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he observed not only pigmented cells, but also several cells with filaments that were moving about. He continued to investigate other cases of malaria and reported his discoveries on 24 December to the Société médicale des hôpitaux de Paris. He described three unique biological characters of malarial parasite: crescent or oval bodies that were transparent and had rounded pigment granules at the centre, spherical bodies that possessed three to four filaments capable of worm-like movements, and smaller spherical bodies that had small granules and lacked filaments. The crescent or oval cells are now known as the gametocytes, filamented bodies as exflagellation (male gamete), and small spherical bodies as trophozoites.
792:
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On the 20th
October last, while examining by microscope the blood of a patient suffering from malarial fever I observed in the midst of the red blood corpuscles the presence of elements which appeared to me to be of parasitic origin. Since then I have examined 44 cases, and in 26 have found the same
476:
taken from a person who had just died of malaria. On 20 October, he first noticed the parasite in various forms and described it with, as later remarked, "accurate" and "excellent freehand drawings." His initial hunch that pigmented cells in malaria were due to parasitic infection became obvious as
391:
from 18 March to 28 May 1871), he was stationed at the Saint Martin
Military Hospital. In 1874, he qualified a competitive examination by which he was appointed to the Chair of Military Diseases and Epidemics at the École de Val-de-Grâce, a position his father had occupied. His tenure ended in 1878
456:
from the spleen and white blood cells. Malarial infection therefore erroneously known as pigmented white blood cells (melaniferous leucocytes). Laveran was the first to think of such infected blood cells were by parasites, but his interest in the issue was ended by his transfer to non-malarial
316:
in Paris, to parents Louis Théodore
Laveran and Marie-Louise Anselme Guénard de la Tour Laveran. He was an only son and had an older sister. His family was in a military environment. His father was an army doctor and a professor of military medicine and epidemiology at the medical school,
594:, at Biskra, where it was known as clou de Briska (Biskra button) because of the obvious button-like skin sores in infected individuals. Although he failed to make valuable observations, he was the first to identify the causative protozoan of a similar disease, now called
451:
had described the malarial pigment in 1849. Virchow had seen from a person who died of malaria several pigmented cells in the blood showed for the first time the link between blood infection and malaria. However, he mistakenly identified the pigmented cells as those of
44:
348:. Following his father he chose military medicine and entered the public health schools, simultaneously at École Impériale du Service de Santé Militaire (Saint Martin Military Hospital) in Paris and the Faculté de Médecine (Department of Medicine) of the
292:
as Chief of the
Honorary Service, from where he received the Nobel Prize. He donated half of his Nobel prize money to establish the Laboratory of Tropical Medicine at the Pasteur Institute. In 1908, he founded the Société de Pathologie Exotique.
407:
From 1884 to 1889, Laveran was
Professor of Military Hygiene at the École de Val-de-Grâce. In 1894 he was appointed Chief Medical Officer of the military hospital at Lille and then Director of Health Services of the 11th Army Corps at
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in 1907 "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases." He gave half the Prize for foundation of the
Laboratory of Tropical Medicine at the Pasteur Institute. He was honorary fellow of the
412:. By then he was promoted to the rank of Principal Medical Officer of the First Class. In 1896, he entered the Pasteur Institute as Chief of the Honorary Service to pursue full-time research on tropical diseases.
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379:
and Saint-Privat, he was posted to Metz, where the French were eventually defeated and the place occupied by
Germans. He was briefly taken as prisoner-of-war, but as a physician, he was sent to work at
1458:
The
Malarial Fevers of Baltimore: An Analysis of 616 Cases of Malarial Fever, with Special Reference to the Relations Existing Between Different Types of Haematozoa and Different Types of Fever
2266:"Histopathological changes in Trypanosoma danilewskyi Laveran & Mesnil, 1904 and Trypanoplasma borelli Laveran & Mesnil, 1902 infections of goldfish, Carassiw auratus (L.)"
738:, over which he presided for 12 years. He was elected to membership in the French Academy of Sciences in 1893, and became its President 1920. He was conferred Commander of the
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in 1912. He was
Honorary Director of the Pasteur Institute in 1915 on his 70th birthday. His work was commemorated philatelically on a stamp issued by Algeria in 1954.
788:. Twenty-three names of public health and tropical medicine pioneers were chosen to feature on the School building in Keppel Street when it was constructed in 1926.
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Haouas, N.; Gorcii, M.; Chargui, N.; Aoun, K.; Bouratbine, A.; Messaadi Akrout, F.; Masmoudi, A.; Zili, J.; Ben Said, M.; Pratlong, F.; Dedet, J.P. (2007).
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in 1954). This was the first time that protozoans were shown to be a cause of disease of any kind. The discovery was therefore a validation of the
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caused trypanosomiasis or
African sleeping sickness. In 1894 he returned to France to serve in various military health services. In 1896 he joined
443:
disease, a sort of mystical airborne infection. From the blood samples of malarial individuals, Laveran observed pigmented cells (later known as
1631:
Nature parasitaire des accidents de l'impaludisme: description d'un nouveau parasite trouvé dans le sang des malades atteints de fièvre palustre
813:
Nature parasitaire des accidents de l'impaludisme, description d'un nouveau parasite trouvé dans le sang des malades atteints de fièvre palustre
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Nature parasitaire des accidents de l'impaludisme: description d’un nouveau parasite trouvé dans le sang des malades atteints de fièvre palustre
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Dutta, Achinya Kumar (2009). "Medical research and control of disease: Kala-azar in British India". In Pati, Biswamoy; Harrison, Mark (eds.).
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2144:"Observation en France, chez un Veau, d'un cas d'infection massive à Trypanosoma theileri, Laveran 1902 (Note présentée par M. VA LLEE )"
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2224:"Experiments with growth of the eel trypanosome, Trypanosoma granulosum Laveran & Mesnil, 1902, in semi-defined and defined media"
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established Ligue corse contre le Paludisme (The League of Corsica to Combat Malaria) with Laveran as its honorary president in 1902.
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253:. Following his father, Louis Théodore Laveran, he took up military medicine as his profession. He obtained his medical degree from
808:
Laveran was a solitary but dedicated researcher and he wrote more than 600 scientific communications. Some of his major books are:
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Who's who in Hell: A Handbook and International Directory for Humanists, Freethinkers, Naturalists, Rationalists, and Non-theists
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in 1863. In 1866, he became a resident medical student in the Strasbourg civil hospitals. In 1867, he submitted a thesis titled
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where there were no malarial cases and he investigated a disease called Biskra button. He returned to Constantine in 1880.
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elements. I have searched in vain for these elements in the blood of patients suffering from diseases other than malaria.
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Laveran had first encounter with malarial parasites while working at Constantine. Malaria was till then considered as a
92:
400:, he began to have experience in the study of blood infection as malaria was prevalent. However, he was transferred to
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506:
Parasitic Nature of Malarial Disease: Description of a New Parasite Found in the Blood of Patients with Malarial Fever
529:
However, Laveran's announcement was received with skepticism mainly because by that time leading physicians such as
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Nye, Edwin R (2002). "Alphonse Laveran (1845–1922): discoverer of the malarial parasite and Nobel laureate, 1907".
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1320:"Hemozoin Biocrystallization in Plasmodium falciparum and the antimalarial activity of crystallization inhibitors"
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in northeast France where his father became professor at the military hospital. At age five, the family moved to
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Kapishnikov, Sergey; Hempelmann, Ernst; Elbaum, Michael; Als-Nielsen, Jens; Leiserowitz, Leslie (18 May 2021).
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Laveran was appointed Aide-major at the Saint Martin Military Hospital soon after his graduation. During the
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907:"Presidential address: reflections on Laveran, Marchiafava, Golgi, Koch and Danilewsky after sixty years"
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In 1922 he suffered from an unspecified illness for some months and died in Paris. He is interred in the
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and he was sent to Algeria, where he remained until 1883. Working at military hospitals in Bône (now
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598:. In 1903, while at the Pasteur Institute, he received the specimens from a British medical officer
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the same year. In 1904, he and M. Cathoire reported the first case of infantile leishmaniasis from
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which indicate infection of red blood cells with malarial parasite). He knew that German physician
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336:, North Africa. 1856, he returned to Paris for education, and completed his higher education from
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541:) as the pathogen of malaria. Laveran's discovery was widely accepted only after five years when
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2068:"Leishmaniasis in central and southern Tunisia: current geographical distribution of zymodemes"
1912:"Sur un protzaire nouveau (Piroplasma donovani Lav. et Mesn.). Parasite d'une fievre de l'Inde"
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375:, he served in the French Army as Medical Assistant-Major. After serving at the battles of
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1474:"Alphonse Laveran's discovery 100 years ago and today's global fight against malaria"
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and showed once again that the protozoans were responsible for the disease such as
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276:, where he made his major achievements. He discovered that the protozoan parasite
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in 1898. Based on this medical development, he reported malaria condition of
268:. At the age of 29 he became Chair of Military Diseases and Epidemics at the
113:
100:
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3579:
2007:
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1016:
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235:
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2128:
2115:
Sundberg, C (2007). "Alphonse Laveran: the Nobel Prize for Medicine 1907".
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1304:
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883:
363:) by which he earned his medical degree from the University of Strasbourg.
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2342:
1976:
1935:"The identification of kala-azar and the discovery of Leishmania Donovani"
1671:
1507:
1430:
Welch WH, Thayer WS (1897). "Malaria". In Loomis, AE, Thompson WG (eds.).
1151:"The making of modern malariology: from miasma to mosquito-malaria theory"
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819:
Traité des fièvres palustres avec la description des microbes du paludisme
3822:
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469:
1102:
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662:, a parasite of nagana in cattle and horses. With Mesnil, he identified
512:(which after a long line of research and nomenclature controversies the
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confirmed the parasite using better microscope and staining technique.
465:
333:
273:
246:
147:
1375:"Malaria Pigment Crystals: The Achilles′ Heel of the Malaria Parasite"
564:
in 1901 urging the need for eradication and control of mosquitos. The
1655:"History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors"
769:
Laveran married Sophie Marie Pidancet in 1885. They had no children.
603:
409:
401:
393:
959:(Revised ed.). New York (US): Facts on File. pp. 427–428.
706:
in 1902 for his discovery of the malarial parasite. He received the
2222:
Davies, A. J.; Mastri, C.; Thorborn, D. E.; Mackintosh, D. (1995).
1916:
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences
424:
Laveran's drawing in his 1880 notebook showing different stages of
911:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
790:
760:
749:
575:
482:
Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société médicale des hôpitaux de Paris
464:
in Constantine, Algeria, in 1880, Laveran discovered the cause of
419:
381:
329:
64:
686:) in 1904 by which more than thirty new species were described.
537:
claimed that they had discovered a bacterium (which they called
325:
230:(18 June 1845 – 18 May 1922) was a French physician who won the
4460:
Recipients of the Jenner Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine
4155:
2612:
1062:(in French). Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé (Paris).
1281:"Theories on malarial pigment formation and quinoline action"
384:
hospital where he remained till the end of the war in 1871.
321:
in Paris. His mother was the daughter of an army commander.
2177:"On the Validity of Trypanosoma Montgomeryi Laveran , 1909"
2042:
The Social History of Health and Medicine in Colonial India
2306:
Trypanosomes et Trypanosomiases: avec 61 Fig. et 1 Planche
2423:
1059:
Recherches expérimentales sur la régénération des nerfs
2045:(Reprinted. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 99.
1745:. Vol. 67. London: Academic Press. pp. 3–4.
1704:
Bruce-Chwatt, L.J. (1987). "Falciparum nomenclature".
354:
Recherches expérimentals sur la régénération des nerfs
698:) of the French Academy of Sciences in 1889 and the
624:. He published a treatise on leishmaniasis in 1917.
4278:
4259:
4234:
4210:
4191:
3809:
3474:
3135:
2871:
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2331:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
1436:. New York: Lea Brothers & Co. pp. 19–20.
514:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
211:
193:
179:
161:
153:
139:
129:
88:
72:
50:
34:
2438:
1433:A System of Practical Medicine By American Authors
2508:"Laveran, Alphonse, 1849-1922 [books by]"
500:The same year he published a 104-paged monograph
2577:including the Nobel Lecture on 11 December 1907
2401:Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1901-1921
2375:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907"
1742:Reflections on a Century of Malaria Biochemistry
786:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
765:Commemorative plaque at the Château à Strasbourg
614:. However, the scientific name was corrected to
272:. At the end of his tenure in 1878 he worked in
1605:Laveran, A (1881). "The pathology of malaria".
1541:Thayer, William Sydney; Hewetson, John (1895).
1521:Thayer, William Sydney; Hewetson, John (1895).
1455:Thayer, William Sydney; Hewetson, John (1895).
584:Laveran came across another protozoan disease,
2404:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. 1967
2181:Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
725:Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
480:Laveran's report was published in 1881 in the
340:and obtained the bachelor's degree inscience (
4167:
2624:
784:Laveran's name features on the Frieze of the
678:from fish in 1904; and published a monograph
8:
2327:"Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1845-1922)"
2148:Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France
1236:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
606:, India, and with the help of his colleague
300:in 1893, and was conferred Commander of the
825:Traité des maladies et épidémies des armées
198:School of Military Medicine of Val-de-Grâce
4174:
4160:
4152:
2631:
2617:
2609:
2572:
435:Malaria and discovery of malarial parasite
42:
31:
4415:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
4390:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
2350:
2303:Laveran, Alphonse; Mesnil, Félix (1904).
2159:
2083:
2015:
1966:
1886:
1868:
1827:
1808:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
1680:
1670:
1497:
1406:
1255:
1214:
1032:
922:
387:As a civil war immediately followed (the
2604:Timeline of Laveran at Pasteur Institute
1851:Steverding, Dietmar (15 February 2017).
1478:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
2320:
2318:
2316:
948:
946:
944:
942:
849:
839:University and State Library Düsseldorf
656:in 1909, which were later corrected as
2437:Smith, Warren Allen (1 January 2000).
1784:
1774:
1285:International Journal for Parasitology
740:National Order of the Legion of Honour
694:Laveran was awarded the Bréant Prize (
556:in 1894, and experimentally proved by
302:National Order of the Legion of Honour
282:was responsible for malaria, and that
2644:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2259:
2257:
2142:Lamy, Louis; Bouley, Georges (1967).
1536:
1534:
708:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
472:, after observing the parasites in a
232:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
166:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
4420:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1992:"Further notes on Leishman's bodies"
1073:
1071:
1069:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
857:
855:
853:
324:At a young age, his family moved to
2530:"Online Books by Alphonse Laveran"
2282:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1979.tb00390.x
2240:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb00364.x
1318:Hempelmann, Ernst (1 March 2007).
580:Cartoon of Laveran slaying insects
25:
4455:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal
2557:Alphonse Laveran, M. D. 1845–1922
1804:"La lutte antipaludique en Corse"
1461:. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 8.
1117:"Alphonse Laveran – Biographical"
588:, caused by different species of
4425:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
1576:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05997.x
956:Encyclopedia of World Scientists
680:Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiases
508:). In it, he named the parasite
217:
4430:University of Strasbourg alumni
2599:Encyclopedia of World Biography
1634:(in French). Paris: Baillière.
1001:"Alphonse Laveran and his work"
831:Trypanosomes et Trypanosomiases
729:Royal Society for Public Health
684:Trypanosomes et Trypanosomiases
552:developed by British physician
548:Laveran was a supporter of the
234:in 1907 for his discoveries of
4288:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
2579:Protozoa as Causes of Diseases
2193:10.1080/00034983.1963.11686191
1853:"The history of leishmaniasis"
736:Société de pathologie exotique
460:Soon after he returned to the
228:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
36:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
1:
2534:onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu
2264:Dykova, Iva; Lom, J. (1979).
1751:10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00401-6
1615:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)35653-8
1297:10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00193-5
776:in Paris. He was an atheist.
719:, Royal Society of Medicine,
312:Alphonse Laveran was born at
1718:10.1016/0169-4758(87)90153-0
1187:Emerging Infectious Diseases
953:Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007).
924:10.1016/0035-9203(67)90030-2
864:Journal of Medical Biography
666:from European eels in 1902;
632:Laveran later worked on the
531:Theodor Albrecht Edwin Klebs
27:French physician (1845–1922)
3736:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
2445:. Barricade Books. p.
2309:(in French). Paris: Masson.
2085:10.1051/parasite/2007143239
1609:. 2 (118) (3037): 840–841.
1083:The British Medical Journal
358:Research Experiments on the
4476:
4405:French tropical physicians
2424:"Alphonse Laveran - Facts"
1628:Laveran, Alphonse (1881).
1490:10.1177/014107688107400715
1279:Sullivan, David J (2002).
1248:10.1177/003591576105400202
1056:Laveran, Alphonse (1867).
876:10.1177/096777200201000205
717:Royal Society of Edinburgh
566:French Academy of Medicine
298:French Academy of Sciences
4297:
2933:Charles Scott Sherrington
2909:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1951:10.1017/S0025727300042691
1933:Gibson, Mary. E. (1983).
1870:10.1186/s13071-017-2028-5
1802:Jaujou, C. M. J. (1954).
1336:10.1007/s00436-006-0313-x
1164:(1): 3–17. Archived from
774:Cimetière du Montparnasse
756:Cimetière du Montparnasse
704:Royal Society of Medicine
216:
207:
172:
93:Cimetière du Montparnasse
41:
4269:Albert Abraham Michelson
3923:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2270:Journal of Fish Diseases
2228:Journal of Fish Diseases
1653:Cox, Francis EG (2010).
1472:Bruce-Chwatt LJ (1981).
1230:Manson-Bahr, P. (1961).
1149:Lalchhandama, K (2014).
734:In 1908, he founded the
350:University of Strasbourg
308:Early life and education
255:University of Strasbourg
134:University of Strasbourg
4450:French military doctors
2589:Encyclopædia Britannica
2426:. Nobel Media AB. 2014.
2175:Stephen, L. E. (1963).
2008:10.1136/bmj.2.2239.1401
1996:British Medical Journal
1857:Parasites & Vectors
1739:Sherman, Irwin (2008).
1659:Parasites & Vectors
1560:"Malaria − an overview"
1017:10.1136/bmj.1.3624.1145
1005:British Medical Journal
746:Personal life and death
676:Trypanosoma danilewskyi
654:Trypanosoma Montgomeryi
586:cutaneous leishmaniasis
550:mosquito-malaria theory
535:Corrado Tommasi-Crudeli
524:germ theory of diseases
296:Laveran was elected to
264:in 1870, he joined the
260:At the outbreak of the
241:as causative agents of
4435:French parasitologists
4400:French Nobel laureates
4303:Nobel Prize recipients
4280:Physiology or Medicine
4271:(United States/Poland)
4244:Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
2704:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1391:10.1002/cmdc.202000895
1199:10.3201/eid2202.ET2202
1183:"Etymologia: Hemozoin"
1123:. Nobel Media AB. 2013
800:
795:Laveran's name on the
766:
758:
664:Trypanosoma granulosum
659:Trypanosoma congolense
596:visceral leishmaniasis
581:
498:
431:
361:Regeneration of Nerves
314:Boulevard Saint-Michel
3205:Dickinson W. Richards
2889:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
2343:10.1136/jnnp.67.4.520
1672:10.1186/1756-3305-3-5
1558:Tuteja, Renu (2007).
1324:Parasitology Research
999:Sequeira, JH (1930).
833:. Masson, Paris 1904
794:
764:
753:
668:Trypanoplasma borelli
648:from cattle in 1902;
579:
519:Plasmodium falciparum
493:
427:Plasmodium falciparum
423:
319:École de Val-de-Grâce
270:École de Val-de-Grâce
157:Sophie Marie Pidancet
4445:French Army officers
3628:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2989:Albert Szent-Györgyi
905:Garnham, PC (1967).
721:Pathological Society
646:Trypanosoma theileri
612:Piroplasma donovanii
484:, and in English in
346:Lycée Louis-le-Grand
338:Collège Sainte-Barbe
4020:William C. Campbell
3931:Elizabeth Blackburn
3768:Robert F. Furchgott
3760:Stanley B. Prusiner
3752:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
3652:George H. Hitchings
3616:Joseph L. Goldstein
3576:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3405:Earl Sutherland Jr.
2488:on 22 February 2017
2478:"Behind the Frieze"
1910:A, Laveran (1903).
1232:"The malaria story"
1089:(3207): 979. 1922.
1079:"Professor Laveran"
1011:(3624): 1145–1147.
700:Edward Jenner Medal
674:from fish in 1902;
617:Leishmania donovani
516:officially renamed
510:Oscillaria malariae
373:Franco-Prussian War
262:Franco-Prussian War
243:infectious diseases
110: /
4080:William Kaelin Jr.
4076:Peter J. Ratcliffe
3819:Leland H. Hartwell
3708:Richard J. Roberts
3588:Barbara McClintock
3532:Godfrey Hounsfield
3433:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3365:Marshall Nirenberg
3333:Charles B. Huggins
3122:Tadeusz Reichstein
3110:António Egas Moniz
2905:Christiaan Eijkman
2571:on Nobelprize.org
2510:. Internet Archive
2325:Haas, L F (1999).
2161:10.4267/2042/66711
1706:Parasitology Today
801:
767:
759:
690:Awards and honours
582:
432:
4440:Pasteur Institute
4367:
4366:
4149:
4148:
4114:Ardem Patapoutian
3963:Ralph M. Steinman
3959:Jules A. Hoffmann
3947:Robert G. Edwards
3915:Harald zur Hausen
3839:H. Robert Horvitz
3740:Eric F. Wieschaus
3676:E. Donnall Thomas
3660:J. Michael Bishop
3648:Gertrude B. Elion
3520:Hamilton O. Smith
3445:Christian de Duve
3181:Frederick Robbins
3058:Alexander Fleming
2997:Corneille Heymans
2843:Frederick Banting
2748:Allvar Gullstrand
1990:Ross, R. (1903).
1760:978-0-0809-2183-9
1570:(18): 4670–4679.
1385:(10): 1515–1532.
1291:(13): 1645–1653.
1171:on 27 April 2014.
966:978-1-43-811882-6
672:Trypanosoma raiae
650:Trypanosoma nanum
638:sleeping sickness
539:Bacillus malariae
462:military hospital
454:endothelial cells
430:from fresh blood.
290:Pasteur Institute
225:
224:
202:Pasteur Institute
184:Tropical medicine
174:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
4467:
4305:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4153:
4142:
4127:
4116:
4101:
4095:Michael Houghton
4082:
4072:Gregg L. Semenza
4066:
4060:James P. Allison
4054:
4052:Michael W. Young
4038:
4036:Yoshinori Ohsumi
4030:
4014:
3998:
3996:Thomas C. Südhof
3982:
3970:
3949:
3941:
3935:Carol W. Greider
3925:
3909:
3893:
3881:
3869:
3857:
3845:
3829:
3802:
3786:
3778:
3762:
3754:
3748:Peter C. Doherty
3742:
3726:
3720:Alfred G. Gilman
3714:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3664:Harold E. Varmus
3654:
3638:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3590:
3582:
3566:
3550:
3540:Baruj Benacerraf
3534:
3522:
3506:
3490:
3467:
3451:
3435:
3419:
3407:
3399:
3383:
3367:
3357:Robert W. Holley
3351:
3335:
3323:
3307:
3295:
3279:
3263:
3261:Georg von Békésy
3255:
3243:
3231:
3229:Joshua Lederberg
3215:
3207:
3201:Werner Forssmann
3191:
3183:
3167:
3155:
3147:
3128:
3112:
3100:
3092:
3090:Bernardo Houssay
3076:
3068:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2971:
2963:
2947:
2939:
2927:
2919:
2917:Karl Landsteiner
2911:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2881:Johannes Fibiger
2864:
2863:
2857:
2855:Willem Einthoven
2849:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2720:Élie Metchnikoff
2714:
2712:Alphonse Laveran
2706:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2610:
2594:Faqs.org profile
2576:
2569:Alphonse Laveran
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2484:. Archived from
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2444:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2322:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2087:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1872:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1814:(4–5): 635–677.
1799:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1674:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1193:(2): 343. 2016.
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1036:
996:
971:
970:
950:
937:
936:
926:
902:
896:
895:
859:
221:
125:
124:
122:
121:
120:
115:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
79:
60:
58:
46:
32:
21:
18:Alphonse Laveran
4475:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4395:French atheists
4370:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4301:
4293:
4274:
4255:
4230:
4227:(Great Britain)
4225:Rudyard Kipling
4206:
4187:
4180:
4150:
4145:
4130:
4119:
4104:
4099:Charles M. Rice
4091:Harvey J. Alter
4085:
4069:
4057:
4048:Michael Rosbash
4044:Jeffrey C. Hall
4041:
4033:
4017:
4008:May-Britt Moser
4001:
3985:
3980:Shinya Yamanaka
3973:
3952:
3944:
3939:Jack W. Szostak
3928:
3912:
3907:Oliver Smithies
3896:
3884:
3872:
3860:
3855:Peter Mansfield
3848:
3843:John E. Sulston
3832:
3816:
3805:
3789:
3781:
3765:
3757:
3745:
3732:Edward B. Lewis
3729:
3717:
3705:
3693:
3681:
3669:
3657:
3641:
3636:Susumu Tonegawa
3633:
3621:
3609:
3593:
3585:
3569:
3553:
3537:
3525:
3509:
3496:Roger Guillemin
3493:
3488:Daniel Gajdusek
3484:Baruch Blumberg
3481:
3470:
3461:Renato Dulbecco
3457:David Baltimore
3454:
3438:
3425:Karl von Frisch
3422:
3410:
3402:
3386:
3370:
3354:
3345:Haldan Hartline
3338:
3326:
3310:
3298:
3282:
3277:Maurice Wilkins
3266:
3258:
3246:
3241:Arthur Kornberg
3234:
3218:
3210:
3194:
3186:
3170:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3131:
3115:
3103:
3095:
3079:
3071:
3055:
3046:Joseph Erlanger
3043:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2974:
2966:
2950:
2942:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2902:
2897:Charles Nicolle
2894:
2886:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2740:Albrecht Kossel
2737:
2729:
2717:
2709:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2646:
2637:
2565:
2553:
2551:Further reading
2548:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2324:
2323:
2314:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2038:
2037:
2033:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1939:Medical History
1932:
1931:
1927:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1783:
1773:
1761:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1547:. pp. 7–8.
1540:
1539:
1532:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1055:
1054:
1050:
998:
997:
974:
967:
952:
951:
940:
904:
903:
899:
861:
860:
851:
847:
835:Digital edition
806:
782:
748:
692:
644:. He described
642:trypanosomiasis
630:
628:Trypanosomiasis
600:Charles Donovan
574:
437:
418:
369:
310:
251:trypanosomiasis
200:
186:
144:Trypanosomiasis
130:Alma mater
118:
116:
112:
109:
104:
101:
99:
97:
96:
95:
84:
81:
77:
68:
62:
56:
54:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4473:
4471:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4410:Malariologists
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4372:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
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4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
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4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4247:
4240:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4221:
4219:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4201:Eduard Buchner
4197:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4156:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4136:Katalin Karikó
4128:
4117:
4102:
4083:
4067:
4055:
4039:
4031:
4015:
3999:
3992:Randy Schekman
3983:
3971:
3950:
3942:
3926:
3919:Luc Montagnier
3910:
3899:Mario Capecchi
3894:
3882:
3875:Barry Marshall
3870:
3858:
3851:Paul Lauterbur
3846:
3835:Sydney Brenner
3830:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3796:Paul Greengard
3792:Arvid Carlsson
3787:
3779:
3763:
3755:
3743:
3727:
3724:Martin Rodbell
3715:
3703:
3700:Edwin G. Krebs
3696:Edmond Fischer
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3644:James W. Black
3639:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3604:César Milstein
3600:Georges Köhler
3591:
3583:
3572:Sune Bergström
3567:
3564:Torsten Wiesel
3560:David H. Hubel
3551:
3535:
3523:
3516:Daniel Nathans
3507:
3500:Andrew Schally
3491:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3452:
3436:
3420:
3413:Gerald Edelman
3408:
3400:
3397:Julius Axelrod
3384:
3381:Salvador Luria
3377:Alfred Hershey
3368:
3352:
3336:
3324:
3313:François Jacob
3308:
3296:
3280:
3264:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3216:
3208:
3197:André Cournand
3192:
3184:
3168:
3156:
3153:Selman Waksman
3148:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3118:Edward Kendall
3113:
3101:
3093:
3077:
3074:Hermann Muller
3069:
3053:
3050:Herbert Gasser
3041:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3005:Gerhard Domagk
3000:
2992:
2984:
2972:
2964:
2961:William Murphy
2953:George Whipple
2948:
2940:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2838:
2831:Archibald Hill
2826:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2764:Charles Richet
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2715:
2707:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2564:
2563:External links
2561:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2521:
2499:
2469:
2455:
2429:
2415:
2391:
2379:NobelPrize.org
2366:
2312:
2295:
2276:(5): 381–390.
2253:
2234:(6): 599–608.
2214:
2187:(4): 397–403.
2167:
2154:(7): 323–325.
2134:
2117:Parassitologia
2107:
2078:(3): 239–246.
2058:
2051:
2031:
2002:(2239): 1401.
1982:
1945:(2): 203–213.
1925:
1902:
1843:
1794:
1785:|journal=
1759:
1731:
1696:
1645:
1620:
1597:
1550:
1530:
1513:
1484:(7): 531–536.
1464:
1447:
1422:
1365:
1330:(4): 671–676.
1310:
1271:
1222:
1174:
1158:Science Vision
1134:
1121:Nobelprize.org
1108:
1065:
1048:
972:
965:
938:
897:
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
828:
822:
816:
805:
802:
781:
778:
747:
744:
691:
688:
629:
626:
610:, he named it
573:
570:
554:Patrick Manson
449:Rudolf Virchow
436:
433:
417:
414:
368:
365:
309:
306:
223:
222:
214:
213:
209:
208:
205:
204:
195:
191:
190:
181:
177:
176:
170:
169:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
141:
140:Known for
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
114:48.84°N 2.33°E
90:
86:
85:
82:
80:(aged 76)
74:
70:
69:
63:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4472:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4250:Louis Renault
4248:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4141:
4140:Drew Weissman
4137:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4024:Satoshi Ōmura
4021:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3988:James Rothman
3984:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3955:Bruce Beutler
3951:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3867:Linda B. Buck
3864:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3784:Günter Blobel
3780:
3777:
3773:
3772:Louis Ignarro
3769:
3764:
3761:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3712:Phillip Sharp
3709:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3672:Joseph Murray
3668:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3624:Stanley Cohen
3620:
3617:
3613:
3612:Michael Brown
3608:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3528:Allan Cormack
3524:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3504:Rosalyn Yalow
3501:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3449:George Palade
3446:
3442:
3441:Albert Claude
3437:
3434:
3430:
3429:Konrad Lorenz
3426:
3421:
3418:
3417:Rodney Porter
3414:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3393:Ulf von Euler
3390:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3341:Ragnar Granit
3337:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3321:Jacques Monod
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3293:Andrew Huxley
3290:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3269:Francis Crick
3265:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3253:Peter Medawar
3250:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3221:George Beadle
3217:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3189:Hugo Theorell
3185:
3182:
3178:
3177:Thomas Weller
3174:
3169:
3166:
3165:Fritz Lipmann
3162:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3066:Howard Florey
3063:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2945:Thomas Morgan
2941:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2835:Otto Meyerhof
2832:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2772:Róbert Bárány
2768:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2756:Alexis Carrel
2752:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2700:Camillo Golgi
2696:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2458:
2456:9781569801581
2452:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2123:(4): 257–60.
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2052:9780203886984
2048:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:(2): 91–100.
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
973:
968:
962:
958:
957:
949:
947:
945:
943:
939:
934:
930:
925:
920:
917:(6): 753–64.
916:
912:
908:
901:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
856:
854:
850:
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
810:
809:
803:
798:
793:
789:
787:
779:
777:
775:
770:
763:
757:
752:
745:
743:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:Royal Society
709:
705:
701:
697:
689:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
627:
625:
623:
619:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:
587:
578:
572:Leishmaniasis
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
543:Camillo Golgi
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
497:
492:
490:
488:
483:
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
455:
450:
446:
442:
434:
429:
428:
422:
415:
413:
411:
405:
403:
399:
395:
390:
389:Paris Commune
385:
383:
378:
374:
366:
364:
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:baccalaureate
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
294:
291:
287:
286:
281:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
220:
215:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
123:
94:
91:
89:Resting place
87:
83:Paris, France
75:
71:
66:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
4333:
4287:
4125:Svante Pääbo
4110:David Julius
4064:Tasuku Honjo
4012:Edvard Moser
4004:John O'Keefe
3967:posthumously
3966:
3903:Martin Evans
3879:Robin Warren
3863:Richard Axel
3810:2001–present
3688:Bert Sakmann
3556:Roger Sperry
3548:George Snell
3544:Jean Dausset
3512:Werner Arber
3465:Howard Temin
3389:Bernard Katz
3373:Max Delbrück
3329:Francis Rous
3305:Feodor Lynen
3301:Konrad Bloch
3289:Alan Hodgkin
3273:James Watson
3249:Frank Burnet
3237:Severo Ochoa
3225:Edward Tatum
3213:Daniel Bovet
3126:Philip Hench
3038:Edward Doisy
2969:Hans Spemann
2957:George Minot
2937:Edgar Adrian
2925:Otto Warburg
2847:John Macleod
2816:August Krogh
2808:Jules Bordet
2724:Paul Ehrlich
2711:
2676:Niels Finsen
2660:Emil Behring
2578:
2537:. Retrieved
2533:
2524:
2512:. Retrieved
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2486:the original
2481:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2440:
2432:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2400:
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2378:
2369:
2334:
2330:
2305:
2298:
2273:
2269:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2041:
2034:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1741:
1734:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1630:
1623:
1606:
1600:
1567:
1564:FEBS Journal
1563:
1553:
1543:
1527:. p. 6.
1523:
1516:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1450:
1432:
1425:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1166:the original
1161:
1157:
1125:. Retrieved
1120:
1111:
1086:
1082:
1058:
1051:
1008:
1004:
955:
914:
910:
900:
867:
863:
830:
827:. Paris 1875
824:
821:. Paris 1884
818:
815:. Paris 1881
812:
807:
783:
771:
768:
733:
695:
693:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
657:
653:
652:in 1905 and
649:
645:
634:trypanosomes
631:
615:
611:
608:Félix Mesnil
589:
583:
547:
538:
528:
517:
509:
505:
501:
499:
494:
485:
481:
479:
459:
438:
425:
416:Achievements
406:
386:
370:
360:
357:
353:
323:
311:
295:
283:
277:
259:
227:
226:
194:Institutions
188:Parasitology
173:
78:(1922-05-18)
61:18 June 1845
29:
4385:1922 deaths
4380:1845 births
4184:Nobel Prize
3976:John Gurdon
3891:Craig Mello
3887:Andrew Fire
3800:Eric Kandel
3776:Ferid Murad
3684:Erwin Neher
3596:Niels Jerne
3361:Har Khorana
3349:George Wald
3317:André Lwoff
3285:John Eccles
3173:John Enders
3145:Max Theiler
3106:Walter Hess
3098:Paul Müller
3062:Ernst Chain
2732:Emil Kocher
2692:Robert Koch
2684:Ivan Pavlov
2668:Ronald Ross
2584:CDC profile
2492:21 February
1379:ChemMedChem
870:(2): 81–7.
780:Recognition
696:Prix Bréant
640:and animal
558:Ronald Ross
474:blood smear
398:Constantine
344:) from the
285:Trypanosoma
266:French Army
119:48.84; 2.33
117: /
76:18 May 1922
4374:Categories
4212:Literature
3827:Paul Nurse
3161:Hans Krebs
3086:Gerty Cori
3034:Henrik Dam
2981:Otto Loewi
2977:Henry Dale
2337:(4): 520.
1922:: 957–961.
1712:(8): 252.
1607:The Lancet
845:References
591:Leishmania
487:The Lancet
377:Gravelotte
279:Plasmodium
239:protozoans
57:1845-06-18
4203:(Germany)
4193:Chemistry
4186:laureates
4028:Tu Youyou
3580:John Vane
3475:1976–2000
3136:1951–1975
3082:Carl Cori
2872:1926–1950
2651:1901–1925
2640:Laureates
2290:0140-7775
2248:0140-7775
2201:0003-4983
2094:1252-607X
1959:0025-7273
1879:1756-3305
1863:(1): 82.
1820:0042-9686
1787:ignored (
1777:cite book
1399:1860-7179
1344:1432-1955
1207:1080-6040
1095:0007-1447
754:Grave at
491:He wrote:
470:protozoan
457:station.
445:haemozoin
441:miasmatic
304:in 1912.
257:in 1867.
236:parasitic
212:Signature
4290:(France)
4252:(France)
3823:Tim Hunt
2361:10486402
2209:14101927
2129:18689237
2102:17933302
2072:Parasite
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1665:(1): 5.
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1584:17824953
1417:33523575
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1127:13 March
1103:20420334
1043:20775532
1025:25336486
892:39278614
884:11956550
245:such as
67:, France
4261:Physics
4246:(Italy)
2642:of the
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2017:2514909
1977:6345968
1968:1139308
1888:5312593
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1257:1870294
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933:4865951
837:by the
799:Frieze
702:of the
622:Tunisia
562:Corsica
466:malaria
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410:Nantes
402:Biskra
396:) and
394:Annaba
367:Career
180:Fields
168:(1907)
162:Awards
154:Spouse
105:2°20′E
4334:1907
4236:Peace
4182:1907
2482:LSHTM
1588:S2CID
1356:S2CID
1169:(PDF)
1154:(PDF)
1099:JSTOR
1021:JSTOR
888:S2CID
804:Works
797:LSHTM
602:from
468:as a
382:Lille
330:Blida
65:Paris
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