392:) in rural and urban populations. Despite that the link between TTV infection and a given pathology has not been shown, the hypothesis of a relation between viral load and the immune status of the host was suggested. Moreover, although initially suspected to be transmitted only by blood transfusion, the global dispersion of the virus in populations and its detection in various biologic samples (plasma, saliva, feces, etc...) suggest combined modes of diffusion, and in particular the spread by saliva droplets. Sexual transmission has also been proposed.
35:
485:
Not much is known about TTV's replication, however based on animal circoviral studies, a double strand replication structure appears necessary. Some studies have described the presence of double strand TTV DNA in various tissues and organs suggesting an active replication in these localizations.
448:
These viruses are not currently believed to cause disease in humans. Infection with these viruses tends to lead to lifelong viraemia and their possible association with disease remains under investigation. Higher than usual viral loads have been associated with severe idiopathic inflammatory
326:
of unknown cause, TTV was detected in various populations without proven pathology, including blood donors. This new virus was initially discovered in 1997 by means of representational difference analysis (RDA) in the plasma of a
Japanese patient (initials T.T.) with
1015:, Giannone A, Immordino G, Miggino M, Magoni Rossi A, Moraglia E, Gasloli G, Gelli M, Ferrante R, Morelli N, Casaccia M, Valente U (2009) Torque Teno Virus—cause of viral liver disease following liver transplantation: a case report. Transplant Proc. 41(4):1378–1379
1066:
Walton, Andrew H.; Muenzer, Jared T.; Rasche, David; Boomer, Jonathan S.; Sato, Bryan; Brownstein, Bernard H.; Pachot, Alexandre; Brooks, Terrence L.; Deych, Elena; Shannon, William D.; Green, Jonathan M.; Storch, Gregory A.; Hotchkiss, Richard S. (11 June 2014).
341:
family. At the end of 1998, two independent studies demonstrated the presence of an additional GC-rich region of about 120 nt which led to the discovery of the circular nature of the TTV genome (~3800 nt). This finding established the relationship of TTV with the
981:
Wootton SC, Kim DS, Kondoh Y, Chen E, Lee JS, Song JW, Huh JW, Taniguchi H, Chiu C, Boushey H, Lancaster LH, Wolters PJ, Derisi J, Ganem D, Collard HR (2011) Viral infection in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care
991:
Maggi F, Pifferi M, Michelucci A, Albani M, Sbranti S, Lanini L, Simi P, Macchia P, Pistello M, Bendinelli M (2011) Torque teno virus viremia load size in patients with selected congenital defects of innate immunity. Clin
Vaccine Immunol.
759:
Gallian, P.; Biagini, P.; Zhong, S.; Louinssi, M.; Yeo, W.; Cantaloube, J.F.; Attoui, H.; de Micco, P.; Johnson, P.J.; de
Lamballerie, X. (2000). "TT virus: a study of molecular epidemiology and transmission of genotypes 1, 2 and 3".
570:
Nishizawa, T; Okamoto, H; Konishi, K; Yoshizawa, H; Miyakawa, Y; Mayumi, M (8 December 1997). "A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminase levels in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology".
1001:
Ishimura M, Ohga S, Ichiyama M, Kusuhara K, Takada H, Hara T, Takahashi M, Okamoto H (2010) Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia during a primary infection of genotype 1a torque teno virus. Eur J Pediatr. 2010
615:
Nishizawa, T.; Okamoto, H.; Konishi, K.; Yoshizawa, H.; Miyakawa, Y.; Mayumi, M. (1997). "A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminase levels in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology".
101:. It encompasses numerous species of the virus that was formerly known as TTV (transfusion-transmitted virus), torque teno virus, SENV (senior virus), SANBAN, and various others. The genus contains 26 species.
1126:
Jaksch, Peter; Kundi, Michael; Görzer, Irene; Muraközy, Gabriella; Lambers, Christopher; Benazzo, Alberto; Hoetzenecker, Konrad; Klepetko, Walter; Puchhammer-Stöckl, Elisabeth (5 November 2018).
477:
Since TTV is ubiquitous, and viral replication correlates with immune status, TTV has been studied as a promising marker to assess global functional immune competence in transplant recipients.
939:
Pinho-Nascimento, CA; Leite, JP; Niel, C; Diniz-Mendes, L (2011). "Torque teno virus in fecal samples of patients with gastroenteritis: Prevalence, genogroups distribution, and viral load".
795:
Zheng, MY; Lin, Y; Li, DJ; Ruan, HB; Chen, Y; Wu, TT (2010). "TTV and HPV co-infection in cervical smears of patients with cervical lesions in littoral of
Zhejiang province".
1336:
414:, approximately 3.8 kb in length; it is a non-enveloped virus with a virion of about 40 nm in diameter. While bearing some similarity to members of the group
1349:
724:
Biagini, P.; Gallian, P.; Cantaloube, J.F.; De Micco, P.; de
Lamballerie, X. (1998). "Presence of TT virus in French blood donors and intravenous drug users".
452:
Examination of faecal samples in 135 Brazilians with gastroenteritis showed evidence of the virus in 121 (91%). The presence of multiple genotypes was common.
335:(nt) was first characterized and further extended to about 3700 nt (TA278 clone). At that time, sequence analysis suggested that TTV was related to the
653:"Identification of a novel GC-rich 113-nucleotide region to complete the circular, single-stranded DNA genome of TT virus, the first human circovirus"
1323:
524:
440:
Isolates have been classified into five main clades numbered 1 to 5. TTV genogroup 3 also includes the 8 virus strains known as SENV-A to H.
470:
TTV viral loads have been shown to increase in patients with immunosuppression. Increased levels of TTV have been observed, for example, in
486:
These findings also minimize the hypothetic implication of TTV in hepatic disorders. No other data are at the present time available for
1027:"Detection and phylogenetic analysis of Torque Teno Virus in salivary and tumor biopsy samples from head and neck carcinoma patients"
651:
Miyata, H.; Tsunoda, H.; Kazi, A.; Yamada, A.; Khan, M.A.; Yeung, B.J.; Murakami, J.; Kamahora, T.; Shiraki, K.; Hino, S. (1999).
1362:
307:
is extremely common, even in healthy individuals—as much as 100% prevalent in some countries, and in approximately 10% of
34:
865:
Martínez-Guinó, L; Kekarainen, T; Segalés, J (2009). "Evidence of Torque teno virus (TTV) vertical transmission in swine".
356:
Initially the virus was named TTV after a patient with T.T. initials. Later the name torque (necklace) teno (from Latin
395:
Related viruses have been found in chimpanzees, apes, African monkeys, tupaias, chickens, pigs, cows, sheep and dogs.
1025:
Hettmann, A; Demcsák, A; Bach, Á; Decsi, G; Dencs, Á; Pálinkó, D; Rovó, L; Nagy, K; Minarovits, J; Takács, M (2016).
136:
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on its own, it is often found in patients with liver disease. For the most part, TTV infection is believed to be
455:
The presence of this virus in acute lung injury and exacerbations of idiopathic lung fibrosis has been reported.
368:
The large number of epidemiological studies permitted to clearly point out the global distribution of the virus (
1225:
1128:"Torque Teno Virus as a Novel Biomarker Targeting the Efficacy of Immunosuppression After Lung Transplantation"
328:
900:
Pozzuto, T; Mueller, B; Meehan, B; Ringler, SS; McIntosh, KA; Ellis, JA; Mankertz, A; Krakowka, S (2009). "
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Increased viral loads in cases of congenital mannose-binding lectin deficiencies have been reported.
29:
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TTV was first reported in a
Japanese patient in 1997 by the research scientist T. Nishizawa. The
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Okamoto, H.; Nishizawa, T.; Takahashi, M.; Asabe, S.; Tsuda, F.; Yoshikawa, A. (2001a).
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511:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 331. pp. 21–33.
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Biagini, P: "Human circoviruses.", pages 95-101. Veterinary
Microbiology, 2004.
507:
Biagini P (2009). "Classification of TTV and
Related Viruses (Anelloviruses)".
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in the UK and the US. Although it does not appear to cause symptoms of
389:
360:- "thin") virus was adopted as it preserved the original abbreviation.
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Hino, S; Miyata, H (2007). "Torque teno virus (TTV): current status".
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A possible case of aplastic anaemia with hepatitis has been reported.
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551:. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021
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Piaggio F, Dodi F, Bottino G, Andorno E, Gentile R, Ferrari C,
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1069:"Reactivation of Multiple Viruses in Patients with Sepsis"
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One case of post-transplant hepatitis has been reported.
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An association with head/neck cancer has been proposed.
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is a negative sense, circular single-stranded piece of
490:(TTV-like Mini Virus – the strain infecting humans).
1257:
573:
797:Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing du Xue Za Zhi
398:Vertical transmission has been reported in pigs.
904:transmission of porcine torque teno viruses".
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322:Initially found in Japanese patients with
109:The genus contains the following species:
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99:II in the Baltimore classification
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669:10.1128/JVI.73.5.3582-3586.1999
137:Torque teno chlorocebus virus 5
130:Torque teno chlorocebus virus 3
123:Torque teno chlorocebus virus 2
116:Torque teno chlorocebus virus 1
549:"Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release"
449:myopathies, cancer and lupus.
1:
774:10.1016/s1386-6532(00)00066-4
738:10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80167-0
618:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
1094:10.1371/journal.pone.0098819
918:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.02.001
429:Its genome contains 2 large
517:10.1007/978-3-540-70972-5_2
331:. A sequence (N22) of 500
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1211:ICTV Virus Taxonomy 2009
329:posttransfusion hepatitis
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1226:Medical Subject Headings
433:, encoding 770 and 202
1186:10.1006/viro.2001.1097
630:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7765
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291:Torque teno virus 31
284:Torque teno virus 29
277:Torque teno virus 26
270:Torque teno virus 25
263:Torque teno virus 24
256:Torque teno virus 21
249:Torque teno virus 20
242:Torque teno virus 19
235:Torque teno virus 18
228:Torque teno virus 17
221:Torque teno virus 15
214:Torque teno virus 14
207:Torque teno virus 13
200:Torque teno virus 10
30:Virus classification
1085:2014PLoSO...998819W
431:open reading frames
193:Torque teno virus 9
186:Torque teno virus 7
179:Torque teno virus 6
172:Torque teno virus 5
165:Torque teno virus 4
158:Torque teno virus 3
151:Torque teno virus 2
144:Torque teno virus 1
1240:: Alphatorquevirus
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481:Replication
435:amino acids
333:nucleotides
97:, in group
1385:Categories
1013:Barabino G
726:J. Hepatol
509:TT Viruses
494:References
1238:ViralZone
352:Etymology
324:hepatitis
313:hepatitis
1329:10341544
1316:11602505
1274:Q4735279
1268:Wikidata
1195:11601907
1173:Virology
1154:30053048
1113:24919177
1073:PLOS ONE
1053:27924796
961:21503927
926:19282113
902:In utero
887:19249089
852:25965110
844:17146841
809:21110428
782:10814938
687:10196248
657:J. Virol
535:19230555
444:Clinical
348:family.
105:Taxonomy
53:Family:
1342:1452681
1104:4053360
1081:Bibcode
969:2296541
746:9824281
638:9405239
593:9405239
390:Oceania
299:History
89:viruses
65:Genus:
1368:600196
1355:687331
1232:ICTVdb
1228:(MeSH)
1193:
1152:
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807:
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744:
685:
678:104131
675:
636:
591:
555:23 May
533:
523:
472:sepsis
408:genome
406:TTV's
402:Genome
386:Europe
370:Africa
358:tenuis
1363:WoRMS
1337:IRMNG
965:S2CID
848:S2CID
704:(PDF)
374:North
305:virus
85:genus
83:is a
47:Virus
1350:NCBI
1324:GBIF
1191:PMID
1150:PMID
1109:PMID
1049:PMID
982:Med.
957:PMID
922:PMID
883:PMID
840:PMID
805:PMID
778:PMID
742:PMID
711:2017
683:PMID
634:PMID
589:PMID
557:2021
531:PMID
521:ISBN
488:TLMV
382:Asia
376:and
1311:EoL
1303:SVW
1298:CoL
1181:doi
1177:288
1140:doi
1136:218
1099:PMC
1089:doi
1039:doi
949:doi
914:doi
910:137
875:doi
832:doi
770:doi
734:doi
673:PMC
665:doi
626:doi
622:241
581:doi
577:241
513:doi
412:DNA
87:of
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