August 1995).
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1024:Women in the campaign and in the commons
679:Swedish Social Democratic Workers' Party
525:
103:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2664:Lieutenant governors and administrators
2190:International Journal of Social Inquiry
1589:"All-women shortlists clear new hurdle"
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1095:Wynn Davies, Patricia (30 June 1993).
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1346:from the original on 20 November 2009
1212:from the original on 20 November 2009
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2940:Women's rights in the United Kingdom
2209:"Latin America Opens Up to Equality"
1690:"Equality Act 2010 - section 105(3)"
1296:"Red-faced Labour's short-list blow"
1276:from the original on 4 November 2012
1111:from the original on 2 November 2012
441:elicit criticism. Then-Conservative
2530:first governors and chief ministers
1825:Widdecombe, Ann (7 February 2008).
2930:Election law in the United Kingdom
1717:"Lib Dems reject women-only lists"
1260:Rentoul, John (11 December 1995).
1142:. Oxford Malden MA: Polity Press.
982:Rogers, Alexandra (7 March 2022).
152:include all significant viewpoints
25:
2112:American Political Science Review
1950:. Kent Online. 25 February 2015.
1928:Prince, Rosa (18 February 2010).
1642:King, Oliver (15 November 2005).
1164:"Jacqui Smith: the rise and fall"
527:Percentage of women MPs by party
47:This article has multiple issues.
2056:McSmith, Andy (23 August 2006).
1954:from the original on 11 May 2015
1901:Jones, George (22 August 2006).
953:McSmith, Andy (23 August 2006).
197:
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77:
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1833:. UK Parliament. Archived from
1616:Kelly, Richard; White, Isobel.
1031:; Geddes, Andrew, eds. (1997).
871:Critical mass (gender politics)
514:Commons was 32% women overall.
55:or discuss these issues on the
2910:Feminism in the United Kingdom
2884:Muslim women political leaders
2874:Council of Women World Leaders
1874:Abbott, Diane (10 July 2008).
1765:Sparrow, Andrew (7 May 2005).
360:Equal Opportunities Commission
1:
2684:Islamic Consultative Assembly
2453:heads of state and government
2196:: 1–21 – via EBSCOhost.
1421:, SN/PC/05057, archived from
1138:. In Lovenduski, Joni (ed.).
707:proportional electoral system
2915:Sexism in the United Kingdom
2262:10.1080/00344893.2014.951171
1301:Lancashire Evening Telegraph
1070:. In Dahlerup, Drude (ed.).
906:Reserved political positions
329:Merthyr Tydfil & Rhymney
2535:first members of parliament
2383:"The German Gender Mystery"
1037:Manchester University Press
851:Sex Discrimination Act 1975
368:Sex Discrimination Act 1975
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2469:Ministers and secretaries
2463:deputy heads of government
1072:Women, quotas and politics
2925:British women in politics
2789:Heads of federal subjects
2181:Demirdöğen, Ülkü (2014).
2124:10.1017/S0003055415000611
1692:. Act of Parliament. 2010
1130:Lovenduski, Joni (2005).
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1990:. CNN. 13 December 2019.
1622:House of Commons Library
1505:. Taylor & Francis.
1475:10.1177/1354068808093391
1419:House of Commons Library
1381:House of Commons Library
812:under the leadership of
600:Scottish National Party
86:This article or section
2889:Women Political Leaders
896:Positive discrimination
688:Danish Social Democrats
2674:Deputy chief ministers
2508:unicameral parliaments
1857:"Page cannot be found"
1618:"All-women shortlists"
1132:"Examples: quotas and
675:Norwegian Labour Party
503:Faversham and Mid Kent
316:
2458:deputy heads of state
1876:"A race against time"
1577:on 12 September 2009.
1172:. London. 2 June 2009
1022:Peake, Lucy (1997), "
810:Ontario Liberal Party
518:2019 general election
509:2017 general election
495:2015 general election
485:2015 general election
436:2010 general election
392:2005 general election
376:1997 general election
321:1997 general election
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304:1997 general election
260:Members of Parliament
90:synthesis of material
18:All-female shortlists
2851:Lieutenant governors
1976:. BBC. 10 June 2017.
1411:All-women shortlists
1377:Research Paper 01/75
1039:. pp. 165–178.
472:and Ann Widdecombe.
248:All-women shortlists
2869:All-women shortlist
2552:Hereditary monarchs
2436:Women in government
2389:. 30 September 2013
1934:The Daily Telegraph
1907:The Daily Telegraph
1771:The Daily Telegraph
1725:. 27 September 2001
1390:on 20 November 2006
1169:The Daily Telegraph
1140:Feminizing politics
847:industrial tribunal
528:
364:industrial tribunal
159:improve the article
2920:Affirmative action
2310:10.5509/2016892345
2213:The New York Times
2037:. 31 December 2019
1749:This Is Lancashire
1597:. 21 December 2001
1035:. Manchester, UK:
916:Widow's succession
740:Dominican Republic
526:
491:Conservative Party
383:Conservative Party
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256:affirmative action
100:to the main topic.
94:verifiably mention
88:possibly contains
2935:Political parties
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2896:
2755:Papua New Guinea
2704:Cabinet ministers
1831:Early Day Motions
1751:. 9 October 2009.
1304:. 10 January 1996
876:Identity politics
787:National Assembly
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617:Liberal Democrat
549:House of Commons
409:Liberal Democrats
407:In contrast, the
402:Equality Act 2010
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1961:
1959:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1713:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1674:. Archived from
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1573:. Archived from
1550:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1497:Krook, Mona Lena
1493:
1487:
1486:
1456:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1383:, archived from
1374:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1335:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1201:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1020:
999:
998:
996:
994:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
950:
830:Stephanie Bowman
529:
501:was selected in
424:constituency in
240:
233:
222:
219:
213:
201:
200:
193:
186:
179:
175:
172:
166:
143:
142:
135:
128:
121:
117:
114:
108:
81:
80:
73:
62:
40:
39:
32:
21:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2857:
2817:United Kingdom
2669:Chief ministers
2622:First ministers
2563:
2438:
2433:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2298:Pacific Affairs
2295:
2294:
2285:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2062:The Independent
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1715:
1714:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1678:on 5 June 2011.
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1571:
1561:Hansard Society
1552:
1551:
1547:
1534:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1458:
1457:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1428:on 18 June 2009
1425:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1339:The Independent
1329:
1328:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1269:The Independent
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1238:The Independent
1230:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1205:The Independent
1195:
1194:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1104:The Independent
1094:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1029:Tonge, Jonathan
1027:
1021:
1002:
992:
990:
981:
980:
976:
966:
964:
960:The Independent
952:
951:
934:
929:
867:
842:
834:Don Valley West
818:Dalton McGuinty
814:Steven Del Duca
795:
780:
715:
696:
671:
663:
661:Other countries
638:
520:
511:
487:
461:ethnic minority
438:
394:
333:Bishop Auckland
325:Croydon Central
306:
293:
288:
272:political party
241:
230:
229:
228:
223:
217:
214:
211:
202:
198:
187:
176:
170:
167:
156:
144:
140:
129:
118:
112:
109:
102:
92:which does not
82:
78:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2953:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:United States
2830:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2557:queens regnant
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2387:The New Yorker
2374:
2356:Moura, Paula.
2343:
2315:
2304:(2): 345–368.
2283:
2256:(3): 307–320.
2250:Representation
2233:
2199:
2173:
2155:
2118:(1): 112–126.
2093:
2075:
2048:
2022:
2011:. Labour Party
1993:
1979:
1965:
1939:
1920:
1893:
1866:
1848:
1837:on 7 July 2012
1817:
1784:
1754:
1736:
1703:
1681:
1663:
1634:
1608:
1580:
1569:
1545:
1511:
1488:
1469:(5): 575–595.
1462:Party Politics
1438:
1400:
1357:
1315:
1287:
1252:
1223:
1183:
1155:
1148:
1122:
1087:
1080:
1052:
1045:
1000:
974:
931:
930:
928:
925:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
866:
863:
841:
838:
822:Kathleen Wynne
794:
791:
779:
776:
714:
711:
695:
692:
670:
667:
662:
659:
649:in June 2007.
637:
634:
631:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
614:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
597:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
519:
516:
510:
507:
486:
483:
470:Nadine Dorries
443:Ann Widdecombe
437:
434:
393:
390:
353:Prime Minister
305:
302:
292:
289:
287:
286:United Kingdom
284:
280:Latin American
268:constituencies
264:United Kingdom
243:
242:
225:
224:
205:
203:
196:
189:
188:
147:
145:
138:
131:
130:
85:
83:
76:
71:
45:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2952:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2010:
2009:Labour.org.uk
2003:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1861:UK Parliament
1858:
1852:
1849:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1570:9780900432972
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1529:
1514:
1512:9780415375498
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1401:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1149:9780745624631
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1123:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1081:9780415375498
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:Bacchi, Carol
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:9780719051593
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
989:
985:
978:
975:
962:
961:
956:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
933:
926:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
864:
862:
858:
854:
852:
848:
839:
837:
835:
831:
827:
826:2022 election
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:In 2020, the
806:
804:
800:
799:Liberal Party
792:
790:
788:
784:
777:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
713:Latin America
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
693:
691:
689:
684:
680:
676:
668:
666:
660:
658:
656:
650:
648:
642:
635:
628:
625:
622:
619:
615:
611:
608:
605:
602:
598:
594:
591:
588:
585:
583:Conservative
581:
577:
574:
571:
568:
564:
560:
557:
554:
551:
547:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:
524:
517:
515:
508:
506:
504:
500:
499:Helen Whately
496:
492:
484:
482:
479:
473:
471:
467:
466:David Cameron
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:Blaenau Gwent
419:
413:
410:
405:
403:
399:
391:
389:
386:
384:
379:
377:
371:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
314:
310:
303:
301:
297:
290:
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:(MPs) in the
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
236:
221:
209:
204:
195:
194:
185:
182:
174:
164:
160:
154:
153:
146:
137:
136:
127:
124:
116:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
84:
75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2868:
2765:Philippines
2574:Afghanistan
2540:first mayors
2513:upper houses
2503:lower houses
2391:. Retrieved
2386:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2362:The Atlantic
2361:
2334:. Retrieved
2330:
2301:
2297:
2253:
2249:
2224:. Retrieved
2212:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2133:10419/109090
2115:
2111:
2087:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2061:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2034:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2008:
1996:
1982:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1942:
1933:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1906:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:The Guardian
1879:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1835:the original
1830:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:The Guardian
1802:
1775:. Retrieved
1770:
1748:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1720:
1694:. Retrieved
1684:
1676:the original
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1649:The Guardian
1647:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1621:
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1592:
1583:
1575:the original
1555:
1548:
1516:. Retrieved
1501:
1491:
1466:
1460:
1430:, retrieved
1423:the original
1410:
1403:
1392:, retrieved
1385:the original
1376:
1348:. Retrieved
1337:
1306:. Retrieved
1299:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1267:
1255:
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