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800:. The tribunal was organized to uncover, record, and preserve the personal testimonies of witnesses, participants, and meaningfully involved individuals with regard to the Kent State shootings. Laurel Krause has cited both the memories of her sister and her family's lifelong quest for truth and justice as a motivating factor for this initiative, adding her parents had hoped in vain for the truth surrounding the shootings to emerge at trial in their lifetimes. In 2020, Laurel added: "I will do this until the day I die; it was a central moment in my life. I'm standing with my sister."
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inflicted with acts of vandalism, looting, and arson. In response to this disruption, Mayor Leroy
Statrum imposed an 11 p.m. curfew within Kent and a 1 a.m. curfew upon the campus. This curfew was enforced in the early hours of May 2. That evening, the ROTC barracks upon campus were burned to the ground; when the fire department attempted to extinguish the blaze, their hoses were cut, forcing the Ohio Army National Guard—
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present their demands: the withdrawal of the
National Guard from the university campus; the lifting of the curfews; and an amnesty for all students who had been arrested. In response, sections of the Ohio Riot Laws were read to the demonstrators before several tear gas canisters were fired from helicopters hovering over the demonstration. A small number of students received bayonet wounds for refusing to disperse as ordered.
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818:: A documentary which focuses upon the human cost of the Vietnam War and the repercussions of protests upon American soil. The documentary was first broadcast on May 19, 1971, and also features the families of Carmine Macedonio, a conscripted soldier who died at age 20 in Vietnam in December 1970; and 21-year-old Phillip Gibbs, one of two fatalities of the
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Levine—assembled around the campus
Victory Bell. Approximately 1,000 other individuals were gathered upon a hill behind these demonstrators. One student delivered a short speech, several chanted anti-war slogans, some protesters carried flags, and others may have carried rocks and stones in anticipation of confrontation.
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on
January 4, 1979, the State of Ohio issued an official 'Statement of Regret' regarding the Kent State shootings and agreed to pay the families of the slain and wounded students $ 675,000. The families accepted this settlement—primarily in order to assist the wounded students in paying their medical
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The same evening, a further demonstration was held close to the campus's iron
Victory Bell. At 9 p.m., the demonstrators were told the campus curfew had been moved forward, and given five minutes to disperse. In response, some students demanded to talk with the university's president to formally
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One of the individuals to share his account of the May 1970 events at KSU for the KSTT in the year of the tribunal's founding was the guardsman whom Krause and Levine had observed with a single lilac sprouting from his barrel of his gun the day prior to her death and who had partly inspired Krause's
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Although the guardsmen who opened fire claimed to have done so in self-defense, in response to a perceived threat from the students, an FBI investigation into the events concluded: "The shootings were not necessary and not in order. We have some reason to believe that the claim by the
National Guard
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Shortly thereafter, grenadiers fired several tear gas canisters at the students; this initial salvo of canisters only achieved a limited effect. Furthermore, the direction of wind caused the tear gas to quickly blow away from the protestors and in the general direction of the guardsmen, who had been
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is common among all people. Many problems develop when communication between people is difficult or non-existent. It is the root of all violent outbreaks, war and all general disharmony. We live in a world with many fellow human beings and to realize that each person is not entirely alone will make
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document, the rock-throwing to which the guardsmen were subjected reached a pinnacle during this ten-minute period. Tear gas canisters were also thrown at the guardsmen, and at least three of the guardsmen threw these canisters and stones back toward the students. Several onlookers cheered at each
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who explained his unit was unable to leave the campus. Shortly thereafter, the guardsman was ordered by his superior to remove the "silly flower" as he engaged in affable conversation with Krause and Levine. In response, Krause caught the lilac as it fell to the ground, stating, "What's the matter
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An academically accomplished student, Krause graduated with honors from John F. Kennedy High School, in 1969. She then enrolled at Kent State
University (KSU), beginning her art and special education classes that September, while residing in a dormitory at Metcalf Hall. While attending KSU, Krause
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of the gun of a guardsman upon the campus of Kent State
University; upon hearing an officer order the guardsman to remove the flower, she caught the flower as it fell to the ground, stating, "Flowers are better than bullets." This quote—inscribed upon Krause's gravestone—has become synonymous with
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On May 3, Krause informed Levine of her belief that the weekend's escalation of disruption and sabotage on the university campus and against local business owners and proprietors was counterproductive to their anti-war objective and that these actions warranted the recent presence of the
National
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By early 1970, Krause had become disillusioned with the climate at KSU. She is known to have informed her parents and younger sister during a family visit on her 19th birthday that she found the atmosphere on campus both stifling and regimented. As such, both she and Levine planned to enroll at a
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Krause's father, Arthur, became one of the most outspoken advocates for the truth surrounding the Kent State shootings to be revealed and justice for the wounded and bereaved. He fought a legal battle for almost ten years following the murder of his daughter and both he and other families of the
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Krause was shot seconds after the guardsmen opened fire from a distance of approximately 330 feet (101 m), while attempting to seek cover with her boyfriend behind a car in the
Prentice Hall parking lot. She fell on her back and died in her boyfriend's arms, after twice stating, "Barry, I'm
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At 12:24 p.m., as the guardsmen ascended Blanket Hill, a minimum of twenty-nine guardsmen turned to their rear and fired sixty-seven rounds of ammunition—predominantly toward the students assembled in the vicinity of the Prentice Hall parking lot—in the span of 13 seconds. Several students
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Despite the demonstration having been banned, the proposed May 4 student demonstration began at midday on May 4 as the organizers had promised. The demonstration began with the symbolic ringing of the campus's Victory Bell, with an estimated 200–300 protesters—including Allison Krause and Barry
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dismissed the charges against all eight individuals in November 1974, stating: "The government not shown that the defendants had shot students with an intent to deprive them of specific civil rights." No member of the National Guard was ever convicted in relation to the Kent State shootings.
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Although an estimated twenty to fifty demonstrators continued to shout obscenities and/or throw stones at the guardsmen at this point, between 100 and 200 students assembled in the Prentice Hall parking lot situated behind the guardsmen—demonstrators and onlookers alike, including Krause and
642:"—divided to allow the guardsmen through. Canisters of tear gas were again fired towards the students behind the guardsmen at this point. Some of these students threw the tear gas canisters back at the guardsmen; others threw rocks and stones—some of which were again thrown back toward them.
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The weekend of May 2–3 saw further disruption upon and around the university campus, including beer glasses thrown at police cars, students forming a human chain on Walter Street, blocking traffic and asking drivers their opinion of the Vietnam War, and approximately $ 10,000 worth of damage
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That afternoon, Krause and Levine specifically sought to converse with several guardsmen. Reportedly, upon seeing a lone guardsman standing with a lilac sprouting from his gun, Krause tugged her boyfriend by the arm in a gesture for the two to engage in conversation with this particular
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became acquainted with a student named Barry Levine. The two began dating and became almost inseparable. Both were also popular among their peers, who noted Krause occasionally carried a pet kitten she had named "Yo-Yo" and which she discreetly kept in her dormitory room around campus.
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ordered by their commander to affix their gas masks. Levine would later recollect that, seconds after this first salvo of tear gas had been fired, he turned toward Krause to offer reassurance, only to observe that "she was crying ... but not from the gas; it was emotional."
853:(2020), directed by Daniel Miller, is a 90-minute documentary outlining the events leading to and immediately following the Kent State shootings in addition to the contemporary social climate of America. Several students present upon campus on May 4 are among those interviewed.
368:, where the family typically dined at a restaurant overlooking the university campus. Reportedly, Krause resolved to attend the university upon her graduation due to these day trips, informing her mother: "You know, Mom, I'd like to come to school here when I'm old enough."
528:, visited KSU; he described the events of the previous two evenings as "probably the most vicious form of campus-oriented violence yet perpetrated by dissident groups and their allies in the State of Ohio ... are the worst type of people we harbor in America."
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Although the protests upon campus—which had begun before Krause enrolled at the university—were initially peaceful, by 1970, many of these protests had become increasingly raucous and violent, with some students committing acts of sabotage, arson,
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magazine, printed one week after the shootings, described the events at Kent State thus: "When National Guardsmen fired indiscriminately into a crowd of unarmed civilians, killing four students, the bullets wounded the nation."
505:. The demonstration saw little disruption, and ended peacefully at 3:45 p.m., with the organizers promising a further demonstration for midday on Monday, May 4; however, university officials attempted to ban this protest.
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instinctively ran from the scene; others dropped to the ground in an effort to avoid being shot. Numerous eyewitnesses close to the guardsmen at the time they opened fire remained adamant no order was given for them to do so.
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located toward the center of the campus known to students as Blanket Hill, where several protesting students and onlookers had retreated. The surrounding crowd of students—described in one report as having formed a "broad
307:—was shot in the left side of her chest from a distance of approximately 330 feet (101 m). A subsequent autopsy found that a single bullet entered and exited her upper left arm before entering her left lateral chest,
747:, which had begun on May 1, and ultimately saw an estimated four million nationwide student participants. Over 150 universities either closed due to the strike or in solidarity and 100,000 people demonstrated in
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In her final phone call to her family on the weekend of May 2–3, Krause is known to have informed her father, Arthur, that she viewed the protesting students' recent escalating violence and sabotage as
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protests, and general vandalism and disruption both on and off campus. Several of these acts of protest had resulted in clashes with police and numerous arrests; this ongoing unrest had led to the
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was released in May 2000. Directed by Chris Triffo, this 47-minute documentary features interviews with several of the students injured on May 4 in addition to eyewitnesses and former guardsmen.
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Several guardsmen are known to have suffered bruises and abrasions from rocks and other projectiles thrown at them on May 4; however, none of these individuals required hospital treatment.
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Several uninjured students ran into nearby Dunbar, Prentice, and Taylor Halls to telephone for ambulances, which arrived minutes later, as others attempted to perform impromptu first aid.
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A further salvo of canisters was soon fired into the crowd, to greater effect. The guardsmen—in pursuit of the more troublesome protesters—then marched toward a sports field enclosed by a
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675:. All four were students in good standing at the university. Nine other students were also wounded, including a freshman named Dean Kahler, who was shot in the back and permanently
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Krause grew into a tall young woman with high cheekbones, thick, dark hair and brown eyes. She seldom wore makeup, and her features led some to believe she was of
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University officials would distribute 12,000 leaflets across campus between May 1 and May 4, informing students any further demonstrations were forbidden.
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article, several of the lower-ranking guardsmen deployed to KSU in May 1970 had only enlisted to avoid conscription and potential deployment to Vietnam.
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706:, and two inscriptions: "Beloved daughter and sister" and "Flowers are better than bullets"—the words she had exchanged with an officer of the
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would reveal that each of the three National Guard units upon campus on May 4 had only had an average of three hours' sleep the evening prior.
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585:, the policeman announced the crowd must disperse immediately, adding "This is an order!" In response, the crowd shouted chants such as "
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864:, this five-part series casts Nadia Lamin as Allison Krause and contains archive footage and imagery pertaining to the events of May 4.
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subsequently indicted eight members of the Ohio Army National Guard in relation to their actions on May 4, 1970, U.S. District Judge
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419:
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The Krause family regularly undertook day trips throughout the sisters' childhood and teenage years. One of these locations was to
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on impact and causing extensive internal injuries to her chest and stomach. She died from her wounds before reaching the hospital.
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625:, where they remained for up to ten minutes, with some removing their gas masks to facilitate breathing. According to an official
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were keenly felt among the student population at KSU, and Krause and her boyfriend were active and vocal demonstrators in several
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393:. By her late teens, she had also developed an interest in contemporary domestic and global issues in addition to politics and
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2004:
695:
159:
1417:
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2255:
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1074:
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297:
47:
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Witness to the Revolution: Radicals, Resisters, Vets, Hippies, and the Year America Lost Its Mind and Found Its Soul
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502:
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ancestry. Krause typically devoted her free time to solitary pursuits such as drawing, painting, reading, and
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Many journalists and editors were bitterly critical of the actions of the National Guard. An article within
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501:(ROTC); this protest was attended by approximately 500 students and saw a symbolic burial of a copy of the
430:. Via both her protesting statements and actions while enrolled at KSU, Krause expressed her belief in the
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By the late 1960s, many young Americans had a negative attitude towards the country's involvement in the
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2009:
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The Kent State shootings led to widespread protests and a significant increase in participants of the
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Among those who spoke at Krause's funeral was a former high school teacher of hers, who concluded his
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presence at the university by the spring of 1970—to the resentment of much of the student population.
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This group of guardsmen contained some officers; however, the contingent had no designated leader.
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and plans to increase conscription. The protestors also demanded the closure of the university's
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2005:"She Told Guardsmen at Kent State 'Flowers are Better Than Bullets!' Then a Bullet Killed Her"
1738:
1602:"She Told Guardsmen at Kent State 'Flowers are Better than Bullets!' Then a Bullet Killed Her"
1562:
1459:"Kent State Victim's Sister Condemns Militarized Response to Pro-Palestinian College Protests"
1418:"She Told Guardsmen at Kent State 'Flowers are Better than Bullets!' Then a Bullet Killed Her"
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1391:"The Day 'All Hell Broke Loose'; Local Lives Lost, Forever Changed in Kent State Shooting"
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off campus!" At least three rocks were thrown at the jeep, with one hitting a guardsman.
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Levine) and Arthur Selwyn Krause. She had a younger sister, Laurel (b. 1954). Krause was
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Killers: Contract Killers, Spree Killers, Sex Killers. The Ruthless Exponents of Murder
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477:
that summer. She is also known to have discussed her long-term ambition to relocate to
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214:
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The family of Allison Krause are one of three featured in the Paul Ronder documentary
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bills. The Krause family received $ 15,000 for the loss of their daughter and sister.
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On Friday, May 1, 1970, a further student protest was held upon campus in response to
457:
2980:
2871:
Postwar America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History
1317:
861:
778:
490:
147:
28:
1862:"On the Kent State Tragedy: A Report By the President's Commission on Campus Unrest"
1088:
1901:"The May 4 Shootings at Kent State University: The Search for Historical Accuracy"
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Krause would later relocate to another dormitory at Engelman Hall in January 1970.
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1900:
1733:
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698:, on May 6, 1970. Her rose granite headstone is inscribed with her name, in both
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that their lives were endangered by the students was fabricated subsequent to ."
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founded by Laurel Krause and Emily Kunstler devoted to the May 4, 1970 shootings
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against the war on May 9. The Kent State campus remained closed for six weeks.
2481:"AP Was There: Ohio National Guard Killed Protesters at Kent State University"
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2102:"How the 1970 Kent State Shootings Still Shape Ohio's Colleges 50 Years Later"
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by stating: "In her own quiet way, she symbolized the best in young people."
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126:
113:
2673:"Jewish Pittsburgher Remembered on 50th Anniversary of Kent State Shootings"
2177:"Excerpts From Summary of F.B.I. Report on Kent State U. Disorders Last May"
1292:"The May 4 Shootings at Kent University: The Search for Historical Accuracy"
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676:
586:
582:
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To both gloating and jeering, the guardsmen were then ordered to ascend a
1463:
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Senate Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 92nd Congress
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Allison Krause was laid to rest at the Parkway Jewish Center Cemetery in
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The 1 a.m. campus curfew would be adjusted to 9 p.m. on May 3.
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510:
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to protest but to not engage in violence. She also attended the second
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2774:
2560:"Ohio Approves $ 675,000 to Settle Suits in 1970 Kent State Shootings"
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737:
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447:
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and a campus policeman arrived to confront the demonstrators. Via a
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At 11:50 a.m., the first military jeep carrying members of the
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and one of four unarmed students shot and killed by soldiers of the
2217:"Appendices: Richard M. Nixon's Speech of Thursday, April 30, 1970"
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2157:
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1923:
1921:
1883:
1881:
2589:"Why That Urban Outfitters Kent State Sweatshirt Caused an Uproar"
1490:"Remembering Kent State as an American Tragedy With a Jewish Face"
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with Levine following their graduation, to which he was amenable.
2953:
1058:
List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States
836:, this 120-minute docudrama stars Jane Fleiss as Allison Krause.
346:
292:. The shootings occurred as students protested against both the
2943:
2132:"Thirteen Seconds of Gunfire; Four Students Left Dead or Dying"
2073:"Excerpts From F.B.I. Report on Kent State U. Murders Last May"
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instance the students or guardsmen threw objects at the other.
397:. She also aspired to teach art to children with disabilities.
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265:
1010:
Above the Shots: An Oral History of the Kent State Shootings
972:
67 Shots : Kent State and The End of American Innocence
896:
When Truth Mattered: The Kent State Shootings 50 Years Later
461:
Poster calling for a nationwide student protest against the
339:, on April 23, 1951, the first child born to Doris Lillian (
1657:"Kent State University: Denise D'Aurora Personal Narrative"
832:
is directly based on the Kent State shootings. Directed by
550:
soldier—according to some sources, he was a student at the
1629:"Friends of Kent State Victims Say They Were Not Radicals"
792:
In 2010, Krause's younger sister, Laurel, co-founded the
915:
Four Dead in Ohio: Was There a Conspiracy at Kent State?
357:, although Krause's parents and younger sister moved to
2277:"Nation: Kent State: Martyrdom That Shook the Country"
1765:"Nation: Kent State: Martyrdom That Shook the Country"
1053:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
559:?" She then added: "Flowers are better than bullets."
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University and college shootings in the United States
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deceased and wounded ultimately filed a $ 20 million
314:
The day prior to her death, Krause observed a single
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259:
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University and college killings in the United States
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United States military killing of American civilians
262:
1228:
memorable quote: "Flowers are better than bullets."
225:
206:
198:
154:
143:
89:
63:
38:
2531:"Remembering the Lives of the Four Slain Students"
1977:"Kent State Shut, Killing of Four Students Probed"
1794:"Nixon Puts 'Bums' Label On Some College Radicals"
663:. The other students killed in the shootings were
2658:
2628:"Ex-Guardsman at Kent State Says He Was in Peril"
2400:"New Kent State Memorial Stirs 20-Year-Old Anger"
2252:"Kent State Shootings: A Timeline of the Tragedy"
2163:
1963:
1951:
1927:
1887:
1294:. Kent State University Department of Sociology.
617:shortly before the guardsmen opened fire on May 4
276:; April 23, 1951 – May 4, 1970) was a student at
2345:"How it Happened at Kent: First Detailed Report"
2303:
1277:
1259:. U.S. Government Printing Office. July 22, 1971
713:
16:Student killed at Kent State University in 1970
2946:– maintained by author J. Gregory Payne, Ph.D.
1759:
1757:
1684:"Mendo Coast Document: On Truth at Kent State"
860:was released in 2021. Written and directed by
646:Levine—had begun to proceed to their classes.
2832:. California: Random House Publishing Group.
2398:Harrison, Eric; Shryer, Tracy (May 2, 1990).
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
953:The Kent State Shootings and What Came Before
877:Thirteen Seconds; Confrontation at Kent State
719:alienation an obsolete human characteristic.
659:hit!" as Levine attempted in vain to perform
8:
2614:
2554:
2552:
2126:
2124:
875:Eszterhas, Joe; Roberts, Michael D. (1970).
2033:"Kent State Remembers Two Campus Tragedies"
1678:
1676:
1674:
1068:List of National Historic Landmarks in Ohio
851:Fire In the Heartland: The Kent State Story
724:Section of essay penned by Allison Krause,
2427:"Eight are Indicted in Kent State Slaying"
1513:Raub, Deborah Fineblum (April 29, 1990). "
1483:
1481:
465:to be held on May 4, 1970—the date of the
35:
1558:"More Than Guns Separate Guard, Students"
3067:Massacres of protesters in North America
3027:Human rights abuses in the United States
3002:1970 mass shootings in the United States
2318:"4 Kent State Students Killed by Troops"
1706:"KSU Shock: Reaction Roll Across Nation"
1515:Unlikely Martyr Brought the Discord Home
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1198:commission into the Kent State shootings
1008:Simpson, Craig; Wilson, Gregory (2016).
879:. New York City: Dodd, Mead Publishing.
604:
456:
370:
3062:Political violence in the United States
2753:"Kent State: The Day The War Came Home"
1246:
1137:
1079:
993:. Worcestershire: Compass Point Books.
2973:pertaining to the Kent State shootings
2926:pertaining to the Kent State shootings
2900:pertaining to the Kent State shootings
2237:
2059:
1939:
1444:
1337:
1063:List of massacres in the United States
1012:. Akron: Kent State University Press.
932:Kelner, Joseph; Munves, James (2016).
2873:. Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis.
2197:from the original on October 20, 2021
1821:"We Were Afraid the Kids Would Panic"
1351:"Kent State Students Talk About Dead"
936:. Tennessee: Open Road Distribution.
845:Kent State: The Day The War Came Home
517:into the crowd and clear the campus.
473:university in Levine's home state of
340:
236:
7:
3047:May 1970 events in the United States
2940:relating to the Kent State shootings
2775:"Documentary: Fire in the Heartland"
2587:Rothman, Lily (September 15, 2014).
1659:. library.kent.edu. January 24, 2000
436:Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam
3052:National Historic Landmarks in Ohio
3042:Mass shootings in the United States
3012:American anti–Vietnam War activists
1488:Lowenfeld, Jonah (April 29, 2010).
1457:Karanth, Sanjana (April 25, 2024).
1290:Jerry M. Lewis; Thomas R. Hensley.
545:Flowers versus bullets conversation
2100:Ferenchik, Mark (April 29, 2020).
1318:"Obituary For Allison Beth Krause"
796:(KSTT) with documentary filmmaker
14:
2917:detailing Allison Krause's legacy
2800:"13 Seconds in Kent State (2021)"
2509:"The Four: Armed with Our Voices"
2455:"Barry Levine for Allison Krause"
1734:"Kent State Quiet as Stains Fade"
917:. Northridge: North Ridge Books.
898:. Michigan: Mission Point Press.
3077:Riots and civil disorder in Ohio
3072:Protests against the Vietnam War
2904:Are Flowers Better Than Bullets?
2671:Tabachnik, Tara (May 12, 2020).
1298:from the original on May 9, 2008
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
541:Guard at the university campus.
513:affixed to their rifles—to fire
499:Reserve Officers' Training Corps
493:'s April 30 announcement of the
255:
158:Parkway Jewish Center Cemetery,
46:
2822:Cited works and further reading
1532:"Father of Coed Ex-B'ville Man"
1031:. United States: SamHar Press.
955:. Amazon Digital Services LLC.
2854:. London: Boxtree Publishing.
2373:"Prentice Parking Lot Beacons"
2250:Pruitt, Sarah (May 3, 2023) .
2081:. October 30, 1970. p. 30
1600:Schleis, Paula (May 2, 2020).
1389:Napsha, Joseph (May 2, 2020).
696:Wilkins Township, Pennsylvania
160:Wilkins Township, Pennsylvania
150:to left arm, chest and stomach
1:
2659:Cawthorne & Tibballs 1993
2164:Cawthorne & Tibballs 1993
1964:Cawthorne & Tibballs 1993
1952:Cawthorne & Tibballs 1993
1928:Cawthorne & Tibballs 1993
1888:Cawthorne & Tibballs 1993
1792:de Onis, Juan (May 2, 1970).
989:Rosinsky, Natalie M. (2009).
725:
710:the day prior to her murder.
376:
232:Arthur Selwyn Krause (father)
53:
3032:Kent State University alumni
2728:"Kent State (TV Movie 1981)"
2435:. March 30, 1974. p. 56
2316:Kifner, Joan (May 5, 1970).
2304:Eszterhas & Roberts 1970
1521:(Rochester, New York). p. 2.
1278:Eszterhas & Roberts 1970
1181:According to a May 18, 1970
781:against the National Guard.
661:mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
2708:. May 16, 1971. p. 146
2353:. May 24, 1970. p. 118
351:John F. Kennedy High School
3108:
3007:20th-century American Jews
2850:; Tibballs, Geoff (1993).
1829:. May 24, 1970. p. 23
856:The television miniseries
566:
503:United States Constitution
19:This article is about the
18:
3022:Deaths by firearm in Ohio
2950:Kent State Truth Tribunal
2350:The Philadelphia Inquirer
2285:. May 18, 1970. p. 3
2140:. May 25, 1970. p. 6
2137:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1773:. May 18, 1970. p. 5
1566:. May 10, 1970. p. 5
1396:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
974:. Boston: Da Capo Press.
970:Means, Howard B. (2016).
794:Kent State Truth Tribunal
361:, in the summer of 1969.
45:
2615:Kelner & Munves 2016
1985:. May 5, 1970. p. 1
1826:The Akron Beacon Journal
1742:. May 5, 1970. p. 1
1714:. May 5, 1970. p. 1
1711:The Akron Beacon Journal
1359:. May 5, 1970. p. 2
991:The Kent State Shootings
951:McCoy, David B. (2017).
913:Gordon, William (1995).
858:13 Seconds in Kent State
708:Ohio Army National Guard
452:Ohio Army National Guard
282:Ohio Army National Guard
3017:Burials in Pennsylvania
2828:Bingham, Clara (2016).
1607:The Cincinnati Enquirer
1356:Lancaster Eagle-Gazette
1029:The Kent State Massacre
1027:Whitney, R. W. (1975).
786:out-of-court settlement
520:The following day, the
359:Churchill, Pennsylvania
355:Silver Spring, Maryland
349:. She was an alumna of
241:Levine) Krause (mother)
2920:May 4 Visitors Center
2869:Ciment, James (2015).
2779:fireintheheartland.org
2700:"Essay on Remembrance"
1519:Democrat and Chronicle
934:The Kent State Coverup
894:Giles, Robert (2020).
820:Jackson State killings
721:
673:William Knox Schroeder
618:
469:
382:
3057:People from Cleveland
2931:Allison: The Activist
2486:Associated Press News
2377:may4ksu.wordpress.com
2038:The Columbus Dispatch
843:–winning documentary
679:from the waist down.
608:
460:
401:Kent State University
374:
278:Kent State University
182:40.42230°N 79.82540°W
101:Kent State University
3037:Kent State shootings
2185:. October 31, 1970.
1536:The Evening Standard
1423:Akron Beacon Journal
809:Film and documentary
665:Jeffrey Glenn Miller
569:Kent State shootings
563:Kent State shootings
467:Kent State shootings
300:presence on campus.
294:invasion of Cambodia
286:Kent State shootings
220:Kent State shootings
2678:The Times of Israel
2568:. February 22, 1979
2432:New York Daily News
2107:Cincinnati Enquirer
1982:Journal and Courier
1966:, pp. 234–235.
1954:, pp. 233–234.
745:1970 student strike
615:Ohio National Guard
579:Ohio National Guard
552:University of Akron
495:Cambodian incursion
463:Cambodian incursion
424:anti-war sentiments
335:Krause was born in
323:Krause's legacy of
284:in the May 4, 1970
251:Allison Beth Krause
187:40.42230; -79.82540
178: /
144:Cause of death
127:41.1501°N 81.3433°W
123: /
68:Allison Beth Krause
21:Kent State Massacre
2938:Archived FBI files
2633:The New York Times
2565:The New York Times
2323:The New York Times
2182:The New York Times
2078:The New York Times
2010:The Record-Courier
1799:The New York Times
1634:The New York Times
816:Part of the Family
669:Sandra Lee Scheuer
619:
470:
442:in November 1969.
383:
2970:audio documentary
2962:Four Dead in Ohio
2880:978-1-317-46235-4
2839:978-0-679-64474-3
2755:. January 1, 2024
2405:Los Angeles Times
2219:. January 4, 1997
1739:Dayton Daily News
1563:The Anniston Star
1038:978-0-871-57221-9
1019:978-1-606-35291-5
1000:978-0-756-53845-3
981:978-0-306-82379-4
962:978-1-973-29760-4
943:978-1-504-03683-2
924:978-0-937-81305-8
905:978-1-950-65939-5
886:978-0-396-06272-1
770:Frank J. Battisti
613:students and the
438:demonstration in
418:and the issue of
410:Political climate
305:anti-war activist
303:Krause—an ardent
248:
247:
211:Anti-war activism
132:41.1501; -81.3433
3099:
2884:
2865:
2848:Cawthorne, Nigel
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2379:. March 14, 2017
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749:Washington, D.C.
732:
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727:
623:chain-link fence
609:Clashes between
597:Initial conflict
522:governor of Ohio
440:Washington, D.C.
428:student protests
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2944:May4Archive.org
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2705:Tampa Bay Times
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2511:. July 22, 2001
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2306:, pp. 1–3.
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834:James Goldstone
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491:President Nixon
487:
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2889:External links
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2791:
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2661:, p. 236.
2651:
2640:. June 8, 1975
2619:
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2537:. July 1, 2020
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1968:
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1942:, p. 750.
1932:
1930:, p. 234.
1917:
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1877:
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567:Main article:
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325:peace activism
298:National Guard
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215:Peace activism
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207:Known for
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148:Gunshot wounds
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97:(aged 19)
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78:April 23, 1951
67:
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61:
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40:Allison Krause
39:
27:musician, see
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2894:Contemporary
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2861:0-7522-0850-0
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2489:. May 3, 2024
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2461:. May 4, 2000
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2240:, p. 34.
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2909:Valley News
2238:Gordon 1995
2060:Gordon 1995
1940:Ciment 2015
1494:The Forward
1445:Gordon 1995
1338:Gordon 1995
764:Although a
729: 1969
432:civil right
416:Vietnam War
380: 1968
318:within the
309:fragmenting
185: /
130: /
93:May 4, 1970
57: 1970
2981:Categories
1236:References
841:Emmy Award
830:Kent State
766:grand jury
716:Alienation
526:Jim Rhodes
366:Kent, Ohio
331:Early life
290:Kent, Ohio
218:Victim of
199:Occupation
173:79°49′31″W
170:40°25′20″N
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650:Shootings
587:Sieg Heil
391:sculpting
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2535:kent.edu
2195:Archived
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1464:HuffPost
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640:parabola
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515:tear gas
511:bayonets
485:May 1970
475:New York
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320:barrel
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1865:(PDF)
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1132:Notes
1089:1970s
804:Media
635:knoll
557:peace
555:with
536:May 3
316:lilac
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